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ODN= H? <7P HE7E<=9 >DP797, = <? >E?@:E?9 ?<?@L=E: = D@=L=<7Q<DHB JDE?P=<=R
DN=97 P7 H79 KQ=A: F=;7, P7 H: D>7 9D- H@JHO=R OC=M?><=O7 ODE= H: 9: = JDHB7-
P@7 = 9?O7<7 K@P7 HQDKDP7 = 4@K=E7. (IV, Q= KQ=HO= J@=E7B?;=, N7O = PDK@DB>D@=
264). 4Q=N7< ?<B:A=E7A79 = H<7M<? ?9D- : C?LD>=9 P7<=97 DHO:P=F?, O7P7 H? O7D
F=E? H:H@?S?9D = : J:BDJ=H: +P &7L@?- 9Q7P = H=@D9787<, 7Q= @7H7< = ?<?@L=-
K7 PD (?DL@7P7, : OD9? I7BD8 HQDKDP<D N7< Q=B?@7B7 JDE7>=D : (?DL@7P:. ,7<OD
OQ=N?: (?DL@7P E?P>7 E?P7@?P! 17D =A #?H?Q=<D>=S, 4B?>7< 4@?97F, ,D>7<
DL@D9<? B79<=F? PDVDR : L@7P LPE? H79 "Q=S = P@:L= H@JHO= OC=M?><=F= >?D-
HQDKDP7< = LPE? = O@7; LD>D@= KD;? 97 K@AD H: :>=PE?Q= P7 E? I7BD8 =A:A?-
R@>7BHO= DP 9<DL=R R@>7BHO=R J7B@=D- B7< 9DP?@7< OC=M?><=O. " I7BD8 E?
B7 (XI, 158). (?DL@7P E? A7 I7BD87 H=9- :>=P=D =A:A?B<DHB H@JHO=R OC=M?><=O7,
KDQ=AD>7D H>? PDK@D 8BD 9: H? P?H=QD : 8BD E? G. ,?QN=S >?D97 HQ=OD>=BD =HB=-
BDO: P>7E: KD@7>7O7 : D>D9 L@7P:. 3?HBD F7D:
E? J?@HD<=T=OD>7< : C?LD>=9 J:BDJ=H-
<=9 J=H9=97, 7 HQ=O? (?DL@7P7 H: H<7M- X:P= O7D 67@OD "Q=S = (@7<=HQ7> !:8=S,
<? = =97LDB=J=N<D-H:L?HB=><?. B?OHB: <?:9D@<= 87;=>N=<? = K:@L=E7<B= ODE= <=H: JD-
J=H97 =A I=<R?<73 T:<OF=D<=8: O7D A<7>7Q= <= J@=A<7>7Q= <=8B7 DOD H?K? 8BD <?
K=, K?A J@?PD9=8;7C7, H9E?HB7 M@B>D>7Q= A7
HE?S7C7 ODE=97 H: J@DM?B= <=AD>= I7-
E?P7< PDK7@ >=F ODE= S? :N7H J@DHB@:E=B= O@DA
BD8?>=R =<TD@97B=><D-O:QB:@DQD8O=R F=E?Q= (?DL@7P B? =A7A>7B= ?OHJQDA=E? H9=E?R7
DJH?@>7F=E7 D H@JHODE :9E?B<DHB= = B7O>= ;:P= =9JD<=@7Q= H: I7BD8: >=8? DP H>?-
Q=B?@7@<DE J@DP:OF=E= : 4@K=E=. +>7OD L7 DHB7QDL7, E?@ = H79 K=E78? B7O7>. ", O7D B7O7>,
H? I7BD8 HE?S7D (?DL@7P7: LDBD>D DH79;?< : J@?DAK=;<D9 &7L@?K:, L@7P:
ODE= E? :J@7>D JD I7BD8?>=9 @=E?N=97 K78
!7 Q7V= 9= H? N=<=QD P7 E? O7;7>= (?D- AKDL B? H>DE? >?Q=O? DAK=;<DHB= <7EH9E?8<=E=.
L@7P <?O7 9=Q7 DHDK7 ODE: <? 9DL: P7 A7L@Q=9. (1984: 113114).
-7J7>=F7 = 97LQ7 9= <? P7E: P7 EDE H? A7LQ?P79 :
PDK@DS:P<D Q=F?. G:LD, P:LD H79 JDH97B@7D 1DQ=OD H? I7BD8 K=D H@DP=D H7 (?-
(=E?Q= 2@7P ODE= H? JDP O=><=E?9 = H=>=E?9 <?-
DL@7PD9 = K?DL@7PHOD9 H@?P=<D9, LD>D-
KD9 ODE? O7D P7 =97V78? BDL7 P7<7 O=E7>=F:
A7>= : 97LQ?<: K:<P:. " =8N?A<:8? : B9:8= @? <79 = ?9DF=E? ODE? E? A7K=;?M=D <7
O79?<=B7 D@QD>HO7 O@=Q7 P@>?<? B>@V7>?, DPQ7HO: =A (?DL@7P7 = =A 4@K=E? O7D
J@?P DN=97 9= JDB7><= GD@SDQ, 7 DP >?H?QDL H>DE? P@:L? 97EO?. I7BD8 H? <=E? Q7LDP-
(=DL@7P7 DHB7P? H79D :HJD9?<7, :HJD9?<7 <D DHE?S7D, <? H79D AKDL DODQ<DHB= JDP
>=8? HQ7BO7 <?LD LD@O7 (III, 82). ODE=97 E? K=D J@=<:V?< P7 DP? =A (?D-
L@7P7 = =A 4@K=E? 8BD J@=E?, <?LD = A7BD
I7BD8 H? >?D97 K@AD 7P7JB=@7D <7 8BD E? DHE?S7D O7D P7 H? @7HB7E? H7 KQ=-
(?DL@7P = 7B9DHT?@: ODE7 E? >Q7P7Q7 : HOD9 = J@=E7B?;HOD9 DHDKD9. 4E?S7D H?
C?9:, <7@DN=BD <7 D<? DODQ<DHB= : K@DE<=R J@=E7B?;7 ODE? E? B: HB?O7D,
ODE=97 H? DHE?S7D O7D ODP O:S? 9DMP7 = 9E?HB7 = :HJD9?<7, >E?@D>7B<D = <?
3 ). 2. I7BD8: I=<R?<:, O@7E?9 E7<:7@7 HQ:B?S= P7 S? H? E?P<DL P7<7 JD<D>D >@7-
1898, G%&%, IV, K@. 5, HB@. 7677, 47@7E?>D, B=B= = <7HB7<=B= : (?DL@7P:. !7 BD9
86 1. 97@B 1898. (III, 7982). @7HB7<O: I7BD8 H? <?9=<D><D 9D@7D
7.+'. 8'*+%" 9%+!: , *$(*4% 4'/+'$%

J@=HE?B=B= = KDQ<DL @7HB7<O7 H7 H>DED9 E7C? P7 H? DP@?V?<= 7HJ?OB= H@JHODL <7-


R@>7BHOD9 PD9D>=<D9 = H7 &7L@?KD9, F=D<7Q<DL K=S7 J@?>@?P<:E: = JDE?P<D-
L@7PD9 H>DE=R <7E;?J8=R H<D>7 = HB7>?, H>? BD E? :L@7V?<D : C?LD>? DJ8B?
<7EJQ?9?<=B=E=R =P?7Q7. 'D J@=HE?S7C? = JDE?P=<7N<? HQ=O? D 4@K=97. 4>? B?
H? Q=B?@7@=AD>7QD : E?P7< DP <7E;?J8=R HQ=O? H: =A:A?B<D A<7N7E<? J@= =97LD-
I7BD8?>=R =97M7 D H@JHOD-R@>7BHODE QD8OD9 = O:QB:@DQD8OD9 H7LQ?P7>7C:
KQ=HODHB= D ODEDE <7EN?8S? <=E? LD>D@=D I7BD8?>DL PE?Q7, 7 A<7N7E<? H: = : =<-
7T=@97B=><D: B?@J@?B7B=><D9 <7HBDE7C: P7 H? 8BD
JDBJ:<=E? H7LQ?P7 Q=B?@7@<= 7HJ?OB
+B=S= =A &7L@?K7 : (=DL@7P BD E? DB=S=
=A DB7UK=<? : DB7UK=<:. I= = 4@K= H9D O7D C?LD>DL DJ:H7. 57 =J7O, B@?K7 <7LQ7H=-
D<= E7L7CF= ODE= 9DL: P7 H=H7E: P>=E? 97EO?. B= P7 H: HB?@?DB=J=, O7D B?97BHOD-9D-
+HB7>;79 = P@:L: 97EO:. 3:P<D>7BD 9= E? J@?9- B=>HO? E?P=<=F? : I7BD8?>=9 B?OHBD>=-
P7 K78 <=E?H79 :9=;7BD E7LC?. 4E?S7E:S= H? 97, T:<OF=D<=H7Q= : C=97 O7D B?9?;<=
9?V: =<=E?9 = 8ODQ?, N=<= 9= H? ODP H>7ODL
H=HB?9 :HJDHB7>;7C7 JD?B=NODL 7QB?-
J;:HO7 P:<7>HO=E?R >7QD>7 P7 E? PD9D>=<HO7
;:K7> : O>7P@7B<D9 @7A9E?@: H :P7;?<D8S: DP @=B?B7. 4B?@?DB=J= O7D Q=B?@7@<? HQ=-
DB7UK=<? (III, 82). O? =97E: JDBJ:<D P@:L7N=E: T:<OF=E:,
H7P@M7E = A<7N?C? : ?LA7OB<D9 H7LQ?P7-
1DQ?OB=><D J79S?C? H@JHODL <7@D- >7C: = B:97N?C: HQ=O? D P@:LD9. 4BDL7
P7, ODE? E? H>DE: H>E?M=<: H7N:>7QD BDOD9 9D@79D O7A7B= P7 H: I7BD8?>? HQ=O? D
<?ODQ=OD >=E?OD>7 K:@<? <7F=D<7Q<? 4@K=97 O@7EC? @?Q7B=><= JDE9D><=,
=HBD@=E?, <7 JDN?BO: 20. >=E?O7 :AK78B=- A<7N?CHO= = H7P@M7E<= =97M=, JDE?P<D-
<=QD E? = HE?S7C? <7 =A:A?B<D A<7N7E<? HB7>;?<? = JD>@8<? J@?PHB7>? ODE=97
PDL7V7E? : LDP=<797 KD@K? A7 J:<: <?A7- J=H7F J@?B?<P:E? P7 H7LQ?P7 DJ8B? DP-
>=H<DHB = DHQDKDV?C?. I7BD8 E? K=D Q=O? ODQ?OB=>=B?B7 D OD9? LD>D@=. '7E
H>E?PDO B=R >?Q=O=R PDL7V7E7 : 4@K=E=, LD>D@ H7P@M= ?Q?9?<B? ODE= <= : OD9
7Q= E? =HBD@=EHOD = O:QB:@7Q<D J79S?C? HQ:N7E: <? 9DL: P7 JDHB7<: @?Q?>7<B<=
D OD9? P7<7H N=B79D : C?LD>D9 PE?Q: PD- N=<=DF= : ?LA7OB<D9 H7LQ?P7>7C: DHD-
H?A7QD B?O PD (7QO7<HO=R @7BD>7. '= @7- K?<DHB= DP@?V?<DL ODQ?OB=>=B?B7. I7-
BD>= H: JDH;?PC= DP >?Q=O=R PDL7V7E7 D
BD8?>? HQ=O? D 4@K=97, D C=RD>DE =HBD-
ODE=97 E? I7BD8 JDH>E?PDN=D : H>D9?
@=E= = O:QB:@=, BD H: J@?PHB7>? E?P<DL
PE?Q:, K:P:S= P7 E? :9@D <?ODQ=OD 9E?-
OC=M?><=O7, ODE= E? N7O = ?LA7OB<?
H?F= J@=E? 47@7E?>HODL 7B?<B7B7, DP<D-
N=C?<=F? H7 ODE=97 H? :JDA<7D Q=B?@7-
H<D J@=E? JDN?BO7 5@>DL7 H>E?BHODL @7B7.
@=AD>7D O@DA J@=A9: O@7EC? H:KE?OB=-
I7BD8?>? OD<B@D>?@A<? K=;?8O? O7-
><DHB= = =P?DQD8O? >E?@? : PD9=<7F=E:
@7OB?@=8? HB7Q<D J@=H:B<7 B?MC7 P7 P
DJ=J;=>? PDO7A? = P7 HB>D@= J7@7P=L9: R@>7BHODL O:QB:@<DL K=S7 <7P H@JHO=9.
: ODEDE S? H? JDO7A7B= DLQ?P7QD =P?<B=-
B?B7 4@K7 = W@>7B7. 5@= BD9? E? I7BD8 ***
N?HBD =<H=HB=@7D <7 ?B<D<7F=D<7Q<D9
7QB?@=B?B: = <7 O:QB:@<D-=HBD@=EHODE 5@= J@D:N7>7C: I7BD8?>DL J:KQ=-
7H=9?B@=E= H@JHODL = R@>7BHODL ?B<=F=- F=HB=NODL PE?QD>7C7, O7D = J@= J@D:-
B?B7, <7EN?8S? =HB=F7<DE : OD@=HB R@>7B- N7>7C: C?LD>DL OC=M?><DL DJ:H7 :
HODL <7F=D<7Q<DL K=S7. '? DJ8B? DPQ=- FE?Q=<=, A<7N7E<7 E? N=C?<=F7 ODE7
O? I7BD8?>DL JD=97C7 H@JHODL ?B<=F=- :O7A:E? <7 =P?DQD8O: :B?9?;?<DHB I7-
B?B7 = =P?<B=B?B7, JDBJ:<D H: OD9J7B=- BD8?>DL PE?Q7 = PE?QD>7C7 : DO@=;:
K=Q<? H7 D<=97 ODE? E? =A@7M7>7D : HB7@N?>=S7<HB>7. H79D9 I7BD8?>D9
H>DE=9 =97M=97 D H@JHODE =HBD@=E= = DJ:H: <79 H? H7H>=9 E7H<D = A7R>7Q<D
O:QB:@=. 5@DB=>@=E?NE7 = H:ODK=, <7HBD- DB>7@7E: J?@HJ?OB=>? C?LD>DL OD9JQ?O- 87
!"! #$%&!

