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QD8O= A7<=9;=> DJ:H. +O:H=D E? KDL7B? HBD K7>=o J@D:N7>7C?9 = Q=B?@7@=AD-
JQDPD>? D>? ?JDR? :JDA<7>8= M=>DB : >7C?9 @7AQ=N=B=R T?<D9?<7 <7 ?>@DJHODE
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O:QB:@? BDL >@?9?<7, : 57@=A:, B? = H79 JDA<7>7Q7F 7OB:?Q<=R :9E?B<=NO=R BDOD-
HB>7@7Q7NO= PDJ@=<DH?S= <7 JD;: >7, HB=QD>7 = 9DP7. 83
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: ODE=97 E? I7BD8 :N?HB>D>7D F=E?Q=9 BD8?>DL M=>DB7 = HB>7@7Q7NODL @7P7
HB>7@7Q7NO=9 K=S?9 = ODE7 E? H97B@7D 9DL: H? J@?JDA<7B= : C?LD>D9? KDL7BD9
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A7>=H<: PD9D>=<: H7 HQDKDP<=ED9 B:V=- = :9E?B<=NODE H@?P=<= : ODEDE K= H? <7-
<D9 <7Q7A?S= : OD@=E?<: <7@DP<DL = 87D, =HB7<N7< H?<A=K=Q=B?B ODE=9 E?
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5:BD>7C? E?, JD C?9:, >=8? DP H>?L7 =H- @7 H7 9E?HB=97 KD@7>O7 PD ODE=R L7 E?
B=<HO7 JD?A=E7, E?@ H: JE?H<=F= = ;:P= DP>?D H79 M=>DB. "AKD@ B=R 9E?HB7 K=D E?
JD?A=E= HOQD<= <7EKD;= J:B<=F=. G:R P=E?QD9 J@=<:P7<, P=E?QD9 =<HB=<OB=-
J:BD>7C7, J=H7D E? I7BD8, >?Q=O= E? = >7<, E?@ L7 <= <7 E?P<DE DP P?HB=<7F=E7
>E?N7<, O7D )R7H>?@ =Q= Q?B?S= WDQ7<-
P?A, =Q= J:HBDQD><= JE?H<=O ODE= A7F=E?, O7D =<P=@?OB7< JQDP 9DP?@<DL
:JDA<7E? &$'5! J:B:E:S= HB7A797 =P?E7, H7DK@7S7E7 J7@D9 = ?Q?OB@=F=B?BD9 (XI,
=97L=<7@<=9 J:BD>=97, =Q= B@7M?S= 162). A7L@7P797 F=B=@79D: ;%<$%.%
H?<A7F=E? <D>=R, @?7Q<=R PDM=>;7E7. (?A &1)/% 7.+'.% 8'*+%"% 9%+!:% (1873
P:R7 =Q= B7Q?<B7, =Q= J@DHBD M?;? A7 :9- 19141973) IWW, ODE7 H: :@?P=Q=: G@7L:B=<
HB>?<=9, =97L=<7@<=9, >?@B=O7Q<=9 '7P=E7<D>=S, !?PE?;OD I=R7<D>=S, G:-
J:BD>7C?9, <?A79=HQ=>D E? = K?H9=HQ?<D K@7>OD ,?QN=S, #=P7 /Q7O?@, -D>@D 6:-
K=QD O@?B7B= <7 J:B, 7 7@R?B=JHO= L?<=E? J7<N=S, 4Q7>OD (7B:8=S = G7>D@ 17J?-
J:BD>7C7, <7HB7C?< : >?Q=O=9 JE?H<=- B7<=S; ,:LDHQ7>?<HO7 7O7P?9=E7 A<7<DHB=
F=97-J:B<=F=97, DHB>7@=>7D E?, >?Q= I7- = :9E?B<DHB=, -=K?@ = IQ7PDHB, &7L@?K,
BD8, 9<DL? JE?H<=NO? H<D>? A7R>7;:E:S= 1973. %=9HO= K@DE DA<7N7>7 H>?A7O =A ODL7
E?P<DE OD<O@?B<DE N=C?<=F=, ODE7 H? DLQ?- E? F=B7B J@?:A?B, 7 7@7JHO= K@DE HB@7<=F?
