21 October

Information
This question tests your ability to determine the primary purpose of the passage. Consider the overall context and look for the
answer choice that best highlights the passage's major themes, but avoid choosing one that restates a minor idea or an incomplete
portion of it.
One of the oldest methods of fragrance extraction,

enfleurage consists in using odorless fats to capture
the aromatic compounds released by plants. The simpler
version of compound absorption, in which a glass plate
(5) smeared with animal fat is placed in contact with petals
or flowers bearing the desired scent and left to infuse
for one to three days, the botanical elements being
replaced until the fat is saturated, is known as cold
enfleurage. Its hot counterpart, arguably the oldest
(10) procedure for preserving fragrances, involves heating
solid fats and stirring in the botanical matter,
straining out the flowers and petals until saturation.
In either case, the resulting mass of fragrant fat can
be sold as it is or soaked in ethyl alcohol, which can
(15) then be separated and allowed to evaporate, distilling
what is known as the absolute of the botanical matter.
(Fat separated from ethyl alcohol after this process is
often made into soap.)
Enfleurage has since been supplanted by more
(20) modern, efficient and cost-effective methods. Solvent
extraction, also known as liquid-liquid extraction,
parses compounds by immersing them in two different
liquids resistant to homogenous mixturegenerally
water and another organic solventyielding a soluble
(25) compound apart from the insoluble one. Supercritical
fluid extraction is a version of the same process that
uses substances heated and pressurized above their
critical points, past which chemical properties such as
phase can be tweaked. Enfleurage remains the process of
(30) choice for certain plants, such as jasmine and tuberose,
whose fragility is such that their fragrant compounds
would be destroyed or denatured by more intense
extraction methods.
Question
This passage is most completely concerned with:
Choices
A
Variations among fragrance extraction methods
Your answer was correct!

This is the credited response. The passage never strays far from the comparison of different technologies for extracting odors.
B
The difference between hot and cold enfleurage
This is not the credited choice. It is the main idea of the first paragraph, but the passage moves on to other topics in the second.
C
Minor distinctions in obsolete chemical processes
This is not the credited choice. Not all of the processes presented here are obsolete, only those in the first paragraph, and even
those are still used for certain plants.
D
Bygone techniques in the production of designer odors
This is not the credited choice. Like C, "bygone" is an overstatement: the processes introduced in the second paragraph are all
current.
E
How odor extraction processes have evolved over time
This is not the credited choice. The structure of the passage is such that it moves forward chronologically, but evolution over time is
not the guiding concern in the text.
Information
Enfleurage is discussed primarily in the first paragraph. Be careful not to confuse facts about other methods with those that are
relevant here.

extraction methods.
Question
What do the two types of enfleurage have in common?
Choices
A
Repeated substitution of fresh botanic matter
This is the credited response. Cold enfleurage is said to involve "the botanical elements being replaced until the fat is saturated";
likewise, hot enfleurage involves "straining out the flowers and petals until saturation."
B
The use of intense levels of heat
This is not the credited choice. It should be clear from the names "hot enfleurage" and "cold enfleurage" that this is not the case.
C
A byproduct that can be used as soap
Your answer was incorrect

This is almost true, but the byproduct of either process can be made into soap, not used immediately as such. This is not the
credited choice.
D
Immersion in chemically prepared liquids
This is not the credited choice. It refers more to the processes discussed later in the passage than to either kind of enfleurage. Cold
enfleurage, for instance, does not involve liquid immersion until the ethyl alcohol stage, at which point the enfleurage itself can be
considered done.
E
The use of ethyl alcohol as a solvent
Like D, this is close but ultimately incorrect: use of ethyl alcohol occurs after what is properly called enfleurage is finished. This is not
the credited choice.
Comments About This Question
Information
You should be able to infer from context and morphology that "separative" means "inclined to separate." Of all the techniques
discussed in the passage, find the one that most notably involves separation of compounds.

extraction methods.
Question
Which of the following methods is the most separative?
Choices
A
Liquid-liquid extraction
This is the credited response. Liquid-liquid extraction "parses" compounds and "[yields] a soluble compound apart from the insoluble
one."
B
Cold enfleurage
This is not the credited choice. No part of the description of cold enfleurage involves separation of elements. (Spent botanicals are
strained out, but this is not fundamentally part of the process.)
C
Supercritical fluid extraction

This is not the credited choice. Although supercritical fluid extraction is said to be "a version" of liquid-liquid extraction, there is no
specific mention of separation of elements, as there is in A.
D
Compound absorption
This is not the credited choice. Compound absorption is never said to be an actual technique; it is the general name for the means
by which fragrances can be absorbed, particularly in enfleurage. In any case, enfleurage is not said to be especially separative.
E
Hot enfleurage
This is not the credited choice. No part of the description of hot enfleurage involves separation of elements. (Spent botanicals are
strained out, but this is not fundamentally part of the process.)
Reviewing question 4 of 10
Exit Review
Information
Enfleurage is treated primarily in the first paragraph, but remember that it is mentioned again at the end of the passage, as a
technology less abrasive and intense than modern alternatives. Find the answer that most aptly describes a situation in which this
might be necessary.

extraction methods.
Question
For what purpose might cold enfleurage be used today?
Choices
A
Processing of delicate compounds

This is the credited choice. The passage refers to certain fragile plants, whose compounds "would be destroyed or denatured by more
intense extraction methods"
B
Extraction from botanical elements with no common critical points
This is not the credited choice. Cold enfleurage has nothing to do with critical points, as far as the passage is concerned; the heat
and pressurization involved in attaining those points are in a sense what enfleurage would be used in modern times to avoid.
C
Obtaining fragrance with solvents that would be too abrasive for some plants
This is not the credited choice. The abrasiveness of solvents is not the threat; rather, the intensity of newer chemical processes
would destroy some fragile plants.
D
Preparing fragrant fat that can be sold as soap
This is not the credited choice. For one thing, the fat byproduct of enfleurage can be treated and made into soap, not sold directly;
for another, there are presumably more efficient ways of obtaining pre-soap fat.
E
Fragrance extraction from plants too fragile to be diluted in ethyl alcohol
This is not the credited choice. This cannot be true, since enfleurage is followed by dilution in ethyl alcohol as well.
Exit Review
Information
This question asks you to take stock of the primary concerns of the passage and identify which information would have the greatest
and most helpful impact on how it is presented.

