CHROMIUM (VI) ADSORPTION USING NATURAL

WASTES A REVIEW
V.Yogeshwaran1, A.K.Priya2
1. Department of Civil Engineering, Rathinam Technical Campus, Coimbatore.
Ph: +91 9003952636, Email : svyogi23190@gmail.com
2. Department of Civil Engineering, KPR College of Engineering and Technology,
Coimbatore.
Ph: +91 8870802844, Email : akpriya@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Heavy Metal recovery is one of the serious problem in this world. Many Industries
were discharged their effluent into the water bodies (lakes, rivers etc.,) without any prior
treatment. Tanneries are the type of industry which delivers the effluent with high
concentration of Hexavalent Chromium (Cr6+). It should directly affects the lungs and causes
the cancer. The present study has reviewed the removal of Hexavalent Chromium (Cr6+) from
various natural adsorbents.
I. INTRODUCTION
Heavy metal pollution is one of the most serious problem in India. Due to industrial
operations, mining, agricultural processes and disposal of industrial waste materials and other
activities, heavy metal concentrations have increased to hazardous levels. The presence of
heavy metals in waste water is not able to bio degrade, more toxic in nature and spoiled the
environment in very serious manner. Many treatment methods are available to treat the waste
water from heavy metal concentration. Some of the methods are need the high reagent
requirement,High cost and some other disadvantages. Compared to other methods,
Adsorption is the most effective technique to remove the concentration of heavy metal from
wastewater.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
1) Mango Kernel
M.K.Rai et al (2016) was used the mango kernel powder activated with Phosphoric
Acid (H3PO4) as an adsorbent to remove the chromium from the industrial effluent. The
mango kernel powder activated with 40% of Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) and carbonized at 600
0
C for one hour in an inert atmosphere. Then, he found that the maximum adsorption capacity
of Chromium was 7.8 mg/g at the pH of 2 and the temperature of 35 0C. Finally, he
concluded that the Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm is represented the equilibrium data is good
and the adsorption kinetics was represented in pseudo second order relation.
2) Groundnut Hull
Samson O. Owalude et al (2016) was used the groundnut hulls as an adsorbent to
remove the hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions. Two different kinds of Groundnut
hulls was used, one is Unmodified Groundnut Hull (UGS) and another one is Modified
Groundnut Hull (MGS). Then, He found that the maximum adsorption capacity ofChromium
for UGS - 90 mg/g and, for MGS - 131 mg/g at the pH of 2 and the temperature of 280C. The
Isotherm data were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and he found that the
Freundlich model is better than the Langmuir isotherm model and the Adsorption kinetics
followed by pseudo second order relation.
3) Eucalyptus Bark
Vikrant Sarin et al (2005) was used low cost biomaterials such as bagasse, rice
husk, Eucalyptus Bark for removal of Chromium and Magnesium from industrial effluent.
He found that the maximum removal efficiency of chromium was observed at pH of 2 and
 the adsorption capacity was found to be 45 mg/g. Eucalyptus Bark is the most effective
adsorbent which removes 99% of Hexavalent Chromium (Cr6+) at concentration of 200 ppm.
The Freundlich isotherm is represented a good equilibrium data and, finally he concluded
that the Eucalyptus Bark is the best adsorbent for the removal of chromium from industrial
effluent.
4) Neem Leaf Powder
Rahul N.Jain et al (2014) was used Neem leaf powder as a low cost adsorbent to
remove the Hexavalent chromium from the aqueous solutions. Neem leaves are the cheapest
material and it is easily available in all areas. Here, 85% of chromium was removed at pH
value 2 and it is taken as optimum range for further experiments. Batch adsorption process
was used and this research work indicates that, the percentage of adsorption increased when
we increase the adsorbent dosage and contact time.
5) Banana Peels
Ashraf Ali et al (2016) was used the banana peels as an adsorbent. Here, the banana
peels were treated with 10% of Hydro Chloric Acid (HCL), and followed by alkaline
hydrolysis with 10% of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) for washing purpose. This is called as
Grafted Banana Peels (GBPs). The maximum adsorption capacity of chromium using this
GBPs was 96% at the optimum pH value of 3. The adsorption data is fully fitted for
Langmuir & Freundlich Isotherm models.
