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rec.collecting.books FAQ
rec.collecting.books FAQ
Last Modified: 01-May-01
Feedback to: mikeb@rcbfaq.com
(Questions about books should be directed to the newsgroup)
Sections which are new or have been modified since the last version are marked with a plus sign (+).
Table of Contents
1.5 Where Is the Appropriate Place To Advertise Books For Sale or Wanted To Buy?
+ 2.8 Which Reference Works Would You Recommend For Science Fiction, Fantasy, and
Horror?
2.9 Where Can I Find a List of Bookstores in a Particular Area of the World?
+ 2.10 Where Can I Find Out How to Grade the Condition of my Books?
3. Identifying Books
3.1 How Do I Know If It's a First Edition?
5. Book Terminology
5.1 What is the Difference Between "First Edition" and "First Printing"
5.2 What is the Difference Between "First Edition" and "First Trade Edition"
6. Value Judgements
6.1 Are Book Club Editions Valuable?
1.5 Where Is the Appropriate Place To Advertise Books For Sale or Wanted
To Buy?
news:rec.arts.books.marketplace
news:alt.marketplace.books
news:alt.marketplace.books.sf (speculative fiction)
Those looking to find or buy a certain book should look at one of the online bookselling
databases mentioned in section 2.4. [Lawrence Person]
2.8 Which Reference Works Would You Recommend For Science Fiction,
Fantasy, and Horror?
Clute & Nichols, The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, 1993 St. Martins, 1370 pages. Hard
back $75. Paperback updated 1995. $29.95. Illustrated CD ROM available from Grolier for
Mac and Windoze. An indispensable reference book on science fiction that contains over
4,300 entries and 1.2 million words. For every reader who loves, uses and wishes to know
more about science fiction, this is the first and most important reference you should get.
Has publication dates and title changes only with no other first edition ID information.
Unlike the 1979 edition, the book is not illustrated and there are no magazine checklists.
[Shep Iiams]
Currey Lloyd, Science Fiction and Fantasy Authors: A Bibliography of Their First Editions,
1979, G. K. Hall. Covers roughly 215 important authors thru December 1977, reference
citations thru June 1979. Although perhaps the most important, thorough and accurate
guide to identification of first editions, it if far from complete or accurate. For instance it is
very easy to misidentify the first edition of Heinlein's STRANGER IN A STRANGE
LAND by Currey's less than complete description. There are almost no cover/dust jacket
prices or page counts mentioned excepting paperbacks. $75 from author at (518) 873-6477.
[Shep Iiams]
Tuck, Donald, The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy, 1974 Advent. Out of
print. A three volume encyclopedia current thru 1968. The bulk of vol. 1 & 2 consist of
short author biographies with extensive book bibliographies which include many authors
and descriptive items not found in the more recent Currey bibliography such as cover
prices, page counts, later and foreign editions. [Shep Iiams]
Reginald, R. Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature: A Checklist 1700 - 1974. Gale
Research. vol. 1 is 786 pages. Perhaps the most comprehensive printed listing of it's kind,
Reginald attempts to identify all first and first thus editions thru 1974, but only contains
date, publisher, page count, hardback/paperback information. No cover price or other
identifying point information included. Includes - by title, series, award, Ace and Belmont
doubles indexes. Vol. 2 Short biographies including original author comments and 32 page
B&W "Pictorial History of Science Fiction Publishing". Out of print. [Shep Iiams]
Reginald, R. Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature 1975-91: Supplement 1992 Gale
Research $199.00 Attempts to identify all first and first thus editions 1975 thru 1991, but
only contains date, publisher, page count, hardback/paperback information. No cover price
or other identifying point information included. [Shep Iiams]
Stephens, Christopher P. The Science Fiction and Fantasy Paperback First Edition: A
Complete List of Them All (1939 - 1973). Ultramarine 1991, 8 1/2 x 11 wraps, 144 pages.
$22.95 (914)-478-2522 By author listings with a title index. Includes publisher ID numbers,
cover price, page count, and illustrators. [Shep Iiams]
Tymn, Marshall B. and Mike Ashley, Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Weird Fiction
Magazines. 1985 Greenwood Press, 970 pages, $95 A comprehensive critical description of
over 600 main stream magazines, associated magazine-like anthologies, academic
periodicals, major fanzines and non-English language magazines. Critical descriptive
essays are 1/2 to 40 pages. Includes bibliographies of source information and primary
library holdings; a concise publication history with the dates of title changes, size and
format changes, volume data, publisher changes, editorial changes, and issue price. Includes
index to several hundred major cover artists; and a chronology of magazines started by
year. [Shep Iiams]
Day, Donald, Index to the Science Fiction Magazines 1926 - 1950, 1952 Perri Press, out of
print. All major SF magazines but no Horror such as WEIRD TALES. By author and title
with pseudonyms, but no index by index. [Shep Iiams]
Strauss, Erwin Index to the Science Fiction Magazines 1951-1965, 1966 MIT Science
Fiction Society. Author, Title and Issue indexes with a check list of magazines indexed.
[Shep Iiams]
Index to the Science Fiction Magazines 1966 - 1970, 1971, ... 1989, beginning 1971 the
New England Science Fiction Association published a number of SF magazine indexes.
Author, Title and Issue indexes with a check list of magazines indexed. [Shep Iiams]
Barron, Neil Anatomy of Wonder: A Critical Guide to Science Fiction 4th edition, 1995, R.
K. Bowker, 912 pages. $55 Contains no 1st edition or price information whatsoever. This is
THE guide of what to read or films to see. Revised and updated edition has concise
summaries and evaluations of some 2,100 works of fiction and over 800 works of non
fiction published from the genre's beginnings to the present. Includes listings of films based
on SF novels and short stories, guidance to books on video and audio tape, public and
private research libraries SF magazines, comics, and art. Excludes foreign language SF.
(See 3rd (1987) edition for most comprehensive guide to foreign SF). [Shep Iiams]
Inter-Galactic Price Guide 2nd edition. Science Fiction/Fantasy/Horror by Stephanie
Howlett-West. All data from 1996 thru Feburary 1997. The ONLY current price guide to
books by modern and classic Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror authors. This 8 1/2 by
11, 386 page book has aprox. 20,000 entries. A compilation of 65 catalogs over the year
from 28 different dealers, spiral bound with laminated covers and includes a detailed
introduction. There are multiple listings for many titles. Entries are coded for condition,
signed, inscribed, limited, ARC, Proof, association, etc. Duplicate price entries have been
culled. Cover price $38. [Shep Iiams]
A Comprehensive Price List of Crime, Mystery, Thriller Detective and Horror Fiction,
1997 edition. By Marshall Snow. Containing over 800 pages and 55,000 entries of different
books in 2 massive comb bound volumes, it is an amazingly complete listing derived from
over 350 different dealers catalogs, AB Bookman Weekly ads, Interloc (now Alibris) and
Bibliofind internet databases. Each book title generally has only one entry with a range of
prices seen for collectible condition copies ie.( $35 - $55), There are repeat title listings for
significantly different issues of the same book, such as signed, limited, ARC, proof or a
seriously skewed high price which could indicate rapid appreciation. Titles are listed in date
published order under the author's name so you can generally see the price appreciation or
exceptions within a linear progression. Inclusion of pseudonyms, series characters and the
books they appear in, makes for the most comprehensive check list available in this price
range. NEW this year is the inclusion of the Horror genre with almost a 50% increase in
size. There is now a separate list of anthologies by title and increased listings of adventure
author's such as Patrick O'Brien, C. S. Forester and Alexander Kent. Cover price $95. [Shep
Iiams]
I would also add the Locus online database at http://www.locusmag.com/index/0start.html.
[Lawrence Person]
In addition, you can find a list of antiquarian fantasy and early horror reference works at
http://www.violetbooks.com/bib-research.html. [Lawrence Person]
2.9 Where Can I Find a List of Bookstores in a Particular Area of the World?
A comprehensive list of bookstores all over the world is maintained by Evelyn C. Leeper at
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/4824/bookshop.htm#start. [Mike Berro]
Note that bookstores and bookdealers are not the same thing, and different guides list one,
the other, or both. [Richard Weaver]
SKOOB Directory of Secondhand Bookshops in the British Isles, SKOOB Books Ltd., 15
Sicilian Ave, Southhampton Row, Holborn, London WC1A 2QH, UK. [Richard Weaver]
Sheppard Press (London): publishes (or used to publish) directories of bookdealers in
British Isles, Europe, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, USA. [Richard Weaver]
Book Hunter Press, which publishes the Used Book Lover's Guides at
http://bookhunterpress.com/. [Susan Siegel]
2.10 Where Can I Find Out How to Grade the Condition of my Books?
Try http://www.trussel.com/f_books.htm. [Dick Stephens]
http://www.abebooks.com/cgi/abe.exe/routera^_pr=glossary. [Parmer Books]
http://www.dogeared.com/AB%20Bookman%20content.htm. [Scot Kamins]
3. Identifying Books
3.1 How Do I Know If It's a First Edition?
Identifying a first edition is often the most difficult aspect of collecting books. You are
welcome to ask about specific books on the newsgroup, but it can be beneficial to purchase
a guide to identification.
One of the keys is to verify that the book is at least a first printing. A "number line" on the
copyright page often indicates this, with the lowest number being the printing (with
Random House and subsidiaries being a major exception, subtract one from the lowest
number for the printing.) If you see "1 2 3 4 5 78 77 76 75 74", this indicates a first
printing, and in 1974. [Mike Berro]
bound in real leather, there's a good chance it was not issued with a dust jacket, although it
might have been issued with a slipcase. [Mike Berro]
3.7 How Can I Determine the Real Name of an Author Using a Pen Name?
Try http://www.trussel.com/f_books.htm. [Steve Trussel]
Try http://www.walshnet.com/walshnet/realname/index.html (though the Java sound applet
is VERY annoying.) [Lawrence Person]
books may be blown off or gently brushed off with a clean large watercolor or paste brush;
I often hold the book firmly between the knees with the top edge facing down (vertically)
and brush off dust. And in general, try to avoid high humidity, huge temperature swings,
and even if they are well protected take a look at them every now and then to make sure
some insidious insect hasn't breached your defenses. [Alyce B. Obvious]
The library supply sources like Brodart, Gaylord and University Products sell "buffered"
(acid-neutralized) paper and cardboard of all types. I bought some nice sturdy buffered
boxes from Gaylord that are the perfect size for paperbacks; I use them for ephemera and
manuscripts as well. [Mike Berro]
No treatment can reverse the affect of the aging, but spray deacidification is your best
option to slow down the effects of aging on woodpulp paper. There are currently two
products available, Wei T'O and Bookkeeper. Of the two, Bookkeeper is the best for your
type of paper. It also has the added advantage of being non-toxic and proven safe on inks...
just in case the books have inscriptions. To be safe though, always test first by putting a
drop on any ink you may think suspect. Gaylord (1-800-448-6160) sells the Bookkeeper in
a 38oz pump spray bottle and 16oz aerosol can. The 38oz is far more economical. It sells
for $82.95. Catalog #YA-PT38. Other vendors also carry the same product. When spraying
you will want to thoroughly wet the pages, but not so that the fluid runs down the page. Just
spray, turn, spray, turn.... Pages will dry on their own relatively quickly. Depending on the
size of your collection, and budget, you might want to contact Bookkeeper directly. They
will process larger batches (multiples of 8). Their web address is http://www.bookkeeper-
pti.com/pti.html. None of this, however, will reverse the effects of embrittlement and
discoloration to the paper. It will, however, slow down the effect of further deterioration.