extraction methods.
Question
What additional information would be most relevant and useful to understanding the passage?
Choices
A
Which modern fragrance extraction methods have replaced enfleurage
This is useful information, but it is provided--indeed, this constitutes the subject of the second paragraph of the passage. This is not
the credited choice.
B
Other ways substances can be heated past their critical points
This might be interesting as a deeper examination of a single technique discussed in the passage--namely, supercritical fluid
extraction--but it is too specific to be the right answer here. This is not the credited choice.
C
How fragrance chemists in the past chose whether to use hot or cold enfleurage
This is the credited response. Insofar as the passage has a unifying theme, it is the scenarios of use for different fragrance
extraction technologies, and knowing this would give us a better sense of how the two kinds of enfleurage were respectively used.
D
Whether the kind of enfleurage still practiced today is hot or cold

This would be relevant information, but not as much so as that offered in choice C: since enfleurage is practiced less widely
nowadays, which kind it is is of less importance to the passage as a whole. This is not the credited choice.
E
What substances have come to replace fat in modern fragrance extraction methods
This would be useful information if the author ever established that fat had been replaced in modern methods; as it is, this carries
too much of an assumption to be the best answer. This is not the credited choice.
Exit Review
Information
This question tests your ability to determine the primary purpose of the passage. Consider the overall context and look for the
answer choice that best highlights the passage's major themes, but avoid choosing one that restates a minor idea or an incomplete
portion of it.
The desperate efforts of some apologists to

whitewash Francis Bacon are apparently due to a very
exaggerated estimate of his services to mankind. Some
critics give themselves the pleasure of painting what
(5) has been called a Rembrandt portrait, with noon on the
forehead and night at the heart; another class argues
from a rotten morality to a rotten intelligence. In
fact, Bacon as little deserves to be called the wisest
and greatest as the meanest of mankind. He really loved
(10) humanity, and tried hard to serve it, devoting a truly
philosophical intellect to that end. The service was to
consist in an immense extension of man's power over
nature, to be obtained by a complete knowledge of her
secrets; this knowledge he hoped to win by reforming the
(15) methods of scientific investigation.
Unfortunately, intellect alone proved unequal to
that mighty task. Bacon passes, and not without good
grounds, for a great upholder of the principle that
truth can only be learned by experience. But his
(20) philosophy starts by setting that principle at defiance.
He who took all knowledge for his province omitted from
his survey the rather important subject of knowledge
itself, its limits and its laws. Had his attention been
drawn that way, the very first requisite, on empirical
(25) principles, would have been to take stock of the leading
truths already ascertained. But the enormous vanity of
the amateur reformer seems to have persuaded him that
these amounted to little or nothing.
The later Renaissance was an age of intense
(30) scientific activity, conditioned, in the first instance,
by a revival of Greek learning. Already before the
middle of the sixteenth century great advances had been
made in algebra, trigonometry, astronomy, mineralogy,
botany, anatomy, and physiology. Napier had invented
(35) logarithms, Galileo was reconstituting physics, Gilbert
had created the science of magnetism, and Harvey had
discovered the circulation of the blood. These were
facts that Bacon took no pains to study; he either
ignored or slighted or denied the work done by his
(40) illustrious predecessors and contemporaries. That he
rejected modern theories with scorn is an exaggeration,
but he never accepted even those arguments that the best
minds of his time found convincing, and the longer he
lived the more unfavorable became his opinion of their
(45) merits. Such ignorance left Bacon after all in the bonds
of medieval philosophy.
Question
The author of this passage is primarily concerned with:
Choices
A
Defending Francis Bacon's intellectual achievements to modern critics
This is not the credited choice. The passage does deal at length with Bacon's achievements, but the author's purpose is not entirely
to defend him: "a very exaggerated estimate of his services to mankind" should tip you off to this.
B
Contrasting Bacon's contributions to human knowledge with his failings
This is the credited response. The author does touch on a number of ways in which Bacon enriched human knowledge, but spends
roughly equal time on his "enormous vanity."
C
Making sense of the philosophical recriminations of an important thinker
This is not the credited choice. "Philosophical recriminations" is a slippery term, and ultimately incorrect--a more accurate phrasing
might be "recriminations of his philosophy," but even then this fails to aptly summarize what is going on in the passage.
D
Undermining as shortsighted the common view of Francis Bacon's intellect
This is not the credited choice. The author does take the opinion that praise of Bacon is overblown, but the point is not entirely
common opinion about him. Moreover, the first paragraph frames that opinion in such a way as to suggest that only "some
apologists" look favorably upon him.
E
Distinguishing the scientific advances of the Renaissance from Greek precedent
This is not the credited choice. There is scant enough mention of Greek learning in this passage to make this an incorrect response.
Exit Review
Information
This question asks you to surmise the relevance of a detail to the overall discussion of the passage. Begin with the mention of
Rembrandt in the first paragraph, then consider how it dovetails with the broader goal of the text.

Question
What is the author's purpose in mentioning the "Rembrandt portrait"?
Choices
A
To compare science and philosophy to the visual arts
This is not the credited choice: there is no discussion of the visual arts anywhere in the passage.
B
To suggest that Bacon's scientific methods were flawed
This is not the credited choice. The author criticizes Bacon for not taking into account certain persuasive scientific findings, but
never suggests that there was anything wrong with his actual methods.
C
To contrast Bacon's motivations and intellectual expertise
This is the credited response. In keeping with the image of "noon on the forehead and night at the heart," the passage deals with
how Bacon was intellectually very capable but held back by "enormous vanity."
D
To imply that Bacon's heart never caught up to his mind
This is not the credited choice because it puts too much stock in the portrait comparison. To talk about Bacon's heart is to phrase
the main concerns of the passage a bit recklessly.
E
To emphasize how florid and elaborate most praise of Bacon is
This is not the credited choice. The author attacks most praise of Bacon as groundless or "desperate efforts... to whitewash," but
does not discuss or criticize their rhetorical nature.
Exit Review
Information
This question asks you to identify the summary of Bacon himself that best aligns with the overall concerns in the passage.

