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DAVALOS, Lennon Blaise dC.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Presentation of Past Findings

The alarming rate at which the global population rises poses a threat to world sanitation due to its
accompanying waste generation, allowing seepage to spill through habitats and into water
systems consequently providing a haven for harmful pathogens. Current methods employed by
third world countries which are guilty of high population growth are inadequate and is not
suitable for long term processing to nullify the damage done to the environment. In India, waste
dumps and landfills are the common answer for waste collection offering no environmental
protection whatsoever. Greenhouse gases and other biohazards are allowed to accumulate
affecting the earths climate as well as humanitys health by the action of pollutants entering our
food supplies and water reserves. In response to this the South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation (SAARC) opted for engineered facilities geared to reusing waste for energy
generation (Kumar et al, 2017).

That aside, Indias Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), a separate institution with the
same goals toward environmental rehabilitation chose an emerging technology called
bioremediation. It makes use of earths inherent biodiversity to combat contamination and other
threats. This novel process provides a safer alternative for inorganic and organic spills, mining
and agricultural runoff, as well as hazardous trash through the introduction of organisms, usually
microbes, capable of absorbing, digesting and processing pollutants in order to break it into
simpler forms (Prasad, 2011). A similar area of endophytic research aptly coined biocontrol,
involves the incorporation of antagonistic species in an area rife with pests in order to control its
population. Since it does not warrant a lot for maintenance it is hence cheaper than other existing
methods (Griffin, 2014).

Specific examples involve the use of microorganisms present in coal mines, Acidithiobacillus
ferrooxidans and other commonly occurring acidophilic Archaea, to metabolize iron and sulfate
for the rehabilitation of mine water (Klein, Mhling, &Schlmann, 2013). The infamous BP
Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010 was mitigated by deep-sea bacteria. A cocktail of
microorganisms, dominated by the class Oceanospirilales, was able to degrade petroleum
hydrocarbons paving the way for easier clean up (Atlas & Hazen, 2011). Agricultural runoff
contaminated with high amounts of nitrogenous compounds has been shown to be remediated by
the species Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Xie et al, 2013). In the Philippines, the DGA14 strain of
B. amyloliquefacien shas been studied by Alvindia ? who is alvindia? Year for its antagonistic
effect toward pathogenic fungi. In partnership with Natusaki (2009) they used DGA14 in
combatingcrown rot in banana plants. He, along with Acda (2015) has since adapted the strain
for the prevention of anthracnose in Carabao mango. Based onhis experiments, the postharvest
application of DGA14 showed reduced occurrence of disease compared to fruits treated with
fungicide. What about in other crops?
In the Philippines, the DGA14 strain of B. amyloliquefaciens has been studied for its antagonistic
effect toward pathogenic fungi. Alvindia, in partnership with Natusaki (2009), has used the
DGA14 in combating crown rot in banana plants. In a similar study, the strain has been adapted
for the prevention of anthracnose in Carabao mango (Alvindia & Acda, 2015). Based on these
experiments, the postharvest application of DGA14 showed reduced occurrence of disease
compared to fruits treated with fungicide.

B. Justification/Identification of Knowledge Gaps

The current study aims to utilize Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as a biocontrol agent. Previous
experiments conducted showed antagonistic effect of the DGA14 strain toward pathogens at a
more effective scale than commercial pesticides and has been shown to metabolize nitrogen
derivatives caused by fertilizer runoff. This study proposes bioremediation and treatment of
water with the DGA14 strain to combat potential contaminants. Collected water samples are to
be tested for microbial presence which would then be inoculated in a medium with DGA14 to
test for antibiosis.

C. Proposed Topic/Title
Application of Bacillus amiloliquefaciens as a Microbial Control Agent in Bioremediation of
Contaminated Water
Studies on bioremediation of contaminated water has been done for a long time already as
many students have actually submitted thoser as topics for a res proposal; wat is the new aspect
here; the bacillus? Has not been done in the past? If you google, you will find many past studies/
what makes your study diff from the rest?

D. Literature Cited
Alvindia, D.G., and Acda, M.A (2015) The antagonistic effect and mechanisms of Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens DGA14 against anthracnose in mango cv. Carabao.Biocontrol
Science and Technology.Vol 25, Iss. 5. Retrieved August 19, 2017 from
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09583157.2014.996738?journalCode=cbst2
0
Alvindia, D.G., and Natsuaki, K.T (2009) Biocontrol activities of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
DGA14 isolated from banana fruit surface against banana crown rot-causing
pathogens.Crop Protection.Volume 28, Issue 3 Pages 236-242. Retrieved August 19,
2017 from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261219408002093
Atlas, R.M., and Hazen, T.C (2011) Oil Biodegradation and Bioremediation: A Tale of the Two
Worst Spills in U.S.History.Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 (16), pp 67096715. Retrieved
August 26, 2017 fromhttp://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es2013227
Griffin, M.R. (2014) Biocontrol and Bioremediation: Two Areas of Endophytic Research Which
Hold Great Promise. In: Verma V., Gange A. (eds) Advances in Endophytic Research.
Springer, New Delhi. Retrieved August 23, 2017 from
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-81-322-1575-2_14
Klein, R., Tischler, J.S., Mhling M., and Schlmann, M (2013) Bioremediation of Mine Water.
In: Schippers A., Glombitza F., Sand W. (eds) Geobiotechnology I. Advances in
Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, vol 141. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Retrieved August 24, 2017 fromhttps://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/10_2013_265

Kumar, S., Smith,S. R., Fowler, G., Velis, C., Kumar, S. J., Arya, S. R., Kumar, R., and
Cheeseman, C (2017) Challenges andopportunities associated with waste management in
India. R. Soc. open sci.4: 160764. Retrieved August 23, 2017 from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5383819/

Prasad, M.N.V (2011) A State-of-the-Art report on Bioremediation, its Applications to


Contaminated Sites in India.Dept.of Plant Sciences, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad
500046. Retrieved August 22, 2017 fromhttp://www.moef.nic.in/downloads/public-
information/BioremediationBook.pdf

Xie, F., Zhu, T., Zhang, F., Zhou, K., Zhao, Y., and Li, Z (2013) Using Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens for remediation of aquaculture water.SpringerPlus 2:119. Retrieved
August 26, 2017 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3618884/
Most of the highlighted areas stem from different versions of Microsoft word. A change between
XP to Vista or to Windows 10 messes up the spaces between words. In regards with originality,
the DGA14 strain is relatively newly discovered and its aspects on bioremediation are only
limited to agriculture. This proposal centers on its possible application towards pollution as well
as providing a more accessible source of clean water for people living in third world nations. The
study could be tweaked to shift the focus for the biocontrol of other crops since available
literature only covers mangoes and bananas. A possible alternative would be Application of
Bacillus amiloliquefaciens as a Microbial Control Agent against Fungal pathogens in
Cantaloupes (Cucumis melo).

In response with the vague in-text citation. Alvindia is the main author of 2 studies. One in
partnership with Natsuaki and the other with Acda. What I did was I introduced Alvindia first
then mention his papers, citing the secondary authors as I go along and incorporating the dates of
publication.

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