H<DL DP<DH7 J@?97 4B7@N?>=S: O7D = 7<L7M97< = ?B<DF?<B@=N<= 7HJ?OB Q=-


DJ=J;=> =P?DQD8O= @?;?T ODE= R@>7- B?@7@<DHB=4.
BHO= J=H7F L@7P= : DP<DH: J@?97 4@K=- $>@DJHO= OD<B=<?<B : P@:LDE JDQD-
97, J@?97 C=RD>DE =HBD@=E= = O:QB:@=. >=<= 19. >=E?O7 A7R>7B=Q7 E? JQ=97 <7F=-
I7BD8 E? <7 Q=B?@7@<D9 JQ7<: <7E>=8? D<7Q=A97, N=E= H: =P?DQDA= K=Q= /@7<-
=P?<B=T=OD>7D D<? =P?E? ODE? H: 7T=@- F:A= $@<?HB %?<7< = ID@=H (7@?H. !7-
9=H7Q? <7F=D<7Q<= J@?JD@DP = BD H7 F=D<7Q=A79 H? P?B?@9=<=H7D O7D ODQ?O-
=P?E797 ODE? H: H? : OC=M?><DHB= @?7Q=- B=><D DHE?S7C? =Q= DHE?S7C? J@=J7P<D-
AD>7Q? O7D <?J7B>D@?<D @DPD;:K;? = HB= ODP JDQ=B=NO=R O7D = ODP E?A=NOD-
@7H<7 J@=J7P<DHB DP@?V?<DE <7F=E= O:QB:@<=R <7F=D<7Q<=R ?<B=B?B7. "HJD-
(O:QB:@=). !7 I7BD87 E? =A:A?B<D H<7M- ;7>7D H? : >?Q=N7C: HDJHB>?<? <7F=Ee =
<D :B=F7Q7 Q=N<DHB ID@=H7 (7@?H7 : @7AQ=N=B=9 DKQ=F=97 <=JDP78B7>7C7
(Maurice Barrs), N=E? E? >=B7Q=HB=NO? P@:L=R. 1@=A7 : P@:8B>?<=9 DP<DH=97 :
=P?E? H7LQ?P7>7D J@=E? H>?L7 : R@>7BHOD9
4 DO>=@=97 B?D@=EHODL 9=8;?C7 D J@=-
OD<B?OHB:, K78 O7D 8BD =R E? 4O?@Q=S
@DP= ;:PHODL K=S7, D C?LD>=9 =<P=>=P:-
=<OD@JD@=@7D : H@JHOD <7F=D<7Q<D = 7Q<=9, ?B<=NO=9, J7 = @7H<=9 DHDK=<797
O:QB:@<D BO=>D <7 JDN?BO: 20. >=E?O7. : ?>@DJHODE <7:F= JDHBDE? K@DE<= JDO@?B=
B?OHB: ODE= JDO7A:E? <7 ODE= <7N=< = J@?- = =P?DQDL=E?. +>? B?D@=E? = C=RD>7 JDQ=-
OD ODE=R =P?E7 H? R@>7BHO= <7F=D<7Q=HB7 B=NO7 :JDB@?K7 DAK=;<D H: JDQ7@=AD>7Q?
=P?<B=T=O:E? H7 (7@?HD9, #?Q=KD@ = JDP>DE=Q? ?>@DJHO: H>=E?HB I7BD8?>DL
2Q=LD@=S O7M? P7 E? I7BD8 J@=R>7B=D >@?9?<7 :A@DO:E:S= <?O7 <?L7B=><7 DHE?-
S7C7 : O:QB:@<D9 M=>DB: D>? ?JDR?, 7Q= =
(7@?HD>?
P@:L? DAK=;<? = P7Q?ODH?M<? JDH;?P=F?.
=P?E? D @?L?<?@7F=E= <7@DP7, <7@DP<DE ?<?@- #?Q=O= K@DE ?>@DJHO=R =<B?Q?OB:7Q7F7
L=E=, @DP<D9 O@7E: O7D 8ODQ= J7B@=DB=A97, D>? ?JDR? @7A>=E7 H<7M<: = RD9DL?<: ODH-
E?P=<HB>: Q=N<DHB= = A?9;?, R7@9D<=E= 9DJDQ=BHO: H>=E?HB ODE7 H? DLQ?P7 : C=-
=A9?V: A7>=N7E<DL J?EA7M7 = ;:PHO? P:8?, LQ7- RD>D9 R:97<=A9: = C=RD>DE PDH;?P<DE
H: A?9;?, JD@:O797 J@?P7O7 =BP. (7@?HD>? HOQD<DHB= DH>?8B7<=9 =P?7Q=97 /@7<-
=P?E? D <7F=D<7Q<DE ?<?@L=E= J@=R>7B=D E? H F:HO? @?>DQ:F=E?, PDO E? B7ODV? >?Q=O=
P@:L? HB@7<? 4O?@Q=S, B? H? : BD9? <787D H7 K@DE = D<=R =<B?Q?OB:7Q7F7 ODE= O@?=@7E:
H>DE=9 <?JD9=@;=>=9 J@DB=><=OD9 <7 =HBD9 =P?DQD8O? DO>=@? A7 H>DE? @7H=E7Q=HB=NO?
B?@?<:. H@JHODE = R@>7BHODE OC=M?><DHB= : = <7F=D<7Q=HB=NO? B?D@=E?. "HBD>@?9?-
J@>=9 P?F?<=E797 D>DL >?O7 9DL: H? <7S= E7O= <D, P7OQ?, H7 E7N7C?9 H>=E?HB= D ;:PHODE
:B=F7E= (7@?HD>=R =P?E7 (1975: 51). E?P<7ODHB= = @7><DJ@7><DHB= 8=@= H?
:N?C? D ;:PHODE @7A<DQ=ODHB= = D >@=E?-
(7@?HD>? =P?E? H:, P7OQ?, A7M=>E?Q? P<DH<DE R=E?@7@R=E= ;:PHO=R @7H7. H7-
= ODP W@>7B7 = ODP 4@K7, J7 H? 9DM? @?S= 9D9 N=<: J@=R>7B7C7 BDL :N?C7 : JDQ=-
B=NOD9 =Q= J7O >:QL7@<D9 OD<B?OHB: JD-
P7 H? JD C=97 = 97BD8-HO?@Q=S?>HOD
N?B7O E? <=A7 <?J@?P>=P;=>=R PDL7V7E7
<7H;?V? 9DM? H7LQ?P7B= : P@:L7N=E?9 ODE= >?D97 N?HBD = : A7>=H<DHB= DP 9?V:-
DA@7NE:. H>E?BQ: KD@K? A7 8BD A<7N7E<=E= <7F=D<7Q<DL OD<B?OHB7 PD>DP= = PD O7B7-
HB?J?< <7F=D<7Q<? H79DHB7Q<DHB=, = : HB@DT7Q<=R JDH;?P=F7 (JDJ:B <7F=A97 :
W@>7BHODE = : 4@K=E= D>? =P?E? <7Q7A? *?97NODE). >=HDO=9 ?>@DJHO=9 O:QB:-
JQDP<D BQD = >?D97 Q7OD H? <7 C?9: @797 O7O>? H: K=Q? C?97NO7 = T@7<F:HO7,
J@=97E:. I7BD8?>D OC=M?><D PE?QD, = JD@?P <?A7P@M=>D J@DL@?H=><DL =<B?-
Q?OB:7Q<DL O:@H7, : D>D9 @7APDK;: ED8
J7 = C?LD>7 J:KQ=F=HB=NO7 PE?Q7B<DHB,
:>=E?O H? DHE?S7 J@=H:HB>D 7B7>=HB=NO?
DK=Q:E: @DPD;:K=>D9 ?<?@L=ED9 = >=B7- H>=E?HB= = 9@MC? J@?97 G@:LD9, ODE7 H?
Q=HB=NOD9 9=H7D<D8S:. W@>7BHO= J=- 97<=T?HBD>7Q7 : 8=@DOD9 HJ?OB@: <?L=-
H7F E? LDBD>D H>: H>DE: Q=N<: = HJ=H7B?- @7C7 R:97<=HB=NO=R <7N?Q7: DP OH?<DTD-
88 ;HO: ?<?@L=E: :L@7V=>7D : <7F=D<7Q<= K=E? PD @7H=A97.
7.+'. 8'*+%" 9%+!: , *$(*4% 4'/+'$%

