Paving the way for the What expert says:

coconut industry in Debunking the coconut XXXXX

Malaysia milk and coconut oil myths
Pg 2 Pg 2

28 SEP 1 OKT 2017

MAEPS SERDANG

Aug 2017
Vol: 010

Open Base (OB) technique for Coconut varieties through Mobile coconut Kelapa Telur a unique and
sowing coconut seedlings assisted pollination husk separator innovative coconut product

Pg 3 Pg 5 Pg 8 Pg 10

Coconut
Revival of the

Industry
By: Rohani Md Yon
Coconut research and development has been conducted at MARDI for
Corporate Communication and Quality Centre, MARDI

P
resently, there is an urgent need to revive the coconut industry even
though coconut may not be the number one tree crop in Malaysia.
However, the description of the coconut as a tree of life cannot be
disputed due to its many different uses. We have to make an effort to give
the coconut industry a new breath of life because for several decades, this
industry has been taken out of the limelight due to an effective campaign and
propaganda which discredits the beneficial effects of the coconut products,
especially coconut oil. For a long time, the public has been made to believe that
the coconut oil causes many human health problems. As a result, the coconut
industry became non-competitive and demand for coconut oil significantly
declined. We have to work hard to liberate the coconut oil from the false image
bestowed on it by marketers of rival edible oils.
Currently, one of the main products of the coconut industry is the virgin
coconut oil or VCO which has been accepted in the global market. Based on
1,500 scientific studies, VCO has been proven as a super natural functional
food. Virgin coconut oil contains 92% saturated fat, but 64% of this fat
comprises of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) which are beneficial to human
health. The MCFA are the special elements in the VCO which can be easily
broken and used as energy and will not clog the arteries or any other parts of
the body. On the other hand, almost all vegetable oils such as soybean, corn
and sun flower seed do not contain this special element. In addition, VCO
has also been proven through scientific studies, to eliminate various kinds of
bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa which cause human diseases.
more than three decades. Despite the various efforts being done in research,
the coconut industry is still facing problems in competitiveness and does not
progress as expected. Therefore, stronger efforts from respective organisations
are needed in order to make this industry grow again and become more
competitive locally and globally.
For the last 10 years, MARDI has put an extra effort on research to develop
new technologies to value-add the coconut-based products. Until recently,
MARDI successfully commercialised three coconut-based products, i.e. VCO,
activated virgin coconut oil (AVCO) and coconut water vinegar. MARDI has
also established a few proofs of concepts (POCs) for coconut-based products
that are needed for upscaling at the industry level.
MARDI believes that continuous R&D, especially on value-added and high-
value products from coconuts such as VCO and other health products, must
be enhanced for the industry to prosper. Expansion of new export markets for
these products must also be looked into as local market is too small to stay
competitive. Besides planting technologies and new markets, priority should
also be given to technology transfer and product quality.
Malaysia should grab this opportunity to develop high quality VCO-based
products because we have the capabilities and the technologies to do it. There
is a large potential market for VCO-based products as food, cosmeceuticals,
nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. It is very important for Malaysia to take
advantage of these high-value products and by doing so, we could strongly
revive the overall coconut industry in the country.

The present
T
he commercial production of coconut palms through seed germination. However, this method
(Cocos nucifera) is growing worldwide. Its of propagation produces non-uniform seedlings
scenario and future monetary value has significantly increased
over the last two decades. Based on this observation,
and low in numbers. Although information on the
general propagation methods of coconut is widely
prospect of coconut there is great potential for further growth in both available, only a limited number of information