Question
The author would agree with which description of Bacon?
Choices
A
His approach to advancing human knowledge was crafty but arrogant
This is the credited response. The author is duly admiring of Bacon's intellectual skill, but not so much as to pardon his disrespect for
contemporaneous scientific accomplishments.
B
His philosophical intentions were profound but ill-advised
This is not the credited choice. The author does not criticize Bacon's intentions as ill-advised, since these are said to be service and
devotion to humanity.
C
His chief failing was his ignorance of modern science
This is not the credited choice. "Ignorance" is not quite the right word here, which makes this response incorrect: Bacon was aware
of modern science, but "took no pains to study" it--ignorance and willfully ignoring are related but not identical.
D
His aim to subjugate nature was indicative of great hubris
This is not the credited choice. Hubris is a special sort of arrogance, of which the author does indeed accuse Bacon, but "to
subjugate nature" is putting too strongly his goal to extend "man's power over nature." The hubris discussed here is related to the
approach, not the goal itself.
E
His intellect was not strong enough to accomplish the tasks he set himself
This is not the credited choice because it is inaccurate: the author does not doubt Bacon's intellectual power, only the way he went
about applying it.
Exit Review
Information
This question asks you to comment on how a part fits in terms of the whole; in this case, how do the themes and facts presented in
the last paragraph--namely, some of the scientific discoveries contemporary to Bacon--add to the discussion begun at the start of
the passage?

Question
What is the role of the final paragraph of the passage?
Choices
A
It attempts to find some way to redeem Bacon from the criticisms leveled earlier in the passage
This is misguided: the third paragraph continues to provide damning evidence against Bacon, rather than looking for some saving
grace. This is not the credited choice.
B
It bolsters the author's argument by suggesting the magnitude of knowledge to which Bacon had access
This is the credited response. The names dropped in this paragraph collectively give the impression of a vast body of knowledge on
which Bacon should have built; that he did not supports the author's position about his "enormous vanity."
C
It provides historical context for the orientation and relative hubris of Bacon's scientific ambitions
This is superficially right but not a particularly good answer here. "Historical context" is rather vague, and the author makes no
contrast between the knowledge referenced in this paragraph and the "orientation and relative hubris" of what Bacon intended to
do. This is not the credited choice.
D
It reframes Bacon as only one among a much larger population of thinkers whom posterity has proved important
This is not the credited choice. The author's purpose in naming so many other thinkers is not to make Bacon seem smaller but to
make his ignoring contemporary knowledge seem more vain.
E
It adds evidence to the argument that Bacon was irresponsible in opposing the reigning theories of the day
This would be correct if not for the word "opposing"; as the author confirms, Bacon did not oppose such theories but ignored them
completely. As a result, this is not the credited choice.
Question
This question tests your ability to recognize and correct a subject-verb agreement error. Note that the subject of this sentence is the
plural word "rates" but that the sentence's verb "is" is a singular verb. The best answer choice will correct this error while also
maintaining a coherent organization of ideas within the appositive phrase describing "rates." Be wary when a lengthy phrase or
clause increases the distance between subject and verb.
Rising commercial real estate rates, a gauge that brokers use to determine the strength of the housing market, is likely to
deter many new homeowners from buying houses this spring.
Choices
A
a gauge that brokers use to determine the strength of the housing market, is
This is not the credited choice. This sentence contains a subject-verb agreement error. The plural subject "rates" should be paired
with a plural verb; however, the singular verb "is" is used instead.
B
that brokers use as a gauge to determine the strength of the housing market, is
This is not the credited choice. This sentence contains a subject-verb agreement error (the plural subject "rates" is paired with the
singular verb "is"). The appositive phrase has been changed to a clause in this sentence, but the word "that" is incorrectly used
because the clause contains non-essential information. Notice that the meaning of the sentence will not change if this information is
removed. The word "which" should be used instead.
C
a gauge used by brokers in determining the strength of the housing market, is
This is not the credited choice. It still contains the subject-verb agreement error, and the appositive phrase has shifted to the
passive voice ("gauge used by brokers"). An active voice construction, in which a concrete subject and an action verb are paired, is
preferable.
D
that is used by brokers as a determining factor of the strength of the housing market, are
This is not the credited choice. Even though this choice contains a subject and verb that agree ("rates" and "are"), the phrase is
problematic because its wording is awkward and unclear, and it incorrectly begins with the word "that." If this construction is used,
"which" is the correct choice.
E
a gauge that brokers use to determine the strength of the housing market, are
This is the credited choice. In this version, the plural subject "rates" is correctly paired with the plural verb "are." The appositive
phrase is clear and correct.
Question
The inverted sentence structure makes this question more challenging, but keep a lookout for the usual GMAT suspects. Check for
passive voice, verb agreement, and idiom. Note that the correct idiom is "cite X as Y."
Conflicting scientific studies have variously cited as the part of a pizza most likely to burn the roof of your mouth the tomato sauce
and the bottom of the cheese topping.
cited x as y
Choices
A
Conflicting scientific studies have variously cited as the part of a pizza most likely to burn the roof of
your mouth the tomato sauce and the bottom of the cheese topping
This is not the credited choice. The clearest version of this idiom is "cite X as Y" ("sauce...and
topping...as the parts most likely to burn"), rather than the other way around.
B
The part of a pizza most likely to burn the roof of your mouth have been variously cited by conflicting
scientific studies as the tomato sauce and the bottom of the cheese topping.
This is not the credited choice. "Have been cited" is plural, while "part of a pizza" is singular;
the order of the phrases in this sentence also makes it harder to follow.
C
The part of a pizza most likely to burn the roof of your mouth has been variously cited as the tomato
sauce and the bottom of the cheese topping, by conflicting scientific studies
This is not the credited choice. The prepositional phrase "by conflicting scientific studies" is placed too
far from its referent to make good sense.
D
Conflicting scientific studies have variously cited the tomato sauce and the bottom of the cheese
topping as the part of a pizza most likely to burn the roof of your mouth
This is the credited response. It contains no errors.
E
It has been variously cited in conflicting scientific studies that the part of a pizza most likely to burn
the roof of your mouth is the tomato sauce or the bottom of the cheese topping
This is not the credited choice. The passive "It has been cited..." is wordy.
Question
This is another question that tests use of mass and count nouns. "Tableware" is a mass noun and will pair with singular verbs and
pronouns, making "too many of them" incorrect.
Hoping the customers would not carelessly throw too many of them away,Bob's Java Hut
recently began supplying metal tableware instead of plastic .
in modifier always make sense with the first word of the ......modifier...ofthe
subject ...s o here it is the " hoping " ...done by Bob's Hut
mass nouns or aggregate nouns are always singular ...most
imporatnt ........!!
The first question:
In A, them does not refer to anything (unless illogically referring back to customers which would be grammatically incorrect and weird!). The question
attempts to trick the student into think tableware is plural.
Answer B: 'Many' cannot agree with 'it' which refers to plastic (tableware)
Answer C: 'too much' cannot agree with the plural them, as explained by others.
Answer D: Although not a great correct answer because the sentence just ends with plastic when in comparison
questions there should be a full comparison (metal tableware instead of plastic tableware or metal tableware
instead of its plastic equivalent...) which makes it seem as if metal tableware is being compared with just plastic, it
is still the best answer choice. 'Much' is paired with 'it' which stands in for the 'mass' singular noun tableware.
Answer E: Apart from being wordy, needlessly changing the tense, needlessly using the Passive (stylistic error!), and an awkward sentence
construction, there is the large issue of a Modifier mistake: The modifying phrase 'Hoping...' cannot modify metal tableware. It is the store that is
hoping not the tableware. So E is wrong on about 4 or 5 counts (You do not usually have more than 2 errors per choice in the GMAT - sometimes 3
when they like to throw in a sprinkle of redundancy or other stylistic errors too).
_________________
Isaac Bettan
Academic Director
Master GMAT
http://econgm.at/EconomistGMAT
[youtube]QBNZczg84tU[/youtube]
Choices
A
Hoping the customers would not carelessly throw too many of them away, Bob's Java Hut recently began supplying metal tableware
instead of plastic