$>@DJ= P@:L? JDQD>=<? 19. >=E?O7 @?A:Q- =A@7A=B= ?B<DF?<B@=A79, <7F=D<7Q=-


BD>7Q7 E? @7P=O7Q=A7F=ED9 <7F=D<7Q=- A79, B? =A<7P H>?L7 H@KDTDK=E7. 4>? D>?
HB=NO=R DHE?S7C7 8BD S? : 9<DL=9 ?>- ?Q?9?<B?, O7D 8BD S?9D >=PE?B=, <7Q7-
@DJHO=9 A?9;797 L?<?@=H7B= <D>? B7- A=9D = : PE?Q: ). 2. I7BD87. 4B7@N?>=S =
Q7H? 9?V:<7F=D<7Q<=R 9@MC= = HB@7- C?LD>= H;?PK?<=F= PE?QD>7Q= H: : >@?-
RD>7. !7F=D<7Q=A79 H? =HJD;7>7D = O7D 9?<: O7P7 H: H? B7ODV? H<7M<D =HJD;=Q?
OH?<DTDK=N7< DKQ=O 9@MC? J@?97 H>?- = D<? P@:8B>?<? B?<P?<F=E?, JDH?K<D
9: P@:LD9 = P@:L7N=E?9. !7 T@7<F:HODE =A@7M?<? J@?P 5@>= H>E?BHO= @7B, ODE?
HB@7<= H? JDHQ=E? JD@7A7 DP 5@:H7 ODP H: >DP=Q? O7 AKQ=M7>7C: = :E?P=C?C:
4?P7<7 @7A>=Q7 =<B?<A=><7 L?@97- E:M<DHQD>?<HO=R <7@DP7 : E?P<DE 8=@DE
<DTDK=E7, 7 DP G@7ET:HD>? 7T?@? 9DM?- JDQ=B=NODE A7E?P<=F= O7O>7 S? JDHQ=E?
9D LD>D@=B= = D H<7M<=EDE E:P?DTDK=E= 5@>DL H>E?BHODL @7B7 JDHB7B= 1@7;?>=<7
E?P<DL P=E?Q7 T@7<F:HODL 9C?C7. G@:- 4@K7, W@>7B7 = 4QD>?<7F7, 7 JDBD9 =
L=R DKQ=O7 OH?<DTDK=E? : /@7<F:HODE, ,:LDHQ7>=E7.
O7D E?P<DE DP >DP?S=R ?>@DJHO=R JDQ=- 4>? =P?DQDL=E? ODE? H: H? JDE7>=Q? =
B=NO=R <7F=E7 I7BD8?>DL >@?9?<7, <=E? =<B?<A=><D A7M=>E?Q? : J@7OH=, K=B<D
K=QD. H: :B=F7Q? <7 HB>7@7C? JDQ7@=B?B7 :
" 9?V:<7F=D<7Q<? DP<DH? 4@K7 = D>DE ?JDR=, ODE: E? P?T=<=H7QD H<7M<D
W@>7B7 B7ODV? E? O7@7OB?@=H7QD A7D8B@7- R:97<=HB=NOD E?AL@D, 7Q= = E7H<D =HJD-
>7C? = @7P=O7Q=A7F=E7. 4@JHOD-R@>7- ;?<? <7A7P<? B?<P?<F=E? = OD<A?@>7-
BHO? DP<DH? B@7E<D E? DK=;?M=Q7 =P?DQD- B=><D :DHE?S7C? P@:LDL = P@:L7N=E?L.
L=E7 )<B? 4B7@N?>=S7 = B?MC7 O7 :HJD- +>7O>7 P@:8B>?<7 = =<B?Q?OB:7Q<7
HB7>;7C: R@>7BHO? JDQ=B=NO? <7F=E? HB>7@<DHB S? H? H>DED9 H<7LD9 = =<B?<-
ODE7 K= DK:R>7B7Q7 = >?Q=O= K@DE ?B<=N- A=B?BD9 B@7E<D :@?A7B= : O:QB:@7Q<D
O=R 4@K7. 4B7@N?>=S?>: =P?DQDL=E: O7-
@7OB?@=H7D E? @7H=E7Q=A795, OH?<DTDK=E7, B7ODV? @7H=E7Q=HB7 = A7HB:J7 B?D@=E: JD-
Q=L?<?A?, BE. B?D@=E: D @7AQ=N=BD9
5 .>?B7< 'DPD@D> E? :O7A7D <7 @7AQ=N=B? JD@=E?OQ: JDE?P=<=R @7H7 =A N?L7 J@D=A=-
97<=T?HB7F=E? 9=8;?C7 D ;:PHODE @7A- Q7A= C=RD>7 H:J?@=D@<DHB, DP<DH<D =<-
<DQ=ODHB=, J@= N?9: E? @7AQ=OD>7D T?@=D@<DHB. P@:LDE JDQD>=<= XIX >=E?O7
JDE9D>? $%*,0%# = $%*,1%/,0%#. 5D C?9:, @7H=E7Q=A79 H? O7D PDOB@=<7 E7>;7 : 7QB?-
@7H=E7Q=A79 E? =P?E<= JDO@?B <7HB7D : @=B?B: (=TD<D>? = #DQB?@D>? OD<F?JF=E?
A7J7P<DE $>@DJ=, 7 @7H=A79 E?P7< :<=>?@- = BD ODP 2=HB7>7 Q? (D<7 (Le Bon), $@<?HB7
A7Q<D @7HJ@DHB@7C?< DKQ=O JD<787C7. %?<7<7 = )@B=@7 P? 2DK=<D7 (Gobineau).
%7H=E7Q=A79 H? 97<=T?HBD>7D O7D <7:N<7 &7E?P<=NO7 F@B7 H>=R @7H=E7Q=HB=NO=R
PDOB@=<7, 7Q= O7D PDOB@=<7 ODQ?OB=><? B?D@=E7 E?HB? =HB=F7C? N=C?<=F? D JD-
JH=RDQDL=E? ODE7 E? JDP@7A:9=E?>7Q7 @7A- HBDE7C: E?P<? H:J?@=D@<? @7H? ODE: H:
Q=N=BDHB ;:PHO=R @7H7 = R=E?@7@R=E: JD :LQ7><D9 N=<=Q= =<PD?>@DJHO= <7@DP=
ODEDE H: D<? <7:N<D >@?P<D>7<?, J@= N?9: (J@=J7P<=F= K=E?Q? @7H?), B? =<T?@=D@-
H? @7H? <7EN?8S? JD@?P? JD DK@7HF: H:- <=R @7H7 ODE: H: N=<=Q= J@=9=B=><=,
J@DBHB7>;7C7 C=RD>=R 9?V:HDK<=R O>7- <?F=>=Q=AD>7<= = <?O:QB:@<= <7@D-
Q=B?B7. %7H=E7Q=A79 : /@7<F:HODE JDN=C? P=. $>@DJ= H?, H79=9 B=9, <=H: 9DLQe
H7 6D@M--:E?9 (=TD<D9 (Buffon), J=HF?9 DN?O=>7B= O7B7HB@DT7Q<? JDH;?P=F?
L@7<P=DA<? B$,$!&.) ,*+!$,1) (Histoire @7H=E7Q=HB=NODL 9=8;?C7, 7Q= H: A7BD
naturelle, gnrale et particulire, 1749 D>? OD<F?JF=E? =A7A=>7Q? DHE?S7E <?Q7LD-
1778). (=TD< E? H97B@7D P7 E? ;:PHO= @DP P? = HB@?JC? ODP =<B?Q?OB:7Q7F7 R:97<=-
E?P=<HB>?<, 7Q= P7 9?V: ;:P=97 = ;:PHO=9 HB7, E?@ H: J@?PHB7>;7Q? H>DE?>@H<D DJ@7-
@7H797 JDHBDE= >@=E?P<DH<7 R=E?@7@R=E7 >P7C? ODQD<=E7Q=HB=NO=R DH>7E7C7 ODE7
ODE7 H? :DN7>7 : @7AQ=N=B=9 HB?J?<=97 H:, : D>D9 @7APDK;: <7@DN=BD =<B?<A=>-
C=RD>? HDF=E7Q<? HB@:OB:@? = ODQ?OB=>- <D, JDP:A=97Q? >?Q=O? ?>@DJHO? >DE<?
<? @7F=D<7Q<DHB=. #DQB?@ (Voltaire) E? H=Q?. 89
!"! #$%&!

J79S?C? = <7H;?V? : $>@DJ= <7 J@?- HF?H=97. "P?DQDA= =<HB=B:F=D<7Q<DL


O@?B<=F= >=E?OD>7 = <7S= H>DE DP@7A : J@7>78B>7 K=Q= H:, : J@>D9 @?P:, $:L?<
PE?Q=97 9<DL=R :9E?B<=O7. )<B:< 2:HB7> 1>7B?@<=O = )<B? 4B7@N?>=S, 7 P>=E?
I7BD8 E? HB>7@7D : BD<D>=97 <7E;?J8=R LQ7><? =P?E? H7 ODE=97 H: <7HB:J7Q= K=Q?
= <7ER:97<=E=R JD?BHO=R =P?E7 = : H: B?D@=E? D BA>. R@>7BHOD9 =HBD@=EHOD9
C=RD>D9 OD<B@7J:<OB: H7 9@7N<=9 97- P@M7><D9 J@7>: = D R@>7BHOD9 JDQ=-
<=T?HB7F=E797 JDL:K<=R =P?DQDL=E7, B=NOD9 <7@DP:. O7J=B7Q<DE OC=A=
7OB:?Q<=R : JQDP<DE M=>DB<DE = HB>7@7- D$"%+*4! ($%"%:+"! , ;$<, G:87<
Q7NODE PDK= D>DL J=HF7. !?DJRDP<D E? (?@=S E? J@?F=A<D DP@?P=D DO>=@? J@7-
<7LQ7H=B= P7 E? I7BD8 :=HB=<: K=D HD- >78O? <7F=D<7Q=HB=NO? = @7H=HB=NO?
Q=P7< JDA<7>7Q7F D>? ?>@DJHO? ?JDR? = =P?DQDL=E?, C?<? HB:KD>? <DH7N? = =A-
C?< >E?@7< O@=B=N7@, @?><DH7< K=;?- >D@? <7 ODE=97 H: H? DK@7AD>7Q= 1>7B?@-
M<=O K@DE<=R JDE7>7 = PDL7V7E7, H;?P- <=O = 4B7@N?>=S. 'D E? <7 J@>D9 9E?HB:
K?<=O C?<=R H<7M<=R, 7Q= J@DB=>@E?- B?D@=E7 JDQ=B=NO? <7F=E? I7V7@7
N<=R =9J:QH7. C?LD>D9 PE?Q: H? DN=B:E? ,DA?T7 $B>?87 (Etvs), ODE?9: H? J@=-
H<7L7 = O>7Q=B?B E?P<DL ?<D@9<DL O>7<- P@:M:E: C?97NO= =HBD@=N7@ ,7ODK /=-
B:97 A<7C7, O7D = :9E?B<=NO7 B?MC7 O7 Q=J /7Q9?@7E?@ (Fallmerayer), B? -?:AD<
:DHE?S7C: >@?9?<7 : OD9? E? M=>=D = -? G=O (Le Duc). %7HJ@7>7 ,DA?T7 $B>?-
HB>7@7D Y J@=@DP<7 JDB@?K7 P7 A7K=- 87 +,6%1 "/%&%1'-,3 ,&)1% 19. ",1)4% .%
;?M= = J@DOD9?<B7@=8?, DJ=8? = >@?P- &$A%"' A7H<=>7 H? <7 OD<F?JF=E= P7 H:-
<:E?, P7 K?A @7A9=8;7C7 JDV? A7 H>DE=9 >?@?<=B?B JDQ=B=NO? <7F=E? J@=J7P7
<7EA<7N7E<=E=9 =P?7QD9 HQDKDPD9 LD- >Q7P7E:S?9 <7@DP:, 8BD S? @?S= P7 E? :
>D@7 = 9=8;?C7. 4>7O7 I7BD8?>7 OD<- 1@7;?>=<= L7@HODE BD =97D 97V7@HO=
B@D>?@A7 O7D = H>7O7 I7BD8?>7 Q=B?@7@- <7@DP, PDO K= JDQ=B=NODE 97V7@HODE
<7 K@7>:@7 <7HB7Q7 E? O7D JDH;?P=F7 <7F=E= J@=J7P7Q= = H>= P@:L= L@7V7<=,
E?P<? DP D>=R C?LD>=R B?MC= = K?A DKA=@7 <7 E?A=NO: = <7@DP<DH<: J@=-
:9E?B<=NO=R JD@=>7, 7Q= : BD9? = E?HB? J7P<DHB ((?@=S 2005: I, 248), E?@ JDE79
J@=>Q7N<7 H<7L7 OC=M?><DL PE?Q7 D>DL <7F=E? H? :>=E?O >?A:E? :A JDE79 P@M7>?,
7:BD@7. BD E?HB <? :A E?P=<HB>D E?A=NO? A7E?P<=F?.
G@M7><DHB R@>7BHO? JDQ=B=NO? <7F=E?
*** JDO:87>7Q= H: DHB>7@=B= = R@>7BHO= JD-
Q=B=N7@=, : J@>D9 @?P: )<B? 4B7@N?>=S.
'D E? JDP@7A:9=E?>7QD OD9JQ?OH7< = P:-
!7 =P?DQD8OD9 JQ7<:, <7 I7BD8?> LD@DN7< JQ7< P7 H? <7 J@>D9 9E?HB: J@?-
@7P <7EA<7N7E<=E? E? :B=F7D )<B? 4B7@N?- O=<? 97V7@HO7 O:QB:@<7 = JDQ=B=NO7
>=S, B? J@7>78B>D O7D =<HB=B:F=D<7Q- PD9=<7F=E7 <7P W@>7B=97, 7 JDBD9 = P7
<= DKQ=O Q?L=B=9<DL HB7@N?>=S7<HB>7 : H? DHB7Q? <7@DP<DH<? HO:J=<? : W@>7-
W@>7BHODE. 5@7>78B>D E? K=QD <7EA<7- BHODE, <7 J@>D9 9E?HB: 4@K=, JDQ=B=NO=
N7E<=E= QDL=HB=NO= F?<B7@ : R@>7BHODE J@DLQ7H? R@>7BHOD9 <7F=ED9 = J@=A<7E:
KD@K= A7 <7F=D<7Q<7 J@7>7 = <7F=D<7Q- H:>?@?<=B?B W@>7B7 <7P W@>7BHOD9.
<D DHQDKDV?C?. I7BD8 E? =<B?<A=><D 4B7@N?>=S S?, 1868, : B?OHB: I#) ;$<
7T=@9=H7D J@7>78O? =P?E?, 7 KD@7>?S= : J@?<=E?B= D>: $B>?8D>: B?D@=E: : R@>7B-
4@K=E= :N=<=D E? = OD@7O P7;? : DP<D- HO: HB>7@<DHB (Ibid.) = JD :LQ?P: <7 $B-
H: <7 H>DL7 =P?DQD8ODL J@?BRDP<=O7. >?8D> H7< D 97V7@HODE JDQ=B=NODE <7F=-
I7BD8?>D J@7>78OD =P?DQD8OD DJ@?- E= <7N=<=B= C?LD>: R@>7BHO: >7@=E7<B::
PE?;?C? DHB>7@:E? H? O@DA <?L7F=E:
H@JHODL <7F=D<7Q<DL = O:QB:@<DL K=S7, 5D C?LD>DE B?D@=E=, : @7<D9 H@?PC?9
H:J@DBHB7>;7C?9, OQ?>?B797, HB?@?DB=- >=E?O: E? LDHJDP=>87 J7H9=<7 H7N=C7>7Q7
90 J=97 = P@:L=9 <7F=D<7Q=HB=NO=9 ?O- R@>7BHO= <7@DP.!7 E?P<: J?B=<: HB7<D><=8B>7
7.+'. 8'*+%" 9%+!: , *$(*4% 4'/+'$%