tissue culture domestic and international markets. Coconut palm

By: Dr.Zuraidah Ab Rahman and Ayu Nazreena Othman
Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Research Centre, MARDI important cash crop which provides almost all the
Sentoor Kumeran Govindasamy and Ahmad Ngalim
Crop and Soil Science Research Centre, MARDI
is a tropical tree grown by more than 11 million
smallholder farmers in more than 90 countries
around the world. In fact, the coconut palm is an
necessities of life to mankind.
In recent years, coconut production has declined
due to unproductive existing palms that are too old
for optimal fruit production. They are also affected
by a number of new devastating pests and diseases.
Thus, replanting with new, high-yielding, disease-
resistant cultivars will be an important part of
re-establishing the traditional coconut-based
farming system. Coconut is usually propagated
is available on the protocols for the production of
high quality planting materials via tissue culture
system. Coconut is a highly recalcitrant crop and
there is very little basic knowledge on in vitro
tissue culture of coconut.
In vitro cloning of coconut palms seems to be a
promising method due to its potential for massive
propagation. Based on the Sri Lankan experience,
notable achievements have been realised towards
developing a reliable protocol for clonal propagation
of coconut. The newel explants, described by the
Coconut Research Institute Sri Lanka (CRISL),
consist of unfertilized ovaries dissected from
More on page 5
2 August 2017
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E D I T O R
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I A L
Paving the way for the coconut
industry in Malaysia
C
oconut or Cocos nucifera L. is synonym as a
versatile tree due to its multifunctional attributes
that have generated a wide range of usage from
food to cosmetics, and high value household to industrial
products. Coconut is widely distributed throughout Asia,
whereby Indonesia is the largest producer in the world,
amounting to more than 18 million metric tonnes (MT)
(2014). Malaysia remains as one of the top 10 coconut
producing countries in the world and coconut is the 4th
important industrial crop in Malaysia after oil palm,
rubber and rice. Malaysia has progressively increased
production of coconut for both local and international
markets from 550,140 (2010) to 624,727 MT (2013). The
production however, showed a decreasing trend from 2014
until 2016 at an estimated value of 530,000 MT. Based
on current production and increasing demand from both
traditional and newly emerging industries, the production
is still insufficient to accommodate the needs of the
industry. It is estimated that 110,000 MT more coconuts
are needed to meet the demand.
One of the main constrains is declining acreage of
cultivation area for coconuts from 105,658 hectares (2010)
to 80,360 hectares (2016). This is because the coconut
growers interest has shifted to another more competitive
industrial commodity such as palm oil. As a consequence,
Malaysia needs to import coconuts from neighbouring
countries valued at RM63 million (2014). Therefore, to
increase the competitiveness of our local coconut industry,
the productivity level needs to be improved. This would
lead to increase income and generate interest of coconut
growers.
What expert says:
Debunking the coconut milk and
coconut oil myths
By: Dr. Kamariah Long
Research Specialist (Fats and Oils)
Technology and Commercialisation Office, MARDI
A
s of late, the overwhelming news of obesity among
Malaysian school children has captured the publics
attention. Many causes of obesity have been
discussed and highlighted by various parties; and the
popular one is the kinds of food sold in school canteens and
food stalls operating beyond the school compound.
Different opinions have been voiced on the issue of
obesity and its relation with the consumption of nasi
lemak as one of the many causes. It is a norm in Malaysia,
for teachers to blame eating nasi lemak as the culprit
whenever students fall asleep during class.
This issue has gone controversial, as there are rumours
that the Ministry of Education plan to ban the sale of nasi
lemak in school canteens. The rationale behind the ban is
not the dish itself, but rather, the usage of coconut milk in
the preparation of nasi lemak.
Coconut milk is said to have high cholesterol content.
However, a scientific analysis shows that cholesterol
level in coconut milk is remarkably low (not detected
(< 0.1mg/100g)) as compared to fats from other sources,
particularly animals. Similarly, the cholesterol content in
coconut oil is lower compared to vegetable oil and animal
fat.
Cholesterol content
Oil source (mg/kg)
Coconut oil 5-14
Sunflower oil 8-44
Palm kernel oil 9-40
Palm oil 13-19
Soybean oil 20-35
Cottonseed oil 28-108
Corn oil 18-95
Rapeseed oil 28-108
Animal fat
Beef tallow 800-1400
Butter 2200-4100
Lard 3000-4000
(Source: Inform Vol. 13, 2002)
Coconut milk contains 30% saturated fat while coconut
oil contains about 92% saturated fat. The high content
of saturated fat might have brought about the myths on
MARDI, as a leader in R&D of coconut, needs to pave the
way forward and realise the vision of increasing the coconut
production. The short term strategy is to increase coconut
production at the upstream level. The long term strategy is
to introduce MARDIs new quality coconut planting materials
(hybrids), as well as the ecological friendly and sustainable
pest management control.
The short term strategy will be utilising 3.1 hectares
of established coconut seed garden at MARDI Hilir Perak,
targeting a production of 30,000 MARDIs new high yielding
coconut hybrid seedlings which comprise of MARLECA,
MYLAG and CARECA. The production is expected to be ready
in the fourth quarter of 2018 and will be covering 171 hectares
of planting area every year. Furthermore, the seedlings
capacity could contribute to yearly production of 4.5 million
nuts starting 2023 onwards.
The long term strategy, nevertheless, is to develop 20
hectares of a new coconut seed garden in a similar location,
targeting a production of 194,000 MARDIs new high yielding
coconut seedlings of similar varieties as above and an additional
3 new varieties (MYLECA, MARENA and CARENI).
The coconut hybrid seedlings are expected to be ready for
the planting programme in 2024 and capable to be planted in
an area of 1,100 hectares every year. The planting capacity is
projected to produce 25 million nuts per year starting 2029.
The designed strategies are in line with the Governments
efforts to increase national coconut production by replanting
programmes in order to replace low productivity and senile
coconut palms, which in turn will consequently support our
national food security agenda.
coconut milk and coconut oil.
At one point, the consumption of oil that had high content
of saturated fatty acids was a major issue in the US and the
consumption of it was vehemently opposed.
Anti-tropical oil campaign and the Food Pyramid Programme
(Figure 1) were launched in 1979 by the United States
Department of Agriculture (USDA) and American Soybean
Association (ASA). The ASA prohibited tropical oil intake that
had a high content of saturated fatty acids which was believed to
be one of the contributing causes for heart diseases and obesity
at that time.
Figure 1. American Dietary Guideline-
Food Pyramid Programme
As a result of the campaign, Americans changed their
eating habits by replacing tropical oil with soybean and corn
oil in their diets completely. This programme clearly presented
problems to their health. After 20 years of the programme, it
was found that 64% of Americans were overweight (National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999 2000). In
addition, diabetes, high blood pressure and heart diseases
showed asharpincreaseinthe US. It appeared that the Food
Pyramid Programme was more detrimental to the American
people.

