tinh dau gấc PDF

Bo co ti:
Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc
LUN VN
KHO ST YU T NH HNG N HIU SUT

TRCH LY DU GC
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 1
Bo co ti:
Dn nhp
Ngy nay x hi ngy cng pht trin, nhu cu v thc phm ca con ngi ngy cng
cao. Nhng thc phm chc nng c gi tr dinh dng cao cng c nhiu ngi ch
n v tri Gc l mt trong nhng loi thc phm chc nng . Tht vy, trong tri Gc
m c bit l du Gc cha nhiu cht c hm lng dinh dng cao v c kh nng phng
chng bnh tt. Du Gc c cha nhiu caroten, tin vitamin A rt cn thit cho kh nng
nhn tt ca mt, kch thch tnh min dch v tng sc khng cho c th, c tc dng
chng oxy ho. Lycopen l cht chng oxy ho hng u c kh nng bo v c th chng
li cc bnh thoi ho, suy gim min dch v c cc chng bnh ung th (Tangboditham
(1998), c trch dn bi Phm Hu Yn Phng (2004)). Vitamin E mang cc c im
chng oxy ha, ngn chn tc ng c hi ca cc gc t do, l vitamin chng lo ho
(Cossut v cng s, 2001). Hai acid bo khng bo ho linoleic v -linolenic l nhng axit
bo thit yu. Chng tham gia vo thnh phn mng t bo v dy lin kt gia cc t bo
no, l tin thn ca omega 3 (3) v omega 6 (6) (Cossut v cng s, 2001).
Tuy nhin vic sn xut v tiu th du Gc Vit Nam v cc nc trn th gii cn
cha ph bin. Chnh v l do trn nn chng ti thc hin ti Kho st cc yu t nh
hng ln hiu sut trch ly du Gc gp phn nghin cu vic trch ly du Gc t hiu
qu hn v nng cao gi tr ca tri Gc Vit Nam.
1.1 Mc ch ca ti
Nghin cu s nh hng ca cc thng s k thut ln hiu sut trch ly bng
phng php ngm chit.
1.2 Yu cu ca ti
Xc nh nhng thng s ti u nht cho qu trnh trch ly (loi dung mi, nhit , thi
gian trch ly)
Xc nh mt s ch tiu cht lng ca du Gc.
Tnh ton gi thnh ca du Gc thu c.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 2
Bo co ti:
CHNG 2
TNG QUAN
TI LIU
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 3
Bo co ti:
2.1 Tng qut v tri Gc

2.1.1 c im nng hc
Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour) Spreng (Gc) thuc h Cucurbitaceae, ging
Momordica v loi Cochinchinensis. Cy ny c nh danh l Muricia Cochnchinensis
vo nm 1790 bi Loureiro. Sau , nm 1826 Sprengel kt lun rng cy gc thuc
ging Momordica v i tn thnh Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour) Spreng (Berley
(1937) c trch dn bi Vng L Thu (2002)). Loi cy ny c mt cc nc Nam ,
nh Trung Quc, Min in, Lo, Campuchia, n (Perry (1980) c trch dn bi
Vng L Thu (2002)).
Gc l loi cy thn tho dy leo hng nm thuc chi mp ng, l loi n tnh
khc gc (dioecious) cui ng sau khi thu hoch qu ngi ta cht n tn gc, sang xun
cy li leo ln ti tt. T gc mc ra nhiu thn mi, mi dy c nhiu t, mi t c l.
L Gc nhn mc so le, hnh thy chn vt, chia thy kh su, l to di t 10 25cm, mt
trn xanh lc thm, pha di mu xanh nht. Hoa Gc mu vng nht, n tnh, n vo
thng 5, 6 pha Bc, trong Nam c nhiu v (Nguyn Thin Lun v cng s, 1999). Trung
bnh, cn khong 18 20 ngy qu c th chn t khi n hoa ci xut hin. Mt cy c th
cho khong 30 60 qu trong mt nm (WHO (1990) c trch dn bi Vng L Thu
(2002)).
Qu Gc hnh trn hay hnh bu dc, c chiu di t 6 10cm v chiu rng l 4
6cm. Loi qu ny c mu xanh lc, c gai, khi chn chuyn dn t mu vng sang mu .
Bn trong lp v l lp tht vng, mm, k tip l nhng ht gc c bao bc bi mng mu
mu, xp hng dc. Ht Gc mu en, hnh trn dt ging con ba ba nh, c rng ca
(Nguyn Hng Khnh v cng s, 2004), trong ht c nhn trng cha nhiu du. Vit
Nam, trng lng qu khong 500g 1600g (Vng L Thu, 2004). Mt kg qu Gc bao
gm khong 190g mng v 130g ht. Mng ht khi chn c v thm d chu hoc khng c
mi (Vng L Thu, 2002). Tt c cc b phn ca Momordica cochinchinensis u c th
c s dng trong y hc truyn thng ( Tt Li, 1991).
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 4
Bo co ti:
Hnh 2.1 Gin Gc Hnh 2.2 Hoa Gc
C 2 loi Gc c trng ph bin Vit Nam l:

Gc Np: Tri to, nhiu ht, gai to, t gai. Khi chin chuyn sang mu cam rt p.
B tri ra, bn trong cm vng ti, mng bao bc ht c mu ti rt m.
Gc T: Tri nh, c t ht, gai nhn. Tri chin b ra bn trong cm c mu vng v
mng bao bc ht thng c mu nht hoc mu hng khng c ti nh
Gc np.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 5
Bo co ti:
Hnh 2.4 Tri Gc Np Hnh 2.5 Tri Gc T
Do , ta thng chn Gc Np ch bin thc phm v Gc Np tri to, khi chn

nhiu cm v c mu sc p, cht lng tt.
2.1.2 Tnh hnh sn xut v phn phi

Vit Nam, trc y Gc mc hoang d hay c trng mt s gia nh nu
xi hay s dng cho y hc truyn thng. Hin nay ngi ta bt u trng trt quy m cng
nghp thu ly du t mng Gc, mu v du t ht Gc, ch bin cc thc ung dinh
dng cng nh cc sn phm khc. Gc c trng nhiu vng Trung Du v ng Bng
Bc B. Dc theo sng Tin trng Gc rt tt, c dy Gc lu nm gc to ng knh n 15
20 cm. Trn din tch 5 m2 dy Gc c th cho 100 200 qu/nm.
Trn th trng gi ca Gc ti khong 6.000 n 10.000 VN/kg c khi ln n
25.000 VN/kg. Vo ma kh (c bit thng 11), c rt nhiu loi qu ny, ngc li vo
ma ma gi Gc tng cao do tnh trng khan him (Nguyn Hng Khnh v cng s, 2004).
Ngy nay Gc c s dng nhiu trong sn xut cng nghip.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 6
Bo co ti:
2.1.3 Thnh phn ho hc ca tri Gc

Mng ti ca qu Gc chn c cc thnh phn:
Bng 2.1 Cc thnh phn trong mng ti ca qu Gc chn
S th t Thnh phn Gi tr (%)
1 Nc 77
2 Protein 2,1
3 Lipide 7,9
4 Glucide 10,5
5 X 1,8
6 Mui khong 0,7
7 - Caroten 0,046
8 Lycopen 0,038
(Ngun www.gactuoikieuphuong.com)
2.1.4 Gi tr ca tri Gc trong i sng

Trong gia nh, tht Gc c s dng ch yu nhum mu cc loi xi, ch bin
cc mn n, va c tc dng thay phm mu trong ch bin thc n va c tc dng phng
chng suy dinh dng, thiu vi cht, tng sc khng cho tr em, lm ko gm Gc, sa
chua Gc, bt Gc dinh dng
Gn y qu Gc bt u c tip th ra ngoi khu vc Chu trong dng nc
p tri cy b dng v dng du Gc do n c cha hm lng tng i cao cc dinh
dng thc vt. (www.laodong.com.vn)
Trong m phm cng c th dng Gc. Gc c th thay th Sudan mt loi cht to
mu cho thc phm v m phm ang thc s l mi lo ngi cho nhiu ngi tiu dng vi
nguy c gy ung th cao. Vit Nam vic chn mt cht to mu an ton khc thay th cho
Sudan khng kh khi du ca tri Gc hon ton c th thay th cho phm mu ha hc c
hi. (www.vnmedia.vn)
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 7
Bo co ti:
Ngoi vic s dng trong m thc, Gc cn c s dng trong y hc. Cc hng dc

phm ca M gi tri Gc l Fruit from Heaven (loi qu n t thin ng). Thc t,
nghin cu ti M cho thy cc hp cht ca Beta caroten, Lycopen, Alphatocopherol
trong du Gc c tc dng lm v hiu ho 75% cc cht gy ung th ni chung, nht l ung
th v ph n.
Du Gc dng b sung vitamin A cho tr con chm ln, kh mt, qung g, km
n, mt mi, hoc dung bi vt thng, vt bng. Ht gc cha mn nht, trng ht, quai b,
sng v, tc tia sa (www.dantri.com.vn)
R Gc cha t thp, sng ph chn vi liu dung 4g/ngy.Gc dy Gc phi hp vi
mt vi v thuc em sc ung hoc dng ngoi ngm ru xoa bp cng cha phong thp,
sng chn.
2.2 Tng qut v Du Gc

2.2.1 Thnh phn ho hc
2.2.1.1 Thnh phn ch yu
Triglyceride l thnh phn ch yu ca du m cha t 95 n 98% ca ht du. Cu
to ho hc l este ca ru 3 chc vi cc acid bo.
CH2 OH R1COOH CH2OCOR1
CH OH + R2COOH CHOCOR2 + 3H2O
CH2 OH R3COOH CH2OCOR3

Glycerol Axt bo Triglyceride
Triglyceride dng ho hc tinh khit khng mu, khng mi, khng v.

Khi lng phn t tng i ca triglyceride kh cao nn khng bay hi ngay c
trong iu kin chn khng cao. nhit trn 240 2500C, p sut 1atm triglyceride s b
thy phn thnh cc sn phm bay hi ca s phn hu ho hc. V vy ngi ta phi kh
mi du trong iu kin chn khng v nhit cao.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 8
Bo co ti:
Di tc dng ca cc enzyme thu phn, khi c nc v nhit , triglyceride s b

phn ct mi lin kt este v b thu phn to thnh acid bo t do, do vy acid bo t do
bao gi cng c trong cc loi du thc vt.
Tn ti khong 20 axt bo trong t nhin, chng khc nhau bi s lng ca cc ni
i.
Bng 2.2 Mt vi acd bo quan trng ca du Gc
S th t Axt bo K hiu
1 Palmitic 16 : 0
2 Stearic 18 : 0
3 Olic 18 : 1(n-9)
18 : 2
4 Linolic
(n-6; n-9)
18 : 3
5 Linolnic
(n-3; n-6; n-9)
20 : 4
6 Arachidonic
(n-6; n-9; n-12; n-15)
2.2.1.2 Cc thnh phn ph

a) Acid bo t do
Acid bo t do l cc loi acid bo khng nm trong lin kt gia este v diglyceride
Acid bo lm cho du b chua.
Cht bo b thu phn l do enzyme Lipase c trong nc.
b) Mono v di glyceride
Gm u a nc v mt u k nc. Trong cng ngh thc phm n c s dng
nh mt cht nh ha. Tuy nhin, n cng gy kh khn cho vic phn ly gia du v nc
trong qu trnh tin luyn ha hc, thc y phn ng oxi ha cht bo.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 9
Bo co ti:
c) Cc phospholipide
Hm lng phospholipide trong du Gc dao ng t 0,25 3%.
Cu to ca phospholipide:
Phosphooipit ng vai tr l cht hot ng b mt trong trao i cht, chuyn ho