LDHJDP7@?S? R@>7BHO? @7H? PD8Q? H: N?B=@= J?- <7Q<DL E:<7O7 = >DP?S?L =P?DQDL7. #?S
B=<? A7@DK7 4@K7, JD 4B7@N?>=S: H797 @=E?N DP J@>=R H;?PK?<=O7 4B7@N?>=S E? A7PD-
<=E? ?B<=NO= JDE79, <?LD DA<7N7>7 HDF=E7Q<= K=D Q7HO7>: B=B:Q: DF7 R@>7BHODL <7-
HB7B:H @DKD>7. +< E? D>=9 J79TQ?BD9 <?B@J?-
F=D<7Q=A97 = R@>7BHO? PD9D>=<? = B7OD
;=>DHB J@?97 H@JHOD9 <7@DP: :AP=L7D <7 <=>D
LDBD>D @7H=HB=NODL Q:P=Q7 = :J7Q=D >7B@: @7H- E? BD DHB7QD = PD P7<7H.6 4B7@N?>=S?>D
<? 9@MC? (Ibid. 250). =9? I7BD8 E? : H>D9? PE?Q: DK?H9@B=D =
D>E?OD>E?N=D, :J@7>D : A<7O A7R>7Q<DHB=
!7 H79DL I7BD87 4B7@N?>=S E? :B=- = JD8BD>7C7, E?@ E? D>7E : =Q=@=A9:
F7D JDPHB=F7E<D = OD<O@?B<D. 4B7@N?>=- :HO@=H=D = DP HQ7>DH@J8B=<? H7N:>7D
S?>=9 :N?C?9 DKQ=OD>7<= H: 9<DL= =9? R@>7BHOD (VII, 124). $>D 8B7 E? <7J=-
=97M= ODE? E? I7BD8 A7K=;?M=D D 4@K=- H7D I7BD8:
97 O7D D <7F=D<7Q<D9, O:QB:@<D9 = @7H-
)<B? 4B7@N?>=S E? B=J J@=E?Q7A<DL >@?-
<D9 7QB?@=B?B:. I7BD8 <=O7P7 <=E? LD-
9?<7. G:RD><= H=< :BDJ=HB=NO?, >?Q?P:8-
>D@=D D 4B7@N?>=S: O7D <7:N<=O, <?LD <? LDP. 1848, =97 9<DLD D<DPDK<? PDOB@=-
O7D H;?PK?<=O E?P<? =P?E? = JD8BD>7- <7@<? <7B@:R?. " A7 D>7E >?Q=O= P:R K=E78?
Q7F A7 C?L7 <?DHJD@<DL 7:BD@=B?B7. HODO =A O9?BHO?, J7B@=E7@R7Q<? W@>7BHO? : 9D-
17OD LDP H: H? $B>?8D>? B?D@=E? J@?Q=Q? P?@<D PDK7, J@?<7L7D. '7F=B 9: E? KQ=M= DP
: 4B7@N?>=S?> B?D@=EHO= P=HO:@H, D<? H: >7M<=R 9DP?@<=R P:RD>7. !?O? <D>? HB@:E? E?
RDB=9=F? =L<D@D>7D. ID@7Q=HB=NODE C?LD>DE
H? DP7BQ? JD =HBD9 J@=<F=J: HJDE?<=R
JDQ=B=F= >@QD E? H@DP7< %:HD, O7D = D< P:897-
JDH:P7 @7H=E7Q=A97 P7;? J@?Q=>7Q? : <=< OD@:JB=><DL 9D9?<B7 : F=>=Q=A7F=E=. 6?-
R@>7BHO: HB>7@<DHB, R@>7BHOD P@:8B>D, <?>F7 @7PD F=B=@7, 7 C?LD> =L@DO7A ;)!*4, ($!-
J7 B7OD = : I7BD8?>D PE?QD. I7BD8?>7 $!4 <DH= =HB= <7HQD> O7D DJ?@7 Devin du
HQ=O7 D 4@K=97 O7D HQ=O7 D P@:LD9 K=Q7 Village. 17OD H? = 4B7@= @7A>=E7D, C?LD>D HR>7-
E? :LQ7><D9 DK@?9?C?<7 HB7@N?>=- S7C? <78?L <7F=D<7Q=A97 <=E? H7H>=9 E7H<D
P?T=<=@7<D. W@>7B= H: : HB>7@= ODP C?L7 H7P
S7<HO=9 <7H;?V?9, J7 H? B7OD 9D@7 = B:- =HBD D<D 8BD 27E?>= "Q=@=, BE. W@>7B= H:
97N=B=. I7BD8?> Q=B?@7@<= K7@D9?B7@ ,:LDHQ7>?<=, H>= ,:LDHQ7>?<= H: W@>7B=, H7P7
K=D E? =H:>=8? DHE?B;=> O:QB:@7Q<= J7O H79D D<= ,:LDHQ7>?<= 8BD :Q7A? : JDP@:NE?
9?R7<=A79 ODE= E? K=;?M=D = <7E97C? A?97;7 R@>7BHODL J@7>7. %7H<=, JQ?9?<HO= =
>=K@7F=E? : R@>7BHOD9, H@JHOD9 =, :DJ- JDQ=B=NO=, P@M7><DJ@7><= 9D9?<7B <=H:
@=E?BOD 797QL79=@7<= : BDE <7F=D<7Q=HB=NODE
8B?, ?>@DJHOD9 P@:8B>:. )Q=, D>7 ?@:-
9=HQ=. BD9? J=B7C: LD>D@= H7P7 O7D 2DK=<D
JF=E7 @7H=E7Q=HB=NO=R :N?C7 = M?HBD- = 2:9JQD>=F, H7P7 O7D %?<7<, J7 =P?<B=T=-
ODL <7F=D<7Q=A97 DHB7>=Q7 E? A<7N7E7< O7BD@= P@M7><? = <7@DP<? 9=HQ=. DFE?<=
= <?=AK@=H=> B@7L : C?LD>D9 DJ:H: = DHDK? DKDM7>7<DL !7JDQ?D<7 III = C?LD>?
E?P<: P=><: 97BD8?>HO: =HBD@=E: O:QB:-
6 &7<=9;=>D E? P7 E? )<B? 4B7@N?>=S K=D =
@?, 7 <7@DN=BD HQ=O: P@:LDL : C?<D9 Q=-
H@JHO? O@>=, <7=9?, C?LD>7 97EO7 I=Q=F7
B?@7@<D9 9DA7=O: <7N=<=Q7 O7@=O7B:- JDB=N? =A H@JHO? J@7>DHQ7><? JD@DP=F?
@7Q<=9 <7Q=NE?9 JD?BHODL = O:QB:@7Q- (DLP7< H7 0=@DO? O:Q? (: -=F=). <?9=-
<DL 9=8;?C7. 17D 8BD E? <7F=D<7Q=A79 QDH@P<DE K7QO7<HODE =L@= ?B<D<7F=D<7Q-
K=D OD<HB7<B7, D>7E L@DB?HO<= @7H=A79 <=R J@=E?OD@7 = HB?@?DB=J7, : &7L@?K:, :
K=D E? HJD@7 P=N<7, 7Q= =A:A?B<D H<7M<7 H@?P=<= HB7@DR@>7BHO=R PDK@=R DK=N7E7,
97<=T?HB7F=E7 HB7@N?>=S7<HO? =P?DQD- H7 refrainom 5@DOQ?B= 1@7C7F! = 5@D-
L=E? : PE?Q: ). 2. I7BD87. OQ?B= #Q7R! (:DK=N7E?<=9 <7A=>=97 A7
#DP?S= @7N:<7 J@?>7HRDP<D D BD9? 4QD>?<F7 = 4@K=<7), J@DT?HD@= H: L7 <7-
A=>7Q= #Q7RD9, E?P<=9 DP @7H=HB=NO=R
P7 R@>7BHOD <7F=D<7Q<D J@7>D = R@>7B-
<7A=>7 A7 H@JHO= <7@DP, DOD ODE=R H? TD@-
HO7 JDQ=B=NO7 <7F=E7 PDK=E: =HBD@=EHO: 9=@7Q7 HB?OQ=8O7 O:QB:@7, JD<=OQ7 <7
JDA=F=E: ODE: H: J@=M?;O=>7Q= R@>7B- A?9;=8B:, <7 ODE?9 E? J@D@DO )<B?
HO= =<B?Q?OB:7QF= = :9E?B<=F=, I7BD8 JDH=E7D H>DE? HE?9?, P7 >Q78O= <7ODB B@?-
E? DOD 4B7@N?>=S7 >=P=D D@?DQ <7F=D- K7 =HB@=E?K=B= (G. (?@=S, =HBD, I, 195). 91
!"! #$%&!

JDQ=B=O? H? DN=BD J@?>7@=D. 17D J@7>= %=9- QD>7D, O7D J@DJ7L7BD@ = 7L=B7BD@ HB7@-
;7<=<, ultimus Romanorum, J@?A=@78? <?- N?>=S7<HO? =P?DQDL=E? : (DH<= = 4@K=E=
J@7>?P<D L@NO: O:QB:@: = H7> R?Q?<=A79. 17D
<7 JDN?BO: WW >=E?O7.
J@7>= HBD=O = ?B=N7@ J@?FE?C=>78? 9DS 9D-
@7Q7 : JDQ=B=F=, DO@:B<DE =L@= =<B?@?H7, 2?<?A7 I7BD8?>DL J@7>78B>7 9DM?
JDBFE?C:E:S= 9DS = :QDL: <D>F7 = ?OD<D9HO=R H? J@7B=B= ED8 DP >@?9?<7 O7P7 E?
H=Q7 : >@?9?<: O7P7 B? H=Q? HB>D@=8? HDF=E7- DFE?C=>7D HB7C? R@>7BHO? <7F=E?, C?<?
Q=A79 = HDF=E7Q<:, <?<7F=D<7Q<: JDQ=B=O:. =<B?Q=L?<F=E?, O7@7OB?@7 = <7F=D<7Q-
GDK7@ O@8S7<=<, A<7D H? E? = >=8? <D HQDKD-
<? H>=E?HB=. 17D <?PDHBDE<? =HBD@=EHO?
PD:9<=NO=, D<7OD la Diderot =A@7A=B= D
H>?S?<=F=97, :A<DH?S= JDL7<HO=, @=9HO= >?Q=N=<? = =HBD@=EHODL B@?<:BO7 R@>7B-
;:PHO= =P?7Q = R:97<=A79 (: B%*#,., */%"!- HB>7, I7BD8 E? : @7A<=9 H>DE=9 B?OHBD-
*$(*4!1) <7P H79D O@8S7<HB>D. !=E?9F? E? <?- >=97 = JDQ?9=O797 =HB=F7D H>? <?L7-
J@7>?P<D D97QD>7M7>7D O7D = 9?B7T=A=O: B=><? =, O7OD E? J@=9E?S=>7D, JDL:K<?
C=RD>:. 5=8:S= DM?BD = H?<B?<F=DA<D O7D DPQ=O? R@>7BHODL <7@DP7 = P@:8B>7:
C?LD> '7F=B, A<7 K=B= B797< = <?E7H7< O7D B7E
OQ?@=O7Q=A79, H?@>=Q=A79, P:8?><:
DH>?B<=O @=9HODL JD<=M?<DL JD<DH7 (VII, 125).
HJ:B7<DHB, JDQ=B=NO: <?A7>=H<DHB, <?-
"A D>DL I7BD8?>DL B?OHB7 9DM?9D >7HJ=B7<: =<B?Q=L?<F=E: = J@D@7N:<7-
JDKQ=M? B:97N=B= C?LD> J@=H7< DP<DH B= J7B@=DB=A79. !7@DN=BD E? =HB=F7D
J@?97 4B7@N?>=S: O7D :N=B?;:, J@?97 <?PDHB7B7O H>=E?HB= D JDP@?V?<D9 JDQD-
4B7@D9 OD9? E? 8B?P@D J@=PDP7>7D M7E: W@>7B7 : DP<DH: <7 I7V7@?, B? E?
?J=B?B? 7<B=NO=R >@=E?P<DHB=, 7<B=NO? P:L= <=A LDP=<7 : =AL<7<HB>: M=>=D =
?<?@L=E? = 7<B=NO=R @7A9E?@7. I7BD8 @7P=D : HB7Q<D9 HB@7R: DP H>7ODL HB@7-
JDH97B@7 4B7@N?>=S7 : H>E?BQ: ?JDR? : <DL ?Q?9?<B7 : W@>7BHODE (I7V7@=,
ODEDE E? D>7E M=>=D, JD9=C? <?O? >7M<? 4@K=, ,?>@?E= = P@:L=). 17D K?HOD9J@D-
:B=F7E? ODE= H: TD@9=@7Q= 4B7@N?>=S?>: 9=H<= J@7>78 = B>@PDOD@<= HB7@N?>=-
Q=N<DHB = :H9E?@=Q= =P?DQD8OD PE?QD- S7<7F, >DP=D E? M?HBDO? JDQ?9=O? H7
>7C?. J@7>D H DKA=@D9 <7 :JQ=>? P=- W@>7B=97 <?J@7>78=97 ODE? E?, :LQ?P7-
P@DD>HODL >@?9?<7 B? = H DKA=@D9 <7 E:S= H? <7 4B7@N?>=S7, <7A=>7D HQ7-
:B=F7E? 2DK=<D7, %?<7<7 = P@:L=R 9=H- >DH@K=97.
Q=Q7F7 =A JDOD;?C7 ODE? E? DK=;?M=QD 4@JHO= <7@DP = C?LD>D J@=H:HB>D :
A<7N7E7< P=D 19. >=E?O7, BD PE?QD>7C? E? W@>7BHODE, C?LD>7 <7F=D<7Q<7 H79DH>=-
:H9E?@?<D O7 7T=@97F=E= <7F=D<7Q<? E?HB, B? 7OB=><DHB H@JHO? =<B?Q?OB:7Q<?
?<?@L=E?, B? =HBD B7OD = J@?97 <?O=9 = J@?P:A?B<=NOD-?OD<D9HO? ?Q=B?, H>7-
@7H=E7Q=HB=NO=9 :N?C=97. OD9K=- O7OD H: K=Q= ?Q?9?<B= ODE= H: J@?PHB7-
<7F=E= H7 $B>?8D>D9 B?D@=ED9 D JDQ=- >;7Q= H9?BC: DHB>7@?C: HB7@N?>=S7<-
B=NOD9 <7@DP:, 4B7@N?>=S E? D>7 :N?C7 HODL R@>7BHODL H<7 D JDQ=B=NODE <7F=E=
DM=>=D : =P?DQD8OD9 DK@7HF: JD OD9? = =HBD@=EHOD9 R@>7BHOD9 J@7>:. G7 K= H?
E? >?Q=O= P=D E:M<=R 4QD>?<7 JD C?9: DHQ7K=Q7 H>? E7N7 JDA=F=E7 97C=<HODL
A7J@7>D 9DL:S? =P?<B=T=OD>7B= = H@JHB>7 : W@>7BHODE, K=QD E? <?DJRDP<D
J@=H7E?P=<=B= R@>7BHOD9 <7F=D<7Q<D9 =A>@8=B= P=T797F=E: = P=HO@?P=B7F-
K=S:. +N=LQ?P<D E? P7 E? BD I7BD8 H7>@- =E: H@JHODL ?B<DH7, 8BD H: J@7>78= =
8?<D HR>7B7D, =7OD E? >?D97 N?HBD ?:T?- :N=<=Q=. %7A>=E7 H? = OD<HB=B:=8? :
9=HB=NO= J@=KQ=M7>7D 4B7@N?>=S?>? DJ8B?R@>7BHO=9 @7A9E?@797 H=HB?9
=P?E? 27E?>=9, J7 = #:OD>=9 =P?E797 D P=T797F=E? 4@K7, A7 ODE? H? >?Q= P7 =R
<7F=D<7Q<D9 E?P=<HB>:. 5@?S:B<D H? :DJ8B? <?97 <7 J@DHBD@=97 A7J7P<D DP
DP<DH=D J@?97 4B7@N?>=S?>=9 B>@PC7- @=E?O? G@=<?, <?LD P7 E? @=E?N D #Q7H=-
97 D R@>7BHOD9 JD@=E?OQ: KDH7<HODR?@- 97 ODE? W@>7B= <? 9DLD8? JDPJ:<D 7J-
F?LD>7NO=R 9:HQ=97<7, J7 N7O = 4@K7. HD@KD>7B= = 7H=9=QD>7B= = ODE= DHB7-
92 0B7>=8?, : BD9 E? H9E?@: PD<?OQ? = PE?- PD8? R@>7BHO= LD>D@?S= #Q7H= ((?@=S,
7.+'. 8'*+%" 9%+!: , *$(*4% 4'/+'$%

