You are on page 1of 49

ENVIRONMENTAL EGINEERING

BFC 32403
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
BFC 32403
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Introduction
Firman Allah
Berlakulah kerosakan (bencana) di
daratan dan di lautan oleh kerana usaha
manusia sendiri, sehingga Allah
menimpakan pada mereka sebahagian
azab daripada perbuatan mereka itu,
agar mereka kembali ke jalan yang
benar (bertaubat).
(Surah Ar Rum ayat 41)

3
ENVIRONMENT
1. The natural environment encompasses all living and
non-living things occurring naturally on earth or some
region thereof. It is an environment that encompasses
the interaction of all living species. Climate, weather, and
natural resources that affect human survival and
economic activity. The concept of the natural
environment can be distinguished by components:
Complete ecological units that function as natural systems
without massive civilized human intervention, including all
vegetation, microorganisms, soil, rocks, atmosphere, and natural
phenomena that occur within their boundaries and their nature
Universal natural resources and physical phenomena that lack
clear-cut boundaries, such as air, water, and climate, as well
as energy, radiation, electric charge, and magnetism, not
originating from civilized human activity.
4
ENVIRONMENT
2. In contrast to the natural environment is the
built environment. In such areas where man
has fundamentally transformed landscapes
such as urban settings (city and industrial
landscapes) and agricultural land conversion
(deforestation).
The natural environment is greatly modified
and diminished, with a much more simplified
human environment largely replacing it.

5
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Environmental engineering is
manifest by sound engineering
thought and practice in the solution of
problems of environmental sanitation
(cleanliness), notably in the provision
of safe, palatable (pleasant), and
ample of environmental fields for the
benefits of all creatures such as man
and animals.
6
Environmental Scientists and
Engineers
Environmental Science
Identify and quantify pollution problem
Environmental Engineering
Solve pollution problem

Environmental Scientist
1. Evaluate source and nature of pollution problem
2. Evaluate environmental impact
Environmental Engineer
1. Evaluate possible solutions
2. Design, build and operate pollution control systems

7
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO THE EMERGENCE
OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS

Major Global Meetings Issues


1972 Stockholm United Nations Pollution, rates of depletion of non
Conference on the Human Environment renewable fossil fuels and population
growth
1987 World Commission on Environment Idea of sustainable development
and Development (WCED), Brundtland
report: Our Common Future
1987 Montreal Protocol Substances that deplete the ozone layer
1992 Rio Summit in Brazil (Earth Summit): Ozone depletion, tropical deforestation,
Agenda 21 loss of biodiversity, and global warming
1997 Kyoto Protocol Controlling the emissions of greenhouse
gases
2001 Johannesburg Earth Summit Energy, freshwater, food security and
health

8
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

AIR
SOILS WATER

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

SOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE

9
Human Activities = Impacts

Ozone depletion
Global warming

Loss of
Air ,water & land biodiversity
pollution

Population increase
Resource depletion Economic growth

10
WHAT IS GLOBAL CHANGE ?
Global change includes
natural and human- induced
changes in the Earth's
environment .
Global change can be
defined as changes in the
global environment
(including alterations in
climate, land productivity,
oceans or other water
resources, atmospheric
chemistry, and ecological
systems) that may alter the
capacity of the Earth to
sustain life.

11
Human Population Growth
Population growth is the
central cause of the
environmental crisis.
It also depends on the
nature and degree of
industrialization.
The worlds population
presently grows by about
250,000 people per day.
Latest official current world
population estimate, for
mid-year 2011, is estimated
at 6,928,198,253.

12
Graph of population growth

13
Year Population 1960 3 billion
1 200 million 1965 3.3 billion
1000 275 million 1970 3.7 billion
1975 4 billion
1500 450 million
1980 4.5 billion
1650 500 million
1985 4.85 billion
1750 700 million 1990 5.3 billion
1804 1 billion 1995 5.7 billion
1850 1.2 billion 1999 6 billion
1900 1.6 billion 2006 6.5 billion
2009 6.8 billion
1927 2 billion
2011 7 billion
1950 2.55 billion
2025 8 billion
1955 2.8 billion
2043 9 billion
1960 3 billion 2083 10 billion

14
Over-population leads to:

Resource
depletion
Resource
degradation
Pollution
Loss of
biodiversity

15
Impact of Over Population

16
Environmental Pollution
Pollution : A Silent Killer
People are exposed to harmful
pollutants in the air they breathe, the
liquids they drink, the food they eat,
the surface they touch, and the
products they use.