84 P7Q7 : :K@A7<D9 @7A>DE: 9DP?@<? F=>=Q=- <7 OD9? H? <7Q7A= P=D F=B=@7<DL B?OHB7.
7.+'. 8'*+%" 9%+!: , *$(*4% 4'/+'$%
LDHJDP7@?S? R@>7BHO? @7H? PD8Q? H: N?B=@= J?- <7Q<DL E:<7O7 = >DP?S?L =P?DQDL7. #?S
B=<? A7@DK7 4@K7, JD 4B7@N?>=S: H797 @=E?N DP J@>=R H;?PK?<=O7 4B7@N?>=S E? A7PD-
<=E? ?B<=NO= JDE79, <?LD DA<7N7>7 HDF=E7Q<= K=D Q7HO7>: B=B:Q: DF7 R@>7BHODL <7-
HB7B:H @DKD>7. +< E? D>=9 J79TQ?BD9 <?B@J?-
F=D<7Q=A97 = R@>7BHO? PD9D>=<? = B7OD
;=>DHB J@?97 H@JHOD9 <7@DP: :AP=L7D <7 <=>D
LDBD>D @7H=HB=NODL Q:P=Q7 = :J7Q=D >7B@: @7H- E? BD DHB7QD = PD P7<7H.6 4B7@N?>=S?>D
<? 9@MC? (Ibid. 250). =9? I7BD8 E? : H>D9? PE?Q: DK?H9@B=D =
D>E?OD>E?N=D, :J@7>D : A<7O A7R>7Q<DHB=
!7 H79DL I7BD87 4B7@N?>=S E? :B=- = JD8BD>7C7, E?@ E? D>7E : =Q=@=A9:
F7D JDPHB=F7E<D = OD<O@?B<D. 4B7@N?>=- :HO@=H=D = DP HQ7>DH@J8B=<? H7N:>7D
S?>=9 :N?C?9 DKQ=OD>7<= H: 9<DL= =9? R@>7BHOD (VII, 124). $>D 8B7 E? <7J=-
=97M= ODE? E? I7BD8 A7K=;?M=D D 4@K=- H7D I7BD8:
97 O7D D <7F=D<7Q<D9, O:QB:@<D9 = @7H-
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Q7F A7 C?L7 <?DHJD@<DL 7:BD@=B?B7. HODO =A O9?BHO?, J7B@=E7@R7Q<? W@>7BHO? : 9D-
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JDH:P7 @7H=E7Q=A97 P7;? J@?Q=>7Q? : <=< OD@:JB=><DL 9D9?<B7 : F=>=Q=A7F=E=. 6?-
R@>7BHO: HB>7@<DHB, R@>7BHOD P@:8B>D, <?>F7 @7PD F=B=@7, 7 C?LD> =L@DO7A ;)!*4, ($!-
J7 B7OD = : I7BD8?>D PE?QD. I7BD8?>7 $!4 <DH= =HB= <7HQD> O7D DJ?@7 Devin du
HQ=O7 D 4@K=97 O7D HQ=O7 D P@:LD9 K=Q7 Village. 17OD H? = 4B7@= @7A>=E7D, C?LD>D HR>7-
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S7<HO=9 <7H;?V?9, J7 H? B7OD 9D@7 = B:- =HBD D<D 8BD 27E?>= "Q=@=, BE. W@>7B= H:
97N=B=. I7BD8?> Q=B?@7@<= K7@D9?B7@ ,:LDHQ7>?<=, H>= ,:LDHQ7>?<= H: W@>7B=, H7P7
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9?R7<=A79 ODE= E? K=;?M=D = <7E97C? A?97;7 R@>7BHODL J@7>7. %7H<=, JQ?9?<HO= =
>=K@7F=E? : R@>7BHOD9, H@JHOD9 =, :DJ- JDQ=B=NO=, P@M7><DJ@7><= 9D9?<7B <=H:
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JF=E7 @7H=E7Q=HB=NO=R :N?C7 = M?HBD- = 2:9JQD>=F, H7P7 O7D %?<7<, J7 =P?<B=T=-
ODL <7F=D<7Q=A97 DHB7>=Q7 E? A<7N7E7< O7BD@= P@M7><? = <7@DP<? 9=HQ=. DFE?<=
= <?=AK@=H=> B@7L : C?LD>D9 DJ:H: = DHDK? DKDM7>7<DL !7JDQ?D<7 III = C?LD>?
