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Article history: In this paper, a novel miniaturized power amplier (PA) matched by two proposed low pass lters (LPFs)
Received 16 November 2013 with nth harmonics suppression is presented. In the proposed PA, the LPFs are employed as an output
Accepted 17 May 2014 and input impedance transformer networks, which transform 50 to the desired impedances. In the
proposed PA the conventional output and input matching networks are eliminated, which results in
Keywords: 52% size reduction and 6% power added efciency (PAE) improvement compared with the conventional
Power amplier (PA)
PA. Moreover, using the LPFs at the output and input impressively suppress the unwanted harmonics
Harmonic suppression
(2nd6th) with high level of attenuation. The proposed PA works at the 2.6 GHz, which is suitable for
Low pass lter (LPF)
Matching networks
long term evolution (LTE) applications. The measured and simulated results are in the good agreement,
which conrm the validity of the proposed method.
2014 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction a large size, and they have several discontinuities between the
narrow and wide lines, which excite high order modes [1].
With the demand of high-speed data communication, the 4th In [8,9], to enhance PAE and suppress unwanted harmonics, l-
generation (4G), LTE system has attracted a lot of attentions. ters have been used in the PA structure, but in these works, there is
For LTE applications, power ampliers (PAs) should be low cost, not any size reduction and OMN is still an indispensable part. In [1]
high integrated and light weight [1]. Nowadays, the growing BPF is used as the OMN, which results in 21% size reduction com-
demand for higher data rates and the increasing number of wire- pared to the conventional PA and suppresses the 2nd harmonic, but
less communications users have resulted into rapidly rising power the miniaturization and harmonic suppression in this work are not
consumption. The energy efciency of base stations should be con- so prominent.
stantly improved in order to reduce the power loss. Signicant In the proposed structure, a miniaturized power amplier inte-
energy saving can be achieved by improving the efciency of the grated by two low pass lters (LPFs) at input and output is proposed.
power amplier (PA) of RF transmitters used in the base station The applied LPF in this structure is based on a proposed lter in
[2]. Different techniques have been proposed to increase the ef- [12]. It works as an IMN and OMN, therefore, the conventional out-
ciency of power ampliers. Envelope elimination and restoration put and input matching networks are eliminated, which results in
(EER) [3], envelope tracking (ET) [4], Doherty ampliers [5,6] and ultra size reduction and high harmonics suppression. Compared
varactor-based dynamic load modulation [7] are the most common with reported works, the proposed PA demonstrates better size
techniques being proposed to enhance the efciency of PAs. reduction (52%) and suppresses the 2nd6th harmonics with high
Power amplier performances signicantly depend on level of attenuation.
their output matching networks (OMNs). Nowadays, exten-
sive researches have been performed on the OMNs to improve
2. Design process
harmonic suppression [8,9], PAs efciency improvement [10],
bandwidth enhancement [11], multiband capability, etc. The OMN
The schematic structures of the conventional PA, is shown in
and input matching network (IMN) in the conventional PA occupy
Fig. 1. In the conventional PA, the output and input matching
networks occupied a large size, and they have several discontinu-
ities between the narrow and wide lines. The OMN and IMN are
Corresponding author at: Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engi-
used to transform 50 to the desired impedances, which shown
neering, Razi University, Tagh-E-Bostan, Kermanshah 67149, Iran.
as ZL and ZS in Fig. 1.
Tel.: +98 9188312041. The proposed PA is designed using a MW6S004N LDMOS tran-
E-mail addresses: mohsen hayati@yahoo.com, hayati@razi.ac.ir (M. Hayati). sistor. The applied transistor is designed for class A or class AB base
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2014.05.003
1434-8411/ 2014 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
M. Hayati, S. Roshani / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AE) 68 (2014) 10161021 1017
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the conventional power amplier, with conventional IMN, OMN.
Table 1
The optimum impedance values from load/source pull simulation in desired
frequency.
Table 2
Power amplier DC parameters.
The applied LPF is based on a stepped impedance resonator, The applied LPF passes the fundamental frequency (2.6 GHz)
which is used in [12]. The LPF is fabricated on the RT/Duroid 5880 and rejects the unwanted harmonics at the higher frequency. The
substrate (relative permittivity of 2.2, thickness of 0.508 mm and frequency response of the proposed lter illustrates three transmis-
loss tangent of 0.0009), as shown in Fig. 7. The size of the lter is sion zeros, at 3.7, 4.3, and 6.2 GHz with attenuation levels of 42.38,
only 59.78 mm2 (9.8 mm 6.1 mm = 0.116g 0.0723g). 69.78, and 55.5 dB, respectively. These transmission zeros can
The design process of the lter was discussed in [12], and per- provide the high rejection levels for eliminating the desired har-
formance of applied LPF is briey discussed below. monics in the proposed power divider.