=HBD, 598). "9JQ=O7F=E? D <?HQD>?<- S?>D :N?C? E? =97QD 9<DLD J@=HB7Q=F7,


HOD9 JD@=E?OQ: 4@K7, BD E?HB #Q7R7 <7@DN=BD 9?V: 9Q7P=97. 3?HBD JD<7-
:O7A:E: <7 N=C?<=F: P7 <=E? : J=B7C: >;7C? D>=R J?ED@7B=>7 : I7BD8?>=9
H79D <7F=D<7Q=HB=NO= J?ED@7B=>, <?LD B?OHBD>=97 <=E? K=QD B?O Q=B?@7@<D
= :>@=E?M?<D 9=8;?C? JD OD9? H: J@7- H@?PHB>D <=B= H: BD K=Q= HB?@?DB=J=,
>78= H97B@7Q= 4@K? E?P<D9 9=<D@<D9, B7OD :DK=N7E?<= : TD@9=@7C: HQ=O? D
=<T?@=D@<D9 @7HD9. 5=H7C? 8B79J? P@:LD9: BD H:, <7J@DB=>, K=Q? M?HBDO?
K=S? JDH;?PC= HB?J?< H7B7<=A7F=E? HB7@N?>=S7<HO? =<>?OB=>?, DB@D><?
4@K7. +>D H: ED8 <?O= M7@LD<HO= <7A=- HB@=E?Q? E?P<DL J@7>787 :K=E?V?<DL : BD
>= A7 H@JHO= <7@DP = C?LD>? J@=J7P<=- P7 E? 4B7@N?>=S?>7 HQ=O7 D 4@K=97 <?-
O?: 1. R@>7BHO= #Q7H=-JDH@K=F?; 2. JDR@- J@=ODH<D>?< =HBD@=EHOD-=P?DQD8O=, J7
>7S?<= #Q7H=; 3. R=HBD@=NO= JD O@>= = Q=B?@7@<= 7:BD@=B?B = P7 <? 9DM? P7
#Q7H=; 4. R@>7BHO= L@NOD-=ABDNC7F=; 5. H? 9=E?C7. I7BD8 : H>DE? B?OHBD>? :<DH=
<D>= L@NOD-=ABDNC7F= JDP H@KHO=9 = <?O? ?Q?9?<B? ?>@DJHODL =P?DQD8ODL
=9?<D9; 6. >Q7RDH@JHO= M=>7; (Ibid. <7H;?V7, 8BD S? H? : <? B7OD P7Q?ODE
618). K:P:S<DHB= DBO@=B= : =A:A?B<D <?9=-
" I7BD8 OD@=HB= HB?@?DB=J? O7P7 Q=9 PDL7V7E=97 <7 =HBD@=EHODE HF?<=.
J@=E?OD@<D = J?ED@7B=><D LD>D@= D !7 Q=B?@7@<D9 JD;: I7BD8 E? K=D E?P7<
4@K=97, JD<7>;7E:S= HDQ=P<D <7:N?<: DP D<=R ODE= H: D>D P?HB@:OB=><D HE?9?
Q?OF=E: HB7@N?>=S7<HB>7. G>7 B?OHB7 <7 @7H:Q= JD JD;: OC=M?><? :9E?B<DHB=.
ODE=97 JDN=>7 I7BD8?> =P?DQD8O= B?OHB: D I?8B@D>=S:7, ODE= E?
B?9?; E?H: 4B7@N?>=S?>= J79TQ?B= B%*- DKE7>;?< 1910. LDP=<?, I7BD8 D >?Q=OD9
#,.% */%"!*)$<*4% (! D$"%+*4!1 = I#) R@>7BHOD9 :9E?B<=O: LD>D@= H7 9<DLD
;$<. C=97 D>7E =P?DQDL DB>D@?<D @?- J7BDH7 = <?L7B=><DL <7KDE7:
P?T=<=8? =P?<B=B?B H@JHODL <7@DP7, 49D H? JD H?K= @7A:9=E? 8BD 9?<? O7D
=HBD D<D 8BD S? I7BD8 PDF<=E? N=<=B= W@>7B7 H=Q<D KDQ= 8BD I?8B@D>=S, @DPD9
<7 Q=B?@7@<D9 JD;:. 5@>= PDP7B7O, 7OD W@>7B, <=E? <787D : JD>=E?HB= R@>7BHODL R?-
H? >DP= @7N:<7 D R@D<DQDL=E= <7HB7E7C7 @D=A97 <= E?P<? E?P=<? ?J=ADP? PDHBDE<?
J79TQ?B7 I#) ;$< (=9? ODE? 4B7@N?>=S, C?LD>DL HQ7>DH@KHODL PQ=E?B7, HQ7>?S= K=BO:
KE?M7C7 = =AP7E?, HQ7>?S= =A9?S7@7 = B:@HO:
=A 9@MC?, <=LP7 <=E? RB?D =ALD>D@=B=
J@=P>D@=F: I7@O7 = A7KD@7>;7E:S= P7 E?
<?LD L7 E? =ALD>7@7D O7D 4?@K = KDQ?H<D &@=CHO= >?S= DP 7B?<B7BD@7 +K=Q=S7 = P7 A7
9: P7>7D H9=H7D H>@7K7 =Q= servus-a. E:<78B>D <?K@D E?<=R R@>7BHO=R P?Q=E7 <?
(Ibid. 245). '7 =HB7 ?B=9DQDL=E7 P7B7 E? H>E?PDN? Q7M;=>= HQ=E?JF= >?S PDO:9?<B7@<7
H@JHOD9 =9?<: = : 4B7@N?>=S?>DE OD>7- LDHJDV7 W=HBD@=E7. (XI, 83).
<=F= HQ7>DH?@KHO7 J7H9=<7, LPE? E?
*/%"!*$< J?ED@7B=> = DA<7N7>7 JD I7BD8 H? DK@:87>7 <7 ">7<7
B:97N?C: C?<DL 7:BD@7 @DJHO: @7H: I?8B@D>=S7, ODE= E?, K78 O7D = D< H79,
ODE7 H? ($!:,$,/% (! D$"%+*4!1, BD E?HB KD@7>=D : 4@K=E= = 9?V: 4@K=97 = ODE=
HQ7>D-H?@K P>DHB@:O= @DK. '7 OD>7<=- E? <?@=E?BOD = >?D97 <7P7R<:BD DK@7-
F7 <?O7P7 E? DA<7N7>7Q7 4@K?, 7 <?O7P7 V=>7D B?9? =A H@JHO? B@7P=F=E?. +<D JD
D<7E P=D R@>7BHO? =<B?Q=L?<F=E? = JD- N?9: H? I7BD8 @7AQ=O:E? DP I?8B@D>=S7
Q=B=N7@? ODE= H: H7@7V=>7Q= H7 4@K=97 E?HB? C?LD> <?L7B=>7< DP<DH J@?97
= P@:L=9 <?R@>7BHO=9 ?Q?9?<B=97. H@JHOD9 ODQ?OB=><D9 J79S?C:. I?8-
4B7@N?>=S, 7 JDHQ=E? C?L7 = I7BD8 >?D- B@D>=S O7D W@>7B = O7D :9E?B<=O HQ7>=,
PDO I7BD8 @?Q7B=>=A:E? JD9?<:B?
97 N?HBD OD@=HB? D>7E J?ED@7B=> P7 K=
7HJ?OB? H@JHO? ?JHO? B@7P=F=E?, ODE= H?
ED8 >=8? D97QD>7M=Q= H>? 8BD =97
>?A?, 97O7@ = JDQ=B=NO?, H7 H@JHO=9 <7- 7 D$"%+*4% */!<!&%, III, K@. 101, 102, 103;
@DPD9 = C?LD>D9 O:QB:@D9. 4B7@N?>=- &7L@?K, 4, 6. = 7. 97E 1910. (XI, 7984). 93
!"! #$%&!