Not much we can do about using newsprint... for printing books. [Peter D. Verheyen]
The manufacturing process that results in acidic papers & cardboards uses bleaches to even
out the colors (& to reduce destructive lignin) & acidic alum or rosin to bind the paper. The
majority of regular paper is now manufactured without these acidic bonding agents, so that
acid neutral papers are presently "the norm" rather than a specialized product. But one has
to be more careful selecting cardboard products which still sometimes use acidic bonding
agents, especially if there is a lot of recycled content in the boxes. The addition of buffering
agents is supposed to neutralize the bonding agents PLUS keep the box from being
acidified by contact with acidic environment or content. I'm surprised if the Brodart product
still reads acidic when tested, & don't quite know what to make of that, except that effective
testing for acid in paper is just a tad too complex to be reduced to a "pen tester" & perhaps
the tester is worthless, but I've never even held one so can't say for sure. No museum
archivist recommends pen testers but I've never seen them specifically dissed either.
[paghat the ratgirl]
Some of the claims made for "archival boxes" which claims are used to justify tripling &
quadrupling the price of a box, are actually misleading since so many of the boxes you can
get at any ordinary box supplier for an ordinary price are in fact high pH acid-neutralized.
Today most NEW (unrecycled) corrugated board is neutral/high pH because no longer
manufactured with rosin & alum sizing, & white boxes won't have lignin either;
presumably pulps & jute not treated to neutralize lignin are most more apt to be brownest
cardboards, & white cardboards are either not manufactured from sources with lignin or
have had the lignin neutralized in the bleaching process -- but nowadays color of the
corrugation is not a reliable measure & it's preferable to see a statement of pH level which
should be 8.5 or above. Lignin removal is in direct proportion to the amount of chlorine
applied during the "cooking" process & the length of cooking time, which may or may not
result in a whiter product. A bland statement of "Archival quality" should always mean
there is a high pH to neutralize acid AND lack of lignin -- but if it does not also claim to be
"buffered" the paper could still become acidic from contact with whatever is put inside it.
[paghat the ratgirl]
The Paige Company (phone 1-800-957-2443) manufactures a so-called "acid free"
(buffered to pH 8 to 10) brown corrugated cardboard box in three sizes that meets museum
criteria. They call it the "Paige Miracle Box." But ANY sizeable box retailer -- here in
Seattle that includes The Paper Zone, Western paper, & Arvey Paper -- will have similar
boxes available. I'd be inclined to select high pH boxes that did not require buffers for
anything being stored less than two years, as the boxes are just as safe as buffered boxes but
not expensive like buffered boxes. But as museums think the buffered product is best &
even these some museums will replace at ten year intervals under the assumption that
environmental contamination will acidify even buffered boxes eventually. [paghat the
ratgirl]
Perma/Dur brand bulk storage boxes are lignin-free due to the cooking process, &
neutral/high pH because not using acidic sizing. But they ADDITIONALLY include
buffering agents not because the boxes need it, but because paper or textile products put
inside the boxes will likely be acidic, & the buffering neutralizes airborne & contact-
exchange of acids. They're pricey boxes. There are also polypropylene boxes such as
manufactured by Coroplast; they are archivally safe. [paghat the ratgirl]
Since books & papers are going to be far more acidic than the boxes in most cases, it verges
on absurd to put, say, a book printed on neutral acid high pH paper in a box with a bunch of
yellowing old tomes. For really lengthy storage, each book would need to be in Mylar bags
to restrict exchange of acid molecules between different items inside the box. Some
archivists hold that even Mylar has its problems because moisture can get in but not out of a
sealed Mylar bag. They recommend wrapping books individually in 100% rag paper,
especially if the binding incorporates leather which otherwise attracts moisture when sealed
in Mylar. [paghat the ratgirl]
Here's a fact sheet on Archival 101:
http://www.magnet.state.ma.us/sec/arc/arcaac/aacipre.htm. Here's a web page on boxed
storage of books: http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/slv/conservation/bookstor.htm. Here's an essay
on safe book storage: http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/cfl-cbgf/liaison/1998/98-3/rarebk3.htm. Here's
an archival FAQ including addresses of four archival suppliers: http://www.uwp.edu/info-
services/library/handout.htm. There's also an archival storage e-list & used to subscribe to,
but I couldn't just now find the e-mail address of the woman who started that up. If you can
lay hands on David Oliphant, editor, ESSAYS ON TREATMENT & CARE OF RARE
BOOKS MANUSCRIPTS PHOTOGRAPHY & ART ON PAPER & CANVAS (Austin,
Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, 1989) it is worth having about. Also, Gaylord
will provide FREE factual pamphlets on many of these topics. [paghat the ratgirl]
cleaning of larger areas, rather than removing small marks, but still some possibly useful
info here. [Jon Meyers]
Here's my report on my first effort at cleaning up penciled-in prices. Last week I visited my
local art emporium and bought several erasers. From the recommendations in this thread, I
bought a Sanford magic Rub (this apparently is the same thing as Eberhard Faber) and a
Staedtler Mars Plastic eraser. I asked for Star Type Cleaner, but they didn't have it,
although one of the sales people had heard of it and said it was on order. On another sales
person's recommendation I got a square of stuff called Design Kneaded Rubber, which feels
similar to modeling clay, but is softer and a little crumbly. Tonight I tried various
combinations of the three erasers on a half dozen books with various ages and types of
paper. I had similar results with all three: about 95% of the pencil mark came off like
magic; the next 4% took an ungodly amount of rubbing; and the last 1% never came out.
Applying a lot of pressure seemed to help, and had no ill effects on the paper -- not even on
a heavily yellowed and foxed flyleaf in a book that is 80 years old.
The Magic Rub and the Mars Plastic both acquired a dark residue on the part that was in
contact with the book. This created an interesting conundrum: after using the eraser to clean
the book, what can I use to clean the eraser? The marks did not smear onto later work, but I
wonder whether they reduced the erasers' effectiveness. The Kneaded Rubber didn't build
up a residue. I think that is because it's so soft: the rubbing action makes the material "flow"
from the surface to the interior, carrying the pencil traces with it. For this reason, and
because it created no crumbs, I liked the Kneaded Rubber best.
All three erasers seemed about equally effective on most surfaces. On very soft (pulp) paper
the Kneaded Rubber seemed to be less effective than the other two. On very hard (coated)
paper, it seemed more effective.
At this point I'm most interested in finding more effective ways to remove that last 5% of
the marking. I tried slipping a manila folder under the page I was working on, on the theory
that the pencil made an impression in the paper, and a rigid backing would make it flatten
out again when I pressed the eraser down. This seemed to help, but I may just have thought
it did because that was what I expected and wanted. I wanted to try the same experiment
with a sheet of metal or rigid plastic, but I had nothing on hand that was a suitable size and
thickness and had rounded edges and corners. [Jonathan Sachs]
century ones because they were using friendlier glues. Steaming doth murder books. [John-
Henry Collinson]
In a well-ventilated place, spray it with lighter fluid (Ronsonal), wait five seconds, gently
rub with a cloth or cotton ball (or cotton flat, which I find works best). I've used this
technique literally hundreds of times without a problem: the excess fluid evaporates in a
few minutes and leaves no residue. [Scot Kamins]
A number of years ago I had come across a product called Bob's Book Plate Remover.
According to the label, it was made with what they called "Wetter Water". Wetter water, or
wet water, is actually a common product in model building. It is made by adding a few
drops of detergent (liquid dish detergent works well) to water. The detergent helps break
down the surface tension in the water. Don't know if this will work on bookplates, but if
you can't find the Bob's product, it's worth a try.
I've used lighter fluid on old toy boxes, cloth covered books, paper dust jackets, and
anything else with a price tag or gluey residue. I've never had any damage or staining. [Kris
Baker]
Don't buy lighter fluid. Go to a hardware store and buy naptha. Its what lighter fluid is.
Only cheaper. Also sold as rubber cement thinner. About $2/qt. [Charles Kroon]
I've used lighter fluid safely as well, but I was reminded of a janitor trying to get gum out of
a carpet by freezing it. Sometimes they use an aerosol can of FREON, sometimes dry ice,
sometimes a tuna can with ice in it. The idea is to get the gum brittle. I've never tried it on
books. [Wm Sen Glen]
ever used. Available at most art and drafting supply stores. [Lawrence Person]
kitty litter are the best. I place a bowl at the bottom and put the SSU in that. 3. Over this I
invert a wire basket (milk crate). This covers the SSU and decreases the chance of getting it
on the books. 4. On top of the wire crate I place clean paper and set the books on top.
Depending on the book, it might be lying flat or standing erect with pages splayed open.
(There's always the danger of curious dogs or teenagers tipping over the whole contraption
!!) 5. I go away and forget about it for a while. This tends to run anywhere from weeks to
months. [Bill and Barb Wright]
clumping kitty litter, having first very lightly "misted" them with lysol. We held the lysol
can approximately 4' above the books, and gave a very light psst! on the spray nozzle,
letting the fine mist drift over them. After a week we pulled the books out of the box of
kitty litter and behold, they no longer smelled. [Bree Books ]
Cedar Chips: Cedar chips have done wonders for me with all kinds of odors. You get a
bag at a pet store, then put the books and a load of cedar chips in a plastic garbage bag or
sealed carton for a period of time. The most difficult to deodorize are art books on coated
papers. How long it takes depends on the odor, but the cedar chips leave no odor. [Evert
Volkersz ]
Coffee Grounds: Some booksellers have had luck with removing mold/must smell from
old paperbacks by placing them in a plastic bag, and placing an open container of coffee
grounds in the bag, and then leaving for a week or so (seems to help if placed in a warm
environment). The mold smell disappears, and the books, if aired for a couple of days
before being placed on the shelfs, lose the coffee smell. Both used and un-used coffee
grounds are said to work. Haven't heard if this works with hardcovers or other items. [John
F. Kuenzig ]
Diss: Someone also suggested the use of diss... you know - that stuff they store with film
that absorbes moisture. [Nate's Books ]
Fabric Softener Sheets: I got this suggestion from someone on AOL last year. Tried it
with an ARC of Jurassic Park which must have lived its whole life in the smoking
lounge...It pretty much worked, might have worked better if I'd been more diligent or used
more strips... The suggestion is to take one or two of those dryer fabric softener sheets (I
use Bounce), cut them into a few lengthwise strips and place the strips here and there inside
the book. Then seal the book up in a plastic bag, strips and all, and wait for some period of
time which I don't remember (I left my copy sitting around for months, but that wasn't
really on purpose). Probably a week or so. And no, I have no idea whether this would be
chemically bad for the book's paper; certainly my ARC wasn't any the worse for the
treatment, that I noticed anyway. [Suzanne Saunders ]
White Vinegar: My pet way of getting rid of odors in books is thus: Put the book on thread
spools [or something similar] in the microwave oven. Use another object to prop open the
topside cover. DO NOT TURN ON THE OVEN!!! Place a saucer of white vinegar in the
oven, and let it set overnight. One night usually takes care of it. The book may smell like
vinegar for a few hours, but then is odor free. [Diane Johnson ]
Ozone: At Wells Books, we have converted an unused closet into an ozone chamber. Books
from the homes of smokers or from smoke damage in house fires go into this "chamber"
with our ozone machine going for a two hour session. This will remove almost all the
smoke smell (also most mildew smell). This is the method used by the Royal B.C. Museum
and by many companies specializing in insurance claims. We first started this when one of
our stores had a serious fire. The ozone treatment if done many times over the life of a book
might damage the make up of the paper. But then, badly smoked books would have a
shorter life time anyway. What smell isn't removed can be wiped off with a treated sponge
from a janitor supply store (again the type of thing used by the folks who clean up after
house fires). We not only clean our own books, we would also provide a service to our
vegetable oil - or just a lot of handling with sweaty hands! Actually, the grease from fingers
is slightly acid, and in itself aids corrosion in the long run. [John Wilson]
(2) Killing off the spores. The spores (if they are such) are probably best killed off by
sunshine, which apparently works just as well (or even better) behind glass as in the open
air. Leave it on the windowsill on a sunny day for an hour or so. Ideally, if you are going to
dampen the board to clean it, do it on a sunny day and put the book in the sun to dry. Don't
do *any* of the above on anything that's really valuable; leave it in the hands of a
professional. [John Wilson]
de-foxing chemical bleaches have to be rinsed. A book of considerable age & rarity that is
being devoured by fungus, it can be disbound, each separated signature soaked in dilute
Chloramine-T, then rinsed to remove residues, & rebound. This is not very useful for entire
books of only average value.