In 2003, scientists disputed the opinion that heart
diseases are related to saturated fatty acids and
cholesterol. Studies showed that heart diseases are
not caused by saturated fatty acids intake but rather,
because of excessive essential fatty acids intake.
The human body cannot synthesise essential fatty
acids and it can only be derived from our diet. Corn
oil, soybean oil and sunflower oil contain essential
fatty acids, namely omega-6 which has a high content
of linoleic acid (C18:2, 6). The human body will
convert linoleic acid to arachidonic acid (C20:4, 6)
which combines with phospholipids that are found
on the bodys plasma cell membrane. When needed,
the acid will be separated from the bodys plasma
cell membrane and will form a compound of active
eicosanoisa (prostaglandins) that has a variety of
functions. The presence of these active compounds in
excess will result in inflammation and allergies.
Americans consume omega-6 (corn oil, soybean oil,
sunflower oil) twenty times more than omega-3 acids
(fish oil). This has led to an extreme imbalance in
omega-3 and omega-6 acids intake. Prostaglandins
that are produced in excess will cause inflammation
that can lead to chronic illnesses.
Moreover, trans fatty acids were also found to
contribute to heart problems and obesity. Trans
fatty acid is not a natural acid; it is formed during
the hydrogenation process. This process is a chemical
reaction that is performed to convert soybean oil,
corn oil and sunflower oil to solid fats at room
temperature. Hydrogen gas is added during the
process to convert oil into shortening. The objective
of this process is to diversify the uses of the oil in the
food industry, especially in manufacturing margarine
and shortenings. Shortenings are widely used in the
US in the manufacture of cookies, cakes, ice creams,
pizzas and chocolates.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) finally
realised the problems that arose from the use of trans
fatty acids and in January 2006, it enforced food
manufacturers to label the percentage of trans fatty
acids content in their food products.
Saturated fatty acids can be divided into three
categories; short carbon chain (C4:0-C6:0), medium
chain (C8:0-C12:0) and long chain (C14:0>). Each
saturated fatty acid has its own specific function that
is essential to us. Coconut oil is a source of about 65%
medium chain triglycerides (MCT). Studies found
that medium chain fatty acids are metabolised by the
body as rapidly as glucose but it can provide a much
higher level of energy. Energy generated from medium
chain fatty acids is 7 kcal/g compared to 4 kcal/g from
glucose. These findings triggered the canned coconut
milk industry in Hainan Island which is exported to
China as instant energy drink products.
Nowadays, the true fact about coconut oil is being
revealed. Several clinical studies relating to coconut
oil are being carried out in Europe and Japan. Coconut
oil will produce ketone bodies when metabolised.
Ketones are used as a source of energy for the heart,
brain and muscle. They do not require insulin as a
carrier to penetrate into cells. The oil gives much hope
for Alzheimers as well as other neurological diseases
common among the elderly. The testimonies of
success in using coconut oil to treat Alzheimers have
been remarkable, especially in the US. It is a healthy
diet for those who have insulin deficiency and insulin
resistance. Today, the ketogenic diet principles of a
high fat, low carbohydrate diet are becoming popular
once again. Consuming two tablespoons of coconut oil
(30 ml) equals to half a coconut.
Malaysians deserve to be educated with the right
information to help them make smart decisions in
choosing their daily food choices. Obesity among
Malaysians, especially in school children, should be
viewed from a more comprehensive perspective and
not just on the food intake. The myth about coconut
oil increasing cholesterol levels and the risk of having
a heart attack is totally incorrect.
It is really timely to set right the negative
perceptions about coconut milk and coconut oil. We
must recognise the importance of natures heritage
that has been bestowed on us.
August 2017 3
RESEARCH
OPEN BASE (OB) TECHNIQUE FOR
SOWING COCONUT SEEDLINGS
By: Khairol Ismail 7-month old seedling
Crop and Soil Science Research Centre, MARDI
H
igh quality seedlings can assist revitalize
the coconut industry. Currently, with the
conventional sowing method, profits for
coconut nursery operators are marginal and this is
attributed to the high operational and production
costs. The conventional sowing method, which is most
commonly used by farmers is time consuming as it