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@7Q<=9 <7Q=NE?9 JD?BHODL = O:QB:@7Q- (DLP7< H7 0=@DO? O:Q? (: -=F=). <?9=-
<DL 9=8;?C7. 17D 8BD E? <7F=D<7Q=A79 QDH@P<DE K7QO7<HODE =L@= ?B<D<7F=D<7Q-
K=D OD<HB7<B7, D>7E L@DB?HO<= @7H=A79 <=R J@=E?OD@7 = HB?@?DB=J7, : &7L@?K:, :
K=D E? HJD@7 P=N<7, 7Q= =A:A?B<D H<7M<7 H@?P=<= HB7@DR@>7BHO=R PDK@=R DK=N7E7,
97<=T?HB7F=E7 HB7@N?>=S7<HO? =P?DQD- H7 refrainom 5@DOQ?B= 1@7C7F! = 5@D-
L=E? : PE?Q: ). 2. I7BD87. OQ?B= #Q7R! (:DK=N7E?<=9 <7A=>=97 A7
#DP?S= @7N:<7 J@?>7HRDP<D D BD9? 4QD>?<F7 = 4@K=<7), J@DT?HD@= H: L7 <7-
A=>7Q= #Q7RD9, E?P<=9 DP @7H=HB=NO=R
P7 R@>7BHOD <7F=D<7Q<D J@7>D = R@>7B-
<7A=>7 A7 H@JHO= <7@DP, DOD ODE=R H? TD@-
HO7 JDQ=B=NO7 <7F=E7 PDK=E: =HBD@=EHO: 9=@7Q7 HB?OQ=8O7 O:QB:@7, JD<=OQ7 <7
JDA=F=E: ODE: H: J@=M?;O=>7Q= R@>7B- A?9;=8B:, <7 ODE?9 E? J@D@DO )<B?
HO= =<B?Q?OB:7QF= = :9E?B<=F=, I7BD8 JDH=E7D H>DE? HE?9?, P7 >Q78O= <7ODB B@?-
E? DOD 4B7@N?>=S7 >=P=D D@?DQ <7F=D- K7 =HB@=E?K=B= (G. (?@=S, =HBD, I, 195). 91
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JDQ=B=O? H? DN=BD J@?>7@=D. 17D J@7>= %=9- QD>7D, O7D J@DJ7L7BD@ = 7L=B7BD@ HB7@-
;7<=<, ultimus Romanorum, J@?A=@78? <?- N?>=S7<HO? =P?DQDL=E? : (DH<= = 4@K=E=
J@7>?P<D L@NO: O:QB:@: = H7> R?Q?<=A79. 17D
<7 JDN?BO: WW >=E?O7.
J@7>= HBD=O = ?B=N7@ J@?FE?C=>78? 9DS 9D-
@7Q7 : JDQ=B=F=, DO@:B<DE =L@= =<B?@?H7, 2?<?A7 I7BD8?>DL J@7>78B>7 9DM?
JDBFE?C:E:S= 9DS = :QDL: <D>F7 = ?OD<D9HO=R H? J@7B=B= ED8 DP >@?9?<7 O7P7 E?
H=Q7 : >@?9?<: O7P7 B? H=Q? HB>D@=8? HDF=E7- DFE?C=>7D HB7C? R@>7BHO? <7F=E?, C?<?
Q=A79 = HDF=E7Q<:, <?<7F=D<7Q<: JDQ=B=O:. =<B?Q=L?<F=E?, O7@7OB?@7 = <7F=D<7Q-
GDK7@ O@8S7<=<, A<7D H? E? = >=8? <D HQDKD-
<? H>=E?HB=. 17D <?PDHBDE<? =HBD@=EHO?
PD:9<=NO=, D<7OD la Diderot =A@7A=B= D
H>?S?<=F=97, :A<DH?S= JDL7<HO=, @=9HO= >?Q=N=<? = =HBD@=EHODL B@?<:BO7 R@>7B-
;:PHO= =P?7Q = R:97<=A79 (: B%*#,., */%"!- HB>7, I7BD8 E? : @7A<=9 H>DE=9 B?OHBD-
*$(*4!1) <7P H79D O@8S7<HB>D. !=E?9F? E? <?- >=97 = JDQ?9=O797 =HB=F7D H>? <?L7-
J@7>?P<D D97QD>7M7>7D O7D = 9?B7T=A=O: B=><? =, O7OD E? J@=9E?S=>7D, JDL:K<?
C=RD>:. 5=8:S= DM?BD = H?<B?<F=DA<D O7D DPQ=O? R@>7BHODL <7@DP7 = P@:8B>7:
C?LD> '7F=B, A<7 K=B= B797< = <?E7H7< O7D B7E
OQ?@=O7Q=A79, H?@>=Q=A79, P:8?><:
DH>?B<=O @=9HODL JD<=M?<DL JD<DH7 (VII, 125).