:LQ7><D9 DP<DH? <7 1DHD>HO: K=BO:. 4 Q7A=D O7D >DE<= KE?L:<7F, KD@7>?S= 9?V:
DKA=@D9 <7 BD P7 E? I7BD8?>7 HQ=O7 D KQ=HO=9, 7 DJ?B B7OD P7Q?O=9 ;:P=97,
4@K=97 TD@9=@7<7 J@?>7HRDP<D <7 HB?- 9?V: 4@K=97.
@?DB=J=97 ODE? E?, J@?BRDP<D, :B?9?;=D B?OHB: I= = D<=8, N=E= <7HQD>
)<B? 4B7@N?>=S, O7D = H DKA=@D9 <7 P7<7H 9DM?9D B:97N=B= = : @?Q7F=E= H7
N=C?<=F: P7 H? @7P= D O@7EC? <?JD?B=N- =97LDQD8OD9 B?D@=ED9 DJDA=F=E7 = H7
<=9 A7J=H=97, <7>DP=9D H79D D<? ODE= B?9?;<D9 J@DKQ?97B=OD9 =HB@7M=>7C7
J@?PHB7>;7E: <7EA<7N7E<=E? O7@7OB?@=- HQ=O? D P@:LD9, >=P=9D <7 ODE= E? <7N=<
HB=O? 7<B=H@JHO? =P?DQDL=E?. 3=<=9D = JD ODE?9 9DP?Q: I7BD8 JD@?P=D O:Q-
BD K:P:S= P7 E? :J@7>D B7 =P?DQDL=E7 B:@: = O:QB:@<? J@=Q=O? : 4@K=E= =
DHB7>=Q7 <?HO@=>?< B@7L =Q= KD;? @?N?- W@>7BHODE. 1DQ=OD LDP E? 4O?@Q=S?>
<D DM=;7O <7 E?P<DE, =<7N? K@=;7<B<DE, B?OHB 4@K=E7, C?<7 O:QB:@7 = C?<7
JD?B=F= J:BD>7C7 = H:H@?B7 H7 P@:L=97, OC=M?><DHB (1910) E?P7< OD<F=A7< =
N7O = O7P7 H: B= P@:L= K=Q= 4@K=. )@- H7P@M7E7< J@?LQ?P H@JHO? O:QB:@? =
L:9?<B >=8? E? = N=C?<=F7 P7 I7BD8 C?<? B@?<:B<? JDA=F=E?, : BDQ=ODE E?
O7D JE?H<=O K@=;=@7 :J@7>D : D<=9 B?O- 9E?@= I7BD8?>7 @?7OF=E7 : O:QB:@DQD8-
HBD>=97 : ODE=97 <=E? JDP@7M7>7Q7F D>? OD9 JDLQ?P: @7ADBO@=Q7 HB7@N?>=S7<HO=
=P?DQDL=E?, PDO : B?OHBD>=97 ODE= DP=- =P?DQD8O= DO>=@ JH?:PD<7:N<DL = JD>-
8: HB7@N?>=S7<HO=9 =P?E797 I7BD8 @8<DL JD@?V?C7 H@JHO? = R@>7BHO? O:Q-
H7H>=9 DN=LQ?P<D HO@?S? H7 Q=B?@7@<DL B:@?. '7O>D JD@?V?C? P>7E: <7@DP7 =
J:B7, J@?HB7E? K=B= H>DE, JDHB7E:S= P>7E: O:QB:@7 D9DL:S=S? 9: P7, K7@?9 A7
H;?PK?<=O E?P<? P=HO:B7K=Q<? JDQ=B=- JDB@?K? H>DE? N=B7Q7NO? J:KQ=O?, J@D-
NOD-=P?DQD8O? TD@9?. LQ7H= P?T=<=B=><: <7P9DS R@>7BHO?
'?M7O M=>DB = <?J@=R>7B7C? : ?Q=- O:QB:@? <7P H@JHOD9, O7D = P7 ED8 E?P<D9
B<=9 =<B?Q?OB:7Q<=9 O@:LD>=97 <?H:- OD<HB7B:E? ODQ=OD E? P@7HB=N7< 7QB?@=-
9C=>D H: H? P:KDOD :@?A7Q= : I7BD8?>: B?B H@JHODL = R@>7BHODL O:QB:@<D-<7F=-
Q=N<DHB, :A@DO:E:S= B?8O? T@:HB@7F=E? D<7Q<DL =P?<B=B?B7. $>D : O7O>D9 H: DP-
ODP R@>7BHODL J=HF7. +>D9 OD<HB7B7- <DH: H@JHO7 = R@>7BHO7 O:QB:@7, JD I7-
F=ED9 <? M?Q=9D D97QD>7M=B= I7BD87, BD8?>D9 >=V?C:. 1:QB:@7: 4@K= H: <7H
C?LD>: H@N7<: J?@HD<:, H<7M7< =<B?- HB=LQ=, 7Q= ED8 <7H, 7OD KDL P7, J@?HB=L-
Q?OB = J@?T=C?< :9E?B<=NO= H?<A=K=- Q= <=H:, 97P7 D<= A7 O:QB:@: M@B>:E:,
Q=B?B. 5D<7E97C? I7BD8?> KD@K?<= PDO H? 9= A7 C: M@B>:E?9D (XIV, 86). !7-
HB7>, =HO@?<DHB = <?J@?HB7<D PE?QD- :O7: 17OD HBDE=9D 9?V:HDK<D : <7:O797,
>7C?, ODE? E? C?9: A<7N=QD PDHQD><D H>? <? A<79 B7N<=E? E?@ <=H79 <7:N<=O, 7Q=
: M=>DB:. (D@7>?S= P>7 J:B7 9?V: 4@K=- A<79 P7 H: 4@K= 97EHBD@= K7@<:9HODE @?-
97, R@>7BHO= J=H7F E? H>=9 H<7L797 OQ79= H>DE=9 :N?C7F=97, PDO <78=
<7HBDE7D P7 H? =AKD@= A7 H>DE? =<B?Q?O- I:H=S=, (:Q=S=, G>D@M7F=, I7@?B=S=,
B:7Q<D 9E?HBD JDP H:<F?9. #?D97 N?HBD 49=N=OQ7H=, 57>=S=, W@7<=QD>=S=,
E? @7HJDQ7L7D :KE?P;=>=9 7@L:9?<B=97 2D@E7<D>=S=, <78= PDK@= J@7><=F=
= BD : H:ODK: H7 =HB7O<:B=9 7:BD@=B?B=- J@DQ7A? = 9?V: <797 : &7L@?K: HOD@D <?-
97 <7 H@JHODE Q=B?@7@<DE = O:QB:@<DE JDA<7B=, <?J@=A<7B=. 1DQ=OD @?OQ79?
HF?<=. !D, D<D 8BD <? A7HQ:M:E? <= <7J@7>=8? H79D .>=E=S:, L?DL@7T:, J7
<7E97C: JDR>7Q:, BD H: I7BD8?>? =<>?O- D<P7 '?HQ=! I:P@D S:B? P7 E? DB7F C=RD>?
B=>? :H9E?@?<e J@?97 4@K=97 = H@JHODE J@=@DP<? <7:O? W@>7B 57<N=S... (Ibid.)
O:QB:@=. +>7O>= HB7>D>=, J@D=HB=N:, 8 D$"%+*4% */!<!&%, III, K@. 117, HB@. 1, K@.
<7@7><D, = =A =P?DQD8O=R OD@=E?<7, 7Q= 118, HB@. 1, &7L@?K, 25. = 27. 97E 1910. (4G,
94 = =A =HO:8?C7 O@DA ODE7 E? I7BD8 J@D- XIV, 8589).
7.+'. 8'*+%" 9%+!: , *$(*4% 4'/+'$%

9E?B<DHB: :9E?B<DHB=97 4@K= P7Q?- H@JHO7 <7F=E7 PDM=>E?Q7 <7 O:QB:@<D9 =


OD A7DHB7E: A7 <797. 'D E? T7O7B. Q=B?- <7 JDQ=B=NOD9 JQ7<:, JD<7E97C? O7D
@7B:@= P7<7H <=H: <= : ODE?9 HQ:N7E: OD@7O O7 ?>@DJHO=9 >@=E?P<DHB=97 <7
KD;=, 97P7 (...) ODP 4@K7 <7=9? H>?, J7 = 9?V= =HBDN<=R = A7J7P<=R :B=F7E7. I7-
?HB?B=O7 = O@=B=O7, HQ:M= ?OHOQ:A=><DE BD8 E? : >=B7Q<DHB= H@JHO? O:QB:@? :
<7F=D<7Q<DE C=RD>DE 9=HQ=, PDO E? @?>=B7Q=AD>7<DE <7F=D<7Q<DE P@M7>=
<D>=E7 R@>7BHO7, <7@DN=BD HQ7>DH@JHO7 @7P=E? >=P=D DJ7H<DHB A7 R@>7BHO= O:Q-
O:QB:@7 P=@?OB<D 7<B=R@>7BHO7 =Q= K7- B:@<= =<B?L@=B?B, JQ78?S= H? K7QO7<=-
@?9 <?R@>7BHO7 (XIV, 8687). A7F=E? =Q= P@:L=R, JD C?9: JDL:K<=R
H>DE=9 =97M=97 D H@JHOD9 O:Q- B@?<PD>7 : ODE? E? R@>7BHO7 O:QB:@7, N=-
B:@<D9 K=S:, I7BD8 S?, JDP@?V:E:S= L7 <=QD 9: H?, <7H=Q<D :>Q7N?<7. +N=LQ?P-
97<=@D9 =P?DQDL7 4B7@N?>=S7 O7D <?- <D :HB@?JB7D : HB@7R: DP <7>DP<DL
PD@7HQD R@>7BHOD9 O:QB:@<D9 = @7H- J@?HB=A7C7 <7 ODE? H? H@JHO7 O:QB:@7
<D9 K=S:, PDS= PD ?OHB@?9<DL A7O;:NO7:
HJ@?97Q7 : DP<DH: J@?97 R@>7BHODE, I7-
I7 ODQ=OD 4@K= RDPDN7HB=Q= : 57@=A = BD8 E? <7 H>7O= <7N=<, 97O7@ = <?:B?-
(?@Q=<, D<= DPD<:P PD<DH? >=8? HJD;C:, JD>- 9?;?<D, JDO:87>7D 7@L:9?<BD>7B= P7 E?
@8<:, <?LD :<:B@78C: O:QB:@:. *=97 E? 9<DLD BD :A7Q:P7< JDO:87E. B7O9=F7 ODE7 E?
KQ=M= .7@=L@7P, 7 <7@DN=BD %:H=E7, ODE7 E? JDHBDE7Q7 H79D : =97L=<7@<D9 PD9?<:
J@?OD 3?@C=8?>HO=E?>=R V7O7 = HB>D@=Q7
I7BD8?>? Q=B?@7@<DHB=, P>DKDE H@JHO?
<7E>7M<=E: HB@:E:, @7P=O7Q=A79 : 4@K=E=. +<D
8BD E? T=<D = >=HDOD : @D97<HODE O:QB:@= = R@>7BHO? O:QB:@?, PD<?OQ? H: = OD@:9-
4@K= <? 9DL: @7A:9E?B= =A BDL J@DHBDL @7AQDL7 J=@7Q? H>7O= JDO:87E AKQ=M7>7C7 =
8BD O7D HOD@DE?>=S= <?97E: H9=HQ7 A7 >@=- J@?O=P7Q? P=E7QDL P>7E: <7F=D<7Q<=R
E?P<DHB= B@7P=F=E? = 8BD =R O7D <?O7BDQ=O? O:QB:@7, 97O7@ H79D = : C?LD>D9 PE?Q:.
O7BDQ=F=A79 <=E?, O7D <7H, DHJDHDK=D A7 L@?-
!D E7H<D E? P7 H? I7BD8 <? DJ@?PE?;:E? A7
ODQ7B=<HOD R=HBD@=EHOD A7J7PC78B>D. 'D E?
@7AQDL 8BD 4@K= <=O7OD <? HR>7S7E: J@7>=, N=- ;?JDB: H=9TD<=EHO? D@O?HB@7F=E? <7-
HB= OQ7H=F=A79. +<= H: @DV?<= @?7Q=HB?, 7 H F=D<7Q<=R O:QB:@<=R >@=E?P<DHB=, K7-
@?7Q=A9D9 S?8 HQ7KD @7A:9E?B= E?AL@: %=97, @?9 O7P7 H: : J=B7C: H@JHO7 = R@>7BHO7
J7 J@7>= H7P@M7E C?97NO?, T@7<F:HO?, ?<LQ?- O:QB:@7, <?LD, <7J@DB=>, A7 @=>7Q=B?B =
HO? :O@7BOD: A7J7PC7NO? 9=HQ=. &7BD = >=P=-
P:?Q J@DM?B <7F=D<7Q=A9D9, B? <7DN=-
9D P7 J@=E7B?;= K7QO7<=AD>7C7 R@>7BHO? O:Q-
B:@?, <7:8B@K R@>7BHB>7, ODP <7H K@7<? @?7Q=- LQ?P H>=97 : 4@K=E= K7F7E:S= @:O7>=F: :
HB=N<? OD<F?JF=E?, :P7@7E: <7 <78 B@7P=F=D- Q=F? H@JHODE O:QB:@= = <7:F= <7 JDN?B-
<7Q=A79 = OQ7H=N<= =P?7Q=A79, PDO 4@K= O: WW >=E?O7. G=HO:B7K=Q<D B:97N?C?
<7HBDE? K78 B? HB@:E? ODP H>DE? O:S? :PD97S=B=. <7EM=>DB>D@<=E?L 7HJ?OB7 H@JHO? P:RD>-
" BD H: ?>D N=C?<=F?. !78= <7J@?PC7F=
<DHB= : C?LD>D9 J@7>DHQ7><D9 R@=8-
<7>7;=>7E: <7 <78 R=HBD@=A79, B@7P=F=D-
<7Q=A79, 7Q= R>7Q? D<? R@>7BHO? :9E?B<=O? S7<HOD9 =P?<B=B?B:, I7BD8 E? B?<P?<-
ODE= :AP=M: O7D #DE<D>=S = I?8B@D>=S *$(*4' F=DA<D <7LQ7H=D O7D H>DE?>@HB7< M=L
R=HBD@=EHO: B@7P=F=E: JDP =ALD>D@D9 <7@DP<? H@797 ODE= E?, JD C?9:, 4@K? PD>DP=D :
JE?H9?, O7D P7 A7E?P<=NO7 JE?H97 <7@DP<7 <? JDA=F=E: >7@>7@7 J@?P A7J7P<D?>@DJ-
HQ7>= = O7BDQ=NO=R, J7 9:HQ=97<HO=R R@>7B-
HO=9, @D97<HO=9 O:QB:@<=9 >@=E?P<D-
HO=R E:<7O7. '@7P=F=E? H: P7OQ? PDJ:8B?<?
H79D 4@K=97, 7 W@>7B=97 <=E?H: (XIV, 87). HB=97. D>=9 = D>7O>=9 P=HO>7Q=T=-
O7F=E797 I7BD8 7JDHB@DT=@7 = >=A7-
"HOD@7O H@JHO? O:QB:@? <7 JDN?BO: <B=EHOD-@:HO= O:QB:@<= O@:L, ODE= E? P7D
20. >=E?O7 I7BD8, P7OQ?, <=E? H7LQ?P7>7D JDPE?P<7O PDJ@=<DH ?>@DJHODE O:QB:@=
: OD<B?OHB: HOD@DL HB=F7C7 <?A7>=H<D- = F=>=Q=A7F=E=, <? <DH?S= :A7Q:P O:Q-
HB= H@JHO? P@M7>? : DP<DH: <7 O:QB:@<D B:@<? J@?@DL7B=>? @=9HO=R <7HB7>;7N7
=<?@B<: B:@HO: =9J?@=E:, <=E? E? JDH97- O@DA K@DE<? >=E?OD>? <78? ?@?. !7EA7P,
B@7D O7D >=B7Q<= A797R = A7Q?B ODE= E? 8B7 @?S= D OD<HB7B7F=E= : ODEDE H? 95
!"! #$%&!