takes approximately 10-12 months before seedling
can be established in the field. Additionally, this
method has been found to produce non-uniform, low
quality seedlings due to light competition factor and
inadequate nutrients supply.
Due to the limitations of the conventional sowing
method, the Open Base (OB) technique has been
recommended as a new method. The goals of this
innovation are to produce high quality seedlings
with better plant growth and minimize operational Without OB technique With OB technique
and production cost. This is achieved by reducing
the establishment period in the nursery and better by the uptake of nitrogen and potassium by the
fertilizer management. The OB technique was seedlings. This innovation also offers a reduction of
carried out on 2-month old germinated seedlings by almost fifty percent of fertilizer application, from
removing the husk at the bottom of the nuts (~40% 240 g to 120 g of nitrogen and from 288 g to 144 g of
of the surface/V shape) and this has resulted in the potassium. The reduction in fertilizer application is
increase of root exposure to the soil and fertilizers. mainly due to root efficiency in absorbing nutrients
Seedlings are grown in polybags for 7 months before as there are no barriers from the husks.
transplanted to the field. With the benefits of the OB technique disscussed
Studies conducted at MARDI showed that the above, MARDI believes it would be one of the
success of this innovation largely depends on fertilizer contributing factors in revitalizing the coconut
application, especially nitrogen and pottasium, industry in Malaysia. This technique has been
as both affect seedling growth. The OB technique proven to be safe, efficient and cost-effective.
showed that stem diameter grew up to 6 inches while Nursery operators, coconut plantation companies
plant height increased to 100 inches (2.4 meters). The and smallholders can reap the benefit of this OB
results also showed that the average root weight was technique to produce good quality coconut seedlings
700 g/tree and the average root length was 80 cm/ as well as to reduce the planting period required to
plant. grow coconut palms.
Better performance of the OB technique is driven
9-month old seedling
2-month old seedling
With OB technique (left) and without OB technique
Without OB technique With OB technique
(middle and right)
DNA fingerprinting in coconut
By: Dr. Khairun Hisam Nasir and Mohd Shahril Firdaus
Centre for Marker Discovery and Validation, MARDI
H
igh quality planting materials for seedlings to further enhance the identification of pure MATAG
is crucial to ensure sustainability in lines using Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs).
the agricultural sector. The purity and Hopefully, by completing this project, CMDV can
authenticityof plant materials play important roles determine pure MATAG lines using SNP markers
in ensuring consistency in yield production. In the confidently. Besides, CMDV has also successfully
past, purity and authenticity of plant materials developed DNA fingerprinting for other commercial
were carried out based on external observable coconut varieties such as Pandan and Mawa. These
and measurable characters such as morphology, DNA fingerprints can be used in varietal identification
productivity and quality traits. However, this classical and purity assessment of Pandan and Mawa coconut
approach suffers from drawbacks such as variability, varieties.
environmental influence, epistasis and quantitative
inheritance patterns. The advancement in genomic
research, especially in the area of molecular markers
has enabled breeders and geneticists to overcome
these problems. The identification of cultivars based
on allelic variations produced by molecular markers
is known as DNA fingerprinting. Exploitation of
DNA variations give significant impacts on crop
improvement and varietal identification.
In Malaysia, the current major issue in the coconut
industry is the shortage of F1 MATAG plantlets since
its production is unable to meet high demand from
farmers. The shortage of F1 MATAG production has
led to the widespread distribution of F2 MATAG by
unauthorised seed producers or nurseries. Planting
of F2 seedlings will result in non-uniform populations
due to allele segregations in the genome. Conversely,
planting of pure F1 MATAG will result in uniform
populations since the F1 seedlings are homogeneous
heterozygote plants. The Centre for Marker
Discovery and Validation (CMDV) has successfully
identified Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) markers
for identification of F1 and F2 MATAG. Currently,
CMDV is embarking on coconut genome sequencing
4 August 2017