HJ:B7<DHB, JDQ=B=NO: <?A7>=H<DHB, <?-
"A D>DL I7BD8?>DL B?OHB7 9DM?9D >7HJ=B7<: =<B?Q=L?<F=E: = J@D@7N:<7-
JDKQ=M? B:97N=B= C?LD> J@=H7< DP<DH B= J7B@=DB=A79. !7@DN=BD E? =HB=F7D
J@?97 4B7@N?>=S: O7D :N=B?;:, J@?97 <?PDHB7B7O H>=E?HB= D JDP@?V?<D9 JDQD-
4B7@D9 OD9? E? 8B?P@D J@=PDP7>7D M7E: W@>7B7 : DP<DH: <7 I7V7@?, B? E?
?J=B?B? 7<B=NO=R >@=E?P<DHB=, 7<B=NO? P:L= <=A LDP=<7 : =AL<7<HB>: M=>=D =
?<?@L=E? = 7<B=NO=R @7A9E?@7. I7BD8 @7P=D : HB7Q<D9 HB@7R: DP H>7ODL HB@7-
JDH97B@7 4B7@N?>=S7 : H>E?BQ: ?JDR? : <DL ?Q?9?<B7 : W@>7BHODE (I7V7@=,
ODEDE E? D>7E M=>=D, JD9=C? <?O? >7M<? 4@K=, ,?>@?E= = P@:L=). 17D K?HOD9J@D-
:B=F7E? ODE= H: TD@9=@7Q= 4B7@N?>=S?>: 9=H<= J@7>78 = B>@PDOD@<= HB7@N?>=-
Q=N<DHB = :H9E?@=Q= =P?DQD8OD PE?QD- S7<7F, >DP=D E? M?HBDO? JDQ?9=O? H7
>7C?. J@7>D H DKA=@D9 <7 :JQ=>? P=- W@>7B=97 <?J@7>78=97 ODE? E?, :LQ?P7-
P@DD>HODL >@?9?<7 B? = H DKA=@D9 <7 E:S= H? <7 4B7@N?>=S7, <7A=>7D HQ7-
:B=F7E? 2DK=<D7, %?<7<7 = P@:L=R 9=H- >DH@K=97.
Q=Q7F7 =A JDOD;?C7 ODE? E? DK=;?M=QD 4@JHO= <7@DP = C?LD>D J@=H:HB>D :
A<7N7E7< P=D 19. >=E?O7, BD PE?QD>7C? E? W@>7BHODE, C?LD>7 <7F=D<7Q<7 H79DH>=-
:H9E?@?<D O7 7T=@97F=E= <7F=D<7Q<? E?HB, B? 7OB=><DHB H@JHO? =<B?Q?OB:7Q<?
?<?@L=E?, B? =HBD B7OD = J@?97 <?O=9 = J@?P:A?B<=NOD-?OD<D9HO? ?Q=B?, H>7-
@7H=E7Q=HB=NO=9 :N?C=97. OD9K=- O7OD H: K=Q= ?Q?9?<B= ODE= H: J@?PHB7-
<7F=E= H7 $B>?8D>D9 B?D@=ED9 D JDQ=- >;7Q= H9?BC: DHB>7@?C: HB7@N?>=S7<-
B=NOD9 <7@DP:, 4B7@N?>=S E? D>7 :N?C7 HODL R@>7BHODL H<7 D JDQ=B=NODE <7F=E=
DM=>=D : =P?DQD8OD9 DK@7HF: JD OD9? = =HBD@=EHOD9 R@>7BHOD9 J@7>:. G7 K= H?
