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Cylinder Bore (d) the nominal inner diameter of working cylinder, usually expressed in mm. Piston Area (A) is the area of a circle of diameter equal to the cylinder bore, usually expressed in square centimeter. Stroke (L) is the nominal distance through which a working piston moves between two successive reversals of its direction of motion, usually expressed in millimeters, Stroke to Bore Ratio: L/d. An over-square engine can operate at higher speeds because of a larger bore and shorter stroke. det at Under-square engine Square engine Dead Centreis the position of the working piston and the moving parts which are mechanically connected to it, at the moment when the direction of the piston motion is reversed at either end of the stroke. Top Dead Centre (TDC): Piston is furthest away from crankshaft, Bottom Dead Centre (BDC): Piston is nearest to the crankshaft. Clearance volume Bore =d oc Piston ing, aoc | Pitzon at Piso at top dead centre bottom dead centre wa ee: Z 7 — Bigend Compression ratio = 6 Fig, 13 Top and Bottom Dead Centres Displacement or Swept Volume (Vs) is the nominal volume swept by the working piston when travelling from TDC to BDC, usually expressed in cubic centimetres (cc). Vs=A x: Cubic Capacity or Engine Capacity is the displacement volume of a cyclinder multiplied by the number of cylinders in an engine. For K number of cylinders in an engine, Cubic capacity = Vs x K. Clearance Volume (Vc) is the nominal volume of the combustion chamber above the piston when it is at ‘TDC, usually expressed in cubic centimetres.

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