When the environment can not process the


load of pollutants , pollution takes place.
Every environmental system has a carrying
capacity.

18
Water Pollution

Over 1 billion people lack access to safe


water supplies, while 2.6 billion people
lack adequate sanitation.
Water-associated infectious diseases
kills 3.2 million lives each year,
approximately 6% of all deaths globally.
The burden of disease from inadequate
water, sanitation, and hygiene totals 1.8
million deaths.

19
Water Pollutants

Industrial Effluents
Mining and Agricultural
Wastes
Agricultural pesticides,
fertilizers and
herbicides
Sewage Disposal and
Domestic Wastes

20
Impact of Water Pollution
Nutrient loading may lead to
eutrophication .
Organic wastes cause oxygen depletion.
Industrial discharges contain heavy
metals , organic toxins, oils, nutrients, and
solids.
Discharges from power stations can also
have thermal effects, and these too reduce
the available oxygen.
21
Impact of Water Pollution
Heavy metals cause immune suppression,
reproductive failure or acute poisoning.
Organic pollutants deplete DO and mass
fish-kills.
Suspended particles reduce quality of
drinking water, amount of light penetration
and growth of photosynthetic plants and
microorganisms.

22
Risk to swim, drink in polluted lake?

SIGNPOST WARNING :
Tasik Biru in Bau Sarawak
contains high level of
arsenic 14 times higher
than Class IIB standard.
Public is strongly advised
not to fish, swim and bathe
in the lake or to use lake
water for drinking or other
purposes
(Lembaga Sumber Air dan Persekitaran
Sarawak)

23
Arsenic Poisoning

Prolonged exposure to unsafe levels of


the metal arsenic in drinking water
can lead to poisoning, or arsenicosis.
Symptoms include skin problems,
cancers of the skin, bladder, kidneys
and lungs Read more from Asian
Scientist Magazine

24
AIR POLLUTION

25
Air Pollution
Air pollution occurs when the air contains
gases, dust, fumes or odor in harmful
amounts generated by various sources
such emission from vehicles and
industries

it is harmful to all living organisms when


concentrated gases exceed safe limits.

26
Causes of Air Pollution
Anthropogenic (man-made) sources:
Stationary Sources include smoke stacks of power plants,
manufacturing facilities (factories) and waste incinerators, as well
as furnaces and other types of fuel-burning heating devices. In
developing and poor countries, traditional biomass burning is the
major source of air pollutants; traditional biomass includes wood,
crop waste and dung.
Mobile Sources include motor vehicles
Chemicals, dust and controlled burned practices in
agriculture and forest management.
Fumes from paint, hair spray, varnish, aerosol spray and other
solvents
Waste deposition in landfills, which generate methane.
Military resources, such as nuclear weapons, toxic gases, germ
warfare and rockets
27
Causes of Air Pollution
Natural sources:
Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land with few or no
vegetation
Methane emitted by the digestion of food by animals, for example
cattle
Radon gas from radioactive decay within the Earths crust. Radon is
a colorless, odorless, naturally occurring, radioactive noble gas that
is formed from the decay of radium. It is considered to be a health
hazard. Radon gas from natural sources can accumulate in
buildings, especially in confined areas such as the basement and it
is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer, after cigarette
smoking.
Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires
Volcanic activity, which produces sulfur, chlorine, and ash
particulates
28
Air Pollution Parameters
Table 1.5: Recommended Malaysian Air Quality Standards (At 25oC and 101.13 kPa)
Averaging Malaysia Guideline
Pollutant
Time (ppm) (g/m3)
1 Hour 0.10 200
Ozone (O3)
8 Hour 0.06 120
1 Hour 30 35 mg/m3
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
8 Hour 9 10 mg/m3
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 1 Hour 0.17 320
10 Minute 0.19 500
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
1 Hour 0.13 350
24 Hour 0.04 105
24 Hour 260
Particles TSP
1 Year 90
24 Hour 150
Particulate Matter (PM10 / PM2.5)
1 Year 50

Lead (Pb) 3 Month 1.5


29
Impact of Air Pollution
 Visibility reduction - airborne
particles
 Material damage - damage to
rubber goods and textiles
 Agricultural damage damages
all kinds of crops
 Psychological effects
psychosomatic diseases (such
as stress)
 Physiological and health effects
respiratory / cardiovascular
diseases and lung cancer