E? >?Q=O= P=D E:M<=R 4QD>?<7 JD C?9: DHQ7K=Q7 H>? E7N7 JDA=F=E7 97C=<HODL
A7J@7>D 9DL:S? =P?<B=T=OD>7B= = H@JHB>7 : W@>7BHODE, K=QD E? <?DJRDP<D
J@=H7E?P=<=B= R@>7BHOD9 <7F=D<7Q<D9 =A>@8=B= P=T797F=E: = P=HO@?P=B7F-
K=S:. +N=LQ?P<D E? P7 E? BD I7BD8 H7>@- =E: H@JHODL ?B<DH7, 8BD H: J@7>78= =
8?<D HR>7B7D, =7OD E? >?D97 N?HBD ?:T?- :N=<=Q=. %7A>=E7 H? = OD<HB=B:=8? :
9=HB=NO= J@=KQ=M7>7D 4B7@N?>=S?>? DJ8B?R@>7BHO=9 @7A9E?@797 H=HB?9
=P?E? 27E?>=9, J7 = #:OD>=9 =P?E797 D P=T797F=E? 4@K7, A7 ODE? H? >?Q= P7 =R
<7F=D<7Q<D9 E?P=<HB>:. 5@?S:B<D H? :DJ8B? <?97 <7 J@DHBD@=97 A7J7P<D DP
DP<DH=D J@?97 4B7@N?>=S?>=9 B>@PC7- @=E?O? G@=<?, <?LD P7 E? @=E?N D #Q7H=-
97 D R@>7BHOD9 JD@=E?OQ: KDH7<HODR?@- 97 ODE? W@>7B= <? 9DLD8? JDPJ:<D 7J-
F?LD>7NO=R 9:HQ=97<7, J7 N7O = 4@K7. HD@KD>7B= = 7H=9=QD>7B= = ODE= DHB7-
92 0B7>=8?, : BD9 E? H9E?@: PD<?OQ? = PE?- PD8? R@>7BHO= LD>D@?S= #Q7H= ((?@=S,
7.+'. 8'*+%" 9%+!: , *$(*4% 4'/+'$%
:LQ7><D9 DP<DH? <7 1DHD>HO: K=BO:. 4 Q7A=D O7D >DE<= KE?L:<7F, KD@7>?S= 9?V:
DKA=@D9 <7 BD P7 E? I7BD8?>7 HQ=O7 D KQ=HO=9, 7 DJ?B B7OD P7Q?O=9 ;:P=97,
4@K=97 TD@9=@7<7 J@?>7HRDP<D <7 HB?- 9?V: 4@K=97.
@?DB=J=97 ODE? E?, J@?BRDP<D, :B?9?;=D B?OHB: I= = D<=8, N=E= <7HQD>
)<B? 4B7@N?>=S, O7D = H DKA=@D9 <7 P7<7H 9DM?9D B:97N=B= = : @?Q7F=E= H7
N=C?<=F: P7 H? @7P= D O@7EC? <?JD?B=N- =97LDQD8OD9 B?D@=ED9 DJDA=F=E7 = H7
<=9 A7J=H=97, <7>DP=9D H79D D<? ODE= B?9?;<D9 J@DKQ?97B=OD9 =HB@7M=>7C7
J@?PHB7>;7E: <7EA<7N7E<=E? O7@7OB?@=- HQ=O? D P@:LD9, >=P=9D <7 ODE= E? <7N=<
HB=O? 7<B=H@JHO? =P?DQDL=E?. 3=<=9D = JD ODE?9 9DP?Q: I7BD8 JD@?P=D O:Q-
BD K:P:S= P7 E? :J@7>D B7 =P?DQDL=E7 B:@: = O:QB:@<? J@=Q=O? : 4@K=E= =
DHB7>=Q7 <?HO@=>?< B@7L =Q= KD;? @?N?- W@>7BHODE. 1DQ=OD LDP E? 4O?@Q=S?>
<D DM=;7O <7 E?P<DE, =<7N? K@=;7<B<DE, B?OHB 4@K=E7, C?<7 O:QB:@7 = C?<7
JD?B=F= J:BD>7C7 = H:H@?B7 H7 P@:L=97, OC=M?><DHB (1910) E?P7< OD<F=A7< =
N7O = O7P7 H: B= P@:L= K=Q= 4@K=. )@- H7P@M7E7< J@?LQ?P H@JHO? O:QB:@? =
L:9?<B >=8? E? = N=C?<=F7 P7 I7BD8 C?<? B@?<:B<? JDA=F=E?, : BDQ=ODE E?
O7D JE?H<=O K@=;=@7 :J@7>D : D<=9 B?O- 9E?@= I7BD8?>7 @?7OF=E7 : O:QB:@DQD8-
HBD>=97 : ODE=97 <=E? JDP@7M7>7Q7F D>? OD9 JDLQ?P: @7ADBO@=Q7 HB7@N?>=S7<HO=
=P?DQDL=E?, PDO : B?OHBD>=97 ODE= DP=- =P?DQD8O= DO>=@ JH?:PD<7:N<DL = JD>-
8: HB7@N?>=S7<HO=9 =P?E797 I7BD8 @8<DL JD@?V?C7 H@JHO? = R@>7BHO? O:Q-
H7H>=9 DN=LQ?P<D HO@?S? H7 Q=B?@7@<DL B:@?. '7O>D JD@?V?C? P>7E: <7@DP7 =
J:B7, J@?HB7E? K=B= H>DE, JDHB7E:S= P>7E: O:QB:@7 D9DL:S=S? 9: P7, K7@?9 A7
H;?PK?<=O E?P<? P=HO:B7K=Q<? JDQ=B=- JDB@?K? H>DE? N=B7Q7NO? J:KQ=O?, J@D-
NOD-=P?DQD8O? TD@9?. LQ7H= P?T=<=B=><: <7P9DS R@>7BHO?