cc cht bo, trong qu trnh thm thu qua mng t bo, thng c s dng trong y
dc, trong thc phm.
Hp cht in hnh l Lecithin v Cephalin hm lng phosphatid c trong du m t
0,5 3%.
d) Cc sterol
L nhng rc cao phn t c cu to phc tp v phn b rng ri, tan tt trong du
Gc. Trong t nhin chng c th tn ti dng este. Hm lng ca chng dao ng t 0,4-
2,9% (ch yu l tocopherol). Cc srerol cha trong du Gc ch yu l Phirosterol.
e) Cc vitamin
a s l vitamin A, D, E, K v cc vitamin c kh nng ho tan cht bo. Ngoi ra c
mt s hp cht c kh nng to ra sinh t thng gi l tin sinh t - Caroten: tin
vitamin A v Egosterol: tin vitamin D.
Trong c tocopherol (40 - 250mg%) c hot tnh vitamin E c tc dng chng oxy
ha cho du rt tt, du c hm lng tocopherol cao bo qun tt hn du c hm lng
tocopherol thp.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 10
Bo co ti:
Vitamin E t nhin c ngun gc thc vt hay ng vt. Du thc vt c cha nhiu

tocophrol v tocotrinol hn. Trong du thc vt, cc dng vitamin thgn gp nht l -
tocophetrol v - tocophrol (Cuvelier v cng s, 2003)
Vitamin E thuc h tocophrol, h ny gm 4 dng: - tocophrol, cn gi l vitamin
E, - tocophrol, - tocophrol hay - tocophrol.
Ngoi ra, nhng cht ny c s tng ng v cu trc vi phn t thuc h
tocotrinol: - tocotrinol, - tocotrinol, - tocotrinol hay - tocotrinol (Pennock v
cng s (1964), trch dn bi Cuvelier v cng s (2003)).
Cu trc ha hc ca cc tocophrol bao gm mt vng chromanol mono-, di- hay tri-
methyl, c ni vi mt chui 16 cacbon bo ha cnh bn (chui phytyl) (Fernoholx
(1938) c trch dn bi Cuvelier v cng s (2003)).
Cc tocophrol khc nhau bi s lng v s sp xp cc nhm metyl xung quanh
vng benzene ca nhn chromanol (Hnh 2.6)
Cu trc ho hc ca cc tocotrinol cng bao gm mt vng chromanol mono , di
hay tri methyl vi chui cacbon cnh bn, nhng cu trc ny cha 3 nhm ni i 3 v
tr 3, 7 v 11 (Hnh 2.7).
Hnh 2.6 Cu trc ha hc Hnh 2.7 Cu trc ha hc

ca 4 loi Tocopherol ca 4 loi Tocotrienol
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 11
Bo co ti:
f) Cc cht mu t nhin
Du m ni chung v du Gc ni ring c mu sc l do s tn ti mt s cht c
tnh tan trong du (y c gi l cht khng x phng ho).
Carotenoid
Carotenoid l nhng sc t t nhin, c mt rng ri trong t nhin v l ngun
gc ca cc mu chi sang (vng, cam v ) ca nhiu tri cy n c (cam, du)
ca cc loi rau (c rt, c chua, gc) ca cc loi nm, ca hoa, to, vi khun, chng
cng c mt trong cc sn phm ng vt.
Thut ng carotenoid bao gm hai phc hp gn tng t nhau: mt mt l cc
carotin, hydrocacbon khng bo ha v mt khc l nhng ng phn b oxy ha ca hp
cht ny hay cn gi l cc xanthophil. Hn 600 carotenoid c c lp t nhng sn
phm t nhin (Faure v cng s, 1999).
Trn phng din ha hc, l cc chui vi u mi chui c nhn dng vng
mang nhiu nhm chc khc nhau (ru, axit ); nhng cht thng thng nht l
caroten v lycopen nhng cc cht khc cng c s dng nh cht mu thc phm: -
caroten, - caroten, bixin, norbin, capstin, - apo 8 carotenan, ester ethylic ca axit
apo 8 carotenoid. Chng l nhng hp cht ha tan trong du m, mu sc thay i
t vng n .
Hnh 2.8 Cu trc ca cc carotenoide chnh v cc xanthophil
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 12
Bo co ti:
- caroten tn ti di dng bt tinh th, khng ha tan trong nc v trong ru,

t ha tan trong du thc vt. Trong cloroform, hp ph quang ph cc i nm gia
446 v 496 nm. Dng carotnoit ny mang hot ng ca vitamin: 1g - caroten tng
ng 1,67 triu U.I vitamin A v hot ng vitamin ca 0,6 g - caroten gn bng
0,3 g vitamin A. Tin vitamin A ny rt nhy cm vi khng kh, nhit nh sng v m
(De Saint Blanquat,1984).
Lycopen
L mt cht mu ca tri cy chn, c bit trong mng qu Momordica
cochinchinensis. N th hin hp ph quang ph cc i 446, 472 v 505 nm (i
vi dng trans); Hp cht ny ha tan trong chloroform v bezen, gn nh khng ha tan
trong methanol v tanol (De Saint- Blanquat,1984).
Du Gc nhiu lycopen n mc c th t kt tinh thnh nhng tinh th, y l
cht carotenoit c kh nng chng lo ho rt mnh v v hiu ha 75% cc cht gy ung
th. y cng l carotenoit duy nht c kh nng ngn nga c chng nhi mu c tim
v bo v Gen khi b tn thng (c th khng t tng hp c cht ny)
Xanthophil
L cc sc t rt gn vi carotnoit, thng thng vi s thay th gc hydroxin
hay xton trn nhn (Hnh 2.8). Chng phn tn trong cc l cy v trong cc cnh hoa
vi hm lng gn 10% so vi cht mu c . Kh nng ho tan ca n trong tanol
ln hn carotnoit (Linden v Lorient, 1994)
2.2.2 Tnh cht

2.2.2.1 Tnh cht vt l
Du Gc l mt cht lng mu sm.
a) T trng:
T trng ca du Gc nh hn nc, ddu = 0.46 0.97 200C cn dnc = 1
200C. T trng ca du Gc tng vi gim khi lng phn t v tng theo bt bo
ha c trong chui.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 13
Bo co ti:
b) Ch s khc x:
Ch s khc x D = 1.474 1.748, ch s khc x cng ln, mc khng no
cng ln.
c) nht:
Du Gc c tnh nht, nhit cng cao tnh nht cng gim.
d) Tnh tan:
Du Gc ha tan tt trong ether du ha, etanone, chlorofom v axeton, khng tan
trong nc v cn lnh. (Ng Th Thu, 2004).
e) Nhit dung ring:
Nhit dung ring ca du Gc trung bnh C = 0.4 0.5
2.2.2.2 Tnh cht ha hc

a) Phn ng thy phn
Vi s hin din ca nc hoc hi nc, du b thu phn gii phng acid bo
v glyxerin. Phn ng c xc tc axid v c hay enzim. Thc cht qu trnh thu phn
xy ra qua 3 giai on, trong mi giai on l mt phn ng thun nghch.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 14
Bo co ti:
Giai on 1:
CH2OCOR1 CH2OH
xt
CHOCOR2 + H2 O CHOCOR2 + R1COOH
CH2OCOR3 CH2OCOR3
Triglyceride Diglyceride
Giai on 2:
CH2OH CH2OH
xt
CHOCOR2 + H2 O CHOCOR2 + R3COOH
CH2OCOR3 CH2OH
Diglyceride Monoglyceride
Giai on 3:
CH2OH CH2OH
xt
CHOCOR2 + H2 O CHOH + R2COOH
CH2OH CH2OH
Monoglyceride Glycerin
b) Phn ng x phng ho
Tc dng x phng ho iu kin t0, p, xc tc thch hp.
CH2OCOR CH2OH
CHOCOR + 3H2O CHOH + 3RCOOH
CH2OCOR CH2OH
RCOOH + NaOH RCOONa + H2 O
Phng trnh tng qut:

CH2OCOR CH2OH
CHOCOR + 3NaOH CHOH + 3RCOONa
CH2OCOR CH2OH
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 15
Bo co ti:
c) Phn ng oxi ha.

Khi tip xc vi oxi khng kh, glyxerit, acid bo c th tc dng vi oxi ch yu
theo mch cacbon. Kt qu ca qu trnh oxi ho ny lm xut hin nhng cht mi c
tnh cht mi. Cc sn phm thng l peroxyt, cetoacid
Nu qu trnh oxi ha khng su, s thay i ch yu l tnh cht cm quan nh
mi, v ca du m. Nhng thay i ny gi l s i hng ca du m, thng xy ra khi
bo cc iu kin thch hp cho qu trnh oxi ho.
Trong mt s trng hp khc, qu trnh xi ha su th trong du m xut hin
nhng tnh cht ho, l mi. T du oxi ho mnh c th nhn c cc vt liu qu. Sn
phm ca oxi ha du c th chia lm 3 nhm:
Sn phm ca s phn hu gc cacbuahydro ca acid bo cha no.
Sn phm c cc nhm chc cha oxy.
Sn phm cha cc acid bo b polymer ho hoc trng hp, trong phn t
ca chng c cc nhm chc cha oxy.
d) Phn ng hydrogen ha
Trong cc iu kin thch hp (p sut cao, nhit cao v Niken xc tc) cc
acid bo khng bo ha s thc hin phn ng cng vi H2 (Hydrogen) chuyn ni i
thnh ni n v chuyn ng phn t dng Cis sang Trans.
2.2.3 Gi tr ca du Gc
Ngi Vit Nam s dng mn qu ny lm thuc b cho ph n mang thai, cho
con b, phng nga v trnh thiu vitamin A, bnh kh mt, bnh qung g tr em.
Bn cnh , du Gc cn lm lnh nhanh chng cc vt thng, vt bng v l lot (V
nh Trc (1986) c trch dn bi Vng L Thu (2002)).
Bi Minh c v cng s (2004); Ng Th Thu (2004); Nguyn Cng Sut
(2002) ch ra rng du gc gp phn lm tng kh nng min dch, chng li s lo
ha ca t bo v chng li qu trnh oxy ha. Hn na, nhng tc gi ny cng ch ra vai
tr loi b cc tc ng c hi ca mi trng nh cc cht c ha hc, tia phng x.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 16
Bo co ti:
Nguyn Cng Sut (2003) cho rng thnh phn - carotene, lycopen v vitamin E
trong du Gc c tc ng trung ha 75% cc cht gy ung th, c bit i vi bnh ung
th v.
2.2.4 Phng php khai thc du Gc

Theo Tt Li (1991), hin nay c 3 phng php khai thc du Gc, tuy theo
quy m cng nghip v iu kin sn xut m la chn phng php thch hp, nhng
trc khi khai thc mng ca Gc phi c sy 60 700C v c nghin thnh
bt.
2.2.4.1 Phng php truyn thng
Trong trng hp chng ta mun s dng du Gc trong gia nh hay trong mt
thi gian ngn, chng ta c th s dng m heo hay du u phng trch ly. u tin
cc cht ny phi un nng nhit 60 700C, tip theo bt Gc c a vo. Nh
vo cng on ny, cc lipit cha trong bt Gc ha tan trong m hay du u phng ri
chng c tch ra loi b b. Du ny c gi trong mt l kn trnh nh sng.
Nhc im: a thm c thnh phn Cholesterol vo trong du Gc (trong m
heo hay u phng c nhiu Cholesterol) nh hng n sc khe.
u im: d thc hin, khng i hi thit b phc tp v k thut cao.
2.2.4.2 Phng php trch ly bng dung mi