6) Sugarcane Bagasse
Sucharita Tandon et al (2009) Sugarcane Bagasse ash was used as an adsorbent to
remove the chromium content from aqueous solutions. Here, the sugarcane bagasse was
treated with orthophosphoric acid and burn for 3 hours and that ash was used for heavy metal
recovery. The maximum adsorption capacity of 100% achieved using this bagasse ash at the
optimum pH range of less than 5. Finally, this research work concluded that the efficiency of
chromium removal increased when the absorbent dosage increase.
7) Sugarcane Leaf
Zahir Hussain et al (2014) Sugarcane Leaf was used as an adsorbent to remove the
Copper, Lead and Chromium contents in industrial waste water. Here, the sugarcane leaves
were fine grained up to 5 mm thickness in size and that powder was uses as an adsorbent
without adding any chemical reagents. Batch adsorption process was conducted and finally
the chromium content removed almost 62% from waste water at the room temperature
without any pH modification.
8) Aloe Vera Leaf
C.Pragathiswaran et al (2013) Aloe Vera Leaf used as an adsorbent in the form of
powder without adding any chemical reagents. Here, the chromium content was removed
almost 60% at the optimum pH level of 2. Batch adsorption process was conducted and
finally this work concluded that the aloe vera is best adsorbent and it has a possibility to
adsorb the heavy metals from the waste water.
9) Green Coconut Shell
S.Kumar et al (2014) Green Coconut Shell was used as an adsorbent washed with
orthophosphoric acid. Hexavalent Chromium (Cr6) was adsorbed greater that 90% for 10mg/l
solution. Here the batch adsorption process were used and the temperature was maintained
10-800C and the concentration was 10-100 mg/g. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were
fitted for this work and the maximum adsorption capacity from equilibrium data is 22.96
mg/g.
10) Silica Sand
Nilisha Itankar et al (2014) Silica sand coated with groundwater was used as an
adsorbent to remove the Hexavalent Chromium (Cr6+) from synthetic wastewater. Here, the
adsorption capacity was 0.27 mg/g at the pH of 4 and also the ionic strength had improved
the Cr6+ removal. Freundlich isotherm was fitted and its correlation between 298K to 318K.
Finally concluded that, the silica sand is not had an ability to remove Cr6+ from aqueous
solutions.

11)Aluminium Magnesium mixed Hydroxide (AMH)

Yujiang et al (2009) AMH was prepared by precipitation with a series of solutions
with various Magnesium/Aluminium (Mg/Al) molar ratios. Here, the saturated adsorption
capacities of AMH for Cr6+ was 105.3 to 112 mg/g at the temperature varies from 200C to
400C. The optimum pH was ranged between 2.5 to 5. The adsorption was reached
equilibrium within 150 min. Mg/Al molar ratio 3 was the largest adsorption efficiency
because of the small average diameter. From this research, the AMH was the best adsorbent
to remove the chromium from aqueous solutions.
12) Rye Husk (RH)
Turkan Altun et al (2015) RH was used as an adsorbent to remove the Cr6+ from the
aqueous solutions. The maximum adsorption capacity of Cr6+ by using RH was 80% at the
pH of 3 and then, the adsorption capacity of RH was 68% at the pH of 5. Here, Langmuir
isotherm is fitted for equilibrium adsorption and the maximum concentration of Cr6+ was
removed at 150 min.
13) Activated Carbon and Bentonite
Salah Abdel Wanees et al (2012) Activated Carbon and Bentonite was used as
adsorbents to remove Cr6+ from wastewater by batch adsorption process. The maximum
adsorption capacity was reached at 120 min for both adsorbents during the temperature
between 300C to 400C. The adsorption capacity was increased by increasing the dosage.
Finally this work concludes that the bentonite was an effective adsorbent compared to
activated carbon to remove the chromium content in wastewater at the pH of 2.
14) Bamboo
Tamirat Dula et al (2014) Bamboo was used as an adsorbent added with KOH and
heated at 1073K for 3 hours. Hexavalent chromium was removed up to 98.28% using this
activated carbon bamboo adsorbent at the pH of 2. Freundlich isotherm was fitted for this
work and the maximum equilibrium adsorption was carried out at the temperature of 298 and
318K within 20 minutes. Adsorption efficiency was 59.23 mg/g at 300K.