'?M7O M=>DB = <?J@=R>7B7C? : ?Q=- O:QB:@? <7P H@JHOD9, O7D = P7 ED8 E?P<D9
B<=9 =<B?Q?OB:7Q<=9 O@:LD>=97 <?H:- OD<HB7B:E? ODQ=OD E? P@7HB=N7< 7QB?@=-
9C=>D H: H? P:KDOD :@?A7Q= : I7BD8?>: B?B H@JHODL = R@>7BHODL O:QB:@<D-<7F=-
Q=N<DHB, :A@DO:E:S= B?8O? T@:HB@7F=E? D<7Q<DL =P?<B=B?B7. $>D : O7O>D9 H: DP-
ODP R@>7BHODL J=HF7. +>D9 OD<HB7B7- <DH: H@JHO7 = R@>7BHO7 O:QB:@7, JD I7-
F=ED9 <? M?Q=9D D97QD>7M=B= I7BD87, BD8?>D9 >=V?C:. 1:QB:@7: 4@K= H: <7H
C?LD>: H@N7<: J?@HD<:, H<7M7< =<B?- HB=LQ=, 7Q= ED8 <7H, 7OD KDL P7, J@?HB=L-
Q?OB = J@?T=C?< :9E?B<=NO= H?<A=K=- Q= <=H:, 97P7 D<= A7 O:QB:@: M@B>:E:,
Q=B?B. 5D<7E97C? I7BD8?> KD@K?<= PDO H? 9= A7 C: M@B>:E?9D (XIV, 86). !7-
HB7>, =HO@?<DHB = <?J@?HB7<D PE?QD- :O7: 17OD HBDE=9D 9?V:HDK<D : <7:O797,
>7C?, ODE? E? C?9: A<7N=QD PDHQD><D H>? <? A<79 B7N<=E? E?@ <=H79 <7:N<=O, 7Q=
: M=>DB:. (D@7>?S= P>7 J:B7 9?V: 4@K=- A<79 P7 H: 4@K= 97EHBD@= K7@<:9HODE @?-
97, R@>7BHO= J=H7F E? H>=9 H<7L797 OQ79= H>DE=9 :N?C7F=97, PDO <78=
<7HBDE7D P7 H? =AKD@= A7 H>DE? =<B?Q?O- I:H=S=, (:Q=S=, G>D@M7F=, I7@?B=S=,
B:7Q<D 9E?HBD JDP H:<F?9. #?D97 N?HBD 49=N=OQ7H=, 57>=S=, W@7<=QD>=S=,
E? @7HJDQ7L7D :KE?P;=>=9 7@L:9?<B=97 2D@E7<D>=S=, <78= PDK@= J@7><=F=
= BD : H:ODK: H7 =HB7O<:B=9 7:BD@=B?B=- J@DQ7A? = 9?V: <797 : &7L@?K: HOD@D <?-
97 <7 H@JHODE Q=B?@7@<DE = O:QB:@<DE JDA<7B=, <?J@=A<7B=. 1DQ=OD @?OQ79?
HF?<=. !D, D<D 8BD <? A7HQ:M:E? <= <7J@7>=8? H79D .>=E=S:, L?DL@7T:, J7
<7E97C: JDR>7Q:, BD H: I7BD8?>? =<>?O- D<P7 '?HQ=! I:P@D S:B? P7 E? DB7F C=RD>?
B=>? :H9E?@?<e J@?97 4@K=97 = H@JHODE J@=@DP<? <7:O? W@>7B 57<N=S... (Ibid.)
O:QB:@=. +>7O>= HB7>D>=, J@D=HB=N:, 8 D$"%+*4% */!<!&%, III, K@. 117, HB@. 1, K@.
<7@7><D, = =A =P?DQD8O=R OD@=E?<7, 7Q= 118, HB@. 1, &7L@?K, 25. = 27. 97E 1910. (4G,
94 = =A =HO:8?C7 O@DA ODE7 E? I7BD8 J@D- XIV, 8589).