This is not the credited choice. "Tableware" is a mass noun and so pairs with singular verbs and pronouns, making "too many of
them" incorrect.
B
Hoping the customers would not carelessly throw too many of it away, Bob's Java Hut recently began supplying metal tableware
instead of plastic
This is not the credited choice. While "it" matches "tableware," "many" does not.
C
Hoping the customers would not carelessly throw too much of them away, Bob's Java Hut recently began supplying metal tableware
instead of plastic
This is not the credited choice. While "much" matches "tableware," "them" does not.
D
Hoping the customers would not carelessly throw too much of it away, Bob's Java Hut recently began supplying metal tableware
instead of plastic
This is the credited response. "Too much of it" is correct, and the sentence makes no other errors.
E
Hoping the customers would not carelessly throw too much of it away, metal tableware has begun to be supplied recently instead of
plastic at Bob's Java Hut
This is not the credited choice. Although "to much of it" is correct, this sentence has other errors. The passive phrase after the
comma is very wordy, and incorrectly makes the opening phrase modify "tableware;" the tableware is not hoping the customers will
be careless. Finally, parts of this sentence are hopelessly jumbled.
Exit Review
Question
This question is primarily testing your ability to identify and correct an error in verb tense. Notice that the sentence's independent
clause contains a main clause and a subordinate clause. In order for this sentence to make sense chronologically, both of the verbs
in these clauses need to be in the same tense.
In response to the recent uprising in the city, residents quickly claimed thattheir trust in the mayor and the local government is
being undermined by reports of political irresponsibility.
read the tense in the non underlines ...it is present progressive.....so the
reporting verb should be present tense
Choices
A
In response to the recent uprising in downtown Detroit, residents quickly claimed that

This is not the credited choice. Notice that the verb "claimed" is in the past tense, but the subordinate clause contains the verb "are
being undermined." It is not logical that a past action could be completed at the same time that another one is ongoing.
B
Responding to the recent uprising in downtown Detroit, residents quickly made the claim about
This is not the credited choice. The verb "made" is in the past tense, but the subordinate clause contains the verb "are being
undermined." It is illogical that a past action is occurring at the same time as an ongoing action.
C
When responding to the recent uprising in downtown Detroit, residents quickly make the claim about
This is not the credited choice. This sentence is incorrect because the word "about" signals the beginning of a prepositional phrase.
The phrase does not logically subordinate one idea to the next; therefore, it confuses the sentence's meaning.
D
As a response to the recent uprising in downtown Detroit, residents quickly made the claim about
This is not the credited choice. It contains an error in construction because the word "about" signals a prepositional phrase. "Claim"
should be followed by "that. Furthermore, this sentence's verbs do not order the events into a logical chronological order. The verb
"made" suggests a past action, but the verb phrase "are being undermined" suggests an ongoing action. It is not logical to have a
past action paired with an ongoing action in the main clause of this sentence.
E
Responding to the recent uprising in downtown Detroit, residents quickly claim that
This is the credited choice. Notice that the verbs "claim" and "are being undermined" are both present tense verbs. This choice
creates a sentence that is chronologically possible, and the introductory phrase correctly modifies the subject of the main clause
"residents."
Exit Review
Question
This question is tests your ability to identify and correct an error in parallel structure. Note that this sentence describes two things
that occur in the state of California. These two items must be listed in a similar grammatical format so that this sentence achieves
parallelism.
California is one of the few states in the United States that still has a significant porpoise population, and where this marine animal
remains close to the shore.
you can have .........that and that .......or ......whwre and hwree .parallelsim Choices
A
that still has a significant porpoise population, and where
This is not the credited choice. This sentence pairs the phrase "that still has" with "where" in order to describe the two things that
occur in California. These phrases are not grammatically similar; therefore, this sentence fails to achieve parallel structure.
B
that still has a significant porpoise population, where
This is not the credited choice. This sentence omits the word "and" and therefore becomes confusing. This sentence also fails to
achieve parallel structure because the two items that describe what occurs in California are not grammatically similar in format.
C
that still has a significant population of porpoises, and where