Trch ly l qu trnh ngm chit lm chuyn du t nguyn liu vo dung mi thc
hin bng khuyn tn phn t (chuyn du t ni tm nguyn liu vo dung mi) v
khuyn tn i lu (chuyn du t b mt nguyn liu t dung mi)
Nhc im: s dng nhiu dung mi trong qu trnh trch ly nn nh hng
n sc khe.
u im: phng php ny c hiu sut trch ly cao hn, t gy nh hng n
cc nhng thnh phn c gi tr nh: - Caroten, Lycopen, Tocopherol (Vitamin
E),
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 17
Bo co ti:
y l phng php c s dng ph bin hin nay trong sn xut cng nh

trong nghin cu.
2.3 Tng qut v cng ngh trch ly cht bo

2.3.1 c im ca phng php trch ly cht bo
Da vo tnh ha tan tt ca du trong dung mi hu c nh xng, n Hexan hay
ether m ngi ta trch ly du ra khi bt nghin chng sy, s lng dung mi theo t l
thch hp.
2.3.2 Bn cht ca phng php trch ly cht bo

Trch ly l qu trnh ngm chit lm chuyn du t nguyn liu vo dung mi thc
hin bng khuch tn phn t (chuyn du t ni tm nguyn liu vo dung mi) v
khuch tn i lu (chuyn du t b mt nguyn liu vo dung mi)
Lc u, dung mi ch ha tan lp du trn b mt bt. Sau mi thm su vo
bn trong, tip tc ha tan du trong cc ng mao qun to ra mixen (dung dch du trong
dung mi). Mixen c lm sch bng phng php lng, lc v ly tm. Chng ct
mixen c du th v dung mi thu hi.
Qu trnh ha tan du vo dung mi din ra cho n khi t n s cn bng nng
mixen cc lp bn trong v bn ngoi ca nguyn liu.Vic to ra s chch lch
thng xuyn n nh gia nng mixen trong nguyn liu vo bn ngoi nh dng
dung mi chuyn ng (do bm) mang nguyn liu trch ly.
(Ngun Gio Trnh Cng Ngh Sn Xut Du Thc Vt trng H Cng Nghip
TP.HCM)
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 18
Bo co ti:
2.3.3 Cc yu t nh hng ln qu trnh trch ly

2.3.3.1 Nguyn liu
a) Mc ph v ca m:
Mc c hc hay l hc ca cc m nh hng ngc li trn nng sut trch ly.
y l mt nhn t c bn y nhanh v lm trit tin trnh trch ly bi dung mi. Vi
cu trc t bo hon ton b ph v, cc phn t c th tip xc hon ton vi dung mi
(Kitrigin, 1976)
i vi kch c v dng cc phn t nguyn liu, tht r rng rng c mt mi li
nhn i khi thc hin cng vic trn cc phn t mn: qu trnh thm thu s nhanh hn.
Ngoi ra, vi kch c v hnh dng thch hp, qu trnh chuyn ng ca cc phn t
trong my trch ly s d dng hn. Du vy, nh ca cc phn t cng phi c gii
hn: mt kch c nh qu mc s lm gim kh nng thm ca lp vt liu rn vo dung
mi, do lm tt cc ng mao dn, cn tr tin trnh trch ly mt vi v tr, ni m dung
mi khng th thm qua.
Theo Kitrigin (1976), kch c ca cc phn t thch hp cho trch ly du t 0,5mm
n 9 mm.
b) m ca cc phn t:
m cao s lm chm qu trnh khuych tn v gy ra s dnh bt gia cc phn
t. Nc cn li trong nguyn liu s lin kt protin v cc cht ho nc khc, iu ny
ngn chn s thm ca dung mi, lm chm qu trnh khuych tn phn t v i lu.
Cc loi ht khc nhau c m thch hp ring trong trch ly bng dung mi.
Theo Kitrigin (1976), m thch hp ca ht hng dng t 8% n 10% trong xng,
trong khi m ca u nnh l 14% trong tanol (L Bch Tuyt v cng s, 1996)
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 19
Bo co ti:
2.3.3.2 T l dung mi v nguyn liu

Vi khi lng nguyn liu ban u c nh, khi lng dung mi gia tng, qu
trnh trch ly din ra nhanh chng v lng du cn li trong b s gim.
Bermardini (1997) ch ra rng lng dung mi c tm quan trng trn hm
lng dch trch ly n t l dung mi: ht du ( th tch: khi lng ) 18 : 1, i vi ht
hng dng, u phng, s gia tng trn t l ny lm hiu sut trch ly tng chm v
nu t l trn 88 : 1 nng sut trch ly l mt hng s.
2.3.3.3 Nhit trch ly

Nhit tc ng phc tp, nhit gia tng lm tng hiu sut trch ly.
Nhng nhit qu cao s c tc ng ngc li bi vic lm bin tnh cc sn
phm cn trch ly.
2.3.3.4 Thi gian trch ly

S ko di ca thi gian ko theo s gia tng nng sut trch ly, nhng khng nn
ko di v iu ny s khng lm gia tng hiu sut ln bao nhiu, bi v du cn li trong
b ngy cng gim.
Theo Bernardini (1997), mt lng ln du c trch ly trong 4 gi trch ly u
tin. y l thi im kt thc qu trnh trch ly thch hp lng du ly ra tng i
nhiu nht m khng tiu hao nhiu nng lng v dung mi.
2.3.3.5 Loi dung mi

Nhiu dung mi nh benzen, etanol, propan, butan, freon, axetone, n Hexan,
ether du ha ... c s dng trch ly du Gc. Th nhng dung mi c s
dng thng thng nht l n Hexan.
Vic la chn dung mi da trn cc vn sau: hng s in mi, l mt du
hiu tt cho phn cc, im si, hay cc ch s khc nh kh nng trn ln vi cc
dung mi khc hay tnh d dng lm sch n (West, 1984 c trch dn bi Richard v
Multon, 1992).
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 20
Bo co ti:
Trong thc t khng tn ti dung mi l tng, nhng chn la dung mi s dng

phi da vo cc yu cu sau y :
Gi thnh khng t: chi ph v s mt mt c gii hn.
Trch ly c chn lc v d dng.
Tr vi my mc v t h hng, hm lng bn thp.
Khng c kh nng chy n, t c
Bng 2.3 Cc loi dung mi c th s dng trch ly cht bo
S th t Dung mi Khi lng phn t im si (OC)
1 N Hexan 86,18 69
2 Acetone 58,08 56,2
3 Diethyl ether 76,15 60
4 Cn 46,07 78,5
5 Cloroform 119,38 61,7
2.3.3.6 Tc chy ca dung mi

Thng s ny nh hng n qu trnh khuch tn phn t v i lu. Tc gia
tng lm tng chnh lch nng gia mixen trong nguyn liu v mixen t do. Nh
vy, chng ta c th rt ngn thi gian v lm tng hiu sut trch ly thng qua vic iu
chnh tc chy ca dung mi.
2.4 Cc phng php trch ly

2.4.1 Trch ly gin on (ngm chit)
Nguyn liu v dung mi c cho vo ngm mt thi gian nht nh chit mixen
ra, cho dung mi mi vo ngm chit v c th cho n khi nng mixen t n gi tr
cn bng.
Nhc im: thi gian di v nng mixen thp.
u im: nguyn liu tip xc trc tip vi dung mi nn d dng cho vic kho
st nh hng ca nhit ln hiu sut trch ly. Thit b n gin, d s dng.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 21
Bo co ti:
2.4.2 Trch ly lin tc

y c xem l phng php ph bin hn do c hiu sut cao v thi gian
ngn, n c thc hin bng cch ngm nguyn liu trong dng dung mi chuyn ng
ngc chiu hoc di ti lin tc, nhiu t dung mi hoc mixen long ln lp nguyn
liu chuyn ng.
Nhc im: H s s dung thit b thp (45%), c th d chy n hn khi dung
mi tip xc vi khng kh trong thit b, h thng tun hon dung mi phc tp,
phi dng bm nhiu.
u im: nng mixen cao, t l s dng dung mi v nguyn liu gim, ng
thi mixen thu c sch hn do n c t lc bi lp nguyn liu trch ly.
Trong cng nghip, ngi ta s dng c hai phng php. Giai on u, ngm
nguyn liu trong dng dung mi chuyn ng. Giai on hai l ti dung mi sch hoc
mixen long ln nguyn liu. Nh vy, c th tn dng c nhng u im ca hai
phng php.
(Gio Trnh Cng Ngh Sn Xut Du Thc Vt - trng H Cng Nghip
TP.HCM 2009)
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 22
Bo co ti:
CHNG 3
VT LIU V
PHNG PHP
NGHIN CU
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 23
Bo co ti:
3.1 Thi gian v a im thc hin ti

Thi gian: T ngy 04/05/2009 n ngy 15/06/2009
a im: Ti c s th nghim Trng Cao ng Cng Nghip Thc Phm Thnh
Ph H Ch Minh.
3.2 Vt liu nghin cu

3.2.1 Nguyn liu
Qu Gc dng trong th nghim thuc loi Gc Np, ln, chn, khng v, khng b
h hng, lun ng nht v kch thc v chn (Hnh 3.1). Ni mua: Gc mua ti ch
u mi Nng Sn Hc Mn, TP.HCM
Hnh 3.1 Qu Gc Trc khi ch bin
Hnh 3.1 Qu Gc trc khi ch bin
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 24
Bo co ti:
3.2.2 Ha cht, dng c, thit b

3.2.2.1 Ha cht
Ha cht dng trong th nghim ch yu l dung mi dng trch ly. Chng ti
s dng 4 loi dung mi trch ly l : n Hexan, Dietyl ether, Acetone v Cn.
Bng 3.1 Mt s thng tin v dung mi
Nhit tinh Ngun
STT Tn dung mi Ni bn Nm SX
si (0C) khit (%) gc
1 n Hexan 69 99,5 TQ ng T 2003
2 Diethyl ether 60 99,5 TQ Hin Thnh, 2003
3 Acetone 58,08 99,5 TQ qun 10, 2008
4 Cn 78,5 98 VN TP.HCM 2009
3.2.2.2 Dng c, Thit b

Dng c: b Soxhlet, b bnh cu v ng sinh hn (Ph lc 26, trang 73)
Thit b: My iu nhit (Ph lc 26, trang 75)
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 25
Bo co ti:
3.3 Phng php nghin cu