7.+'. 8'*+%" 9%+!: , *$(*4% 4'/+'$%
"A D>=R J@=9E?@7 JDBJ:<D E? E7H<D =B? J@=9E?@? :HB7<D>=Q= H9D P=HJ7@=-
P7 E? I7BD8 : H>DE? HQ=O? D 4@K=97 B?B = H:H@?Q= H? O7OD H7 O@7EC? P=T79=-
:L@7V=>7D ?<D@9<: =P?DQD8O: ?<?@L=E:, HB=NO=9 HB7>D>=97 E?P<DL J@7>787-
HB?@?DB=J? N=E= O@?P=K=Q=B?B J@7O- HB7@N?>=S7<F7, B7OD = H7 =AQ=>=97 BD-
B=N<D <? JDHBDE= = <=E? 9DL:S. 57 =J7O, JQ=<? = KQ=HODHB= J@?97 4@K=97 =
<? H9=E?9D J@?BJDHB7>=B= P7 I7BD8?>D 4@K=E=. I7BD87 H: DJB:M=>7Q= = H@JHO=
PE?QD <=E? DP=L@7QD A<7N7E<: Q=B?@7@<: =<B?Q?OB:7Q<= O@:LD>= : &7L@?K:, J@7-
:QDL: : W@>7BHODE : TD@9=@7C: <?L7B=>- B?S= C?LD>? J:KQ=O7F=E? : J@7>78O=9 =
<? HQ=O? D 4@K=97. !7J@DB=>. *?LD>= =<=9 7<B=H@JHO= <7HB@DE?<=9 Q=HBD-
HB?@?DB=J= PE?Q:E: O7D Q=B?@7@<= J@D- >=97, B?OHBD>? J:<? OQ?>?B7 =, :DJ8B?,
P:M?B7O HB7@N?>=S7<HB>7, 7 H DKA=@D9 P=HO:B7K=Q<=R HB7>D>7 D 4@K=97 =
<7 =<B?Q?OB:7Q<: ?<?@L=E:, HJ=H7B?;HO: H@JHODE O:QB:@=. I7BD8 E?, P7OQ?, M=>=D
O@?7B=><DHB = <?9E?@;=> J7BDH H7 ODE=9 <7 L@7<=F= HB@J;?C7 H@JHO=R =<B?Q?O-
L@7P= H>DE? B?OHBD>?, N=<= H? P7 I7BD- B:7QF7, ODE= H: K=Q= = >=8? <?LD BDQ?-
8?>? @=E?N= PE?Q:E: :KE?P;=>=E? DP H>=R @7<B<= H DKA=@D9 <7 N=C?<=F: P7 E?
R@>7BHO= OC=M?><=O J=H7D O7D A7BDN?-
JDQ=B=NO=R =Q= =P?DQD8O=R J79TQ?B7
<=O HB7@N?>=S7<HO? =P?E? = DP@?V?<=R
ODE? E? <7N=<=D 4B7@N?>=S. +<? H: C=-
HB?@?DB=J7 D 4@K=97. IDM? H? H7
RD>D Q=B?@7@<D D>7JQDS?C?, <7HBDE7C?
H=L:@<D8S: @?S= P7 E? : Q=B?@7@<D9 JD-
P7 H? OC=M?><D 8B=>D J@?P J:KQ=OD9
LQ?P: I7BD8 : H>DE: DPK@7<: :>=E?O
@7ADBO@=E? O7D >E?@DPDHBDE7< = ?LA7OB7<
9DL7D =A<=E?B= NQ7<O? : ODE=97 H? K?H-
B?OHB. D>=9 J@=9E?@=97 H9D =Q:HB@D- OD9J@D9=H<=9 7:BD=97M=97 DH>@B7D =
>7Q= B: H>DE?>@H<: 79JQ=B:P: I7BD8?- <7 O:QB:@: = 9?<B7Q=B?B HDJHB>?<DL <7-
>=R @7HJDQDM?C7 J@?97 4@K=97 = DK@7- @DP7. I?V:B=9, 97 ODQ=OD B= 7:BD=97M=
B=Q= J7MC: <7 JDH;?P=F? C?LD>DL7 K=Q= (H79D)O@=B=N<=, <=O7P7 H? JD
<?JDODQ?K;=>DL =<H=HB=@7C7 <7 7QB?- HJ?F=T=N<DE B?M=<= <? 9DL: 9E?@=B=
@=B?B: H@JHODL ?B<=F=B?B7 : DP<DH: <7 H7 B?OHBD>=97 ODE= H: J@?=HJ=B=>7Q=
R@>7BHO=. (:P:S= P7 E? : BD9 =<H=HB=@7C: O:QB:@<= =<B?L@=B?B, B@7P=F=E: = DHE?-
OD@=E?< H>=R I7BD8?>=R JD@?V?C7, S7C7 H@JHODL <7@DP7 <7 <7F=D<7Q<DE,
9?V: ODE=97 E7OD >?Q=O= K@DE @?A:QB=@7 >E?@HODE = @7H<DE DH<D>=.