30
ImpactsN
Some impacts from increasing temperatures are
already happening.
Ice is melting worldwide, especially at the Earths
poles. This includes mountain glaciers, ice sheets
covering West Antarctica and Greenland, and Arctic
sea ice.
Researcher Bill Fraser has tracked the decline of the
Adlie penguins on Antarctica, where their numbers
have fallen from 32,000 breeding pairs to 11,000 in 30
years.
Sea level rise became faster over the last century.
Some butterflies, foxes, and alpine plants have moved
farther north or to higher, cooler areas.
Precipitation (rain and snowfall) has increased across
the globe, on average.
31
Acid Rain

32
Acid Rain

33
Impact of Acid Rain on the Environment

Contamination of lakes and forests.


Reducing the populations of small invertebrates and
decomposers.
Reducing agricultural yields.
Causing extensive structural damage by corroding
marble, metal, and stonework.
Degrading water supplies by leaching heavy metals
from the soil.
Increasing lung cancer and colon cancer.

34
Impact of Acid Rain

Trees killed by acid rain in Acid rain had also impacted Taj
Republic Czech Mahal, the historical grand
monument

35
Health Effects of Pollution-Overview

36
Heat - trapping gases -Greenhouse gases
Green (GHGs)
House Gases

Carbon Dioxide Nitrous oxide

GHGs
Methane

Chlorofluorocarbons
(CFC) (e.g. Freon, a Halons (halocarbons)
refrigerant) Fire-extinguisher

37
Greenhouse Gases..
One of the first things scientists learned is that there are
several greenhouse gases responsible for warming, and
humans emit them in a variety of ways.
Most come from the combustion of fossil fuels in cars,
factories and electricity production. The gas
responsible for the most warming is carbon dioxide,
CO2.
Other contributors include methane released from
landfills and agriculture (especially from the digestive
systems of grazing animals), nitrous oxide from
fertilizers, gases used for refrigeration and industrial
processes, and the loss of forests that would otherwise
store CO2.

38
Green House Gases
Different greenhouse gases have very different heat-
trapping abilities.
Some of them can even trap more heat than CO2. A
molecule of methane produces more than 20 times the
warming of a molecule of CO2.
Nitrous oxide is 300 times more powerful than CO2.
Other gases, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)
(which have been banned in much of the world because
they also degrade the ozone layer), have heat-trapping
potential thousands of times greater than CO2. But
because their concentrations are much lower than CO2,
none of these gases adds as much warmth to the
atmosphere as CO2 does.
Heat trapping cause GLOBAL WARMING!!!!!!!!

39
40
Other effects could happen later this
century, if warming continuesN.
Sea levels are expected to rise between 7 and 23 inches
(18 and 59 centimeters) by the end of the century, and
continued melting at the poles could add between 4 and 8
inches (10 to 20 centimeters).
storms are likely to become stronger.
Floods and droughts will become more common. Rainfall
in Ethiopia, where droughts are already common, could
decline by 10 percent over the next 50 years.
Ecosystems will changesome species will move farther
north or become more successful; others wont be able to
move and could become extinct. Wildlife research
scientist Martyn Obbard has found that since the mid-
1980s, with less ice on which to live and fish for food,
polar bears have gotten considerably skinnier.

41
GLOBAL WARMING

Half of the polar ice cap is missing: Arctic sea ice hits a new record low
By: Dr. Jeff Masters, 8:53 PM GMT on September 06, 2012 42
Glacial National Park 1938 & 2005

Glacier National Monument, Montana, USA

43
Muir Glacier and Inlet 1880s 2005

Pedersen Glacier, ~1930s 2005 44


Global Warming

45
GREEN PEACE
NGO

46
GREENPEACE
 Greenpeace is a non-governmental environmental organization with
offices in over forty countries and with an international coordinating
body in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
 Greenpeace states its goal is to "ensure the ability of the Earth to
nurture life in all its diversity and focuses its campaigning on world
wide issues such as global
warming, deforestation, overfishing, commercial whaling, genetic
engineering, and anti-nuclearissues.
 Greenpeace uses direct action, lobbying and research to achieve its
goals.
 The global organization does not accept funding from governments,
corporations or political parties, relying on 2.9 million individual
supporters and foundation grants.

47
High cancer
rates in Malaysia
Almost 20% of the population
would suffer from at least one
form of cancer, the first
National Cancer Registry
report revealed today.
Probably due to:
 Contaminated food & water
 Polluted environment
 Lifestyle

48
END

49

You might also like