The measurements were carried out on a HP8757A network ana-
lyzer. As shown in Fig. 8, the measured and simulated results are in 4.2. Impedance transformer network
good agreement. The transition band is very sharp, approximately
0.07 GHz from 3.6 to 3.67 GHz with corresponding attenuation lev- Hence, the applied LPF used as the main block of the impedance
els of 3 and 20 dB, respectively. transfer networks in the proposed structure, therefore, the input
LPF as the input impedance transformer network should transfer
50 to the 7.512j and the output LPF as the output impedance
transformer network should transfer 50 to the 1214j . There-
fore, the low impedance stubs are added to the proposed LPF, to
realize the impedance transferring of the LPF from 50 to desired
impedances.
Zx + jZi1 tan(i1 )
Zin = Zi1 (2)
Zi1 + jZx tan(i1 )
The input impedance is equal to Z0 . Equating Zin to Z0 and solving
(2) for Zx , leads to:
Z0 + jZi1 tan(i1 )
Zx = Zi1 (3)
Zi1 + jZ0 tan(i1 )
from (1) and (3):
Z0 jZi1 tan(i1 ) Rs + jZi2 tan(i2 )
Zi1 = Zi2 (4)
Zi1 jZ0 tan(i1 ) Zi2 + jRs tan(i2 )
from (4):
Fig. 9. Schematic of the power amplier, with two sections IMN, OMN.
2
Z0 Zo1 RL tan(o2 ) + Z0 Zo2 RL tan(o1 ) = Zo1 Zo2 tan(o1 )
2
+ Zo1 Zo2 tan(o2 ) (11)
The real part of Eq. (5) yields: (Zi1 + Zi2 )(Zi1 Zi2 0.28) = 0 (13)
2 from (12) and (13):
Z0 Zi1 Zi2 + Zi1 Rs tan(i1 ) tan(i2 ) = Zi1 Zi2 Rs
3 2 2 2
2
+ Z0 Zi1 Zi2 tan(i1 ) tan(i2 ) (6) f1 (zi2 ) = Zi2 (tan i ) 0.72Zi2 0.078(tan i ) = 0 (14)
The value of Zi2 in (14) is obtained from Fig. 12, which in this
gure, Eq. (14) is plotted for different values of i .
While the imaginary part of (5) yields:
From Fig. 12, assuming i = 130 , therefore,
2
Z0 Zi1 Rs tan(i2 ) + Z0 Zi2 Rs tan(i1 ) = Zi1 2
Zi2 tan(i1 ) + Zi1 Zi2 tan(i2 ) Zi2 = 0.682 50 = 34.1 and then Zi1 = 0.41 50 = 20.5 .
Similarly to nd the values of the output matching stubs in the
(7) conventional PA, assuming normalized value Z0 = 1 , RL = 0.37 in
(10) and (11), also for further simplication assuming o1 = o2 = o .
From (10):
On the other hand, the output impedance Zout of the two-section
2 2
line shown in Fig. 11 is obtained as follows: 0.63Zo2 + 0.37Zo1 (tan o ) Zo2 (tan o ) = 0 (15)
RL + jZo2 tan(o2 ) and from (11):
Zy = Zo2 (8)
Zo2 + jRL tan(o2 )
(Zo1 + Zo2 )(Zo1 Zo2 0.37) = 0 (16)
where RL is the optimum load impedances at the 2.6 GHz. Therefore,
From (15) and (16):
the output impedance Zout is
3 2 2 2
f2 (Zo2 ) = Zo2 (tan o ) 0.63Zo2 0.137(tan o ) = 0 (17)
Zy + jZo1 tan(i1 )
Zout = Zo1 (9)
Zo1 + jZy tan(i1 ) The value of Zo2 in (14) is obtained from Fig. 13, which in this
gure, Eq. (17) is plotted for different values of o .
With the similar process followed for input part, the following
equations are obtained:
2 2
Z0 Zo1 Zo2 + Zo1 RL tan(o1 ) tan(o2 ) = Zo1 Zo2 RL + Z0 Zo1 Zo2
Fig. 11. Two sections OMN. Fig. 12. f1 (Zi2 ) for different value of i .
1020 M. Hayati, S. Roshani / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AE) 68 (2014) 10161021
Fig. 14. Simulated results of the proposed OMN. Fig. 17. The photograph of the fabricated PA.
M. Hayati, S. Roshani / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AE) 68 (2014) 10161021 1021
Table 3
Performance summary of the proposed power divider and previous works.
5. Conclusion
As seen in Fig. 16, the size of the conventional and proposed References
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