There is a very dangerous & impossible to do at home method of removing foxing from
books that used Chloramine gas. I've seen reports that this is safe for the book & may be the
only method guaranteed not to replace foxing with waterdamage. But the technique requires
resources only the aerospace industry could provide. The book has to be laced in a riffled-
open position so all the pages can be gassed, & the gas chamber better be air tight. I've
never known of this being done by booksellers, & no standard archival resource mentions it
as a viable option, though the Univeristy of Washington experimented with it to good
results with the assistance of Boeing Aerospace back in the late 1970s -- I've heard nothing
about it since.
Some archivists claim (hope rather) calcium hypochlorite leaves less residue even than
Chloramine-T soaks, but others have said calcium hypochlorite clings so well to paper it is
extremely hard to rinse out & so is not preferable to Chlor-T. Again, it's a submersal
technique, hardly practical for books.
One old method is a three-part deal, requiring three hotographic chemical trays. The first
tray has potassium permaganate diluted one to 16 parts water. Each page is submersed for a
half-minute this solution, then moved to a second tray with sodium meta-bisulphite diluted
one to sixteen parts water, again for a half-minute. The third tray should be a "flushing" tray
with water running thrugh it continuously. This a rinse, to wash out the killed & loosened
foxing, & to remove the chemicals themselves. This elaborate method has pretty much been
displaced by Chloramine-T or by calcium hypochlorite which requires only one rather than
two distinct baths before rinse.
Sodium borohydride in a 5% solution is also used. The majority of archivists don't seem to
use it, but a few claim it does not need to be rinsed, because its residues leave a deposit of
alkalinity that might actually benefit the paper.
Exposure one sheet at a time to UV light (artificially generated, or mere sunlight exposure)
is the only "safe" bleaching method & even that is not safe for paper containing lignen,
which will rapidly oxidize from ultra violet exposure, with darkening effect as lousy as the
foxing. It works best with slight moistening of the surface & strong UV radiation. If it's just
the random page it might be a tolerable method, otherwise it takes one hell of a long time.
The moisture-&-UV method is reportedly the least damaging of all methods (except
possibly the unavailable gas-chamber method). The Paper Conservator #21, 1997, has a
lengthy article on the method: "Aqueous light bleaching of modern rag paper: an effective
tool for stain removal." It is useful for cleaning foxed color plates that have been removed,
treated, & reinserted, but doing it to an entire book would not be time effective.
All methods requiring water (dampening, or submersive) risk damage to water soluable
inks. Most dyes used in books are color-fast but very old books with color plates sometimes
used indigo in the inking mix to achieve purple & blue colorations that will bleed when
dampened. Further, rinsing with fresh water (from the tap) risks introducing iron impurities
to the paper, damaging over time, so dionized or distilled water is sometimes
recommended. High quality papers can sometimes be wetted in a manner that will dry
unharmed, but an awful lot of papers will either change their thickness or wrinkle before
they dry, & that damage is irreversible. Spot-testing helps in the decision process. By &
large it is a trade-off & defoxing is recommended only when the level of foxing is more
detrimental.
But I'm afraid any bookseller who claims to have a magic method of foxing removal is
likely spraying a mist of dilute Chlorox that damages the cellulose in the paper & does
permanent harm, though if he can sell the cleaned-up book quickly enough by making it
look momentarily nice & bright, he's probably succeeded at his only real goal. All
functional methods apart from UV exposure require submersal so one would expect signs
of a book having been disbound & rebound, with some slight evidence of contact with
water if not outright overt water damage.
The bottom line is there is no truly reasonable & effective way of defoxing a book, perhaps
at most these methods are credible for a single fox-stained illustration plate or a few
egregiously fungally-darkened pages that'll look better slightly wrinkled than they look all
splotchy. Books stored in temperature controlled rooms (in the 60-67 degrees F range) with
no more than 50% humidity will not develop foxing, & foxing that is established will be
retarded in further growth. If you live in the Philipines or South Carolina or Dallas where
humidity can be 100% then books that have foxing started in them are pretty much doomed
& will infect nearby books as well, unless a first-rate dehumidifier is in place. There is
perhaps another bottom line, that paper is not so permanent as we would dream, & all we
can do is limit the decay of books so they will last a lot longer than our own lifetime, but
eventual decay is inescapable. [Paghat]
There's really only one technique which *might* work and at the same time will not
damage the book in other ways (e.g., by impregnating corrosive material on the pages).
Wait until it is a fine, sunny day. Then take a piece of moist cotton wool or tissue and very
gently moisten the page. If residue transfers itself from the page to the tissue at this stage,
take a fresh moist tissue and repeat the process until all such residue has been removed. The
tissue should brush over the page with feather-lightness; no pressure at all should be
applied, or the page will *certainly* wrinkle when dried (it will very likely wrinkle
anyway!). Then place the open page in a sunny spot (it doesn't have to be direct sunlight;
behind glass works fine) until it has thoroughly dried. Don't leave it there *too* long, or the
page may start to fade. 20-30 minutes is probably about right - less if it's very hot. Test the
process on a page that doesn't matter too much before touching the title page, etc.
The main things are can go wrong are: (1) As I've already said, the page may wrinkle.
Nevertheless, it may look better wrinkled than foxed. And, if you've done it carefully
(without stretching the fibres of the paper by applying pressure to it while wet), the
wrinkling will be much reduced after the book has been back on the shelf for a few weeks.
(2) If you dab at spots of foxing, rather than washing the whole page smoothly, it may dry
leaving a watermark stain. (3) It may not work anyway. (4) It may not only not work, but it
may leave you with a page which has wrinkles and watermarks in addition to being foxed!!
Finally, when it comes to any advice on this subject from this newsgroup, remember,
"Nothing Costs More than Something for Free" (title of a play by Yukio Mishima)! [John
Wilson]
I've had some success wth this method and the best thing is "it can't hurt if you're careful".
Maybe? Take a slice of white bread and remove the crust. Spread a newspaper to catch the
crumbs. Remember white bread is made with bleached flour and is moist. Gently rub the
bread on the page in a circular motion and it will soon crumble, ball up, and if you're lucky,
start to darken. The light abrasion applied will not harm the paper, the bleach will help
whiten and the moist bread will remove some soiling and lighten stains. Don't expect
perfection but look for improvement. And - hold the mayo. [Sharon Sudderth]
It's recommended to rotate books so they get the treatment every six months. [Bill
Strawbridge]
That depends. If your leather is dry and powdery, nothing will really help. Conservators
will use a 5% soluction of Klucel-G in alcohol, but unless you've used it before, I advise
against it. The last thing you want to do is get old leather wet with water. It has the potential
to blacken the leather into a gross slime. This is because the water is solubolizing the acids
in the leather and essentially burning it up. There are leather dressings available which
should be used VERY sparingly, especially if the leather is cracked to avoid staining the
paper. For more information you can contact these two vendors: Bookbinder's Warehouse
(KarenC5071@aol.com) or Bookmakers (bookmowery@aol.com). They'll both be able to
steer you to the right product. [Peter Verheyen]
You can make a nice leather dressing with 60% lanolin (available from some drugstores)
and 40% Neat's foot oil (available from leather stores, hardware stores, etc.). Melt the
lanolin, preferably in a double boiler, and add the neat's foot oil, stir until well mixed, and
let cool. Some recipes call for cedar wax, bee's wax and other adjuncts, but the
lanolin/neat's foot oil does the job nicely and will not be found ten years from now to have
some harmful ingredient that was once considered benign. Read Middleton's book 'The
Restoration of Leather Bindings' for a good breakdown on the various treatments. The
above recipe will, for about ten bucks, make ten year's worth (unless you buy 100 leather
books a year!) [Greg]
Try Fredelka Formula, made by Metalkem Ltd. PO Box 3, Haverford PA 19041. A 100-
gram can goes for about $7-10. I buy mine from a local bookseller. I don't know where he
gets it. It contains neatsfoot oil, beeswax and microwax (whatever that is). [Gerard
Gormley]
Try ordinary Vaseline, the kind you get in any supermarket. [John Motavalli]
I've heard that Vaseline will eventually dry out and possibly harm the leather. I use
Marney's conservation leather dressing. Got a bottle a few years back from a book binder. It
works good and lasts forever. Bet it's available on the net. [William Strawbridge]
5. Book Terminology
5.1 What is the Difference Between "First Edition" and "First Printing"
Discussion of book editions, printings & states hinges on the printing technology used.
From the time of Gutenberg in the later half of the 1400s to the first half of the 1800s the
usual printing methods used moveable type; individual letters, symbols and characters set
up on racks to form a mirror image of the desired text, and inked. Then paper is laid on top
and pressed so the image of the type is transferred to the paper. Traditionally, an edition is
all copies of a book printed from one setting of the type so the first edition is all copies
printed from the first setting of type, with the type being dispersed and reused for other
books. Reprinting would involve resetting the type from scratch which would allow for the
correction of typographical and editorial errors, revision by the author or editor, the
updating of information and expanding the amount of material covered. If the changes and
corrections are substantive enough the publisher will describe a later printing as a second,
revised, corrected or expanded edition. It is also possible to stop the printing process, reset a
small section (one miss-spelled word or perhaps an entire page) and then carry on. That
portion of the first printing/first edition before the pause would be the first state, after the
pause would be the second state. A leaf or gathering of leaves might be reprinted and
inserted into the book, replacing the original leaf or gathering even after the book was
bound. Such inserted leaves are called cancels. Later printings of fiction, poetry etc. would
probably not differ from the first except for correcting typographical and grammatical
errors. [R. R. Knott]
Technological advances in the nineteenth century allowed for printing from a larger
(usually)metal plate which would include the text of an entire page, leaf, gathering etc. This
plate could be melted down and the metal reused or it could be stored and kept for later
printings. Thus it is harder to change the text and make corrections but deletion of text
(such as a date on the title-page) or the addition of text to a blank section (such as "Third
Printing" on a copyright page) is still easy. [R. R. Knott]
"Modern First Editions" is an area of collecting (usually literature) where the establishment
of the actual edition is paramount. Since there are seldom editorial changes made after the
book is published the term "First Edition" really means "First Printing". The term "Second
Printing before publication" indicates that the publisher received more orders for the book
than anticipated and had to get it reprinted even before it was shipped. Any second printing
and pre-publication printings of a title would not be of interest to most "First Edition'
collectors. [R. R. Knott]
5.2 What is the Difference Between "First Edition" and "First Trade Edition"
"First trade ed" means there was some sort of limited edition published first.. I might add
that in earlier times (and now) there are other, non-trade 1st editions which are not just parts
of this proccess --- private printings later picked up by a mass market publisher, for
example.