15) Cucumis Melo Peels
M.Manjula Devi et al (2015) - Cucumis Melo Peels Activated Carbon was used as an
adsorbent to remove the Hexavalent Chromium from aqueous solutions. The maximum
adsorption capacity was reached at the pH of 3 and the maximum chromium removal was
98.10%. Here the adsorption isotherms Freundlich, Langmuir, Tempkin and Dubinin
Radushkevich were investigated from the results and the Dubinin Radushkevich isotherm is
not fitted compared to other isotherms. From this research, Cucumis Melo Peels had a nature
to remove the chromium (VI) from the wastewater.
16) Tendu Leaves
A.K.Priya et al (2016) Tendu leaves from bidi industry was used as an adsorbent to
remove the heavy metals from electro plating industrial effluent. The chromium was removed
up to 99.5% by using this tendu leaves. The Langmuir isotherm was fitted in this research
work and it shows the good efficiency at the pH of 5 and 7. From this work, the tendu leaves
are the best adsorbent to remove the chromium from the industrial effluent.
 III. CONCLUSION
Natural Waste Products were used as a low cost adsorbents for the removal of
Chromium (VI) from different kind forms of wastewater was studied in this paper. Many
Natural waste products were given their efficiency in good level. But, Compared to the above
mentioned waste products, Sugarcane Bagasse Ash gives the complete removal efficiency of
Chromium metal (100%) from the wastewater. Also, Tendu leaves are having 99.5% of
removal efficiency to remove the chromium from wastewater. These are the natural waste
products which is available in very low cost. The concentration of heavy metal had been
changed when we adjust the pH value from the wastewater. From this review, the heavy
metal concentration mainly depends upon the pH value of waste water.

REFERENCES

[1]. M.K.Rai, G.Shahi, V.Meena, S.Chakraborty, R.S.Singh and B.N.Rai (2016), Removal of
Hexavalent Chromium Cr (VI) using activated carbon prepared from mango kernel activated
with H3PO4. TOMSK Polytechnic University, Resource Efficient Technologies, Elsevier,
Page No S63 S70, Issue 02.
[2]. Samson O. Owalude and Adedibu C. Tella (2016), Removal of Hexavalent Chromium
from aqueous solutions by adsorption on modified groundnut hull. Beni Suef University
Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, Elsevier, Page No 377 378, Volume 04, Issue 05.
[3]. Vikrant Sarin and K.K.Pant (2005), Removal of Chromium from industrial waste by
using Eucalyptus Bark. Bio- resource Technology, Elsevier, Page No 15 20, Issue 97.
[4]. Rahul N.Jain, S.B.Patil and D.S.Lal (2014), Adsorption of CR (VI) from aqueous
environment using Neem Leaves powder. International Journal of Research in Engineering
and Technology, Page No 25 28, Volume 03, Issue 09.
[5]. Ashraf Ali, Khalid Saeed and Fazal Mabood (2016), Removal of Chromium (VI) from
aqueous medium using chemically modified banana peels as efficient low cost adsorbent.
Alexandria Engineering Journal, Elsevier, Page No 2933 2942, Issue No 55.
[6]. Sucharita Tandon and N.Nandhini (2009), Adsorption efficiency of carbon from treated
sugarcane bagasse in removing chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions by optimization of
adsorption parameters. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, Page No 155 158, Volume
01, Issue 02.
[7]. A.Zahir Hussain and K.M.Mohamed Sheriff (2014), Removal of Heavy metals from
wastewater using sugarcane leaf as adsorbent. Pelagia Research Library, Page No 56 -58,
Volume 05, Issue 04.
[8]. C.Pragathiswaran, S.Sibi and P.Sivanesan (2013), Adsorption of Hexavalent Chromium
from aqueous solutions by Aloe Vera Leaf. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy
and Chemistry, Page No 876 880, Volume 03, Issue 04.
[9]. S.Kumar and B.C. Meikap (2014), Removal of Chromium (VI) from waste water by
using adsorbent prepared from green coconut shell. Desalination and Water Treatment, Page
No 3122 3132, Volume No 52, Issue No 16-18.
[10]. Nilisha Italkar, Yogesh Patil (2014), Management of Hexavalent Chromium (Cr6+)
from industrial waste using low cost waste biomass. Procedia social and behavior Sciences,
Elsevier, Page No 219 224 Issue 133.