This is not the credited choice. It varies little from the question text and still contains the same error in structure. The change from
"porpoise population" to "population of porpoises" does not change the meaning.
D
where the population of porpoises is still significant;
This is not the credited choice. The semicolon in this sentence is not sufficient to show the relationship between the items that
precede and follow it. Therefore, the final independent clause seems unrelated to the previous portion of the sentence. A better
answer choice will reveal the relationship between these ideas.
E
where there is still a significant population of porpoises and where
This is the credited choice. This sentence achieves parallel structure by placing the items that occur in California in the same
grammatical format. The word "where" signals the two items, and the words that follow are also parallel.
Exit Review
Question
The issues here are "when", "simultaneously", and "leads." "If" is preferable to "when" in this case, since this is a conditional
statement. "Simultaneously" is incorrectly used here, and should be changed into the adjective "simultaneous" to modify population
growth. "Leads" correctly agrees with the singular "economic disparity".
Represented by widening income and standard of living gaps, increasing economic disparity, when exacerbated
simultaneously by population growth, often leads to social unrest and rioting.
if is preferred over when in gmat
parallelsim ....represented by ,....excerbated by ...
simultaneous population growth...makes more sense ...as simulataneously excerbated as if something
else was also excerbating
simultaneous ...adjecteive ............and simultaneously ...adverb ...can modify
Choices
A
when exacerbated simultaneously by population growth, often leads
This is not the credited choice. "When" ought to be "if", since this is a conditional statement; "simultaneously" is vague and
incorrect.
B
when exacerbated by simultaneously grown population, often lead
This is not the credited choice for several reasons: "when" ought to be "if," "simultaneously grown population" is odd and unclear,
and "lead" should be "leads" because "economic disparity" is singular.
C
when being exacerbated by simultaneous growth in population, often leads
This is not the credited choice. "Being", as usual on the GMAT, is incorrect. "When" is also incorrect -- it should be "if".
D
if exacerbated simultaneously by population growth, often lead
This is not the credited choice. "Simultaneously" doesn't work, and "lead" should be "leads" because of the single noun "economic
disparity."
E
if exacerbated by simultaneous population growth, often leads......leads is correct
as...........represented by..modifies increasing eco nomic disparity ...hats the subject
singular ...rest is alll add on and modification
This is the credited response. "If" is used correctly in this conditional, "leads" agrees in number, and "simultaneous" is clean as an
adjective.
Exit Review
Question
This question features an introductory modifying phrase in which elements are compared/contrasted. For the comparison to make
sense, it is important that the two elements are similar. So, in this case, ping pong players need to be compared to tennis players -
not just tennis.
Unlike tennis, ping pong players do not use a stringed racquet.

Choices
A
Unlike tennis, ping pong players do not use
This is not the credited choice. It incorrectly contrasts tennis and "ping pong players".
B
In ping pong, unlike tennis, players do not use...........in tennis
This is not the credited choice. It still incorrectly contrasts tennis and players. To be correct, it should read, "In ping pong,
unlike intennis..."
C
Unlike those in tennis, ping pong players do not use
This is the credited response. This correctly contrasts tennis players and ping pong players.
D
Being unlike tennis, ping pong players are not using
This is not the credited choice. On the GMAT, "-ing" verbs here are often unclear, unnecessary, and awkward.
E
Ping pong players, unlike those in tennis, are not
This is not the credited choice. "Are not" rather than "do not use" completely changes the meaning of the sentence. Ping pong
players are never "a stringed racket."
Exit Review
Question
This question contains a modification error. Notice that the word "increase" is a noun and therefore cannot be modified by the
adverb "so that." A prepositional phrase can modify a noun, so an answer choice that contains a prepositional phrase will likely be
the best choice.
Global market researchers have claimed that the recent increase in gasoline prices so that they were the highest price in five
years foreshadows little relief from the ongoing petroleum crisis.
SO THAT SHOWS PURPOSE...WHILE IT IS JUST A PHENOEMENON BEING NOTED
FIVE YEAR ...ADJECTIVE .......HIGH..ADJECTIVE..............ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE...NOT GOOOD ........IT
SHOULD FIVE-YEAR-HIGH
Choices
A
so that they were the highest price in five years
This is not the credited choice. The adverb "so that" cannot modify the noun "increase" (remember that adverbs can only modify
verbs). The result is a confusing and grammatically incorrect sentence.
B
so that they were the highest five-year price
This is not the credited choice. It still contains the modification error, and the shift to the phrase "five-year price" is an awkward
choice. Idiomatically, this type of information would be better placed in a prepositional phrase.
C
to what should be the highest price in five years
This is not the credited choice. The "should" indicates a conditional form of the verb, but this sentences implies that the action is
certain because the researchers have "claimed" the fact. A present tense verb or a different modification strategy will solve this
error.
D
to a five-year high level