<?K@DE?<= >?Q=O7<= R@>7BHO? <7:O?, 97<=@D9 JD@?V?C7 H@JHO? = R@>7BHO?


<7>?P?<= JDJ:B JQ?9<Z, 7 <? JDJ:B =<- O:QB:@<? H=B:7F=E?, ODE? E? @?PD><D =A-
P=>=P:7, JD@?P? H7 <?PD@7HQ=9 = B?O >DP=D PD A7O;:NO7 D <7J@?P<=E?9 R@>7B-
<?8BD A<7N7E<=E? @?OQ79=@7<=9 .>=- HOD9 O:QB:@<D9 K=S:, I7BD8 OD<HB7B:E?:
E=S?9 = '?HQD9. I?V: K7QO7<HO=9, =97E: E?P=<D R@>7B-
HO= O@7E?>= ?Q?9?<7B7 =A ODE=R K= H? 9D-
*** L7D H7HB7>=B= D@=L=<7Q7< HB=Q. 4>DE:
J@7>78O: TD@9:Q: :JDBJ:C:E? J7O
!= L@7<P=DA<: ;"1)+*4' ,0/!A<' : B>@PCD9 D R@>7BHOD9 O:QB:@<D9 ?Q?-
57@=A:, 1900. LDP=<?, I7BD8 <=E? JDRD- 9?<B: : H79DE (DH<=: (DH7<HO= E?
P=D H79D : H>DEHB>: JDH97B@7N7 = :M=>7- J7>=;D< R@>7BHO= T?:P7Q<= P>D@7F H
DF7 9?V: :9E?B<=NO=9 ?OHJD<7B=97, =HBDNC7NO=9 <7O=B=97, PDO E? JD@?-
<?LD = : :QDA= 7<7Q=B=N7@7 O:QB:@<=R V?C? H@JHODL = KDH7<HODL J7>=;D<7
AK=>7C7 ODE= E? <?:9D@<D = 9<DLD @7- B7ODV? JDJ@7S?<D H9E?QD9 = K@?9?<=-
P=D. !D, P7 : I7BD8?>D9 DP<DH: J@?97 BD9 OD<HB7B7F=ED9: "AQD8F= H: H@J-
4@K=97 = 4@K=E= JDHBDE? : <7E97C: @:O: HO=E= DP J7>=;D<7. 5D8BD : A?9;= ED8
<?O= J@DKQ?97B=N<= HB7>D>=, H>E?PDN= LDBD>D <?97 9DP?@<? =<P:HB@=E?, H>=
= C?LD> J@>= DH>@B <7 H@JHO: O:QB:@:, J@D=A>DP= <DH? K=;?L Q=E?J=R <7@DP-
TD@9=@7< : J@?HBD<D9 L@7P: /@7<F:- <=R @:ODB>D@=<7. 5=@DBHO= H7LD>=,
HO?. H!1#!",#% H7 D>? =AQDMK?, : J=H- :HJE?Q7 ?B<DL@7THO7 AK=@O7 DP=E?Q7, @:-
9: DP 15. H?JB?9K@7 1900. LDP=<?, I7BD8 P7@HO7 =AQDMK7... 4>? E? BD 9<DLD
E? DJ=H7D H@JHO= J7>=;D<, C?LD> J@=9=B=><=E? <?LD : KDH7<HOD9
HJD;78C= =ALQ?P, ?OHJD<7B?, O7D = J7>=;D<: (III, 218).
A<7N7E7< :HJE?R ODE= E? DHB>7@?< B=9? D>D9 A7J=H: I7BD8 E? DJ=H7D =
8BD E? H@JHO7 O:QB:@7 J@?A?<BD>7<7 <7 J@=>@?P<: HQ=O: 4@K=E? A7 >@=E?9? ?OD-
D>DE =AQDMK=. 5DHE?B=D E? H@JHO= <D9HO= <?H@?S<? JDQ=B=O? O@7;7 I=-
J7>=;D<, ODE= E? O7OD H>E?PDN= K=D <7 Q7<7. D$"%+*4!# ($%"' = R@>7BHODE
>?D97 Q=E?JD9 9E?HB:, : :Q=F= Rue des N=B7Q7NODE J:KQ=F= 4@K=E: J@?PHB7>;7
Nations, JD@?P H79? 4?<?. 4@JHO= O7D A?9;: >?Q=ODL JDB?<F=E7Q7 = KDL7B-
J7>=;D< E? K=D J@?JDA<7B;=> JD BD9? HB>7, @:P<DL = J@=@DP<DL KQ7L7, ODE? H?
8BD E? =97D =ALQ?P F@O>? @78O=R 97<7- DP P7><=<7 ODJ7QD, 7 : <D>=E? >@=E?9? =
HB=@7, H7 O:K?B=97 : >=A7<B=EHOD9 HB=- Q=B?@7@<D <7HQ:S=>7QD O7D : >?Q=
Q:. "7OD, : H>DEHB>?<D9 9: HB=Q:, I7BD8 (Q7L: F7@7 %7PD>7<7. &Q7BD
O@=B=O:E:S= H@JHO: O:QB:@: = :9E?B<=- H? :>?Q=O? ODJ78? >?S : 14. = 15. >=E?O:
NO7 PDHB=L<:S7 O7D :9<DLD9? <?D@=L=- (JD@?NO7 %?O7, @=E?O7 5?O =BP.). I?@O:-
<7Q<7, I7BD8 E? =J7O DHB7>=D A<7N7E<D @7 =97 <7 )>7Q= = JD@?P (@7E=F7, DQD>7
O:QB:@DQD8OD H>E?PDN7<HB>D D H@JHODE LDBD>D H>7LPE?, 7 <7E>=8? <7 1DH97E:,
=AQDMK= : 57@=A:, KD@7>?S= = =A>E?- %:P<=O:, 1DJ7D<=O:, : 1:N7E<=, 5DP@=-
8B7>7E:S= H7 Q=F7 9E?HB7, O7D @?><DH<= C:. !7E>=8? AQ7B7 = H@?K@7 =97 :J@7>D :
K=;?M<=O = 7<7Q=B=N7@9. '7OD, <7J@=- D>=9 DQD><=9 <7HQ7L797 (...) (III, 218
9E?@, I7BD8 J@=9E?S:E? P7 F@O>?<D E? 219). H@JHODE OC=M?><DHB= I7BD8 <7-
H@JHOD L@7P=B?;HB>D H7H>=9 K=A7<B- Q7A= JDO@=S? = A7 OD<HB7B7F=E: P7 E?
HOD, 7 P7 H: J@=>7B<? O:S? =Q= B:@HODL 4@K=E7 JD;DPE?QHO7, :LQ7><D9 A?9;D-
O7@7OB?@7 =Q= H? L@7P? : <?DH?K:E<=9 @7P<=NO7 A?9;7. 5@DF?<B=97 = N=C?-
B:V=9 HQDLD>=97. 4>DE=9 :HB7;?<=9 <=F797 ODE=9 E? J@=>@?P7 4@K=E?
9 . !. "#$%&: '%()%*+ ,# -#.+&/0 +12%340 J@?PHB7>;?<7 <7 4>E?BHODE =AQDMK= :
(I), '()!*+,- .(!)-, VI, 4.. 1460, ,$.. 2, 57@=A:, I7BD8 E? PDP7D = OC=M?><:
96 5#6.04, 20. ,0-$0)4#. 1900. (III, 218221). N=C?<=F:, ODE7 E? C?LD>DE J:KQ=F= 9DM-
7.+'. 8'*+%" 9%+!: , *$(*4% 4'/+'$%

P7 = >=8? A<7N=Q7: 2Q=8=S P=><D DJ=- I7BD8?>7 M?;7 P7 R@>7BHODE N=B7-


H7 : B$"!1 <$%0&, <7@DP<: ;:K7> HJ@79 Q7NODE J:KQ=F= : H>DE=9 @?PD><=9
R@7<=B?;HO? D@7<=F? (III, 219). I7BD8 E7>;7C=97 H7 4>E?BHO? =AQDMK? =A 57-
P7E? = HDF=E7Q<: HQ=O: 4@K=E? BDL >@?9?- @=A7 BDOD9 1900. LDP=<?, JDO7M? = PDO7-
<7, 4@K=E? : ODEDE E? LQ7P <?JDA<7<=F7 = M? ODQ=OD E? R@>7BHO7 O:QB:@7 K=Q7 >=-
: ODEDE E? E7><7 H=L:@<DHB DK?AK=E?V?<7 = B7Q<7 = >?D97 N?HBD <7P9DS<7 <7@DN=BD
BD <7@DN=BD : >7@D8=97. I?V:B=9, O7D <7P H@JHOD9 O:QB:@D9, DLQ?P7 H? H7H>=9
<7EA7<=9;=>=E: HQ=O: ODE: PDJ=H<=O H=L:@<D : <7HBDE7C: P7 FE?QDO:J<D
D$"%+*4!5 ($%"% =A 57@=A7 87;? : PD- R@>7BHB>D : PD9D>=<= J@DK:P= =A :N97-
9D>=<:, =AP>7E79D =97M D H@JHODE O:Q- QDHB= DO:J7F=E? = JDQ:ODQD<=E7Q<=R
B:@= <7 O@7E: D>DL A7J=H7 : OD9? I7BD8 J@=Q=O7 ODE? H: : CDE >Q7P7Q?. M?;=
JD@?P= :9E?B<=NO= = <7:N<= M=>DB : P7 7<=9=@7 H:<7@DP<=O? <7 KD@K: A7
4@K=E= = W@>7BHODE. 3=C?<=F7 P7 H? HQDKDP: = A7 P@:L? =P?7Q? ODE= H: >?S
W@>7BHO7 <=E? JDE7>=Q7 <7 4>E?BHODE =A- K=Q= DHB>7@?<= : H:HE?P<DE = JD 9<DLD
QDMK= : H79DHB7Q<D9 J7>=;D<:, :N=<=- N?9: KQ=HODE 4@K=E=, I7BD8 <7EN?8S?
Q7 E? P7 I7BD8 JDHB7<? C?< A<7N7E7< JD@?P= P>=E? A?9;?, P>7 9?<B7Q=B?B7 =
J@?PHB7><=O, =7OD : :QDA= DJH?@>7BD@7 P>=E? O:QB:@?, H7 H<7M<D9 JDB@?KD9 P7
= O@=B=N<DL B:97N7 P>7E: A<7N7E<=R =HB7O<? O7OD E? R@>7BHO7 HB@7<7 H<7M-
E:M<DHQD>?<HO=R O:QB:@7 = : H>D9? <7 = JQDP<7 N7O = : H=B:7F=E= D ODEDE
J@?JDA<7B;=>D9 97<=@: JD@?V?C7 H>E?PDN= 97QDJ@?V78C= <7>DP, : OD9?
H@JHO? = R@>7BHO? :9E?B<=NO? = <7:N<? H? <7LQ787>7 P7 E? R@>7BHO7 9DP?@<7 O:Q-
HB>7@<DHB=. '7OD <7 J@=9E?@, O7D A7<=- B:@7, ODEDE H: J@7OB=N<D H>?A7<? DKE?
9;=>? <7>DP= H@JHO? :9E?B<=O? ,D>7<D- @:O? (<=H9D LDHJDP7@= H>DL JDQ=B=N-
>=S?, HQ=O7@7 = O=J7@7 N=E= H: @7PD>= ODL M=>DB7) <7BO@=Q=Q7 H@JHO: 9D-
:AQDM?<= : 57Q7B= Q=E?J=R :9E?B<DHB= P?@<: O:QB:@:. +<D 8BD I7BD8 <=E? <7-
(Palais des Beaux-Arts), B? PDP7E?: [DO=< LQ7H=D E? N=C?<=F7 P7 H: 4@K= JDHB7Q=
J!*!"*4, *(!#).,4 = 9,/!: K)/,4, H: LDHJDP7@=97 H>DL JDQ=B=NODL M=>DB7
Q:BO? J@?97 /@7<L?8D>D9 H@F?O:F7E<D9 <? B7OD P7><D : DP<DH: <7 LDP=<: 1900, B?
9@79D@E: ODE? JDPHE?S7 M=>DBD9 <7 %D- P7 H: B?O DP<?P7><D =A78Q= =A O:QB:@-
P?<7, 7 57E=<D J$'.,*%=) 6%$% H':%.% <DL, ?OD<D9HODL = F=>=Q=A7F=D<DL 9@7-
' ;4!(@' <?97 I?PD>=S?>? P@797B=O? = O7 : ODE= =R E? A7>=Q7 >=8?>E?OD><7 B:@-
Q=E?JDL ODQD@=B7 (:OD>N?>DL. (III, 221). HO7 DO:J7F=E7. (=QD O7OD K=QD, I7BD8?>
5@=97B R@>7BHO? <7:O? <7P H@JHOD9, 9DP?Q JD@?V?C7 O:QB:@<DL M=>DB7 :
I7BD8 E?, J7O, D>7OD >=P=D: 4@K=E= H7 D<=9 : W@>7BHODE = : D>D9 E?
HQ:N7E: J@?JDA<7B;=> O7D <=A =9J@?-
"7OD H: 27E = #:O H7>@?9?<=F=, =7OD H: H=E7, OD9J7@7F=E7 = OD<HB7B7F=E7 ODE? <?
R@>7BHO7 = H@JHO7 9DP?@<7 O:QB:@7 KQ=A7<=F? O@7H= KDLA<7 O7OD A<7N7E<7 = 7@L:9?<BD-
= JD HB7@DHB=, H>7O S? DKE?OB=>7< J@=A<7B= P7 >7<7 7<7Q=A7, B?O : H>7OD9 HQ:N7E: = J@=
<7BO@=Q=H9D <78: K@7S:, J@?9P7 <=H9D LD- H>7OD9 H:N?;7>7C: R@>7BHO7 E? O:QB:@7
HJDP7@= H>DL JDQ=B=NODL M=>DB7. %7PD>= H? A7 I7BD87 : J@?P<DHB= <7P H@JHOD910.
4@JHO? 7O7P?9=E? <? 9DL: 9E?@=B= H7 JQDP<D-
8S: <78?, DKAD@78O? = HQ7KD JD97L7<?. #?Q=- 10 '@?K7 =HB7S= P7 E? JD>DPD9 D>DL I7BD8?-
O7 8ODQ7 <=E? PD@7HQ7 <78?9 4>?:N=Q=8B:, 7 >DL PDJ=H7 N7HDJ=H: D$"%+*4! ($%"! @?7-
>?S R@>7BHOD9 :N=B?;: = @?TD@9=@7<DE, A7HQ:- LD>7D ;$<!<$%., Q=HB A7 JDQ=B=O:, <7@DP-
LD9 L. 1@8C7>DL7, <78DE J:NODE 8ODQ= <?97 <: J@DH>E?B: = J@=>@?P:, ODE= E? =AQ7A=D :
J@?9F7 <= : JD ODE?9 O:QB:@<D9 <7@DP:. 1C=- &7L@?K: : J?@=DP: DP 1884. PD 1914. LDP=<?.
M?><D-:9E?B<=NO= JDO@?B, O7OD H? E7>=D D<D- NQ7<O: JDP <7HQD>D9 $>D, O7O>= OQ?-
97P : W@>7BHODE, <787D K= : (=DL@7P: DP>=8? >?S: 4@K?! (;$<!<$%. DP 9. (22) H?JB?9-
E7QD>D A?9;=8B? (Ibid.) K@7 1900. LDP=<?, HB@. 4), M:HB@D J=8? P7 97
!"! #$%&!