3.3.1 Quy trnh cng ngh trch ly du Gc c kho st trong ti
3.3.1.1 S cng ngh
Gc ti
X l
To = 60 70oC
Phi, sy Thi gian = 7 8 gi
m ca bt = 8 10%
Nghin nh
Ry = 0.5 1mm
Dung mi Trch ly m ca bt = 8 10 %
T l nguyn liu:dung mi = 1:14
Thu hi dung mi
Dung mi
Du th
Hnh 3.2 S cng ngh trch ly du Gc bng dung mi
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 26
Bo co ti:
3.3.1.2 Thuyt minh s cng ngh

a) Nguyn liu
Qu Gc dng trong th nghim thuc loi Gc Np, ln, chn, khng v, khng b
h hng, lun ng nht v kch thc v chn.
Qu Gc mua ti ch u mi nng sn Hc Mn.
b) X l
Qu Gc c ch bin thu ly mng Gc, bng cch: qu Gc c ch i,
tch mng , b ht.
c) Phi, sy
Sau khi tch ly mng, ta em mng Gc i phi lm gim m v rt ngn
thi gian trong qu trnh sy. Sau , mng Gc c em sy 60 700C trong vng 7
8 gi n khi m t 8 10 %
d) Nghin nh v ry
Mng Gc sau khi sy t c m 8 10 %, c em i nghin nh ri ry (
kch thc l ry 0.5 1 mm ). Phn khng lt ry ta em nghin li v tip tc ry n
khi khng cn Gc trn ry t kch thc cn thit.
e) Trch ly
Bc 1: em cn 5g bt Gc c nghin nh gi vo giy lc (3gi x 5g) v
cho vo bnh cu.
Bc 2: ong dung mi v cho vo bnh cu (vi t l nguyn liu : dung mi = 1 :
14), sau gn ng sinh hn ln.
Bc 3: tin hnh trch ly bng phng php ngm chit.
(Cu to ca h thng trch ly ph lc 26, trang73)
f) Thu hi dung mi
Sau khi trch ly xong ta thu c mt hn hp gm du v dung mi (Mixen).
Tin hnh thu hi dung mi bng b chng ct Soxhlet bng cch gia nhit 800C, dung
mi c nhit si thp hn nhit si ca du s bay hi qua h thng ng sinh hn.
Sau dung mi s c ngng t trong ng chit, ta ly c dung mi thu hi. Kt
thc qu trnh thu hi, ta thu c du th.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 27
Bo co ti:
3.3.2 Phng php b tr th nghim

Th nghim c b tr theo kiu th nghim mt nhn t, m hnh b tr th
nghim hon ton ngu nhin. Trong ti th nghim ny, chng ti ch tp trung kho
st cng on trch ly du Gc (c th l hiu sut trch ly), cn cc cng on khc c
c nh cc thng s. Qu trnh nghin cu c b tr thnh ba th nghim chnh:
Th nghim 1: Kho st nh hng ca cc loi dung mi ln hiu sut trch ly.
Th nghim 2: Kho st nh hng ca nhit ln hiu sut trch ly.
Th nghim 3: Kho st mi quan h gia thi gian trch ly v hm lng du
cn li trong nguyn liu.
3.3.2.1 Th nghim 1: Kho st nh hng ca cc loi dung mi ln hiu sut

trch ly
Du Gc tan tt trong dung mi hu c khng phn cc. Do vy, chng ti kho
st 4 loi dung mi l : n Hexan, Dietyl ether, Acetone, Cn. (Bng 3.1, trang 25)
a) Mc ch
Kho st nh hng ca cc loi dung mi khc nhau ln hiu sut trch ly tm
ra loi dung mi cho hiu sut trch ly cao nht, nhng t nh hng n cht lng ca
du gc.
b) Phng php b tr th nghim
Th nghim 1 c b tr theo kiu th nghim mt nhn t, m hnh b tr th
nghim hon ton ngu nhin. th nghim ny, kho st nh hng ca dung mi ln
hiu sut trch ly bn mc nhit c nh khc nhau tm ra loi dung mi trch ly
thch hp nht. V cc dung mi c em kho st c nhit si chch lch khc nhau
(t 500C n 800C) nn da trn c s , th nghim 1 c chia thnh 4 th nghim
nh, c b tr nh sau:
Th nghim 1.1: Kho st nh hng ca 4 loi dung mi ln hiu sut
trch ly nhit c nh l 50OC
Cc nghim thc ca th nghim ny c th hin bng sau:
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 28
Bo co ti:
Yu t thay i
Nghim thc Yu t c nh
(Loi dung mi)
1 Cn Nhit : 50OC
2 Acetone Kch thc phn t bt Gc: = 0,5 1mm
3 Diethyl ether T l gia nguyn liu : dung mi = 1 : 14
4 n Hexan

Cc nghim thc ca th nghim ny c th hin bng sau :
Yu t thay i
Nghim thc Yu t c nh
(Loi dung mi)
1 Cn Nhit : 60OC
3 Diethyl ether T l gia nguyn liu : dung mi = 1 : 14
4 n Hexan

th nghim ny chng ti khng kho st dung mi Diethyl ether. Bi v, nhit
70OC dung mi Diethyl ether si mnh, bay hi gy nhim mi trng v nh hng
n sc khe. Cc nghim thc ca th nghim ny c th hin bng sau:
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 29
Bo co ti:
Yu t thay i
Nghim thc Yu t c nh
(Loi dung mi)
1 Cn Nhit : 70OC
T l gia nguyn liu : dung mi = 1 : 14
3 n Hexan

th nghim ny chng ti khng kho st dung mi Diethyl ether. Bi v, nhit
80OC dung mi Diethyl ether si mnh, bay hi gy nhim mi trng v nh hng
n sc khe. Cc nghim thc ca th nghim ny c th hin bng sau :
Yu t thay i
Nghim thc Yu t c nh
(Loi dung mi)
1 Cn Nhit : 80OC
T l gia nguyn liu : dung mi = 1 : 14
3 n Hexan
Th nghim 1 gm 16 nghim thc, mi nghim thc c lp li ba ln m

bo tin cy.
Sau khi thc hin th nghim ny ta chn c loi dung mi tt nht v s dng
dung mi thc hin cc th nghim tip theo.
c) Cc ch tiu theo di
nh gi hiu qu ca cc nghim thc khc nhau, chng ti da vo hiu sut
trch ly (H%).
Cch tnh ton H% (xem ph lc 22, trang 69)
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 30
Bo co ti:
d) Phng php x l s liu

Kt qu th nghim c x l bng phng php phn tch phng sai (ANOVA)
bng phn mm SPSS (Statistical Products for Social Services ) v phn mm Microsoft
Excel.
3.3.2.2 Th nghim 2: Kho st nh hng ca nhit ln hiu sut trch ly

Khi tm c loi dung mi ti u nht th nghim 1, th nghim 2 chng ti
kho st su hn v nhit .
a) Mc ch
Tm ra nhit trch ly ti u vi loi dung mi ti u nht (va kho st th
nghim 1) hiu sut trch ly cao nht nht.
Th nghim 2 c b tr theo kiu th nghim mt nhn t, m hnh b tr th
nghim hon ton ngu nhin. th nghim ny, kho st nh hng ca nhit ln
hiu sut trch ly cc mc nhit khc nhau l : 500C; 550C; 600C; 650C; 700C;
750C; 800C; 850C tm ra nhit trch ly thch hp nht. Da trn c s th nghim
2 c b tr nh sau:
Cc nghim thc ca th nghim ny c th hin bng sau:
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 31
Bo co ti:
Yu t thay i
Nghim thc Yu t c nh
(Nhit )
1 50OC
2 55OC Loi dung mi: va kho st th nghim 1
3 60OC Kch thc phn t bt Gc: = 0,5 1mm
4 65OC T l gia nguyn liu : dung mi = 1 : 14
5 70OC
6 75OC
7 80OC
8 85OC

bo tin cy.
Sau khi thc hin th nghim ny ta chn c nhit trch ly tt nht v s dng
nhit thc hin cc th nghim tip theo.
nh gi hiu qu ca cc nghim thc khc nhau, chng ti da vo
Hiu sut trch ly (H%).
Lng dung mi hao ht (%)
Cch tnh ton (xem ph lc 22 v 23, trang 69)
Kt qu th nghim c x l bng phng php phn tch phng sai (ANOVA)
bng phn mm SPSS (Statistical Products for Social Services ) v phn mm Microsoft
Excel.
3.3.2.3 Th nghim 3: Kho st mi quan h gia thi gian trch ly v hm
lng du cn li trong nguyn liu
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 32
Bo co ti:
a) Mc ch
Tm ra mi quan h gia thi gian trch ly v hm lng du trong nguyn liu vi
loi dung mi ti u nht (va kho st th nghim 1) v nhit ti u nht (va kho
st th nghim 2), t tm ra thi im thch hp dng qu trnh trch ly sao cho
hiu sut trch ly l cao nht v lng dung mi hao ht thch hp.
th nghim ny, kho st mi quan h gia hm lng du cn li trong nguyn
liu vi thi gian trch ly cc mc thi gian khc nhau l : 60 pht; 90 pht; 120
pht; 150 pht; 180 pht; 210 pht; 240 pht; 270 pht; 300 pht tm ra thi im
thch hp nht dng qu trnh trch ly. Da trn c s th nghim 3 c b tr nh
sau:
Cc nghim thc ca th nghim ny c th hin bng sau :
Yu t thay i
Nghim thc Yu t c nh
(Thi gian: pht)
1 60
2 90 Loi dung mi: va kho st th nghim 1
3 120 Nhit : va kho st th nghim 2
4 150 Kch thc phn t bt Gc: = 0,5 1mm
5 180 T l gia nguyn liu : dung mi = 1 : 14
6 210
7 240
8 270
9 300

bo tin cy.
Sau khi thc hin th nghim ny ta tm ra c thi im thch hp dng qu
trnh trch ly.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 33
Bo co ti:
nh gi hiu qu ca cc nghim thc khc nhau, chng ti da vo:
Lng du cn li trong nguyn liu theo thi gian (%)
Cch tnh ton cc ch tiu (xem ph lc 22 v 23, trang 69)
Kt qu th nghim c x l bng phng trnh hi quy trn phn mm
Microsoft Excel tm ra mi quan h gia thi gian trch ly v hm lng du cn li
trong nguyn liu.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 34
Bo co ti:
CHNG 4
KT QU
V THO LUN
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 35
Bo co ti:
4.1 Kt qu kho st cc thng s k thut ca nguyn liu

4.1.1 Cc thng s vt l ca nguyn liu
Kt qu thu c c th hin trong Ph lc 1, 2 trang 51, 52 v Bng 4.1, 4.2
ch ra cc s liu x l.
Bng 4.1 Kch c v cu ca qu Gc
Thng s a (cm) b (cm) c (cm)
Gi tr 15,15 2,45 13,03 1,45 12,57 1,63 0,90 0,07
Vi
a : Chiu di ca qu Gc (cm)
b : Chiu rng ca qu Gc (cm)
c : Chiu cao ca qu Gc (cm)
: cao ca qu Gc
S liu Bng 4.1 ch ra rng qu Gc c hnh trn hoc elp, chiu di l 12

18cm, chiu rng 11 15cm v cu khong 0,83 0,97.
Khi lng qu t khong 0,6 1,4 kg. Mi qu bao gm khong 40 55% tht
qu, 18 31% mng v 8 13% ht. iu ny c th hin trong Bng 4.2.
Bng 4.2 Khi lng v thnh phn k thut ca qu Gc

Thnh phn Khi lng (g) T l (%)
Qu 1010,5 365,8 100
Tht qu 485,4 201,4 47,49 7,52
Mng ht 252,4 126,6 24,46 6,11
Ht 98,12 31,8 10,21 2,65
V 184,88 91,3 18,83 7,46
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 36
Bo co ti:
4.1.2 Cc thnh phn ha hc chnh ca nguyn liu

Thnh phn ch yu ca mng Gc bao gm nc vo cht bo. Hm lng lipide
v hm lng nc ca mng ht c th hin trong Bng 4.3.
Bng 4.3 Hm lng nc v du ca mng ti v mng kh trong qu Gc
Mng ti Mng kh
Thnh
Hm lng Hm lng Hm lng Hm lng Hm lng
phn
ng nc nc du Caroten
15,89 mg/100g
Gi tr 8% 78,41% 9,33% 38.01%
bt Gc
Mng Gc ti cha hm lng nc cao, chim khong 78,41%. Sau 7 gi sy,

m ca n gim cn 9,33% 0,28%. m ny, sau 5 gi trch ly Soxhlet, chng
ti xc nh c 36,6 39,9 % du. Nh vy, trch ly du Gc bng dung mi l mt
phng php thch hp.
4.2 Kt qu th nghim kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly

