Application of Closed System

Energy Balance Example 1

Carefully read the problem statement A gas cylinder contains N2 at 200 atm and 80oC. As a
result of cooling at night, the pressure in the cylinder
Evaluate which terms in the energy balance are zero drops to 190 atm and the temperature to 30oC.

U E k E p Q W Which of the terms in the energy equation are zero?

(Ek, Ep, W)
For the non-zero terms, are their values positive or
Write simplified equation negative?
Plug in known values and solve for desired unknown Q = negative
U = negative

Example 2 Example 2 (cont)

Water is pumped from one reservoir to another 300 ft away. The water
level in the second reservoir is 40 ft above the water level of the first
reservoir. How much work per mass of water was performed?
What is the system?
(reservoirs and pump)
Water is pumped from one reservoir to another 300 ft away. The water
level in the second reservoir is 40 ft above the water level of the first
reservoir. How much work per mass of water was performed?
U E k E p Q W
Which terms are zero? Why? (U, Ek, Q)
What is the simplified form of the energy balance?
EP = -W = mgh
How was the work performed? Pump
What is the answer in Btu/lbm? -W/m = gh

ft
32.2 2 40 ft 4

W

s 9.486 10 Btu 0.33 Btu / lbm
m lb ft 0.7376 ft lb f
m kW hr
32.2 lb s 2 9.66 10 5
f lbm
As defined here, is this an open or closed system?

Example 2 (cont) Example 2

How much energy is needed to raise the level in the upper reservoir by
1 ft if the surface area is 8 square miles? What about just letting water flow downhill?
lb 5280 ft
2
Where does the energy go?
m 62.4 m3 8sq miles 1.392 10 lbm
10

ft mile Friction causes slight increase in water temperature (U)

kW hr


W 1.392 1010 lbm 9.66 10 5
lbm
1.34 106 kW hr 0.33 Btu / lbm lbm R 0.33 F
1.0 Btu

$$ 1.34 106 kW hr 8.5
cents
kW hr
$114,271

Assumes 100% pump efficiency!

1
 Terms

Isothermal constant temperature

Q may not be zero
Example: exothermic reaction, but keep T = constant
Problems 7.5 & 7.6
Adiabatic Q = 0
(no heat transferred through boundary)