"A D>=R J@=9E?@7 JDBJ:<D E? E7H<D =B? J@=9E?@? :HB7<D>=Q= H9D P=HJ7@=-
P7 E? I7BD8 : H>DE? HQ=O? D 4@K=97 B?B = H:H@?Q= H? O7OD H7 O@7EC? P=T79=-
:L@7V=>7D ?<D@9<: =P?DQD8O: ?<?@L=E:, HB=NO=9 HB7>D>=97 E?P<DL J@7>787-
HB?@?DB=J? N=E= O@?P=K=Q=B?B J@7O- HB7@N?>=S7<F7, B7OD = H7 =AQ=>=97 BD-
B=N<D <? JDHBDE= = <=E? 9DL:S. 57 =J7O, JQ=<? = KQ=HODHB= J@?97 4@K=97 =
<? H9=E?9D J@?BJDHB7>=B= P7 I7BD8?>D 4@K=E=. I7BD87 H: DJB:M=>7Q= = H@JHO=
PE?QD <=E? DP=L@7QD A<7N7E<: Q=B?@7@<: =<B?Q?OB:7Q<= O@:LD>= : &7L@?K:, J@7-
:QDL: : W@>7BHODE : TD@9=@7C: <?L7B=>- B?S= C?LD>? J:KQ=O7F=E? : J@7>78O=9 =
<? HQ=O? D 4@K=97. !7J@DB=>. *?LD>= =<=9 7<B=H@JHO= <7HB@DE?<=9 Q=HBD-
HB?@?DB=J= PE?Q:E: O7D Q=B?@7@<= J@D- >=97, B?OHBD>? J:<? OQ?>?B7 =, :DJ8B?,
P:M?B7O HB7@N?>=S7<HB>7, 7 H DKA=@D9 P=HO:B7K=Q<=R HB7>D>7 D 4@K=97 =
<7 =<B?Q?OB:7Q<: ?<?@L=E:, HJ=H7B?;HO: H@JHODE O:QB:@=. I7BD8 E?, P7OQ?, M=>=D
O@?7B=><DHB = <?9E?@;=> J7BDH H7 ODE=9 <7 L@7<=F= HB@J;?C7 H@JHO=R =<B?Q?O-
L@7P= H>DE? B?OHBD>?, N=<= H? P7 I7BD- B:7QF7, ODE= H: K=Q= = >=8? <?LD BDQ?-
8?>? @=E?N= PE?Q:E: :KE?P;=>=E? DP H>=R @7<B<= H DKA=@D9 <7 N=C?<=F: P7 E?
R@>7BHO= OC=M?><=O J=H7D O7D A7BDN?-
JDQ=B=NO=R =Q= =P?DQD8O=R J79TQ?B7
<=O HB7@N?>=S7<HO? =P?E? = DP@?V?<=R
ODE? E? <7N=<=D 4B7@N?>=S. +<? H: C=-
HB?@?DB=J7 D 4@K=97. IDM? H? H7
RD>D Q=B?@7@<D D>7JQDS?C?, <7HBDE7C?
H=L:@<D8S: @?S= P7 E? : Q=B?@7@<D9 JD-
P7 H? OC=M?><D 8B=>D J@?P J:KQ=OD9
LQ?P: I7BD8 : H>DE: DPK@7<: :>=E?O
@7ADBO@=E? O7D >E?@DPDHBDE7< = ?LA7OB7<
9DL7D =A<=E?B= NQ7<O? : ODE=97 H? K?H-
B?OHB. D>=9 J@=9E?@=97 H9D =Q:HB@D- OD9J@D9=H<=9 7:BD=97M=97 DH>@B7D =
>7Q= B: H>DE?>@H<: 79JQ=B:P: I7BD8?- <7 O:QB:@: = 9?<B7Q=B?B HDJHB>?<DL <7-
>=R @7HJDQDM?C7 J@?97 4@K=97 = DK@7- @DP7. I?V:B=9, 97 ODQ=OD B= 7:BD=97M=
B=Q= J7MC: <7 JDH;?P=F? C?LD>DL7 K=Q= (H79D)O@=B=N<=, <=O7P7 H? JD
<?JDODQ?K;=>DL =<H=HB=@7C7 <7 7QB?- HJ?F=T=N<DE B?M=<= <? 9DL: 9E?@=B=
@=B?B: H@JHODL ?B<=F=B?B7 : DP<DH: <7 H7 B?OHBD>=97 ODE= H: J@?=HJ=B=>7Q=
R@>7BHO=. (:P:S= P7 E? : BD9 =<H=HB=@7C: O:QB:@<= =<B?L@=B?B, B@7P=F=E: = DHE?-
OD@=E?< H>=R I7BD8?>=R JD@?V?C7, S7C7 H@JHODL <7@DP7 <7 <7F=D<7Q<DE,
9?V: ODE=97 E7OD >?Q=O= K@DE @?A:QB=@7 >E?@HODE = @7H<DE DH<D>=.
=97M=97 ODE= ?9=B:E: O@7EC? P?HB@:O-
B=><: = <?L7B=>=HB=NO: ?<?@L=E:, H7LQ?- ./01230423
P7Q= H9D =R : O:QB:@<D-=HBD@=EHOD9
OD<B?OHB:. + C=RD>DE B=JDQD8ODE =P?- 1. Begi\, Midhat (1957), Uz Mato-Skerli-
<B=T=O7F=E= <=E? 9DLQD K=B= LD>D@7, H \evo nasljedstvo, RaskrLa, Sarajevo:
DKA=@D9 <7 N=C?<=F: P7 H: O@7EC? OD<- Svjetlost.
B@D>?@A<= = <?PDH;?P<=. 5@DKQ?97B=- 2. (?@=S, G:87< (2005), D$"%+*4! ($%-
O: C?LD>DL DP<DH7 J@?97 4@K=97 = J@?- "%:+"! , ;$<, III, !D>= 47P:
97 C=RD>DE =HBD@=E= = O:QB:@= 7<7Q=- Orpheus.
A=@7Q= H9D, P7OQ?, B?9?;<=9 :>=PD9 : 3. 2?D@L=E?>=S, 1@?8=9=@ (1965), I7-
D<? C?LD>? B?OHBD>? : ODE=97 H: O;:N<? BD8 : (?DL@7P:, E<!$.,4 9%+,6)
@=E?N= <?O= K=B<= 7HJ?OB= H@JHODL <7- *$(*4) 0% 4=,A)".!*+ , 1)0,4, 13/2:
F=D<7Q<DL K=S7. !7>DP?S= <?O? =A@7A- 385387.
4. 2Q=LD@=S, #?Q=KD@ (1975), ",3!$',
R@>7BHO= OC=M?><=O ). 2. I7BD8 K?A
HJ@?9? = HB:P=E7, B7E >DE<=NO= KE?L:<7F (?DL@7P: !DQ=B.
J=8? H7P7 : W@>. J@7>: D H@JHOD9 5. Dugast, Jacques (2001), La vie culturelle
J7>=;D<: <7 J7@=8ODE =AQDMK= (...); <7- en Europe au tournant des 19me et
>?P?<D J@?97 5@=QDA=97 ;%<$%.,3 &1)/% 20me sicles, Paris: Presses Universi-
98 :A H>?A7O III, HB@. 423. taires de France.
7.+'. 8'*+%" 9%+!: , *$(*4% 4'/+'$%

6. 6?M?;, I=@OD (1968), I7BD8 : (?D- 11. Star]evi\, Ante (1876), Pasmina slavo-
L@7P:, M)+!(,* 9%+,6) *$(*4), 144, serbska po Hervatskoj, Zagreb: Tisak
401: 195215. Lav. Hartmna i drube.
7. 6?M?;, I=@OD (1970), N$%5%1'-, 0% 12. Todorov, Tzvetan (1989), Nous et les
9%+!:)#, &7L@?K: I7B=F7 R@>7BHO7. autres. La rflexion franaise sur la
8. ,?QN=S, G:K@7>OD (1984), 9%+!:, &7- diversit humaine, Paris: ditions du
L@?K: 2QDK:H. Seuil.
9. ;%<$%.% &1)/% 7.+'.% 8'*+%"% 9%- 13. /@7<L?8, ">D (1974), 9%+!:, K,&$,-,
+!:% (187319141973) IDD (1973), J$/)A%, &7L@?K: -=K?@.
:@?P=Q= G@7L:B=< '7P=E7<D>=S, !?- 14. Zweig, Stefan (1966), Zvjezdani sati
PE?;OD I=R7<D>=S, G:K@7>OD ,?QN=S, OovjeOanstva. JuOeranji svijet, preveli
#=P7 /Q7O?@, -D>@D 6:J7<N=S, 4Q7>- sa njema]kog Vlatko ari\ i Aleksandar
OD (7B:8=S = G7>D@ 17J?B7<=S; &7- Tima, Rijeka: Otokar Kerovani.
L@?K: ,:LDHQ7>?<HO7 7O7P?9=E7 A<7<D- 15. 0=F?Q, I=@DHQ7> (1966), 9%+!:,
HB= = :9E?B<DHB=, -=K?@ = IQ7PDHB. &7L@?K: !"5 57<D@797 = 0ODQHO=
10. Star]evi\, Ante (1868), Ime Serb, Zagreb: @7P=D = B?Q?>=A=E7.
Slovi Karla Albrehta.

ANTUN GUSTAV MATO ET LA CULTURE SERBE

Rsum

Dans ce travail nous avons prsent et analys le rapport contra-


dictoire quAntun Gustav Mato a entretenu avec les Serbes et
leur culture. Nous avons considr ses nombreuses notes,
images et commentaires positifs sur les Serbes dun ct, et
nombre de prjugs et dinterprtations errones de lautre, in-
uencs certes par lidologie dAnte Star]evi\ et qui ne pou-
vaient devenir que des images strotypes des Serbes, de leur
culture, de leur histoire, de leur littrature et en dernier lieu, de
leur systme de valeurs. Nous avons ainsi tabli la grande rudi-
tion de Mato, son respect et en mme temps sa position cri-
tique lgard de la culture serbe quil a connue lors de ses deux
sjours Belgrade (18941897 et 19041908). Il avait beaucoup
destime pour le dveloppement de cette culture la charnire
du XXme sicle, et en particulier pour son rapprochement avec
lEurope occidentale, pour son essor national et sa vitalit. En
outre, il a retrouv en Serbie une seconde patrie aussi bien que
son propre idal de libert. Cependant, il existe de nombreux
crits de Mato (rcits de voyages, feuilletons, essais...) dans les-
quels disparat cette image quelque peu idaliste de la Serbie,
faisant place des positions et des strotypes fort ngatifs. Dans
ce travail, nous avons trait les causes et les consquences dune
telle attitude de Mato.

s.smulja@gmail.com
99

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