4.2.1 Th nghim 1: Kho st nh hng ca loi dung mi ln hiu sut trch ly
Theo kt qu phn tch ANOVA cho thy, hiu sut trch ly ca bn loi dung mi
cc mc nhit khc nhau l c s khc bit v mt thng k vi tin cy (P<0,05)
(Ph lc 10 v 11, trang 59)
cc mc nhit khc nhau, cn c kh nng trch ly thp nht, trong khi n
Hexan l dung mi trch ly c nhiu du nht. iu c m t c th th
(Hnh 4.1). C th c th hin trong Ph lc 5, trang 57 v bng 4.4
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 37
Bo co ti:
Bng 4.4 Bng so snh hiu sut trch ly ca Cn v n Hexan cc nhit

khc nhau
Nhit Cn n Hexan
500C 26,9529 % 65,2071 %
600C 35,8293 % 68,7751 %
700C 43,0542 % 71,0507 %
800C 52,3769 % 80,6186 %
Chnh v nhng l do trn nn chng ti chn n Hexan l dung mi trch ly thch

hp nht trch ly du Gc.
90
80
70
60
H i u su t (%)
50
40
30
20
10
0
50 60 70 80
Cn
Axetone Nhit (oC)
Diethyl ether
n-Hexan
Hnh 4.1 S thay i hiu sut trch ly ca cc dung mi theo nhng

nhit khc nhau
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 38
Bo co ti:
4.2.2 Th nghim 2: Kho st nh hng ca nhit ln hiu sut trch ly

Theo kt qu phn tch ANOVA cho thy, hiu sut trch ly cc mc nhit
khc nhau l c s khc bit v mt thng k vi tin cy (P<0,05). (Ph lc 12, trang
59)
Khi nhit cng tng th hiu sut trch ly cng tng:
T 50OC 80OC: hiu sut trch ly tng nhanh
T 80OC 85OC: hiu sut trch ly tng chm
Bi v, nhit cng cao th du cng linh ng nn du v dung mi d ha tan
vo nhau, lng du s trch ly ra nhiu hn. Mt khc, nhit gip cho qu trnh trch ly
d dng bng cch ph hy mng t bo bi vic lm bin tnh mng t bo v bi cc bt
kh to thnh, n lm tng kh nng ho tan ca bt Gc cn trch ly; Nhit cao lm
gim nht ca du nn vic chuyn du t t bo vo dung mi s d dng hn.
iu c m t c th th (Hnh 4.2)
80
75
70
Hiu sut (% )
65
60
55
50
45
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Nhit (oC)
Hnh 4.2 S thay i hiu sut trch ly cc mc nhit khc nhau
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 39
Bo co ti:
Ngoi ra, chng ti cn kho st lng dung mi hao ht:

T 50OC 65OC: lng dung mi hao ht t
T 65OC 85OC: lng dung mi hao ht nhiu
iu c m t c th th (Ph lc 8, trang 58 v Hnh 4.3)
14
13.5
13
12.5
12
11.5
11
10.5
10
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Nhit (oC)
Hnh 4.3 Lng dung mi hao ht cc nhit khc nhau
Vi kt qu nh trn, chng ti thy rng:

T 80OC 85OC: hiu sut trch ly tng chm, nhng lng dung mi hao ht
qu nhiu. iu ny nh hng n tnh kinh t.
T 55OC 80OC: lng dung mi hao ht khng nhiu, nhng hiu sut trch ly
li khng cao.
Nu nhit trch ly cao qu th hm lng - Caroten, lycopen, tocopherol
(vitamin E),trong du gc s gim.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 40
Bo co ti:
Nu nhit trch ly thp qu th hiu sut trch ly khng cao, hm lng du

trong b cn nhiu.
Chnh v nhng l do trn nn chng ti chn 80OC l nhit trch ly ti u nht.
4.2.3 Th nghim 3: Kho st mi quan h gia thi gian trch ly v hm lng

du cn li trong nguyn liu
Thi gian cng di th hm lng du cn li trong b cng t. Trong 4 gi u
tin, lng du ny n t cc t bo b ph v do qu trnh nghin. Khi thi gian cng
tng th hm lng du trong v ngoi t bo s cng i n trng thi cn bng. Khi t
n trng thi cn bng th qu trnh trch ly khng xy ra, do hiu sut trch ly s
gim.
T 1 gi - 4 gi: hm lng du cn li trong b gim nhanh.
T 4 gi - 5 gi: hm lng du trong b gim chm
50
45
Lng du cn li (%)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Thi gian (h)
Hnh 4.4 Lng du cn li cc khong thi gian khc nhau
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 41
Bo co ti:
Thi gian trch ly cng tng th lng dung mi hao ht cng nhiu.
T 1 gi - 4 gi: lng dung mi hao ht tng chm
T 4 gi - 5 gi: lng dung mi hao ht tng nhanh
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Thi gian (h)
Hnh 4.5 Lng dung mi hao ht cc khong thi gian khc nhau
Ngoi ra, vn cn mt lng nh du sau 5 gi trch ly (gn 7%). Du Gc l mt

sn phm qu gi (2.000.000 VN/l), nh vy cn phi tnh ton mt cch k lng mi
li kinh t xc nh thi gian trch ly ph hp.
Chnh v nhng l do trn nn chng ti chn 4 gi l thi gian trch ly thch hp
nht v cng chnh l thi im thch hp dng qu trnh trch ly.
T chng ti xy dng phng trnh hi quy v mi quan h gia thi gian
trch ly v hm lng du cn li trong nguyn liu. iu c m t c th th
(Hnh 4.6)
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 42
Bo co ti:
60.00
Hm lng du cn li trong nguyn liu (%)
50.00
y = 1.762x2 - 21.681x + 70.157
R2 = 0.9926
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Thi gian trch ly (gi)
Hnh 4.6 Mi quan h gia thi gian trch ly v hm lng du

cn li trong nguyn liu
Kt lun chung:
Qua tt c nhng th nghim tin hnh kho st, chng ti nhn thy rng trch
ly du Gc t hiu qu tt nht th cc thng s ti u nht l:
Loi dung mi trch ly l : n Hexan
Nhit trch ly : 800C
Thi gian trch ly l : 4 gi
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 43
Bo co ti:
4.3 Kt qu kho st tnh cht ca du Gc thu c

xc nh cc c im ho, l v cc thng s khc, trong qu trnh kho xc,
chng ti thu c 300g du Gc bn thnh phm.
Tnh cht vt l
Du Gc c dng lng mu sm, vi mt mi thm d chu v kh c trng.
Sau khi trch ly, du ny c cha trong chai thy tinh, mu nu, trnh nh sng. iu
ny c ch ra trong (Hnh 4.7)
Hnh 4.7 Du Gc sau khi trch ly
4.3.1 Cc ch tiu ho hc
Kt qu xc nh cc c tnh ho hc c ch ra trong Bng 4.4.
Bng 4.4 c tnh ho hc ca du Gc
Peroxide
Acid Caroten
Ch s (m.eq
(mg KOH/1g) (mg/100g)
peroxide/1kg)
Gi tr 1,62 0,36 14,29
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 44
Bo co ti:
4.3.2.1 Ch s Acid
Du Gc c ch s axit thp, gi tr ny cao hn kt qu ca Nguyn Hng Khnh
v cng s (2004), nhng n li thp hn ch s axit ca cc du thng thng nh du
u nnh (max = 6), du hng dng (max = 4) (Codex Alimentarius Commission
(1993) trch dn bi ENSAI (2004)). Ngoi ra, ch s axit ca du Gc p ng c quy
nh ca B Y T Vit Nam (1998) ( 6).
Vy th, du Gc thu c c tinh sch v c kh nng n nh iu kin mi
trng.
4.3.2.2 Ch s Peroxide
Ch s peroxit l 0,36, gi tr ny thp hn kt qu ca Nguyn Hng Khnh v
cng s (2004) (8,48), gi tr ny tha mn quy nh ca B Y T (1998) ( 5).
4.3.2.3 Hm lng caroten ca du Gc

caroten th hin mnh m c tnh chng oxy ho, chim mt s lng ng
k trong du Gc thu c. Kt qu phn tch cho thy rng hm lng ca tin vitamin
A ny chim 0,12 % so vi lng du tng cng. Gi tr ny ngang bng gi tr ca du
c m Zagr v cng s (2003) s dng nghin cu chng li hin tng thiu
vtamin A Burkina. Nh vy, iu ny xc nhn thm mt ln na vai tr ca du Gc
v tnh hiu qu ca vic trch ly bng dung mi.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 45
Bo co ti:
CHNG 5
KT LUN
V NGH
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 46
Bo co ti:
5.1 Kt lun:
Kt qu thu c cho php chng ti kt lun rng:
Mng Gc thuc loi t du (36,6 39,9 %).
Kh nng trch ly ca cc dung mi khc nhau, n Hexan l dung mi thch hp
nht trch ly du Gc.
Nhit cng gia tng, lng du Gc c trch ly cng d dng. Tuy nhin, cn
trnh trch ly nhit qu cao s gy nh hng n cht lng du Gc v gy tht
thot dung mi nh hng n gi tr kinh t. V qua qu trnh kho st, chng ti
chn nghim thc 800C v t l dung mi : nguyn liu l 14 : 1 l thch hp nht.
Thi gian trch ly nh hng c ngha n nng sut trch ly. Nhng sau 4 gi ly
trch, vn cn gn 7% du trong b.
Sn phm du Gc l dng bn thnh phm. C cha mt hm lng caroten
(14.29mg/100g cht th), cng vi cc c tnh l ha (ch s axit: 1,62 ; ch s peroxyt
0,36) xc nhn tnh hiu qu ca phng php trch ly bng n Hexan.
5.2 ngh
Do gii hn v mt thi gian, iu kin trang thit b cng nh iu kin kinh t
nn th nghim vn cha c thc hin hon chnh. hon thin quy trnh ang nghin
cu chng ti c mt s ngh nh sau:
Kho st vi lng mu ln hn c kt qu tt hn.
Nghin cu cc thng s cc cng on kho st (hm lng carotenoid, hm
lng cc tp cht khng ha tan, )
S dng kt hp hai phng php trch ly gin on v trch ly lin tc c
hiu sut trch ly cao hn.
Nghin cu v vn tinh luyn du Gc.
Thit k bao b trch h hng cc cht : Beta caroten, lycopen, vitamin E
(Tocopherol), .
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 47
Bo co ti:
Ngoi ra, mt s hiu bit r rng v cc loi Momordica cochinchinensis, v

hm lng Carotenoide cc chn khc nhau tht cn thit t c ngun nguyn
liu tt.
Cng tht quan trng nghin cu sy chn khng gim s mt mt cc cht
chng oxy ha.
nng cao gi tr ca qu Gc, cn nghin cu v s dng du Gc lm mu
thc phm hay thc phm chc nng, nghin cu ch bin cc sn phm t tht qu v
phn tch thnh phn ca b.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 48
Bo co ti:
PH LC
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 49
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 1
Kch c v cu ca qu Gc (Momodica Cochinchinensis)
Thng s a (cm) b (cm) c (cm)