[11]. Yujianj Li, Baoyu Gao, Tao wu,Dejun Sun, Xia Li, Biao Wang and Fengjuan Lu
(2009), Hexavalent chromium removal from aqueous solution by adsorption on aluminium
magnesium mixed hydroxide. Water Research, Elsevier, Page No 3067 3075, Volume No
43, Issue No 12.
[12]. Turkan Altun, Serife Parlayici and Erol Pehlivan (2015), Hexavalent Chromium
Removal using Agricultural waste, Rice Husk. Desalination and Water Treatment, Page No
17748 17756, Volume No 57, Issue No 38.
[13]. Salah Abdel Wanees, Abdel Monem M. Ahmed, Mohamed S. Adam and Mamdouh A.
Mohamed (2013), Adsorption studies on the Removal of Hexavalent Chromium
Contaminated Wastewater using Activated Carbon and Bentonite. Asian Journal of
Chemistry, Page No 8245 8252, Volume No 25, Issue No 15.
[14]. Tamirat Dula, Khalid Siraj and Shimeles Addisu Kitte (2014), Adsorption of
Hexavalent Chromium from Aqueous solution using chemically activated carbon prepared
from locally available waste of bamboo. Hindawi Publishing Corporation, ISRN
Environmental Chemistry, Volume 2014.
[15]. M. Manjula Devi and S. Manonmani (2015), Removal of Hexavalent Chromium ions
from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption using Activated Carbon Prepared from Cucumis Melo
Peel Activated Carbon. Oriental Journal of Chemistry, Page No 531 539, Volume No 31,
Issue No 01.
[16]. A.K.Priya, S.Nagan, M.Nithya, P.M.Priyanka and M.Rajeshwarai (2016), Assessment
of Tendu Leaf Refuses for the Heavy Metal Removal from Electroplating Effluent. Journal of
Pure and Applied Microbiology, Page No 585 - 51, Volume No 10, Issue No 01.
[17]. Hala Ahmed Hegazi (2013), Removal of Heavy metals from waste water using
agricultural and industrial wastes as adsorbents. Housing and Building National Journal, Page
No 276 282 Issue 09.
[18]. Mohammad Kashif Uddin (2017), A Review on the adsorption of heavy metals by clay
minerals, with special focus on the past decade. Chemical Engineering Journal, Elsevier Page
No 438 462 Issue 308.
[19]. S.Parlayici-karatas and E.Pehlivan (2012), Removal of Hexavalent Chromium using
modified pistachio shell. Advances in Environmental Research, Page No 167 179 Volume
01, Issue 02.
[20]. Maher Jabari, Fathi aqra, Safa Shahin and Awni Khatib (2009), The treatment of
chromium tanning waste water using natural marl. Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability
Page No 185 191, Issue 03.
[21]. Christine Jeyaseelan and Astha Gupta (2015), Green Tea leaves as a Natural adsorbent
for the removal of Cr6+ from aqueous solution. AIR, SOIL and WATER RESEARCH
published by Libertas Academica, Page No 13 19.
[22]. Parisian Taheryan (2015), Removal Performance Assessment of Chromium (VI) in
solution using Grape Leaves powder and carbon as an adsorbent. International Journal of
Research studies in Agricultural Studies, Page No 21 28, Volume 01, Issue 03.
[23]. Sunil.H, Karthik C.V, Pradeep H.N and Mahesh kumar Shetty (2014), Removal of
Chromium (VI) metal ions from wastewater using alternative adsorbents a case study.
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 04, Issue 01.
[24]. N.M.Rane, Dr.R.S.Sapkal, Dr.V.S.Sapkal, M.B.Patil and S.P.Shewale (2010), Use of
Naturally Available Low Cost Adsorbents for Removal of Cr (VI) from wastewater.
International Journal of Chemical Sciences and Applications, Volume 01, Issue 02.
[25]. Biswajit Singha, Tarun kumar Naiya, Ashim kumar Battacharya and Sudip kumar Das (
2011), Cr (VI) Ions removal from aqueous solutions using Natural Adsorbents FTIR
Studies. Journal of Environment Protection, Page No 729 735, Issue No 02.
[26]. Davoud Balarak, Ahmed Reza Yari, Ferdos Kord Mostapor, Yousef Mahdavi and Ali
Joghataei (2016), Agricultural Waste as Adsorbent for Removal of Chromium (VI) from
aqueous solution. Archives of Hygiene Sciences, Page No 310 318, Issue 04.