This is not the credited choice because it is idiomatically incorrect. The phrase "five-year high level" is vague and confusing. The
word "price" which occurs in the other answer choices is more specific.
E
to the highest price in five years
This is not the credited choice because it is clear and grammatically correct. This prepositional phrase correctly modified the noun
"increase."
Exit Review
Question
There are two issues in this construction:
1)The sentence must use the correct idiom structure: "the inflating price." "The inflating of price" is wordy and awkward.
2) The other issue in this sentence is subject-verb agreement. The singular subject "inflating price" agrees with its verb "has led."
Don't be distracted by the intervening phrase "over the past three months."
The inflating price over the past three months has led to citizen protests and rallies denouncing distributors for exploiting consumer
demand.
Choices
A
The inflating price.....SHORT AND SWEET
This is the credited choice. It constructs the proper idiom and agrees with the singular verb later in the sentence.
B
The inflating of price
"The inflating of price" is not the correct idiom and this is not the credited choice. THERE IS AN
EXTRA WORD"OF" ...WHICH IS GOING TO HIT BADLY
C
Inflating prices
This is not the credited choice. The plural subject "prices" does not agree with the singular verb "has led" later in the sentence.
D
Due to the inflating of price
This is not the credited choice. "Due to" creates a sentence fragment.
E
Due to inflating prices
This is not the credited choice. "Due to" creates a sentence fragment.
Exit Review
Question
This sentence has an error in pronoun usage and parallelism errors. First, the pronoun who, rather than that, is the word that
should be used to refer to people.
Parallel elements should be placed in the same order; the adverbs once
and now should be placed before their verb phrases, have suffered
and now enjoy. The phrases as new employees and as veteran
workers should be placed after their verb phrases.
As well, once is a better word choice than the wordy and ambiguous at
one time.
Because of rapid technology breakthroughs in the last 20 years, many peoplethat might have at one time suffered as new
employees from lack of remote access, multiple computer viruses, or technical glitches now enjoy flawless wireless access as
veteran workers.
Choices
A
that might have at one time suffered as new employees
This is not the credited choice. Who should replace that" and once should replace at one time.
B
who might once have suffered as new employees
This is the credited choice. The sentence correctly uses who to refer to people. Also, parallel structure is maintained by using
once suffered as new employees and now enjoy as veteran workers.
C
that as new employees might once have suffered
This is not the credited choice. Who should replace that" and "as new employees should be placed after have suffered to be
parallel in position to as veteran workers.
D
who, as new employees, might have at one time suffered

This is not the credited choice. Once should replace at one time; the parallel elements should appear in parallel positions.
("Once"... as new employees"/"now...as veteran workers")
E
who, when they were new employees, might at one time have suffered
This is not the credited choice. When they were new employees is awkward and not parallel to as veteran workers in wording or
placement. Once should replace at one time.
Exit Review
Question
This question tests idiom usage. The sentence features the comparative idiom "as much as." "Even" modifies "the sharpest
musician," and must immediately precede it.
A repertoire of 10,000 songs is as much as even the sharpest musician can remember, and the number is even less for the
particularly complex compositions of the early twentieth century.
Choices
SO IS USED FOR EXTENT ...OR INTESNITY .OR REASON ........HERE NEITHER IS
INTENDED SO ......ELIMINATE SO
EVEN IS USED IN THE SENSE .............EVEN THE SHARPEST ...SO THERE IS A
COMPARISON OF 10000 SONGS AND SHARPEST MUSICIAN
AS MUCH AS ..........AS X AS
A
as much as even
This is the credited choice. As written, this contains the correct idiomatic expression.
B
even so much as
This is not the credited choice: "even" modifies "the sharpest musician" and should precede it.
C
so much as even
This is not the credited choice. "So much as" is not the correct idiom.
D
even as much that
This is not the credited choice. It is so awkward that it doesn't make sense.
E
even so much for
This is not the credited choice for two reasons: it is idiomatically incorrect, and "even" is in the wrong place.
Exit Review
Question
This question tests your ability to work with mass and count words. Some words, like "stone" and brick," can be used as either mass
words or as count words. When used as mass or noncount nouns, "stone" and "brick" will go with "too little/much"; when used as
count nouns, they will go with "too few/many." This sentence has to be read carefully, because "stones" is used as a count word but
"brick" is used as a mass word. Both uses are acceptable, even in the same sentence.
Erika came home from the home improvement store with too few stones for the patio and too much brick for the flower beds.
STONES BRICKS.....MANY FEW

STONE BRICH MASS NOUNS....BUILDING MATREIAL .........MUCH LESS
Choices
A
few stones for the patio and too much brick
This is the credited response. The sentence is correct as written.
B
few stone for the patio and too much brick
This is not the credited choice. Although "too much brick is correct," in non-count or mass form, "few stone" should be "too little
stone."
C
few stones for the patio and too many brick

This is not the credited choice. In non-count or mass form, "brick" should be "too much."
D
little stones for the patio and too many brick
This is not the credited choice. In count form, "stones" should be "too few"; in non-count form, "brick" should be "too much."
E
few stones for the patio and too much bricks
This is not the credited choice. In count form, "bricks" should be "too many."

Exit Review
Question
either in
This correct sentence uses parallel structure to explain that supporters were recruited to assist
congratulatingor in encouraging. The pair of correlative conjunctions, either/or is correctly used since each
element is followed by a parallel grammatical form. Eitheror always work together; "either" should only be followed by or.
As well, the noun assist

is correctly followed by in congratulating rather than
by the infinitive to congratulate.
To recap, B and E get the parallelism wrong, C uses "and" instead of "or" (so does B), and D gets the idiom wrong ("to assist...to
congratulate"). The sentence is correct as written.
At the finish line, vibrant banners were held by throngs of supporters who had been recruited to assist either in congratulating the
exultant winners or in encouraging the weary stragglers.
Choices
A
in congratulating the exultant winners or in encouraging the weary stragglers
This is the credited choice. It uses parallel structure to make its point, and the idioms are correctly used.
B
in congratulating the exultant winners and to encourage the weary stragglers
This is not the credited choice for two reasons: and incorrectly follows either and changes the meaning of the sentence, and "to
encourage is not parallel to congratulating.
C
in congratulating the exultant winners, and encouraging the weary stragglers
This is not the credited choice. No comma should follow winners. And incorrectly follows either and changes the meaning of
the sentence.
D
to congratulate exultant winners or to encourage weary stragglers