Another example is T. E. Lawrence "Seven Pillars of Wisdom", 1st trade edition (I think
that is what I have), which states on the copyright page 'Privately Printed 1926 First
Published for General Circulation 1935.' [Richard Weaver]
preventing the pulp from dribbling off the sides. [Ron Bean]
After shaking the mold to remove some of the water and align the fibers, the vatman
removed the deckle and passed the mold to the "coucher" (pronounced "coocher") who
expertly flipped the wet sheet off the wire mold onto a stack, without breaking or wrinkling
the sheet, and placed a sheet of felt between each layer (the roller at the end of the wire
section of a fourdrinier machine is still called the "couch roll"). When he had 144 layers of
paper, he passed the stack to the "layman" who put it in a screw press to press out the water.
A three-man crew could make about 1000 sheets a day (followed by more steps for drying
and sizing). [Ron Bean]
On machine-made paper, a jet of water cuts off the ragged edge as the wet paper leaves the
wire section of the machine, forming an edge similar to a "deckle edge". It's also possible to
"fake it" on a separate machine [Ron Bean]
humid air being capable of carrying more dust etc. to say nothing of the fungus etc. that
humidity promotes. [R. R. Knott]
FPT: "Freight Pass Through." This acronym, found on some dust jackets, means that the
price includes shipping. The presence of this acronym is an indication that the book is not a
book club edition. [Steve Thompson]
French Flaps: Trade pb covers with inturned "front flaps" and "back flaps", as if the cover
were covering boards, except it isn't. A bit of fancy packaging ostentation. [Patrick Nielsen
Hayden]
Frontispiece: An illustration presented before the beginning of a book's text (usually before
the title page). [Craig Newtson]
Galleys: Back in the dark ages before MacIntosh, (but following the darker ages of hot
metal) printers used a process of shooting negatives from positive film. The negatives were
then used to make plates to print the books. The positive film was supplied by the book
compositor (those people who typeset books) and was known as "repro". In order to ensure
the fonts and other typographic elements were shown as they would appear in final form,
the compositors ran repro at every stage of production (usually three stages -- galleys,
pages, and final pages).
Joint: The exterior juncture of the spine and covers of a (usually) case-bound book.
Although the term "joint" is often used to indicate the internal juncture of the board paper
and fly leaf of a book, the more appropriate term here is "hinge." [Moi the Bibliomaniac]
Laid In: Refers to a separate piece of paper, like a note, envelope, or review slip, placed in
the book without any adhesive. [Bud Webster]
Laydown: A bookseller's term for a book that has been shipped to resellers prior to
publication, and is not to be displayed or sold until the publication date. [Mike Berro]
NAP: "No additional printings." Many publishers do not explicitly identify the first printing
of their first editions (with a number line or with a copyright page statement like "First
Edition" or "First Printing" or "First Impression"), but they do state later printings. So FEs
from these publishers can be identified if no additional printings are listed on the copyright
page. For example, you might see a dealer listing a copy of the first printing of Thomas
Harris's "Red Dragon" (Putnam, 1981) with the notation (NAP), because that was Putnam's
system before 1985. [Jon Meyers]
PBO: Paperback original, a book that was first released as a paperback (i.e., no previous
hardcover edition.) [Lawrence Person]
Photo-play Edition: A book that is illustrated with still photographs from a motion picture.
These editions were most popular during the 1920's. A photo-play edition may or may not
be a first edition. Photo-play editions that are not first editions often command premiums
over other reprints. [Craig Newtson]
Price Clipped: Most books have the price printed on the dust jacket, usually the top right
corner of the inside flap. People often clip this off (diagonal cut) when giving a book as a
gift.
Remainder Mark: A remainder mark is a line drawn by a magic marker or some such
thing across the top or bottom edge of a book to identify the book as a remainder so that
book doesn't come back to the publisher from a bookseller as a return on a full price. Ian
Ellis, in BOOK FINDS (1996), states that such marks knock 20% or more off the price of
an otherwise "mint" book. [Ken MacIver]
Soiled: A book or dust jacket that is discolored by the presence of a foreign substance such
as dust or dirt. If the contaminate has actually damaged the integrity of the book this
damage should be noted seperately. Damage due to water/moisture should not be referred to
as soiling (generally speaking). [Craig Newtson]
T.E.G.: "Top edge gilt", meaning that the top edge of the page block has been painted gold.
One reason is that it makes books easier to dust. Also "A.E.G", which is "all edges gilt."
Tipped In.: Lightly attached, by gum or paste, usually at the inner edge, as opposed to
bound in or sewn in. [Jon and Kate Butler]
Trade paperback: A book that may be returned to the publisher for credit. (To save money
on shipping and storage, mass market paperbacks have the covers stripped off the
paperback and returned to the publisher, who credits the store for the paperback as though it
was returned.) Most of the time (but not always) a trade paperback will be closer to the size
of a hardback than a mass market paperback. [Lawrence Person]
WAF: "With all faults."
6. Value Judgements
6.1 Are Book Club Editions Valuable?
At least some are "collectible", if not valuable. Don't ever make the mistake, as I did, that
there is anything that is not collectible. [Mike Berro]
I believe it is agreed that, in general, book club editions are not collectable. However, I
have found that for some authors and some editions, book clubs are preferable to paperback
originals. These are usually sought by readers rather than "collectors", but even this isn't
universally true. For example, Danniel Steel fans like to collect the hard covers of her
books, but the early ones were only available in paperback. If these are found, their usually
in pretty ratty shape. For this reason the book clubs, which ordinarily go for from $2 to $5,
may command prices from $8 to $15 and even a bit higher if signed. [Jeff Kreider]
Ideally, in my collection of C.S. Forester, I'd have a copy of every edition, including BCEs,
paperbacks, what have you. [Mark Wilden]
The Folio Book Society publications will always be collected. Collin's Crime Club (which
was a different sort of Book Club) will always be collectable as long as people want to buy
Agatha Christie firsts. Gollantz (sic) Left Wing Book Club etc... The list goes on and on!
[John-Henry Collinson]
Speaking as a SF collector, there are several books that are first editions from the SF Book
Club ("Lord Foul's Bane" by Donaldson springs to mind). As a result, these are certainly
collectable. Also, given the number of paperback only titles in the field, the book clubs are
also collectable as "cheap hardcover" editons (early C.J. Cherryh comes to mind). However,
in all cases that I am aware of, the book clubs do NOT command that much of a price
(about equivalent to collectable paper backs). [Joe Kalash]
West's Business Law, Second Edition, quotes the Uniform Commercial Code paragraph 2-
509(1)(b) as follows: "Risk of loss can be assigned through an agreement of the parties.
Assuming that there is no spcification in the agreement, if the seller is required or
authorized to ship goods by carrier, risk of loss passes to the buyer when the goods are duly
delivered to the carrier." The Uniform Commercial Code has been adopted in all states
except Louisiana, as of 1983 when this edition was published. [Bill Fishman]
Of course, there's not always a correlation between the law and standard business practice,
which in bookselling appears to put the onus on the seller, until the item has reached the
buyer's doorstep. [Mark Wilden]
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill purchased the archives of the J.M. Dent
Co. (original publishers of the Everyman Library Series) several years ago. It is divided
between the Rare Book Collection and the Manuscripts Department, both in Wilson Library
at UNC. There is a wealth of information about the history of the Everyman Series in both
manuscript and printed forms. Any future bibliographer of the series would need to use this
collection. One of the major disappointments of the collection, however, is the absence of a
complete collection of the Everyman books published by Dent. We are slowly trying to
remedy that situation. --Charles McNamara / Curator of Rare Books / Wilson Library /
UNC at Chapel Hill [Charles McNamara]
http://www.randomhouse.com/everymans/ is a site for the new items in the series, including
an alphabetic catalog of (I believe) all current 250 pieces in print. I excluded this site, as I
would exclude Random House's Modern Library site, because I don't consider the current
perfect-bound and overpriced issues worth collecting. (snort.) [Scot Kamins]
employment at Roycroft). Collectible, but nowhere near that of Kelmscott. [Steve in Dallas]
copyright dates before 1879 when Van Antwerp Bragg published them in large quantities
over several decades. For these textbooks the name of the publisher is helpful in verifying
the vintage. For example, Henry Ford had fond memories of these and fueled much of the
interest in the books in the 1910s and 1920s. I believe that he purchased William Holmes
McGuffey's schoolhouse and brought it to his Dearborn, Michigan heritage park of
historical buildings. The reprints in the 1920s were sold there and mostly published by
American Book Company (I believe). The most recent editions (still in print today) are by
Van Nostrand Rinehold (the nice ones) and by Mott Media. The earlier editions often have
the name "Smith" in the publisher name though there are some variations which I have not
seen documented. The books for the youngest children are natuarally the hardest to find.
These books tended to be used for generations and received heavy use. A copyright date of
1879 is one part of the puzzle but the publisher name is another along with the condition.
"Fair condition" is typical but usually not especially valuable as a book collectible. It would
sell for much more in an antique store venue where aesthetics (how would this look on an
old table?) are more important than condition and content--the most important factors for
books collectors. [James D. Keeline]
potential customers. Sometimes the books included not just a sample of the text &
illustrations but also showed binding options that the customer could choose--cloth or
leather in various colors, spine & cover decoration, endpapers, edge-gilding, etc. And some
of these books also had the customer list or subscription forms bound in. Apparently, the
largest collection of these books has been amassed by a man named Michael Zinman; there
is a published bibliography of his collection, entitled "Canvassing Books, Sample Books,
and Subscription Publishers' Ephemera 1833-1951 in the Collection of Michael Zinman."
The April 1997 issue of "Biblio" magazine has a short article on Zinman's collection written
by Nicholas Basbanes, who also wrote about some of Zinman's other collecting interests &
exploits in his book "A Gentle Madness" (Holt, 1996). [Jon Meyers]
imperfections that may be present, as defects usually impact what someone is willing to
pay. The book, dustjacket, and slipcase (if any) should be described, and the signature as
well if smudged or unusually bold, etc. Be sure to offer a return policy as well if you sell it
directly - many people on the net will not purchase without such a policy, as there are so
many variations in how book condition is described. A 5-10 day return policy in same
conditon for a refund seems to be generally accepted. [John Kuenzig]
Another avenue is the auction sites such as e-bay. I have purchased a few items here, but
haven't tried sales yet. I have noticed that some items seem to go for more than their
"market value", and many others far below. Others here may have some experience as well,
but it is still critical to note defects. [John Kuenzig]
There are now many websites that allow you to list your books for auction or sale
(classifieds.) Three of the biggest are at http://www.ebay.com/, http://www.ebay.com/, and
http://www.ebay.com/. [Mike Berro]
rec.collecting.books FAQ
Last Modified: 01-May-01
Feedback to: mikeb@rcbfaq.com
(Questions about books should be directed to the newsgroup)
Sections which are new or have been modified since the last version are marked with a plus sign (+).