=97M=97 ODE= ?9=B:E: O@7EC? P?HB@:O-
B=><: = <?L7B=>=HB=NO: ?<?@L=E:, H7LQ?- ./01230423
P7Q= H9D =R : O:QB:@<D-=HBD@=EHOD9
OD<B?OHB:. + C=RD>DE B=JDQD8ODE =P?- 1. Begi\, Midhat (1957), Uz Mato-Skerli-
<B=T=O7F=E= <=E? 9DLQD K=B= LD>D@7, H \evo nasljedstvo, RaskrLa, Sarajevo:
DKA=@D9 <7 N=C?<=F: P7 H: O@7EC? OD<- Svjetlost.
B@D>?@A<= = <?PDH;?P<=. 5@DKQ?97B=- 2. (?@=S, G:87< (2005), D$"%+*4! ($%-
O: C?LD>DL DP<DH7 J@?97 4@K=97 = J@?- "%:+"! , ;$<, III, !D>= 47P:
97 C=RD>DE =HBD@=E= = O:QB:@= 7<7Q=- Orpheus.
A=@7Q= H9D, P7OQ?, B?9?;<=9 :>=PD9 : 3. 2?D@L=E?>=S, 1@?8=9=@ (1965), I7-
D<? C?LD>? B?OHBD>? : ODE=97 H: O;:N<? BD8 : (?DL@7P:, E<!$.,4 9%+,6)
@=E?N= <?O= K=B<= 7HJ?OB= H@JHODL <7- *$(*4) 0% 4=,A)".!*+ , 1)0,4, 13/2:
F=D<7Q<DL K=S7. !7>DP?S= <?O? =A@7A- 385387.
4. 2Q=LD@=S, #?Q=KD@ (1975), ",3!$',
R@>7BHO= OC=M?><=O ). 2. I7BD8 K?A
HJ@?9? = HB:P=E7, B7E >DE<=NO= KE?L:<7F (?DL@7P: !DQ=B.
J=8? H7P7 : W@>. J@7>: D H@JHOD9 5. Dugast, Jacques (2001), La vie culturelle
J7>=;D<: <7 J7@=8ODE =AQDMK= (...); <7- en Europe au tournant des 19me et
>?P?<D J@?97 5@=QDA=97 ;%<$%.,3 &1)/% 20me sicles, Paris: Presses Universi-
98 :A H>?A7O III, HB@. 423. taires de France.
7.+'. 8'*+%" 9%+!: , *$(*4% 4'/+'$%
6. 6?M?;, I=@OD (1968), I7BD8 : (?D- 11. Star]evi\, Ante (1876), Pasmina slavo-
L@7P:, M)+!(,* 9%+,6) *$(*4), 144, serbska po Hervatskoj, Zagreb: Tisak
401: 195215. Lav. Hartmna i drube.
7. 6?M?;, I=@OD (1970), N$%5%1'-, 0% 12. Todorov, Tzvetan (1989), Nous et les
9%+!:)#, &7L@?K: I7B=F7 R@>7BHO7. autres. La rflexion franaise sur la
8. ,?QN=S, G:K@7>OD (1984), 9%+!:, &7- diversit humaine, Paris: ditions du
L@?K: 2QDK:H. Seuil.
9. ;%<$%.% &1)/% 7.+'.% 8'*+%"% 9%- 13. /@7<L?8, ">D (1974), 9%+!:, K,&$,-,
+!:% (187319141973) IDD (1973), J$/)A%, &7L@?K: -=K?@.
:@?P=Q= G@7L:B=< '7P=E7<D>=S, !?- 14. Zweig, Stefan (1966), Zvjezdani sati
PE?;OD I=R7<D>=S, G:K@7>OD ,?QN=S, OovjeOanstva. JuOeranji svijet, preveli
#=P7 /Q7O?@, -D>@D 6:J7<N=S, 4Q7>- sa njema]kog Vlatko ari\ i Aleksandar
OD (7B:8=S = G7>D@ 17J?B7<=S; &7- Tima, Rijeka: Otokar Kerovani.
L@?K: ,:LDHQ7>?<HO7 7O7P?9=E7 A<7<D- 15. 0=F?Q, I=@DHQ7> (1966), 9%+!:,
HB= = :9E?B<DHB=, -=K?@ = IQ7PDHB. &7L@?K: !"5 57<D@797 = 0ODQHO=
10. Star]evi\, Ante (1868), Ime Serb, Zagreb: @7P=D = B?Q?>=A=E7.
Slovi Karla Albrehta.
Rsum
s.smulja@gmail.com
99