[27]. V.B.Mane, M.A.Suryawanshi, G.B.Kumbhar, Prashant L.Sahhu and
Pratiksha.S.Gajbhiye (2016), Adsorption for the removal of chromium using natural
adsorbents. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, Page No 1951
1955, Volume 03, Issue 08.
[28]. Ashraf Ali, Khalid Saeed and Fazal Mabood (2016), Removal of Chromium (VI) from
aqueous medium using chemically modified banana peels as efficient low cost adsorbent.
Alexandria Engineering Journal, Elsevier, Page No 2933 2942, Issue No 55.
[29]. Gunatilake S.K (2015), Methods of Removing Heavy Metals from Industrial
Wastewater. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies. Page No 12 18,
Volume 01, Issue 01.
[30]. Prashant Kumar Shrivastava and S.K.Gupta (2015), Removal of Chromium from
wastewater by adsorption method using agricultural waste materials. International Journal of
Chemical Sciences and Applications, Page No 01 05, Volume 06, Issue 01.
[31]. Dessalew Berihun (2017), Removal of Chromium from Industrial wastewater by
adsorption using Coffee Husk. Journal of Material Sciences and Engineering, Page No 01
06, Volume 06, Issue 02.
[32]. Ademiluyi F.T and Nze J.C (2016), Multiple Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions in
Aqueous solution using activated carbon from Nigerian Bamboo. International Journal of
Research in Engineering and Technology, Page No 164 169, Volume 05, Issue 01.
[33]. Dr.Nidhi Jain (2015), Removal of Heavy Metal by using different fruit peels, vegetable
peels and organic waste. International Journal of Advanced Research, Page No 916 920,
Volume 03, Issue 11.
[34]. Saiffudin M. Nomanbhay and Kumaran Palanisamy (2005), Removal of Heavy metal
from industrial wastewater using chitosan coated oil palm shell charcoal. Electronic Journal
of Biotechnology, Page No 43 53, Volume 08, Issue 01.
[35]. Samir TAHA, Sophie RICORDEL and Ibrahim CISSE (2011), Kinetic study and
modelling of heavy metals removal by adsorption onto peanut husks incinerated residues.
Energy Procedia, Elsevier, and Page No 143 152, Issue No 06.
[36] Adedamola Titi Ojedokun and Olugbenga Solomon Bello (2016), Sequestering heavy
metals from wastewater using cow dung. Water resources and Industry, Page No 07 13,
Issue No 13.
[37] Omar E. Abdel Salam, Neama A. Reiad and Maha M. Elshafei (2011), A study of the
removal characteristics of heavy metals from wastewater by low cost adsorbents. Journal of
Advanced Research, Page No 297 303, Issue No 02.
[38] Dimple Lakherwal (2014), Adsorption of Heavy Metals: A Review. International
Journal of Environmental Research and Development, Page No 41 48, Volume No 04,
Issue No 01.
[39] Amir Hossein Mahvi, Dariush Naghipour, Forugh Vaezi and Shahrokh Nazmara (2005),
Tea waste as An Adsorbent for Heavy Metal Removal from Industrial Wastewaters.
American Journal of Applied Sciences, Page No 372 375, Volume No 02, Issue No 01.
[40] Naba Kumar Mandal (2014), Performance of Low Cost Bio Adsorbents for the
Removal of Metal Ions A Review. International Journal of Science and Research, Page No
177 180, Volume 03, Issue No 01.
[41] Reena Malik, Suman Lata and Sushila Singhal (2015), Removal of Heavy Metal from
Waste water by the use of Modified Aloe Vera Leaf Powder. International Journal of Basic
and Applied Chemical Sciences, Page No 06 17, Volume 05, Issue 02.
[42] Reena Malik, Suman Lata and Sushila Singhal (2012), Neam Leaf Utilization for Copper
and Zinc Ions Removal from Aqueous Solution. International Journal of Science and
Research, Page No 695 705, Volume No 03, Issue No 05.
[43] Norhafizah binti Abd. Hadi, Nurul Aimi binti Rohaizar and Wong Chee Sien (2011),
Removal of Cu (II) from water by Adsorption of Papaya Seed, Page No 49 55, Volume No
01, Issue No 05.