Table of Contents
1.5 Where Is the Appropriate Place To Advertise Books For Sale or Wanted To Buy?
+ 2.8 Which Reference Works Would You Recommend For Science Fiction, Fantasy, and
Horror?
2.9 Where Can I Find a List of Bookstores in a Particular Area of the World?
+ 2.10 Where Can I Find Out How to Grade the Condition of my Books?
3. Identifying Books
3.1 How Do I Know If It's a First Edition?
5. Book Terminology
5.1 What is the Difference Between "First Edition" and "First Printing"
5.2 What is the Difference Between "First Edition" and "First Trade Edition"
6. Value Judgements
6.1 Are Book Club Editions Valuable?
1.5 Where Is the Appropriate Place To Advertise Books For Sale or Wanted
To Buy?
news:rec.arts.books.marketplace
news:alt.marketplace.books
news:alt.marketplace.books.sf (speculative fiction)
Those looking to find or buy a certain book should look at one of the online bookselling
databases mentioned in section 2.4. [Lawrence Person]
2.8 Which Reference Works Would You Recommend For Science Fiction,
format changes, volume data, publisher changes, editorial changes, and issue price. Includes
index to several hundred major cover artists; and a chronology of magazines started by
year. [Shep Iiams]
Day, Donald, Index to the Science Fiction Magazines 1926 - 1950, 1952 Perri Press, out of
print. All major SF magazines but no Horror such as WEIRD TALES. By author and title
with pseudonyms, but no index by index. [Shep Iiams]
Strauss, Erwin Index to the Science Fiction Magazines 1951-1965, 1966 MIT Science
Fiction Society. Author, Title and Issue indexes with a check list of magazines indexed.
[Shep Iiams]
Index to the Science Fiction Magazines 1966 - 1970, 1971, ... 1989, beginning 1971 the
New England Science Fiction Association published a number of SF magazine indexes.
Author, Title and Issue indexes with a check list of magazines indexed. [Shep Iiams]
Barron, Neil Anatomy of Wonder: A Critical Guide to Science Fiction 4th edition, 1995, R.
K. Bowker, 912 pages. $55 Contains no 1st edition or price information whatsoever. This is
THE guide of what to read or films to see. Revised and updated edition has concise
summaries and evaluations of some 2,100 works of fiction and over 800 works of non
fiction published from the genre's beginnings to the present. Includes listings of films based
on SF novels and short stories, guidance to books on video and audio tape, public and
private research libraries SF magazines, comics, and art. Excludes foreign language SF.
(See 3rd (1987) edition for most comprehensive guide to foreign SF). [Shep Iiams]
Inter-Galactic Price Guide 2nd edition. Science Fiction/Fantasy/Horror by Stephanie
Howlett-West. All data from 1996 thru Feburary 1997. The ONLY current price guide to
books by modern and classic Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror authors. This 8 1/2 by
11, 386 page book has aprox. 20,000 entries. A compilation of 65 catalogs over the year
from 28 different dealers, spiral bound with laminated covers and includes a detailed
introduction. There are multiple listings for many titles. Entries are coded for condition,
signed, inscribed, limited, ARC, Proof, association, etc. Duplicate price entries have been
culled. Cover price $38. [Shep Iiams]
A Comprehensive Price List of Crime, Mystery, Thriller Detective and Horror Fiction,
1997 edition. By Marshall Snow. Containing over 800 pages and 55,000 entries of different
books in 2 massive comb bound volumes, it is an amazingly complete listing derived from
over 350 different dealers catalogs, AB Bookman Weekly ads, Interloc (now Alibris) and
Bibliofind internet databases. Each book title generally has only one entry with a range of
prices seen for collectible condition copies ie.( $35 - $55), There are repeat title listings for
significantly different issues of the same book, such as signed, limited, ARC, proof or a
seriously skewed high price which could indicate rapid appreciation. Titles are listed in date
published order under the author's name so you can generally see the price appreciation or
exceptions within a linear progression. Inclusion of pseudonyms, series characters and the
books they appear in, makes for the most comprehensive check list available in this price
range. NEW this year is the inclusion of the Horror genre with almost a 50% increase in
size. There is now a separate list of anthologies by title and increased listings of adventure
author's such as Patrick O'Brien, C. S. Forester and Alexander Kent. Cover price $95. [Shep
Iiams]
2.9 Where Can I Find a List of Bookstores in a Particular Area of the World?
A comprehensive list of bookstores all over the world is maintained by Evelyn C. Leeper at
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/4824/bookshop.htm#start. [Mike Berro]
Note that bookstores and bookdealers are not the same thing, and different guides list one,
the other, or both. [Richard Weaver]
SKOOB Directory of Secondhand Bookshops in the British Isles, SKOOB Books Ltd., 15
Sicilian Ave, Southhampton Row, Holborn, London WC1A 2QH, UK. [Richard Weaver]
Sheppard Press (London): publishes (or used to publish) directories of bookdealers in
British Isles, Europe, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, USA. [Richard Weaver]
Book Hunter Press, which publishes the Used Book Lover's Guides at
http://bookhunterpress.com/. [Susan Siegel]
2.10 Where Can I Find Out How to Grade the Condition of my Books?
Try http://www.trussel.com/f_books.htm. [Dick Stephens]
http://www.abebooks.com/cgi/abe.exe/routera^_pr=glossary. [Parmer Books]
http://www.dogeared.com/AB%20Bookman%20content.htm. [Scot Kamins]
3. Identifying Books
3.1 How Do I Know If It's a First Edition?
Identifying a first edition is often the most difficult aspect of collecting books. You are
welcome to ask about specific books on the newsgroup, but it can be beneficial to purchase
a guide to identification.
One of the keys is to verify that the book is at least a first printing. A "number line" on the
copyright page often indicates this, with the lowest number being the printing (with
Random House and subsidiaries being a major exception, subtract one from the lowest
number for the printing.) If you see "1 2 3 4 5 78 77 76 75 74", this indicates a first
printing, and in 1974. [Mike Berro]
is likely that newer LG books, like newer BOMC books, are not explicitly marked as such.
[Gerard GormleyJon Meyers]
called a signature. A signature can be as few as 4 pages in the case of a quarto. Many
modern paperbacks have 48-page signatures. Basically, 8, 12, and 24 leaves are the most
common number to be printed on a single sheet of paper. [Christopher G. Mullin]
You fold the signatures of a book, trim off the edges, and then (traditionally) you sew the
signatures together. These days, paperback are just glued along the spine, but as we all
know the pages tend to come out. A sewn book, OTOH, will last through hundreds of years
of intermittent use. [Christopher G. Mullin]
Since there were certain standard paper sizes in the book trade, various specific sizes of
book became more or less standard-- royal octavo, crown octavo, demi-octavo, etc. There
are even special rulers that you can use to measure your books and call them by these
traditional name, if you like. [Christopher G. Mullin]
But... for clarity of description, don't try to tell someone you have a royal octavo (or
whatever). Mostly, people won't know what that means, And it's probably not really true
anyway. Most modern "octavo" books are printed with 24-page signatures. Instead, as
libraries worldwide do, measure the height of your book in centimeters, and the width too,
if that's greater than the height. With a little practice, you can judge the height of every
book you see within a centimeter or so. [Christopher G. Mullin]
If you're really serious about describing a book printed before 1800, then you list exactly
how many signatures there are, and how many pages there are in each-- frequently there
were a mixture of 16-page and 4-page signatures in octavos printed the handpress era. Look
at Fredson Bowers 500-page book Principles of Bibliographical Description if you want to
understand how complicated this can get. [Christopher G. Mullin]
3.7 How Can I Determine the Real Name of an Author Using a Pen Name?
Try http://www.trussel.com/f_books.htm. [Steve Trussel]
Try http://www.walshnet.com/walshnet/realname/index.html (though the Java sound applet
is VERY annoying.) [Lawrence Person]
put the books in a book case with a glass front or glass fronted doors. Sometimes you can
find them for reasonable prices. That also keeps the cats off the books. Dust that is on the
books may be blown off or gently brushed off with a clean large watercolor or paste brush;
I often hold the book firmly between the knees with the top edge facing down (vertically)
and brush off dust. And in general, try to avoid high humidity, huge temperature swings,
and even if they are well protected take a look at them every now and then to make sure
some insidious insect hasn't breached your defenses. [Alyce B. Obvious]
The library supply sources like Brodart, Gaylord and University Products sell "buffered"
(acid-neutralized) paper and cardboard of all types. I bought some nice sturdy buffered
boxes from Gaylord that are the perfect size for paperbacks; I use them for ephemera and
manuscripts as well. [Mike Berro]
No treatment can reverse the affect of the aging, but spray deacidification is your best
option to slow down the effects of aging on woodpulp paper. There are currently two
products available, Wei T'O and Bookkeeper. Of the two, Bookkeeper is the best for your
type of paper. It also has the added advantage of being non-toxic and proven safe on inks...
just in case the books have inscriptions. To be safe though, always test first by putting a
drop on any ink you may think suspect. Gaylord (1-800-448-6160) sells the Bookkeeper in
a 38oz pump spray bottle and 16oz aerosol can. The 38oz is far more economical. It sells
for $82.95. Catalog #YA-PT38. Other vendors also carry the same product. When spraying
you will want to thoroughly wet the pages, but not so that the fluid runs down the page. Just
spray, turn, spray, turn.... Pages will dry on their own relatively quickly. Depending on the
size of your collection, and budget, you might want to contact Bookkeeper directly. They
will process larger batches (multiples of 8). Their web address is http://www.bookkeeper-
pti.com/pti.html. None of this, however, will reverse the effects of embrittlement and
discoloration to the paper. It will, however, slow down the effect of further deterioration.
Not much we can do about using newsprint... for printing books. [Peter D. Verheyen]
The manufacturing process that results in acidic papers & cardboards uses bleaches to even
out the colors (& to reduce destructive lignin) & acidic alum or rosin to bind the paper. The
majority of regular paper is now manufactured without these acidic bonding agents, so that
acid neutral papers are presently "the norm" rather than a specialized product. But one has
to be more careful selecting cardboard products which still sometimes use acidic bonding
agents, especially if there is a lot of recycled content in the boxes. The addition of buffering
agents is supposed to neutralize the bonding agents PLUS keep the box from being
acidified by contact with acidic environment or content. I'm surprised if the Brodart product
still reads acidic when tested, & don't quite know what to make of that, except that effective
testing for acid in paper is just a tad too complex to be reduced to a "pen tester" & perhaps
the tester is worthless, but I've never even held one so can't say for sure. No museum
archivist recommends pen testers but I've never seen them specifically dissed either.
[paghat the ratgirl]
Some of the claims made for "archival boxes" which claims are used to justify tripling &
quadrupling the price of a box, are actually misleading since so many of the boxes you can
get at any ordinary box supplier for an ordinary price are in fact high pH acid-neutralized.