This is not the credited choice: "to congratulate is incorrect following assist. It is unidiomatic to say "to assist to congratulate."
E
to congratulate exultant winners or encouraging weary stragglers
This is not the credited choice. To congratulate is incorrect following assist. It should be written in congratulating" and followed
by "or in encouraging" for parallelism.
Information
The argument challenges the assumption that a waiters earnings depend on how many customers he has, by pointing out that a
waiter can have too many customers, which would cause a decline in the quality of his service. The point of the argument, then, is
that quality of service plays a role in the earnings of tipped employees. Since the question is looking for a claim with which the
author of the argument would disagree, the correct answer will be a statement that is at odds with the idea that both quantity of
customers and quality of service have an impact on a waiters earnings.
Assessing the potential earnings of tipped service employees can be difficult. Take as an example restaurant waiters: one might
assume that the more customers a waiter has, the higher his earnings will be. But this fails to take into account the degree to which
the service rendered might suffer when a waiter has so many customers that he cannot fully devote himself to the needs of any of
them.
Question
The flaw in the assumption discussed in the argument to the left refers to doubts about the accuracy of which of the
following claims?
SEE WHAT THE DIFFERENT TERMS IN THE QUESTION REFER TO AND WHAT IS ACTUALLY BEING
ASKED ...READ REALLY CAREFULLY ....FOR THE MEANING OF THE QUESTION ....MANY TIMES THE
ARGUMENT IS EASY BUT QUESTION IS CONVOLUTED
FLAW IN ASSUMPTION ............IS STATED ....AS "BUT THIS FAILS...." REFERS TO DOUBT ABOUT
ACCURAVCY OF WHICH CLAIM...READ REALLAY CAREFULLY JUST HAVE A BRIEF
OVERVIEW ...........AND THE IF ITS A CONVOLUTED QUESTION REFER IT BACK AFTER READING THE
ARGUMENT !!
Choices
A
The earnings of restaurant waiters are approximately the same as the earnings of other tipped service employees.
This is not the credited choice. Waiters are used in the passage as an example; the accuracy of waiters representing other tipped
service employees is not addressed.
B
Restaurant waiters primary duty is to attend to the needs of their customers.
This is not the credited choice. In fact, the author would probably agree with this statement, given the arguments emphasis on
quality of service.
C
The potential earnings of tipped service employees should be measured by examining average earnings rather than the earnings of
specific individuals.
This is not the credited choice. The author doesnt examine the amount of earnings, but rather the impact of various factors on
those earnings.
D
A restaurant waiters potential earnings depend on the quantity of customers he serves, not on the quality of service he renders.
This is the credited response; the author believes that both quality of service and quantity of customers play a role in a waiters
earnings, and would therefore not agree with this statement.
E
A restaurant waiters earnings depend in part on how many customers he serves.

This is accepted in the argument; the author believes that quality of service plays a role, but obviously the number of customers
that a waiter serves is also relevant. This is not the credited choice.
Information
Here's the argument, in sum: Climate changes can have many causes, human and natural. We expect a random pattern, where
some regions warm, and others cool. Yet 1980s data shows a pattern where most places got warmer in concert.
Let's rephrase the question: Which bit of information would BEST explain what caused the patterned, non-random changes?
Choice A provides a human variable that explains widespread warming in the time period in which the study was conducted. The key
word in answer A is "widespread." The other examples are either too limited, irrelevant, or outside the scope of the argument.
Temperature shifts can trend toward warming or cooling, based on a number of gravitational, seasonal, and human variables. These
variables affect different ecosystems differently and thus should produce a random pattern in which some ecosystems warm while
others cool. However, data gathered in a 1980s study shows that the shifts occur in a definitely skewed pattern, with most areas
temperatures rising simultaneously.
Question
Which of the following, if true, forms the best basis for at least a partial explanation for the patterned
changes recorded in the study?
now word verifcation is very important for every cr question see the scope of
the argument and go accordingly
Choices
A
Massive warming can result from widespread pollution in many countries.
This is the credited choice. If widespread pollution overwhelms the other factors affecting climate, then yes, this would cause most
areas to warm. This explains it.
B
Certain regions with specific geographical features respond in varying degrees to surrounding changes.
This is not the credited choice. Susceptibility in a few areas really cannot explain why it happens in different areas too.
C
Some regions grow warmer due to increased volcanic activity in those regions.
This is not the credited choice. Like B, this refers to regions with specific geographic features - in this case, volcanoes - which do
not explain why the phenomenon occurs in others areas as well. Also, volcanic activity does not qualify as gravitational, seasonal, or
human variable and thus is outside the scope of the discussion.
D
In the 1990s and beyond, which were not as well documented, human pollution skewed the trend toward warming.
This is not credited choice. Remember, knowledge of things outside the passage is never tested on the GMAT. This passage
discusses only data in the 1980s and earlier; this choice discusses LATER data, which is irrelevant to this passage.
E
Regions that are geographically closest are most likely to be affected in similar ways.
This is not the credited choice. While the fact may be true, it is irrelevant; that adjoining regions move together does not explain
why most regions temperatures rose together regardless of proximity.
Exit Review
Information
Two main pieces of evidence:
1) Vegetables can provide all the nutrients necessary for life (followed by an example), and
2) A vegetarian meal can be as varied and interesting as a meat-based meal.
Then the author kicks into overdrive: based on these two pieces of evidence, she advocates banning the raising and slaughtering of
livestock in favor of wider cultivation of high-nutrition crops. This sudden jump from a few words on the merits of vegetables to the
extreme conclusion in the last sentence is surprising, but don't let the disproportionate rhetoric distract you from the argument's
structural flaw. The author simply doesnt give enough support for the conclusion. Saying something can be done does not mean it
should be done.
Vegetables, in the proper combinations, can provide all of the nutrients necessary for human life. A mixture of whole grains and
legumes, for instance, contains protein of a quality at least as high as that of animal protein, and the major vitamin and mineral
groups can easily be represented in an all-vegetable diet. What is more, a little culinary imagination can make a vegetarian feast as
varied and interesting as any meal based around meat. Given these facts, it is certainly time that we outlaw the raising and
slaughtering of domestic livestock and turn to the wider cultivation of high-nutrition crops.
Question
Which one of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the reasoning in the argument?
Choices
A
1. The author does not provide a full definition of the terms used in the argument.
This is not the credited choice. No terms warrant additional explanation, and the author does define what she means by the proper
combinations of vegetables.
B
1. The author bases the conclusion on an inappropriate analogy.
This is not the credited choice. Theres no analogy in the argument, inappropriate or otherwise.
C
1. The author concludes that a change is desirable based solely on evidence that it is feasible.
This is the credited choice. Suggesting that something is possible is not sufficient reason for doing it.
D
1. The author does not demonstrate that attaining a wider cultivation of high- nutrition crops is possible.
This is not the credited choice. Its not the authors responsibility to demonstrate the feasibility of her plan. The argument is strictly
about what we should do, not what we can do.
E
1. The argument assumes what it seeks to establish.