1 14,73 13,61 12,83 0,93
2 17,99 14,15 13,10 0,83
3 16,31 15,51 16,22 0,98
4 12,00 11,26 10,81 0,95
5 15,02 13,94 12,98 0,93
6 14,99 15,20 13,96 0,98
7 14,43 13,76 14,04 0,98
8 18,78 13,00 12,79 0,87
9 16,82 13,21 12,54 0,84
10 20,29 13,56 14,08 0,77
11 12,29 12,00 11,75 0,98
12 12,57 11,17 10,56 0,91
13 13,51 11,60 10,82 0,88
14 13,81 12,85 11,95 0,93
15 13,75 10,71 10,15 0,83
Trung bnh 15,15 13,03 12,57 0,90
Sai s 2,45 1,45 1,63 0,07
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 50
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 2
Khi lng v thnh phn k thut ca qu Gc
Tng
Tht qu Mng ht Ht V
Qu cng
(g) (g) (%) (g) (%) (g) (%) (g) (%)
1 1169,31 623,37 53,31 285,23 24,39 125,61 10,74 135,10 11,55
2 1314,17 653,35 49,72 390,70 29,73 98,75 7,51 171,37 13,04
3 1705,38 894,78 52,47 508,75 29,83 163,72 9,60 138,13 8,10
4 578,69 245,50 42,42 142,41 24,61 56,21 9,71 134,57 23,25
5 1044,56 675,46 64,66 177,79 17,02 86,10 8,24 258,54 24,75
6 610,27 250,62 41,07 145,77 23,89 85,41 14,00 128,47 21,05
7 1342,72 522,13 38,89 392,19 29,21 157,20 11,71 271,20 20,20
8 1364,22 629,30 46,13 382,30 28,02 84,84 6,22 267,78 19,63
9 1117,13 632,04 56,58 136,27 12,20 98,43 8,81 250,38 22,41
10 1410,90 569,05 40,33 365,58 25,91 85,03 6,03 391,24 27,73
11 604,14 253,28 41,92 189,78 31,41 54,72 9,06 106,36 17,61
12 605,12 300,54 49,67 104,33 17,24 70,35 11,63 129,90 21,47
13 750,15 400,12 53,34 234,75 31,29 95,00 12,66 20,28 2,70
14 820,05 340,14 41,48 214,64 26,17 120,11 14,65 145,16 17,70
15 720,44 290,54 40,33 114,76 15,93 90,35 12,54 224,79 31,20
Trung bnh 1010,48 485,35 47,49 252,35 24,46 98,12 10,21 184,88 18,83
Sai s 365,76 201,53 7,52 126,55 6,11 31,81 2,65 91,27 7,46
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 51
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 3
Kt qu so mu xc nh hm lng Caroten o bc sng 450nm
STT Hm lng Caroten

OD
ng nghim (mg/100g cht th)
1 0,949 16,60
2 0,885 15,60
3 0,840 14,60
4 0,766 13,60
5 0,721 12,60
6 0,657 11,60
7 0,598 10,60
8 0,532 9,60
9 0,483 8,60
10 0,429 7,60
11 0,368 6,60
12 0,322 5,60
13 0,250 4,60
14 0,192 3,60
15 0,146 2,60
16 0,080 1,60
17 0,034 0,66
18 0,020 0,33
19 0,012 0,16
20 0,000 0,00
Phng trnh ng chun l:

y = 17,497x + 0,0901
R2 = 0,9996
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 52
Bo co ti:
18
y = 17.497x + 0.0901
16
Hm lng Caroten (mg/100g cht th)
2
R = 0.9996
14
12
10
0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
OD
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 53
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 4
Kt qu hm lng du Gc xc nh bng phng php Soxhlet
Loi Gc
1 2 3
Lp li
1 39.3463 38.9107 36.9379
2 34.3452 43.6899 34.3337
3 38.7141 37.0970 38.6948
Gi tr trung bnh 37.4685 39.8992 36.6555
Sai s chun 1.5723 1.9663 1.2668
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 54
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 5
Hiu sut trch ly ca cc dung mi cc nhit khc nhau
Loi dung mi
Cn 980 Aceton Dietyether n_Hexan
Nhit (0C)
1 22.4960 55.2587 68.2347 72.9280
2 26.5920 58.5920 56.4373 58.5920
50 3 31.7707 60.3627 53.7013 64.1013
Gi tr trung bnh 26.9529 58.0711 59.4578 65.2071
Sai s chun 2.6834 1.4962 4.4590 4.1752
1 41.3973 71.9253 69.7973 77.3920
2 32.8373 63.0667 69.1413 65.1093
60 3 33.2533 63.8080 64.2987 63.8240
Gi tr trung bnh 35.8293 66.2667 67.7458 68.7751
Sai s chun 2.7866 2.8374 1.7339 4.3244
1 43.5307 65.5680 70.9227
2 42.2453 58.4640 69.2587
70 3 43.3867 67.5147 72.9707
Gi tr trung bnh 43.0542 63.8489 71.0507
Sai s chun 0.4066 2.7505 1.0735
1 55.2640 67.3120 72.6453
2 52.5120 68.6880 84.5973
80 3 49.3547 62.3200 84.6133
Gi tr trung bnh 52.3769 66.1067 80.6186
Sai s chun 1.7072 1.9346 3.9867
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 55
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 6 Hiu sut trch ly bng n Hexan cc nhit khc nhau

Nhit (0C)
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Lp li
1 50.1326 49.9174 63.4689 64.6449 65.4707 72.6518 73.9779 70.9372
2 44.8431 50.9783 50.2177 55.1519 60.3613 64.8952 69.8694 73.4374
3 42.9515 48.6814 50.8382 54.3662 55.3721 57.0785 71.4958 74.4583
Gi tr trung bnh 45.9757 49.8590 54.8416 58.0543 60.4014 64.8752 71.7810 737744
Sai s chun 2.1490 0.6637 4.3174 3.3031 2.9153 4.4956 1.1946 2.6750
Ph lc 7 Hiu sut trch ly bng n Hexan cc khong thi gian khc nhau
Thi gian(gi)
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Lp li
1 51.8692 60.3978 70.9428 65.3188 75.6567 86.9973 92.1962 92.5504 92.7411
2 48.8338 54.3597 64.8283 76.6322 78.3869 88.1907 91.8583 91.5422 92.4687
3 53.1771 54.8174 64.1362 74.5668 80.4523 78.3379 87.1172 92.9918 93.1117
Gi tr trung bnh 51.2934 56.5250 66.6358 72.1726 78.1653 84.5086 90.3906 92.3615 92.7738
Sai s chun 1.2864 1.9409 2.1628 3.4784 1.3888 3.1045 1.6396 0.4290 0.1863
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 56
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 8
Lng dung mi hao ht cc nhit khc nhau
Nhit (0C)
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Lp li
1 10.00 10.50 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.50 12.50 13.50
2 10.50 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 12.00 13.50 14.00
3 10.00 10.00 11.00 11.50 11.50 12.00 13.50 14.00
Gi tr trung bnh 10.17 10.50 10.67 10.83 11.50 12.50 13.17 13.83
Sai s chun 0.17 0.29 0.33 0.44 0.29 0.50 0.33 0.17
Ph lc 9
Lng dung mi hao ht cc khong thi gian khc nhau
Thi gian (h)

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Lp li
1 12.00 15.00 15.00 18.00 19.00 19.50 21.50 32.00 37.00
2 13.50 16.50 17.50 18.50 18.50 19.00 22.00 31.50 38.50
3 14.50 15.00 17.00 18.00 18.50 19.50 21.50 32.00 37.00
Gi tr trung bnh 13.33 15.50 16.50 18.17 18.67 19.33 21.67 31.83 37.50
Sai s chun 0.73 0.50 0.76 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.50
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 57
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 10
Kt qu phn tch ANOVA ca dung mi nhit 500C v 600C
ANOVA
Kt qu phn tch ANOVA nhit 700C v 800C

Sum ofca dung mi Mean
Squares df Square F Sig.
HS50 Between
2680.461 3 893.487 25.488 .000
Groups
Within
280.441 8 35.055
Groups
Total 2960.902 11
HS60 Between
2280.045 3 760.015 27.006 .000
Groups
Within
225.136 8 28.142
Groups
Total 2505.181 11
Ph lc 11
Kt qu phn tch ANOVA ca dung mi nhit 700C v 800C
ANOVA
Sum ofca nhit ln

Kt qu phn tch ANOVA Mean
hiu sut trch ly
HS70 Between
1268.086 2 634.043 71.379 .000
Groups
Within
53.297 6 8.883
Groups
Total 1321.383 8
HS80 Between
1196.699 2 598.350 26.534 .001
Groups
Within
135.303 6 22.551
Groups
Total 1332.003 8
Ph lc 12
Kt qu phn tch ANOVA ca nhit ln hiu sut trch ly
ANOVA
Sum of Mean
HS Between
2404.011 7 343.430 11.704 .000
Groups
Within
469.503 16 29.344
Groups
Total 2873.513 23
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 58
Bo co ti:
Ph luc 13
Kt qu so snh LSD ca dung mi nhit 500C v 600C
Multiple Comparisons
LSD
95% Confidence
Mean Interval
Dependent Difference Lower Upper
Variable (I) DUNGMOI (J) DUNGMOI (I-J) Std. Error Sig. Bound Bound
HS50 CON ACETON -31.1167* 4.834 .000 -42.2645 -19.9688
DIETYETHER -32.5033* 4.834 .000 -43.6512 -21.3555
HEXAN -38.2533* 4.834 .000 -49.4012 -27.1055
ACETON CON 31.1167* 4.834 .000 19.9688 42.2645
DIETYETHER -1.3867 4.834 .782 -12.5345 9.7612
HEXAN -7.1367 4.834 .178 -18.2845 4.0112
DIETYETHER CON 32.5033* 4.834 .000 21.3555 43.6512
ACETON 1.3867 4.834 .782 -9.7612 12.5345
HEXAN -5.7500 4.834 .268 -16.8978 5.3978
HEXAN CON 38.2533* 4.834 .000 27.1055 49.4012
ACETON 7.1367 4.834 .178 -4.0112 18.2845
DIETYETHER 5.7500 4.834 .268 -5.3978 16.8978
HS60 CON ACETON -30.4374* 4.331 .000 -40.4257 -20.4490
DIETYETHER -31.9165* 4.331 .000 -41.9048 -21.9281
HEXAN -32.9458* 4.331 .000 -42.9341 -22.9575
ACETON CON 30.4374* 4.331 .000 20.4490 40.4257
DIETYETHER -1.4791 4.331 .742 -11.4674 8.5092
HEXAN -2.5084 4.331 .578 -12.4968 7.4799
DIETYETHER CON 31.9165* 4.331 .000 21.9281 41.9048
ACETON 1.4791 4.331 .742 -8.5092 11.4674
HEXAN -1.0293 4.331 .818 -11.0177 8.9590
HEXAN CON 32.9458* 4.331 .000 22.9575 42.9341
ACETON 2.5084 4.331 .578 -7.4799 12.4968
DIETYETHER 1.0293 4.331 .818 -8.9590 11.0177
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 59
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 14
Kt qu so snh LSD ca dung mi nhit 700C v 800C
LSD
95% Confidence
Mean Interval
Dependent (I) (J) Difference Lower Upper
Variable DUNGMOI DUNGMOI (I-J) Std. Error Sig. Bound Bound
HS70 CON ACETON -20.7947* 2.433 .000 -26.7492 -14.8402
HEXAN -27.9965* 2.433 .000 -33.9510 -22.0420
ACETON CON 20.7947* 2.433 .000 14.8402 26.7492
HEXAN -7.2018* 2.433 .025 -13.1563 -1.2473
HEXAN CON 27.9965* 2.433 .000 22.0420 33.9510
ACETON 7.2018* 2.433 .025 1.2473 13.1563
HS80 CON ACETON -13.7298* 3.877 .012 -23.2173 -4.2423
HEXAN -28.2417* 3.877 .000 -37.7292 -18.7542
ACETON CON 13.7298* 3.877 .012 4.2423 23.2173
HEXAN -14.5120* 3.877 .010 -23.9995 -5.0245
HEXAN CON 28.2417* 3.877 .000 18.7542 37.7292
ACETON 14.5120* 3.877 .010 5.0245 23.9995
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 60
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 15 Kt qu so snh LSD ca nhit ln hiu sut trch ly