Today most NEW (unrecycled) corrugated board is neutral/high pH because no longer
manufactured with rosin & alum sizing, & white boxes won't have lignin either;
presumably pulps & jute not treated to neutralize lignin are most more apt to be brownest
cardboards, & white cardboards are either not manufactured from sources with lignin or
have had the lignin neutralized in the bleaching process -- but nowadays color of the
corrugation is not a reliable measure & it's preferable to see a statement of pH level which
should be 8.5 or above. Lignin removal is in direct proportion to the amount of chlorine
applied during the "cooking" process & the length of cooking time, which may or may not
result in a whiter product. A bland statement of "Archival quality" should always mean
there is a high pH to neutralize acid AND lack of lignin -- but if it does not also claim to be
"buffered" the paper could still become acidic from contact with whatever is put inside it.
[paghat the ratgirl]
The Paige Company (phone 1-800-957-2443) manufactures a so-called "acid free"
(buffered to pH 8 to 10) brown corrugated cardboard box in three sizes that meets museum
criteria. They call it the "Paige Miracle Box." But ANY sizeable box retailer -- here in
Seattle that includes The Paper Zone, Western paper, & Arvey Paper -- will have similar
boxes available. I'd be inclined to select high pH boxes that did not require buffers for
anything being stored less than two years, as the boxes are just as safe as buffered boxes but
not expensive like buffered boxes. But as museums think the buffered product is best &
even these some museums will replace at ten year intervals under the assumption that
environmental contamination will acidify even buffered boxes eventually. [paghat the
ratgirl]
Perma/Dur brand bulk storage boxes are lignin-free due to the cooking process, &
neutral/high pH because not using acidic sizing. But they ADDITIONALLY include
buffering agents not because the boxes need it, but because paper or textile products put
inside the boxes will likely be acidic, & the buffering neutralizes airborne & contact-
exchange of acids. They're pricey boxes. There are also polypropylene boxes such as
manufactured by Coroplast; they are archivally safe. [paghat the ratgirl]
Since books & papers are going to be far more acidic than the boxes in most cases, it verges
on absurd to put, say, a book printed on neutral acid high pH paper in a box with a bunch of
yellowing old tomes. For really lengthy storage, each book would need to be in Mylar bags
to restrict exchange of acid molecules between different items inside the box. Some
archivists hold that even Mylar has its problems because moisture can get in but not out of a
sealed Mylar bag. They recommend wrapping books individually in 100% rag paper,
especially if the binding incorporates leather which otherwise attracts moisture when sealed
in Mylar. [paghat the ratgirl]
Here's a fact sheet on Archival 101:
http://www.magnet.state.ma.us/sec/arc/arcaac/aacipre.htm. Here's a web page on boxed
storage of books: http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/slv/conservation/bookstor.htm. Here's an essay
on safe book storage: http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/cfl-cbgf/liaison/1998/98-3/rarebk3.htm. Here's
an archival FAQ including addresses of four archival suppliers: http://www.uwp.edu/info-
services/library/handout.htm. There's also an archival storage e-list & used to subscribe to,
but I couldn't just now find the e-mail address of the woman who started that up. If you can
lay hands on David Oliphant, editor, ESSAYS ON TREATMENT & CARE OF RARE
different glues need different solutions. Another source of bookplate lift is bookbinder
suppliers. 17th, 18th, and 19th century bookplates tend to lift more easily than late 20th
century ones because they were using friendlier glues. Steaming doth murder books. [John-
Henry Collinson]
In a well-ventilated place, spray it with lighter fluid (Ronsonal), wait five seconds, gently
rub with a cloth or cotton ball (or cotton flat, which I find works best). I've used this
technique literally hundreds of times without a problem: the excess fluid evaporates in a
few minutes and leaves no residue. [Scot Kamins]
A number of years ago I had come across a product called Bob's Book Plate Remover.
According to the label, it was made with what they called "Wetter Water". Wetter water, or
wet water, is actually a common product in model building. It is made by adding a few
drops of detergent (liquid dish detergent works well) to water. The detergent helps break
down the surface tension in the water. Don't know if this will work on bookplates, but if
you can't find the Bob's product, it's worth a try.
I've used lighter fluid on old toy boxes, cloth covered books, paper dust jackets, and
anything else with a price tag or gluey residue. I've never had any damage or staining. [Kris
Baker]
Don't buy lighter fluid. Go to a hardware store and buy naptha. Its what lighter fluid is.
Only cheaper. Also sold as rubber cement thinner. About $2/qt. [Charles Kroon]
I've used lighter fluid safely as well, but I was reminded of a janitor trying to get gum out of
a carpet by freezing it. Sometimes they use an aerosol can of FREON, sometimes dry ice,
sometimes a tuna can with ice in it. The idea is to get the gum brittle. I've never tried it on
books. [Wm Sen Glen]
baking soda and kitty litter. (I'm open for any more suggestions). BTW, in my experience,
Lysol works the fastest but to a small extent trades one odor for another. Baking soda and
kitty litter are the best. I place a bowl at the bottom and put the SSU in that. 3. Over this I
invert a wire basket (milk crate). This covers the SSU and decreases the chance of getting it
on the books. 4. On top of the wire crate I place clean paper and set the books on top.
Depending on the book, it might be lying flat or standing erect with pages splayed open.
(There's always the danger of curious dogs or teenagers tipping over the whole contraption
!!) 5. I go away and forget about it for a while. This tends to run anywhere from weeks to
months. [Bill and Barb Wright]
mildew, had that telltail odor. In addition, a couple of the volumes had "philandering pussy
cat" musk about them. We plunged the books into the middle of a box of unscented clay
clumping kitty litter, having first very lightly "misted" them with lysol. We held the lysol
can approximately 4' above the books, and gave a very light psst! on the spray nozzle,
letting the fine mist drift over them. After a week we pulled the books out of the box of
kitty litter and behold, they no longer smelled. [Bree Books ]
Cedar Chips: Cedar chips have done wonders for me with all kinds of odors. You get a
bag at a pet store, then put the books and a load of cedar chips in a plastic garbage bag or
sealed carton for a period of time. The most difficult to deodorize are art books on coated
papers. How long it takes depends on the odor, but the cedar chips leave no odor. [Evert
Volkersz ]
Coffee Grounds: Some booksellers have had luck with removing mold/must smell from
old paperbacks by placing them in a plastic bag, and placing an open container of coffee
grounds in the bag, and then leaving for a week or so (seems to help if placed in a warm
environment). The mold smell disappears, and the books, if aired for a couple of days
before being placed on the shelfs, lose the coffee smell. Both used and un-used coffee
grounds are said to work. Haven't heard if this works with hardcovers or other items. [John
F. Kuenzig ]
Diss: Someone also suggested the use of diss... you know - that stuff they store with film
that absorbes moisture. [Nate's Books ]
Fabric Softener Sheets: I got this suggestion from someone on AOL last year. Tried it
with an ARC of Jurassic Park which must have lived its whole life in the smoking
lounge...It pretty much worked, might have worked better if I'd been more diligent or used
more strips... The suggestion is to take one or two of those dryer fabric softener sheets (I
use Bounce), cut them into a few lengthwise strips and place the strips here and there inside
the book. Then seal the book up in a plastic bag, strips and all, and wait for some period of
time which I don't remember (I left my copy sitting around for months, but that wasn't
really on purpose). Probably a week or so. And no, I have no idea whether this would be
chemically bad for the book's paper; certainly my ARC wasn't any the worse for the
treatment, that I noticed anyway. [Suzanne Saunders ]
White Vinegar: My pet way of getting rid of odors in books is thus: Put the book on thread
spools [or something similar] in the microwave oven. Use another object to prop open the
topside cover. DO NOT TURN ON THE OVEN!!! Place a saucer of white vinegar in the
oven, and let it set overnight. One night usually takes care of it. The book may smell like
vinegar for a few hours, but then is odor free. [Diane Johnson ]
Ozone: At Wells Books, we have converted an unused closet into an ozone chamber. Books
from the homes of smokers or from smoke damage in house fires go into this "chamber"
with our ozone machine going for a two hour session. This will remove almost all the
smoke smell (also most mildew smell). This is the method used by the Royal B.C. Museum
and by many companies specializing in insurance claims. We first started this when one of
our stores had a serious fire. The ozone treatment if done many times over the life of a book
might damage the make up of the paper. But then, badly smoked books would have a
shorter life time anyway. What smell isn't removed can be wiped off with a treated sponge
from a janitor supply store (again the type of thing used by the folks who clean up after
house fires). We not only clean our own books, we would also provide a service to our
customers on Vancouver Island. [Wells Books ]
hands of its readers. The above treatment will remove a lot of that grease, which can be
restored in the form of a very small amount of very low-acidity (ideally ph neutral)
vegetable oil - or just a lot of handling with sweaty hands! Actually, the grease from fingers
is slightly acid, and in itself aids corrosion in the long run. [John Wilson]
(2) Killing off the spores. The spores (if they are such) are probably best killed off by
sunshine, which apparently works just as well (or even better) behind glass as in the open
air. Leave it on the windowsill on a sunny day for an hour or so. Ideally, if you are going to
dampen the board to clean it, do it on a sunny day and put the book in the sun to dry. Don't
do *any* of the above on anything that's really valuable; leave it in the hands of a
professional. [John Wilson]
residue after rinsing, & is harmful over time, but no better option has been proposed. It is
restricted to use on items truly worthy of preservation, & which have egregious foxing. All
de-foxing chemical bleaches have to be rinsed. A book of considerable age & rarity that is
being devoured by fungus, it can be disbound, each separated signature soaked in dilute
Chloramine-T, then rinsed to remove residues, & rebound. This is not very useful for entire
books of only average value.
There is a very dangerous & impossible to do at home method of removing foxing from
books that used Chloramine gas. I've seen reports that this is safe for the book & may be the
only method guaranteed not to replace foxing with waterdamage. But the technique requires
resources only the aerospace industry could provide. The book has to be laced in a riffled-
open position so all the pages can be gassed, & the gas chamber better be air tight. I've
never known of this being done by booksellers, & no standard archival resource mentions it
as a viable option, though the Univeristy of Washington experimented with it to good
results with the assistance of Boeing Aerospace back in the late 1970s -- I've heard nothing
about it since.
Some archivists claim (hope rather) calcium hypochlorite leaves less residue even than
Chloramine-T soaks, but others have said calcium hypochlorite clings so well to paper it is
extremely hard to rinse out & so is not preferable to Chlor-T. Again, it's a submersal
technique, hardly practical for books.
One old method is a three-part deal, requiring three hotographic chemical trays. The first
tray has potassium permaganate diluted one to 16 parts water. Each page is submersed for a
half-minute this solution, then moved to a second tray with sodium meta-bisulphite diluted
one to sixteen parts water, again for a half-minute. The third tray should be a "flushing" tray
with water running thrugh it continuously. This a rinse, to wash out the killed & loosened
foxing, & to remove the chemicals themselves. This elaborate method has pretty much been
displaced by Chloramine-T or by calcium hypochlorite which requires only one rather than
two distinct baths before rinse.
Sodium borohydride in a 5% solution is also used. The majority of archivists don't seem to
use it, but a few claim it does not need to be rinsed, because its residues leave a deposit of
alkalinity that might actually benefit the paper.