This is not the credited choice. There is no circular reasoning employed: The conclusion, unwarranted as it may be, is not a
restatement of the evidence.
This question tests idiom use. The correct idiom is "mistake x for y." Furthermore, "his partner's sugar" is simpler and clearer
than "his partner's sugar."
Because the chef mistook the sugar of his partner as his own unrefined salt, the dish was a complete disaster.
Choices
A
the sugar of his partner as his own unrefined salt
B
the sugar of his partner to his own unrefined salt
C
his partner's sugar as unrefined salt
D
his partner's sugar for his own unrefined salt

E
his partner's sugar for that of his own unrefined salt
The idiom at hand is "the same to x as to y." In this example, the comparison is correctly written as "the same to someone without
the professional academic background...as to a person considered a sage." Answer choice (A) is the credited response.
Introducing a semicolon in this situation as in (C) and (E) creates an unwanted sentence fragment.
Plato argued that, even though subjective perception leads to different experiences, the core concepts of logic appear the same to
someone without the professional academic background that requires years of training as to a person considered a sage.
Choices
A
training as to a

B
training as a
C
training; as it would to the
D
training, just as it would to one
E
training; just as to a
This question tests pronoun agreement. Pronouns should agree with their antecedents in number, and not introduce other
errors of agreement. Singular nouns should have singular pronouns.
Remember that "waters" is a plural noun, so any pronoun referring to "waters" must also be plural.
Though swamp-like, Florida's Everglades are actually a 60-mile-wide river, the waters of which can take months to reach their final
destination in Florida Bay.
Choices
A
Though swamp-like, Florida's Everglades are actually a 60-mile-wide river, the waters of which can take months to reach their final
destination in Florida Bay

B
Though swamp-like, Florida's Everglades are actually a 60-mile-wide river whose waters do take months to reach their final
destination in Florida Bay.
C
Though swamp-like, Florida's Everglades are actually a 60-mile-wide river, whose waters can take months to reach its final
D
Though swamp-like, Florida's Everglades are actually a 60-mile-wide river, the waters of which can take months to reach its final
E
Though swamp-like, Florida's Everglades are actually a 60-mile-wide river, and they can take months to reach their final destination
in Florida Bay
Question
This question tests awareness of parallelism and your ability to recognize a properly constructed sentence. The parallel clauses here
are correctly written and both subordinate clauses are properly introduced by "that": "that...steroid use is a major problem"
and "that...action...needs to be taken."
Even though professional sports leagues may agree that player steroid use is a major problem, posing a threat to the integrity of
each league's respective sport, and that immediate action needs to be taken, there is no consensus on the best course of action.
Choices
A
Even though professional sports leagues may agree that

B
However much professional sports leagues may agree
C
Agreement exists among professional sports leagues that
D
Despite professional sports leagues may agree that
E
Although professional sports leagues agree
This question tests idiom and pronoun agreement. The idiom here is "x is expected to y", but with a variation on the tense. The
correct response needs to omit "for them" because it is redundant.
August was the hottest month by far, but, even though they might have been expected for them to rise, ice cream sales sharply
declined.
Choices
A
they might have been expected for them to rise
B
it might have been expecting them to rise
C
they might have been expected to rise

D
they might have been expecting for it to rise
E
it might have been expected for it to have risen
Question
This question tests that GMAT standby, parallelism. In the construction "not...but", the words following "not" and "but" should be in
parallel form. In this case, "not" and "but" are parallel because they are both followed by a prepositional phrase ("not because
of...but because of...").
The success of Glenlever Industries was realized not because of product innovation but because of effective personnel management.
Choices
A
was realized not because of product innovation but because of effective personnel management

B
was not realized due to product innovation but rather it was through effective personnel management
C
was realized not only due to product innovation but through effective personnel management
D
was not realized by means of product innovation but rather due to effective personnel management
E
was realized not due to product innovation but realized through effective personnel management
Question
This questions tests the appropriate words for amounts as well as forms of comparison.
If a quantity is countable, then the term "as many" should be used. "As much" is used when a quantity, such as an emotion or an
attribute, cannot be counted. So, "many laughs" but "much laughter," or "many dollars" but "much wealth." Since the Quizmo Dolls
can be counted, "as many" is the proper term.
Also, "as much as 2005" is wrong here. As written, the sentence seems to compare the number of dolls with the year 2005, which
makes no sense. The comparison should be "as many as in 2005" or "double the figure for 2005."
Last year Torville Toys sold 34,000 Quizmo Dolls, accounting for almost half of their total revenue, twice as much as 2005.
Choices
A
twice as much as 2005
B
twice as many as 2005
C
double what it was in 2005
D
double the figure for 2005

E
twice the number that was tallied in 2005

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One of the oldest methods of fragrance extraction,

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The desperate efforts of some apologists to

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The first question:

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Unlike tennis, ping pong players do not use a stringed racquet.

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There are two issues in this construction:

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STONES BRICKS.....MANY FEW

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As well, the noun assist

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