[44] Siew Teng Ong, Shaiu Ping Yip, Pei Sin Keng, Siew Ling Lee and Yung Tse
Hung (2012), Papaya (Carica Papaya) Seed as a Low Cost Sorbent for Zinc Removal. Civil
and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications, Cleveland State University, and Page
No 810 819, Volume No 07, Issue No 05.
[45] Koel Banerjee, S.T.Ramesh, R.Gandhimathi, P.V.Nidheesh and K.S.Bharathi (2012), A
Novel Agricultural waste Adsorbent, Watermelon Shell for the removal of Copper from
Aqueous Solutions. Iranica Journal of Energy & Environmnet, Page No 143 156, Volume
No 03, Issue No 02.
[46] Kamal Rana, Mitali Shah and Nilesh Limbachiya (2014), Adsorption of Copper Cu (2+)
Metal ion from waste water using sulphuric Acid treated sugarcane bagasse as Adsorbent.
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, Page No 55 59,
Volume No 01, Issue No 01.
[47] Aakanksha Darge and S.J.Mane (2013), Treatment of Industrial Wastewater by using
Banana Peels and Fish Scales. International Journal of Science and Research, Page No 600
604, Volume No 04, Issue No 07.
[48] M.A. Barakat (2011), New Trends in removing heavy metals from industrial waste
water. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, Elsevier, and Page No 361 377, Issue No 04.
[49] R.Sudha and P.Premkumar (2016), Lead removal by waste organic plant source
materials review. International Journal of ChemTech Research, Page No 47 57, Volume No
09, Issue No 01.
[50] Saad A.Al-Jill (2010), Equilibrium study of Adsorption of Cobalt ions from Wastewater
using Saudi Roasted Pits. Research Journal of Environment Toxicology, ISSN 1819 3420.
[51] Mona Karnib, Ahmad Kabbani, Hanafy Holail and Zakia Olama (2014), Heavy Metals
removal using Activated Carbon, Silica and Silica Activated Carbon Composite. Energy
Procedia, Elsevier, Page No 113 120, Volume 50.
[52] Demirbas A (2008), Heavy Metal Adsorption onto agro based waste materials: A
review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Page No 220 -229, Issue No 157
[53] S.Chand, V.K Agarwal and P.Kumar (1994), Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from
wastewater by adsorption. Indian Journal of Environment and Health, Page No 151 158,
Volume No 36, Issue No 03.
[54] Gupta V.K, Shrivastava A.K and Jain N (2001), Bioadsorption of Cr (VI) using Lowcost
Adsorbents. Environ. Chem. Lett., Page No 135 139, Volume No 01, Issue No 02.
[55] Pehlivan E and Altun T (2008), Bioadsorption of Chromium (VI) ion from aqueous
solutions using walnut, hazelnut and almond shell. Journal of Hazardous Matter, Page No 378
384, Volume No 155, Issue No 1-2.
[56] Gopalakrishnan S, Kannadasan T, Velmurugan S, Muthu S and Vinothkumar P (2013),
Bioadsorption of Chromium (VI) from industrial effluent using Neem Leaf Adsorbent.
Research journal of Chemical Sciences, Page No 48 53, Volume No 03, Issue No 04.
[57] Dubey S.P and Gopal K (2010), Adsorption of Chromium (VI) on low cost adsorbents
derived from agricultural waste material: A comparative study. Journal of Hazardous
Material, Page No 465 470, Volume No 145.
[58] Schneider R.M, Cavalin C.F Barros M.A.S.D and Tavares C.R.G (2008), Adsorption of
Chromium ions in Activated Carbon. Chemical Engineering Journal, Page No 355 362,
Volume No 132.
[59] Sharma D.C and Forster C.F (1994), A Preliminary Examination into the adsorption of
hexavalent chromium using low cost adsorbents. Bioresource Technology, Page No 257
264, Volume No 47, Issue No 03.
[60] El Shafey E.I (2007), Sorption of Cd (II) and Se (IV) from aqueous solution using
modified rice husk. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Page No 546 555, volume No 147,
Issue No 1-2.
[61] Dhanakumar S, Solairaj G, Mohanraj R and Pattabhi S (2007), removal of chromium
(VI) from aqueous solution by adsorption using cooked tea dust. Indian Journal of Science
and Technology, Page No 01 06, Volume No 01.