Exposure one sheet at a time to UV light (artificially generated, or mere sunlight exposure)
is the only "safe" bleaching method & even that is not safe for paper containing lignen,
which will rapidly oxidize from ultra violet exposure, with darkening effect as lousy as the
foxing. It works best with slight moistening of the surface & strong UV radiation. If it's just
the random page it might be a tolerable method, otherwise it takes one hell of a long time.
The moisture-&-UV method is reportedly the least damaging of all methods (except
possibly the unavailable gas-chamber method). The Paper Conservator #21, 1997, has a
lengthy article on the method: "Aqueous light bleaching of modern rag paper: an effective
tool for stain removal." It is useful for cleaning foxed color plates that have been removed,
treated, & reinserted, but doing it to an entire book would not be time effective.
All methods requiring water (dampening, or submersive) risk damage to water soluable
inks. Most dyes used in books are color-fast but very old books with color plates sometimes
used indigo in the inking mix to achieve purple & blue colorations that will bleed when
dampened. Further, rinsing with fresh water (from the tap) risks introducing iron impurities
to the paper, damaging over time, so dionized or distilled water is sometimes
recommended. High quality papers can sometimes be wetted in a manner that will dry
unharmed, but an awful lot of papers will either change their thickness or wrinkle before
they dry, & that damage is irreversible. Spot-testing helps in the decision process. By &
large it is a trade-off & defoxing is recommended only when the level of foxing is more
detrimental.
But I'm afraid any bookseller who claims to have a magic method of foxing removal is
likely spraying a mist of dilute Chlorox that damages the cellulose in the paper & does
permanent harm, though if he can sell the cleaned-up book quickly enough by making it
look momentarily nice & bright, he's probably succeeded at his only real goal. All
functional methods apart from UV exposure require submersal so one would expect signs
of a book having been disbound & rebound, with some slight evidence of contact with
water if not outright overt water damage.
The bottom line is there is no truly reasonable & effective way of defoxing a book, perhaps
at most these methods are credible for a single fox-stained illustration plate or a few
egregiously fungally-darkened pages that'll look better slightly wrinkled than they look all
splotchy. Books stored in temperature controlled rooms (in the 60-67 degrees F range) with
no more than 50% humidity will not develop foxing, & foxing that is established will be
retarded in further growth. If you live in the Philipines or South Carolina or Dallas where
humidity can be 100% then books that have foxing started in them are pretty much doomed
& will infect nearby books as well, unless a first-rate dehumidifier is in place. There is
perhaps another bottom line, that paper is not so permanent as we would dream, & all we
can do is limit the decay of books so they will last a lot longer than our own lifetime, but
eventual decay is inescapable. [Paghat]
There's really only one technique which *might* work and at the same time will not
damage the book in other ways (e.g., by impregnating corrosive material on the pages).
Wait until it is a fine, sunny day. Then take a piece of moist cotton wool or tissue and very
gently moisten the page. If residue transfers itself from the page to the tissue at this stage,
take a fresh moist tissue and repeat the process until all such residue has been removed. The
tissue should brush over the page with feather-lightness; no pressure at all should be
applied, or the page will *certainly* wrinkle when dried (it will very likely wrinkle
anyway!). Then place the open page in a sunny spot (it doesn't have to be direct sunlight;
behind glass works fine) until it has thoroughly dried. Don't leave it there *too* long, or the
page may start to fade. 20-30 minutes is probably about right - less if it's very hot. Test the
process on a page that doesn't matter too much before touching the title page, etc.
The main things are can go wrong are: (1) As I've already said, the page may wrinkle.
Nevertheless, it may look better wrinkled than foxed. And, if you've done it carefully
(without stretching the fibres of the paper by applying pressure to it while wet), the
wrinkling will be much reduced after the book has been back on the shelf for a few weeks.
(2) If you dab at spots of foxing, rather than washing the whole page smoothly, it may dry
leaving a watermark stain. (3) It may not work anyway. (4) It may not only not work, but it
may leave you with a page which has wrinkles and watermarks in addition to being foxed!!
Finally, when it comes to any advice on this subject from this newsgroup, remember,
"Nothing Costs More than Something for Free" (title of a play by Yukio Mishima)! [John
Wilson]
I've had some success wth this method and the best thing is "it can't hurt if you're careful".
Maybe? Take a slice of white bread and remove the crust. Spread a newspaper to catch the
crumbs. Remember white bread is made with bleached flour and is moist. Gently rub the
bread on the page in a circular motion and it will soon crumble, ball up, and if you're lucky,
start to darken. The light abrasion applied will not harm the paper, the bleach will help
whiten and the moist bread will remove some soiling and lighten stains. Don't expect
perfection but look for improvement. And - hold the mayo. [Sharon Sudderth]
Contents are Lanolin, Neatsfoot Oil & Beeswax. From experience, use in very small
amounts per application. Too much moisture at one time may cause warping to the boards.
It's recommended to rotate books so they get the treatment every six months. [Bill
Strawbridge]
That depends. If your leather is dry and powdery, nothing will really help. Conservators
will use a 5% soluction of Klucel-G in alcohol, but unless you've used it before, I advise
against it. The last thing you want to do is get old leather wet with water. It has the potential
to blacken the leather into a gross slime. This is because the water is solubolizing the acids
in the leather and essentially burning it up. There are leather dressings available which
should be used VERY sparingly, especially if the leather is cracked to avoid staining the
paper. For more information you can contact these two vendors: Bookbinder's Warehouse
(KarenC5071@aol.com) or Bookmakers (bookmowery@aol.com). They'll both be able to
steer you to the right product. [Peter Verheyen]
You can make a nice leather dressing with 60% lanolin (available from some drugstores)
and 40% Neat's foot oil (available from leather stores, hardware stores, etc.). Melt the
lanolin, preferably in a double boiler, and add the neat's foot oil, stir until well mixed, and
let cool. Some recipes call for cedar wax, bee's wax and other adjuncts, but the
lanolin/neat's foot oil does the job nicely and will not be found ten years from now to have
some harmful ingredient that was once considered benign. Read Middleton's book 'The
Restoration of Leather Bindings' for a good breakdown on the various treatments. The
above recipe will, for about ten bucks, make ten year's worth (unless you buy 100 leather
books a year!) [Greg]
Try Fredelka Formula, made by Metalkem Ltd. PO Box 3, Haverford PA 19041. A 100-
gram can goes for about $7-10. I buy mine from a local bookseller. I don't know where he
gets it. It contains neatsfoot oil, beeswax and microwax (whatever that is). [Gerard
Gormley]
Try ordinary Vaseline, the kind you get in any supermarket. [John Motavalli]
I've heard that Vaseline will eventually dry out and possibly harm the leather. I use
Marney's conservation leather dressing. Got a bottle a few years back from a book binder. It
works good and lasts forever. Bet it's available on the net. [William Strawbridge]
process will usually correct off kilter or rolled spines. GO EASY !! don't cook 'em on high
for 4 days or anything like that. Suggested: 30 seconds on low setting. [Blake at LDC]
go into the storage room and use them there. [Christopher Mullin]
again. In these days of email, I still think you'll get a better response with snail mail.
Authors seem to have a "thing" about the printed word. [Mike Berro]
5. Book Terminology
5.1 What is the Difference Between "First Edition" and "First Printing"
Discussion of book editions, printings & states hinges on the printing technology used.
From the time of Gutenberg in the later half of the 1400s to the first half of the 1800s the
usual printing methods used moveable type; individual letters, symbols and characters set
up on racks to form a mirror image of the desired text, and inked. Then paper is laid on top
and pressed so the image of the type is transferred to the paper. Traditionally, an edition is
all copies of a book printed from one setting of the type so the first edition is all copies
printed from the first setting of type, with the type being dispersed and reused for other
books. Reprinting would involve resetting the type from scratch which would allow for the
correction of typographical and editorial errors, revision by the author or editor, the
updating of information and expanding the amount of material covered. If the changes and
corrections are substantive enough the publisher will describe a later printing as a second,
revised, corrected or expanded edition. It is also possible to stop the printing process, reset a
small section (one miss-spelled word or perhaps an entire page) and then carry on. That
portion of the first printing/first edition before the pause would be the first state, after the
pause would be the second state. A leaf or gathering of leaves might be reprinted and
inserted into the book, replacing the original leaf or gathering even after the book was
bound. Such inserted leaves are called cancels. Later printings of fiction, poetry etc. would
probably not differ from the first except for correcting typographical and grammatical
errors. [R. R. Knott]
Technological advances in the nineteenth century allowed for printing from a larger
(usually)metal plate which would include the text of an entire page, leaf, gathering etc. This
plate could be melted down and the metal reused or it could be stored and kept for later
printings. Thus it is harder to change the text and make corrections but deletion of text
(such as a date on the title-page) or the addition of text to a blank section (such as "Third
Printing" on a copyright page) is still easy. [R. R. Knott]
"Modern First Editions" is an area of collecting (usually literature) where the establishment
of the actual edition is paramount. Since there are seldom editorial changes made after the
book is published the term "First Edition" really means "First Printing". The term "Second
Printing before publication" indicates that the publisher received more orders for the book
than anticipated and had to get it reprinted even before it was shipped. Any second printing
and pre-publication printings of a title would not be of interest to most "First Edition'
collectors. [R. R. Knott]
5.2 What is the Difference Between "First Edition" and "First Trade Edition"
"First trade ed" means there was some sort of limited edition published first.. I might add
that in earlier times (and now) there are other, non-trade 1st editions which are not just parts
of this proccess --- private printings later picked up by a mass market publisher, for
example.
Another example is T. E. Lawrence "Seven Pillars of Wisdom", 1st trade edition (I think
that is what I have), which states on the copyright page 'Privately Printed 1926 First
Published for General Circulation 1935.' [Richard Weaver]
pulp weighed about 70 lbs at this point-- they must have been big strong guys!). The deckle
was a separate frame that sat on top of the wire and determined the size of the sheet, by
preventing the pulp from dribbling off the sides. [Ron Bean]
After shaking the mold to remove some of the water and align the fibers, the vatman
removed the deckle and passed the mold to the "coucher" (pronounced "coocher") who
expertly flipped the wet sheet off the wire mold onto a stack, without breaking or wrinkling
the sheet, and placed a sheet of felt between each layer (the roller at the end of the wire
section of a fourdrinier machine is still called the "couch roll"). When he had 144 layers of
paper, he passed the stack to the "layman" who put it in a screw press to press out the water.
A three-man crew could make about 1000 sheets a day (followed by more steps for drying
and sizing). [Ron Bean]
On machine-made paper, a jet of water cuts off the ragged edge as the wet paper leaves the
wire section of the machine, forming an edge similar to a "deckle edge". It's also possible to
"fake it" on a separate machine [Ron Bean]
sociological history of their time. Collectors' societies were founded first in Britain and
Germany, and spread to all Europe and the USA. I suggest you get in touch with Mrs.
Audrey S. Arellanes, president of the American Society of Bookplate designers and
collectors, 605 N. Stoneman Ave., Apt F, Alhambra, Calif 91801., tel 818 570-9404. Today
there are about 30 collectors' societies around the world, even in Japan. They buy and sell
collections; also, collectors commission bookplates from artists, with their name on them,
partly stick them in their books and partly exchange them with other collectors. Modern ex-
libris collections are in fact small-size art graphics collections, and of great interest.