Dependent Variable: HS
LSD
95% Confidence
Mean Interval
(I) (J) Difference Lower Upper
NHIETDO NHIETDO (I-J) Std. Error Sig. Bound Bound
50.00 55.00 -3.8833 4.423 .393 -13.2596 5.4930
60.00 -8.8659 4.423 .062 -18.2421 .5104
65.00 -12.0786* 4.423 .015 -21.4549 -2.7023
70.00 -14.4256* 4.423 .005 -23.8019 -5.0494
75.00 -18.8994* 4.423 .001 -28.2757 -9.5232
80.00 -25.8053* 4.423 .000 -35.1816 -16.4290
85.00 -31.6352* 4.423 .000 -41.0115 -22.2590
55.00 50.00 3.8833 4.423 .393 -5.4930 13.2596
60.00 -4.9826 4.423 .277 -14.3588 4.3937
65.00 -8.1953 4.423 .082 -17.5716 1.1810
70.00 -10.5423* 4.423 .030 -19.9186 -1.1661
75.00 -15.0161* 4.423 .004 -24.3924 -5.6399
80.00 -21.9220* 4.423 .000 -31.2983 -12.5457
85.00 -27.7519* 4.423 .000 -37.1282 -18.3757
60.00 50.00 8.8659 4.423 .062 -.5104 18.2421
55.00 4.9826 4.423 .277 -4.3937 14.3588
65.00 -3.2127 4.423 .478 -12.5890 6.1635
70.00 -5.5598 4.423 .227 -14.9360 3.8165
75.00 -10.0336* 4.423 .037 -19.4098 -.6573
80.00 -16.9394* 4.423 .001 -26.3157 -7.5632
85.00 -22.7694* 4.423 .000 -32.1456 -13.3931
65.00 50.00 12.0786* 4.423 .015 2.7023 21.4549
55.00 8.1953 4.423 .082 -1.1810 17.5716
60.00 3.2127 4.423 .478 -6.1635 12.5890
70.00 -2.3470 4.423 .603 -11.7233 7.0292
75.00 -6.8208 4.423 .143 -16.1971 2.5554
80.00 -13.7267* 4.423 .007 -23.1030 -4.3504
85.00 -19.5566* 4.423 .000 -28.9329 -10.1804
70.00 50.00 14.4256* 4.423 .005 5.0494 23.8019
55.00 10.5423* 4.423 .030 1.1661 19.9186
60.00 5.5598 4.423 .227 -3.8165 14.9360
65.00 2.3470 4.423 .603 -7.0292 11.7233
75.00 -4.4738 4.423 .327 -13.8501 4.9025
80.00 -11.3797* 4.423 .020 -20.7559 -2.0034
85.00 -17.2096* 4.423 .001 -26.5859 -7.8333
75.00 50.00 18.8994* 4.423 .001 9.5232 28.2757
55.00 15.0161* 4.423 .004 5.6399 24.3924
60.00 10.0336* 4.423 .037 .6573 19.4098
65.00 6.8208 4.423 .143 -2.5554 16.1971
70.00 4.4738 4.423 .327 -4.9025 13.8501
80.00 -6.9059 4.423 .138 -16.2821 2.4704
85.00 -12.7358* 4.423 .011 -22.1121 -3.3595
80.00 50.00 25.8053* 4.423 .000 16.4290 35.1816
55.00 21.9220* 4.423 .000 12.5457 31.2983
60.00 16.9394* 4.423 .001 7.5632 26.3157
65.00 13.7267* 4.423 .007 4.3504 23.1030
70.00 11.3797* 4.423 .020 2.0034 20.7559
75.00 6.9059 4.423 .138 -2.4704 16.2821
85.00 -5.8299 4.423 .206 -15.2062 3.5463
85.00 50.00 31.6352* 4.423 .000 22.2590 41.0115
55.00 27.7519* 4.423 .000 18.3757 37.1282
60.00 22.7694* 4.423 .000 13.3931 32.1456
65.00 19.5566* 4.423 .000 10.1804 28.9329
70.00 17.2096* 4.423 .001 7.8333 26.5859
75.00 12.7358* 4.423 .011 3.3595 22.1121
80.00 5.8299 4.423 .206 -3.5463 15.2062
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 61
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 16
Phng php xc nh kch thc ca qu Gc
Chng ti chn ngu nhin 15 qu trong 3 ln mua kho st kch thc ca qu
gc. Dng thc kp, chng ti o chiu di (a), chiu rng (b), v chiu cao (c) ca qu.
cu c tnh theo cng thc :
Vi :
: cu ca qu Gc
a : Chiu di ca qu Gc (cm)
b : Chiu rng ca qu Gc (cm)
c : Chiu cao ca qu Gc (cm)
Ph lc 17
Xc nh hm lng du trong bt Gc bng phng php Soxhlet
a. Nguyn l
Xc nh hm lng du Gc bng cch trch ly trong b Soxhlet, vi dung mi l n
Hexan.
b. Phng php thc hin
Ly mu
Cn (chnh xc n 0,0001 g) khong 5g bt gc gi vo giy lc v cho vo trong
ng trch ly.
Trch ly
u tin, sy cc bnh cu Soxhlet nhit khong 1050C v ngui ti thiu 30
pht trong bnh ht m. Sau em cn bnh ( chnh xc cn 0,0001g) xc nh khi
lng ban u ca bnh.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 62
Bo co ti:
Lp t h thng trch ly, cho vo mi bnh cu khong 200 ml dung mi, iu chnh
nhit .
Thc hin qu trnh trch ly n khi bt Gc kit du. Dng a thu tinh v giy lc
th xem du cn trong b hay khng. Nu kit du, khng c vt loang trn giy lc,
nu c vt loang, tip tc trch ly.
Sau khi trch ly ht du, ta ly cc gi bt Gc ra v tip tc thu hi dung hi. Thu hi
dung mi trong cng b Soxhlet n khi cn kit dung mi.
Sau em sy 900C trong 1 gi. ngui bnh trong bnh ht m trong 30 pht,
cn bnh c cha du thu c.
Thc hin th nghim vi 3 ln lp li.
c. Kt qu
Hm lng du, %, ca bt Gc bng:
(m1 m2)
x 100
m0
Vi:
m0 : khi lng mu (g)
m1 : khi lng du thu c v khi lng bnh (g)
m2 : khi lng bnh (g)
Ph lc 18
Xc nh hm lng ng trong nguyn liu
a) Chun b mu
Cn v cho vo ci s 5 10g nguyn liu (mng gc ti). Nghin cn thn trong ci
s. Sau chuyn ton b hn hp vo cc thy tinh dung tch 250ml, trng cc cn, ci
chy 2 ln, mi ln khong 10ml thu hi ton b mu. Thm nc ct vo cc sao cho th
tch trong cc khong 60 70ml. un cch thy 70 800C trong 30 45 pht hoc khuy
bng my khuy t (tc 600v/pht, gia nhit 800C trong thi gian 10 20 pht). Lm
ngui cc ri chuyn sang bnh nh mc 100ml hoc 200ml, trng cc 2 ln, mi ln
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 63
Bo co ti:
khong 10ml nc ct ri thm nc ct cho ti vch mc. Lc mu qua giy lc vo cc

hay bnh kh, sch. Dung dch lc dng lm dung dch th nghim.
b) Lm mu trng
Cho 10ml Feling A, 10ml Feling B, 20ml nc ct vo bnh tam gic, un si dung
dch trong bnh tam gic 1 pht, cho thm 3 5 git xanh metyl, lun tay lc bnh tam gic,
ng thi un si. Chun nng dung dch trong bnh tam gic bng dung dch ng kh
1% cho n khi mt mu xanh th dng li. Ghi th tch dung dch ng kh 1% tiu tn.
c) Lm mu chnh
Dng pipet cho dung dch mu vo bnh tam gic 250ml, thm 10ml Feling A, 10ml
Feling B, 10ml nc ct vo bnh tam gic. un si dung dch trong bnh tam gic 1 pht,
cho thm 3 5 git xanh metyl, lun tay lc bnh tam gic, ng thi un si. Tip tc
chun nng dung dch trong bnh tam gic bng dung dch ng kh 1% cho n khi
mt mu xanh th dng li. Thm vi git xanh metyl, nu mu dung dch trong bnh tam
gic khng i l phn ng kt thc. Ghi th tch dung dch ng kh 1% tiu tn.
d) Kt qu
0,01(V V1)Vdm . 100 10.(V V1)Vdm
D= =
m . Vdd m . Vdd
Vi:
D : Hm lng ng kh ca mu (%)
V : Th tch ng kh 1% tiu tn trong mu trng (ml)
V1 : Th tch ng kh 1% tiu tn trong mu chnh (ml)
Vdm : Th tch bnh nh mc c s dng (ml)
Vdd : Th tch dung dch th c ht ra thc hin phn ng (ml)
M : khi lng mu (g)
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 64
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 19
Xc nh hm lng caroten
a. Nguyn l:
Loi cc sc t khc ca mu th bng cch hp th bi oxyt nhm (Al 2O3). Mu sc
ca caroten cn li c so snh vi 1 dung dch mu K2Cr2O7 bng my so mu bc
sng 450 nm.
b. Pha dung dch K2Cr2O7 2% trong nc ct:
K2Cr2O7 tinh khit :0,72g
Nc ct va :1000ml
1 ml dung dch tng ng vi 0,00416g caroten.
c. Tin hnh xc nh:
Cn chnh xc lng thc phm tng ng vi t 0,16mg 16,6mg caroten trong
100g cht th. Ct nh thnh tng ming 1 3mm. Nu l thc phm kh nghin vi 8 10g
ct sch. Nu l thc phm t, nghin vi 4 5g Al2O3 v nghin o k 2 3 pht.
Chuyn tt c vo bnh tam gic 150ml c nt mi v thm 40ml ether du ha, lc 2
3 pht, yn 5 pht. Co thnh bnh tam gic tt c cc cht c c th lng xung y
v mt thi gian va cho dung dch chit pha trn tr nn trong sut.
Nu mu sc ca ng th qu sm th pha long vi nc ct v kt qu cui cng
phi nhn thm h s pha long.
d. Tnh kt qu:
Da vo phng trnh ng chun tnh hm lng caroten (ph lc 3, trang 54)
y = 17.497x + 0.0901
R2 = 0.9996
Vi :
x: (Kt qu o OD)
y: Hm lng carotene (mg/100g cht th)
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 65
Bo co ti:
Bng Xy dng thang mu cho phng php xc nh hm lng Caroten