[Benoit]
Cancel: A cancel is something that almost never occurs anymore but has been quite
common in the past. I'll use TOM JONES as an example. It was re-issued in the first year of
publication without change of title pages, in a page-for-page but not a line-for-line reprint.
In the first edition there are errata for the first five volumes. In the second edition the errata
are removed and the errors corrected. Within the Jerome Kern copy of TOM JONES, there
were "cancels" - corrected pages had been inserted into the collation of the book. In other
words, there were sheets from two different printings represented in the book. Since the
number of pages was the same as it should have been for a true first, the experts who had
handled the book overlooked the fact that second edition sheets had replaced first edition
sheets. A "cancel" represents a cancellation of an error. [Bill Wright]
Chip: An edge tear (usually triangular shaped) which has resulted in the loss of a small
portion of the dust jacket. "Lightly chipped" usually refers to a dust jacket with a few chips
all smaller than 1/4 inch. "Chipped" usually refers to dust jacket with a couple of chips as
large as 3/4 inch and several smaller chips. [Craig Newtson]
Closed Tear: A tear in the dust jacket that resulted in no loss of material. When held
closed, the presense of the tear should not be obvious at a glance. [Craig Newtson]
Colophon: The first definition refers to a leaf at the end of a book providing information on
edition, printing etc. The second is a publisher's ornamental device often located on the
copyright page. [Pasha-1]
Flyleaf: The blank leaf (or leaves) between the end papers and the printing at the beginning
and the end of a book. [Ed Schaeffer]
Foxing: A discoloration of the paper in a book, consisting of light brown spots. Paper
containing iron particles or fungus, or both, may develop such spots with age. Since paper
that is of anything less than the highest quality may eventually develop some foxing, this
does not necessarily diminish the value of any old book, although a dealer should certainly
be expected to mention this condition if offering a book for sale. [Mike Berro]
Foxing: Haller is not totally correct about foxing. The basic cause of foxing is the presence
of acid in paper manufactured from wood pulp. (Never live down-wind from a pulp or pulp
and paper mill.) The acid is used to break down the wood fibres. Manufacturers of better
pulp paper will attempt to neutralize the acid but this can not be done 100%. Also the acid
in the paper will not be evenly distributed and will work more on some fibres with the
result that some parts of the paper are more porous than others. These more porous areas
are more likely to absorb contaminants (dust, fungus, chemicals, oils etc from the fingers of
readers handling the paper, etc.) which discolour these spots. Books that have been kept in
very clean conditions will not suffer foxing as much as books that have been subject to
constant bombardment by dust, smoke etc. Humidity will also affect the process with more
humid air being capable of carrying more dust etc. to say nothing of the fungus etc. that
humidity promotes. [R. R. Knott]
FPT: "Freight Pass Through." This acronym, found on some dust jackets, means that the
price includes shipping. The presence of this acronym is an indication that the book is not a
book club edition. [Steve Thompson]
French Flaps: Trade pb covers with inturned "front flaps" and "back flaps", as if the cover
were covering boards, except it isn't. A bit of fancy packaging ostentation. [Patrick Nielsen
Hayden]
Frontispiece: An illustration presented before the beginning of a book's text (usually before
the title page). [Craig Newtson]
Galleys: Back in the dark ages before MacIntosh, (but following the darker ages of hot
metal) printers used a process of shooting negatives from positive film. The negatives were
then used to make plates to print the books. The positive film was supplied by the book
compositor (those people who typeset books) and was known as "repro". In order to ensure
the fonts and other typographic elements were shown as they would appear in final form,
the compositors ran repro at every stage of production (usually three stages -- galleys,
pages, and final pages).
Joint: The exterior juncture of the spine and covers of a (usually) case-bound book.
Although the term "joint" is often used to indicate the internal juncture of the board paper
and fly leaf of a book, the more appropriate term here is "hinge." [Moi the Bibliomaniac]
Laid In: Refers to a separate piece of paper, like a note, envelope, or review slip, placed in
the book without any adhesive. [Bud Webster]
Laydown: A bookseller's term for a book that has been shipped to resellers prior to
publication, and is not to be displayed or sold until the publication date. [Mike Berro]
NAP: "No additional printings." Many publishers do not explicitly identify the first printing
of their first editions (with a number line or with a copyright page statement like "First
Edition" or "First Printing" or "First Impression"), but they do state later printings. So FEs
from these publishers can be identified if no additional printings are listed on the copyright
page. For example, you might see a dealer listing a copy of the first printing of Thomas
Harris's "Red Dragon" (Putnam, 1981) with the notation (NAP), because that was Putnam's
system before 1985. [Jon Meyers]
PBO: Paperback original, a book that was first released as a paperback (i.e., no previous
hardcover edition.) [Lawrence Person]
Photo-play Edition: A book that is illustrated with still photographs from a motion picture.
These editions were most popular during the 1920's. A photo-play edition may or may not
be a first edition. Photo-play editions that are not first editions often command premiums
over other reprints. [Craig Newtson]
Price Clipped: Most books have the price printed on the dust jacket, usually the top right
corner of the inside flap. People often clip this off (diagonal cut) when giving a book as a
gift.
Remainder Mark: A remainder mark is a line drawn by a magic marker or some such
thing across the top or bottom edge of a book to identify the book as a remainder so that
book doesn't come back to the publisher from a bookseller as a return on a full price. Ian
Ellis, in BOOK FINDS (1996), states that such marks knock 20% or more off the price of
an otherwise "mint" book. [Ken MacIver]
Soiled: A book or dust jacket that is discolored by the presence of a foreign substance such
as dust or dirt. If the contaminate has actually damaged the integrity of the book this
damage should be noted seperately. Damage due to water/moisture should not be referred to
as soiling (generally speaking). [Craig Newtson]
T.E.G.: "Top edge gilt", meaning that the top edge of the page block has been painted gold.
One reason is that it makes books easier to dust. Also "A.E.G", which is "all edges gilt."
Tipped In.: Lightly attached, by gum or paste, usually at the inner edge, as opposed to
bound in or sewn in. [Jon and Kate Butler]
Trade paperback: A book that may be returned to the publisher for credit. (To save money
on shipping and storage, mass market paperbacks have the covers stripped off the
paperback and returned to the publisher, who credits the store for the paperback as though it
was returned.) Most of the time (but not always) a trade paperback will be closer to the size
of a hardback than a mass market paperback. [Lawrence Person]
WAF: "With all faults."
6. Value Judgements
6.1 Are Book Club Editions Valuable?
At least some are "collectible", if not valuable. Don't ever make the mistake, as I did, that
there is anything that is not collectible. [Mike Berro]
I believe it is agreed that, in general, book club editions are not collectable. However, I
have found that for some authors and some editions, book clubs are preferable to paperback
originals. These are usually sought by readers rather than "collectors", but even this isn't
universally true. For example, Danniel Steel fans like to collect the hard covers of her
books, but the early ones were only available in paperback. If these are found, their usually
in pretty ratty shape. For this reason the book clubs, which ordinarily go for from $2 to $5,
may command prices from $8 to $15 and even a bit higher if signed. [Jeff Kreider]
Ideally, in my collection of C.S. Forester, I'd have a copy of every edition, including BCEs,
paperbacks, what have you. [Mark Wilden]
The Folio Book Society publications will always be collected. Collin's Crime Club (which
was a different sort of Book Club) will always be collectable as long as people want to buy
Agatha Christie firsts. Gollantz (sic) Left Wing Book Club etc... The list goes on and on!
[John-Henry Collinson]
Speaking as a SF collector, there are several books that are first editions from the SF Book
Club ("Lord Foul's Bane" by Donaldson springs to mind). As a result, these are certainly
collectable. Also, given the number of paperback only titles in the field, the book clubs are
also collectable as "cheap hardcover" editons (early C.J. Cherryh comes to mind). However,
in all cases that I am aware of, the book clubs do NOT command that much of a price
(about equivalent to collectable paper backs). [Joe Kalash]
years." The book doesn't include prices (which is fine), but it makes an excellent checklist
for completists. [Scot Kamins]
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill purchased the archives of the J.M. Dent
Co. (original publishers of the Everyman Library Series) several years ago. It is divided
between the Rare Book Collection and the Manuscripts Department, both in Wilson Library
at UNC. There is a wealth of information about the history of the Everyman Series in both
manuscript and printed forms. Any future bibliographer of the series would need to use this
collection. One of the major disappointments of the collection, however, is the absence of a
complete collection of the Everyman books published by Dent. We are slowly trying to
remedy that situation. --Charles McNamara / Curator of Rare Books / Wilson Library /
UNC at Chapel Hill [Charles McNamara]
http://www.randomhouse.com/everymans/ is a site for the new items in the series, including
an alphabetic catalog of (I believe) all current 250 pieces in print. I excluded this site, as I
would exclude Random House's Modern Library site, because I don't consider the current
perfect-bound and overpriced issues worth collecting. (snort.) [Scot Kamins]
with thousands of variant printings, as is The Scrapbook. Numerous writers 'ghosted' his
biographical sketches (Sadakichi Hartmann wrote a particularly scathing history of his
employment at Roycroft). Collectible, but nowhere near that of Kelmscott. [Steve in Dallas]
They were widely-used between 1830 and 1920 and some versions are still in print today.
For the most part, the ones with the greatest collectible value are those which have
copyright dates before 1879 when Van Antwerp Bragg published them in large quantities
over several decades. For these textbooks the name of the publisher is helpful in verifying
the vintage. For example, Henry Ford had fond memories of these and fueled much of the
interest in the books in the 1910s and 1920s. I believe that he purchased William Holmes
McGuffey's schoolhouse and brought it to his Dearborn, Michigan heritage park of
historical buildings. The reprints in the 1920s were sold there and mostly published by
American Book Company (I believe). The most recent editions (still in print today) are by
Van Nostrand Rinehold (the nice ones) and by Mott Media. The earlier editions often have
the name "Smith" in the publisher name though there are some variations which I have not
seen documented. The books for the youngest children are natuarally the hardest to find.
These books tended to be used for generations and received heavy use. A copyright date of
1879 is one part of the puzzle but the publisher name is another along with the condition.
"Fair condition" is typical but usually not especially valuable as a book collectible. It would
sell for much more in an antique store venue where aesthetics (how would this look on an
old table?) are more important than condition and content--the most important factors for
books collectors. [James D. Keeline]
"Sample books" is exactly the right term; also "canvassing books." They were used during
the 19th & early 20th centuries for just what you'd imagine: Salesmen would show them to
potential customers. Sometimes the books included not just a sample of the text &
illustrations but also showed binding options that the customer could choose--cloth or
leather in various colors, spine & cover decoration, endpapers, edge-gilding, etc. And some
of these books also had the customer list or subscription forms bound in. Apparently, the
largest collection of these books has been amassed by a man named Michael Zinman; there
is a published bibliography of his collection, entitled "Canvassing Books, Sample Books,
and Subscription Publishers' Ephemera 1833-1951 in the Collection of Michael Zinman."
The April 1997 issue of "Biblio" magazine has a short article on Zinman's collection written
by Nicholas Basbanes, who also wrote about some of Zinman's other collecting interests &
exploits in his book "A Gentle Madness" (Holt, 1996). [Jon Meyers]