Cho vo 20 ng nghim cc dung dch nh sau:
Hm lng caroten (mg/100g
STT DD Kali Bicromat Nc ct
cht th) nu phn tch trn 1g
ng nghim 0,072 % (ml) (ml)
cht th chit vi 40ml dung mi
1 10,0 0,0 16,60
2 9,4 0,6 15,60
3 8,8 1,2 14,60
4 8,2 1,8 13,60
5 7,6 2,4 13,60
6 7,0 3,0 11,60
7 6,4 3,6 10,60
8 5,8 4,2 9,60
9 5,2 4,8 8,60
10 4,6 5,4 7,60
11 4,0 6,0 6,60
12 3,4 6,6 5,60
13 2,8 7,2 4,60
14 2,2 7,8 3,60
15 1,6 8,4 2,60
16 1,0 9,0 1,60
17 0,4 9,6 0,66
18 0,2 9,8 0,33
19 0,1 9,9 0,16
20 0,0 10,0 0,00
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 66
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 20
Phng php xc nh ch s Acid
- Cn 2 3g du th + 5ml etanol + 2 git PP 1%
- Tin hnh chun bng dung dch KOH 0.1N n khi dung dch chuyn sang mu
hng nht.
Kt qu:
5.6 x V
AV =
P
Trong : V : l th tch KOH 0.1N dng chun (ml)
P : khi lng du (g)
Ph lc 21
Phng php xc nh ch s Peroxide
Bnh 1: cn 2g du
Bnh 2: 2ml nc
- Thm vo mi bnh 15ml hn hp CH3COOH : CHCl3 (t l 2 : 1)
- Thm 2 git h tinh bt
- Thm 5ml KI bo ha
- yn khong 5 pht
- Sau em i chun bng Na2S2O3 0.002N cho n khi mt mu xanh.
Kt qu:
(V1 V2) x 0.0002538
X= x 100
m
Trong : V1: th tch Na2S2O3 0.002N dng chun bnh s 1 (ml)
V2: th tch Na2S2O3 0.002N dng chun bnh s 2 (ml)
0.0002538: s g iod tng ng vi 1ml dung dch Na2SO3 0.002N
m: khi lng du (g)
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 67
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 22
Phng php xc nh hiu sut trch ly
Sau khi loi b dung mi, du c sy kh 80OC cn trc tip trong bnh cu. Hiu
sut trch ly (%) c tnh theo cng thc sau:
M1
H= x 100%
M2
Trong :
H : hiu sut trch ly (%)
M1 : khi lng du th (g)
M2 : khi lng du trong nghuyn liu ban u (g)
Ph lc 23
Phng php xc nh lng dung mi hao ht
Sau khi ngng t ta thu hi c dung mi v dng ng ong ong li th tch
dung mi thu hi c. Lng dung mi hao ht c tnh theo cng thc sau:
V1 V2
V= x 100%
V
Trong :
V : Phn trm dung mi hao ht (%)
V1 : Th tch dung mi lc u (ml)
V2 : Th tiach1 dung mi sau khi thu hi (ml)
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 68
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 24
Bng nh mc kinh t k thut cho 1 n v sn phm du Gc thu c (1 lt)
n gi Thnh tin
STT Tn chi ph n v S lng
(VN) (VN)
1 Gc ti kg 70,13 7.000 490.910
2 Dung mi( n-Hexan) ml 8.1 190.000 1.539.000
3 in kw 45 2.500 112.500
4 Nc m3 2 2.500 5.000
5 Chi ph khc 50.000
Tng cng : 2.197.410
Cch tnh:
Khi lng Gc ti cn trch ly 1 lt du Gc:
Ta c: Hm lng du trong bt Gc l: 38,01%
100g bt Gc s trch ly c: 38,01 ml du
Vy trch ly 1 lt du Gc s cn:
1 x 100
= 2,63 kg bt Gc
38,01
Mt khc, trong 40 kg Gc ti s c 1,5 kg Gc bt

Vy trch ly 1 lt du Gc s cn:
2,63 x 40 = 70,13 kg Gc
1,5 ti
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 69
Bo co ti:
Lng dung mi cn trch ly 1 lt du Gc

Ta c: T l nguyn liu : dung mi = 1 : 14
1g bt Gc cn 14ml dung mi
Lng dung mi cn dng trch ly 1 lt du Gc l

2,63 x 14 = 36,82 lt
Mt khc, phn trm dung mi hao ht trong qu trnh trch ly l 22%

Lng dung mi hao ht khi trch ly 1 lt du Gc l
36,82 x 22
= 8,1 lt
100
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 70
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 25 S trch ly du Gc bn thnh phm
Gc ti Du Gc
X l Trch ly
Sy kh
Gi vo
giy lc
Xay nhuyn Ry
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 71
Bo co ti:
Ph lc 26 Cc thit b chnh c s dng trong ti
B trch ly Soxhlet
My xay
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 72
Bo co ti:
T sy
My so mu AQUALYTIC
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 73
Bo co ti:
My iu nhit
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 74
Bo co ti:
TI LIU THAM KHO
Cc sch tham kho:

1. Gio Trnh Cng Ngh Sn Xut Du Thc Vt - trng H Cng Nghip TP.HCM
2009.
2. Sch :Th nghim phn tch Thc Phm - Mc Xun Ho, V i Long, Hunh
Thi Nguyn - 6/2008.
3. Ti liu Cng Ngh Sn Xut Du Thc Vt L Phc Trung
4. L Bch Tuyt v cng s, 1996.Cc qu trnh cng ngh c bn trong ch bin thc
phm - NXB Gio Dc, H Ni, 93-101 ; 248-254.
5. Ng Th Thy, 2004. Du Gc, thuc qy ca ngi Vit, trong tp ch Cy Thuc
Qu s 19/2004, 21.
6. Nguyn Cng Sut, 2002. Du Gc - Thc phm an ton Thn dc tr nhiu bnh
v lm p da. Trong Tr Thc Tr s 6/2002, 34-35.
7. Bi Minh c v cng s, 2004. Bt Gc v du Gc. Hm lng cao - caroten,
lycopen v - tocopherol m bo dinh dng bn vng, phng v iu tr HIV/AIDS.
Trong tp ch Cy Thuc Qy, s 17/2004, 20.
8. BYT (B Y T Vit Nam), 1998. Danh mc tiu chun v sinh i vi lng thc,
thc phm. Quyt nh s 867/1998/Q-BYT ngy 4 thng 1998.
9. Tt Li, 1991. Nhng cy thuc v v thuc ca Vit Nam. Khoa Hc v K
Thut, H Ni, 876-879.
10. Hong Trng Ym v cng s, 1999. Ho hc hu c. Khoa Hc v K Thut, H
Ni, 88-93.
11. Nguyn Quang Lc v cng s, 1993. K thut p du v ch bin du, m thc
phm. Khoa Hc v K Thut, H Ni, 279 p.
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 75
Bo co ti:
12. Nguyn Thin Lun v cng s, 1999. Thc phm thuc v thc phm chc nng.
Nng Nghip, H Ni, 123-156.
13. Nguyn Th Minh Th, 2004. Th nghim pht trin sn phm t mng ht Gc.
Lun Vn Tt Nghip trng i hc Nng Lm, thnh ph H Ch Minh.
14. Nguyn Hu Thin, 7/2005. Nguyn cu s b trch ly du mng ht Gc
(Momordica Cochinchinensis) bng dung mi. Lun Vn Tt Nghip trng i hc
Nng Lm, thnh ph H Ch Minh.
15. Nguyn Hng Khnh v cng s, 2004. Nghin cu hon thin cng ngh sn xut
ph gia bo qun thc phm PDP t v tm v cht mu thc phm t qu Gc v ng
dng vo qu trnh sn xut, ch bin thc phm nhm tht. Vin khoa hc k thut, H
Ni, 2004, 94 p.
16. Phm Hu Yn Phng, 2004. Nhng yu t thit yu trong qu trnh ly trch lycopen
bng dung mi siu trng thi CO2. Trong : Tp ch KHKT Nng Lm nghip, s 2/2004.
i hc Nng Lm, thnh ph H Ch Minh, 73-78.
Cc trang web tham kho:

1. www.gactuoikieuphuong.com
2. www.laodong.com.vn
3. www.vnmedia.vn
4. www.dantri.com.vn
5. http://www.facmv.ulg.ac.be/amv/articles/2003_147_5_02.pdf
6. http://spip.cm.refer.org/pba1/article35.html
7. http://www.jle.com/fr/revues/bio_rech/abc/edocs/00/00/C6/B3/resume.
8. md?type=text.html
9. www.asa-europe.org/pdf/bakery_f.pdf
Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 76

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Bo co ti:

Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc

KHO ST YU T NH HNG N HIU SUT

Gio vin hng dn:

Gio vin hng dn:

Gio vin hng dn:

2.1 Tng qut v tri Gc

Gio vin hng dn:

Hnh 2.1 Gin Gc Hnh 2.2 Hoa Gc

C 2 loi Gc c trng ph bin Vit Nam l:

Gio vin hng dn:

Hnh 2.4 Tri Gc Np Hnh 2.5 Tri Gc T

Do , ta thng chn Gc Np ch bin thc phm v Gc Np tri to, khi chn

2.1.2 Tnh hnh sn xut v phn phi

Gio vin hng dn:

2.1.3 Thnh phn ho hc ca tri Gc

2.1.4 Gi tr ca tri Gc trong i sng

Gio vin hng dn:

Ngoi vic s dng trong m thc, Gc cn c s dng trong y hc. Cc hng dc

2.2 Tng qut v Du Gc

CH2 OH R1COOH CH2OCOR1

CH OH + R2COOH CHOCOR2 + 3H2O

CH2 OH R3COOH CH2OCOR3

Triglyceride dng ho hc tinh khit khng mu, khng mi, khng v.

Gio vin hng dn:

Di tc dng ca cc enzyme thu phn, khi c nc v nhit , triglyceride s b

2.2.1.2 Cc thnh phn ph

Gio vin hng dn:

Phosphooipit ng vai tr l cht hot ng b mt trong trao i cht, chuyn ho

Gio vin hng dn:

Vitamin E t nhin c ngun gc thc vt hay ng vt. Du thc vt c cha nhiu

Hnh 2.6 Cu trc ha hc Hnh 2.7 Cu trc ha hc

Gio vin hng dn:

Hnh 2.8 Cu trc ca cc carotenoide chnh v cc xanthophil

Gio vin hng dn:

- caroten tn ti di dng bt tinh th, khng ha tan trong nc v trong ru,

2.2.2 Tnh cht

Gio vin hng dn:

2.2.2.2 Tnh cht ha hc

Gio vin hng dn:

CHOCOR + 3H2O CHOH + 3RCOOH

RCOOH + NaOH RCOONa + H2 O

Phng trnh tng qut:

CHOCOR + 3NaOH CHOH + 3RCOONa

Gio vin hng dn:

c) Phn ng oxi ha.

Gio vin hng dn:

2.2.4 Phng php khai thc du Gc

2.2.4.2 Phng php trch ly bng dung mi

Gio vin hng dn:

y l phng php c s dng ph bin hin nay trong sn xut cng nh

2.3 Tng qut v cng ngh trch ly cht bo

2.3.2 Bn cht ca phng php trch ly cht bo

Gio vin hng dn:

2.3.3 Cc yu t nh hng ln qu trnh trch ly

Gio vin hng dn:

2.3.3.2 T l dung mi v nguyn liu

2.3.3.3 Nhit trch ly

2.3.3.4 Thi gian trch ly

2.3.3.5 Loi dung mi

Gio vin hng dn:

Trong thc t khng tn ti dung mi l tng, nhng chn la dung mi s dng

2.3.3.6 Tc chy ca dung mi