TECHNOLOGY
Going Nuts over CocoShaver:
A Breakthrough Innovation
By: Yahya Sahari
Engineering Research Centre, MARDI

Y
oung coconut is popular among Malaysians, shape similar to that practiced by skilled workers.
especially during hot weather. It is indeed For complete trimming, the machine can process
a refreshing drink that contains glucose, 120 fruits/h. Nevertheless, grading and sorting
vitamins, hormones and minerals. At present, of the fruits are important aspects prior to the
there is a high demand, globally and locally for high trimming process.
value products out of coconut such as trimmed To date, this local innovation has been well
young coconut young coconut fruit is trimmed accepted by the local young coconut processors
and shaped to remove most of the green husk. and also the Lembaga Pertubuhan Peladang
Traditionally, skilled workers are required to carry (LPP). The payback period of the machine is less
out the trimming process as it is hazardous in than 2 years with an intial capital of RM9,000.
nature. The shortage of skilled workers coupled This innovation assists in reducing dependency on
with high labour cost has prompted an urgent need foreign labour, add value to the coconut fruit and
Young coconut shaping machine: CocoShaver
for a mechanical trimming machine. reduce production cost. The cost saving features
It is for this reason, MARDI developed the of this machine attracted young entrepreneurs to
CocoShaver to carry out the trimming process use it in their coconut drink business.
mechanically. The CocoShaver comprises of a fruit
holder, a base, conical and body trimming knife.
It is driven by a single phase electric motor with
variable speeds of rotation. The design concept is
to trim the clamped, vertically rotating fruit by
applying an inclined sharp knife with different
angle settings of a body and conical trimming
process.
This compact machine can be easily operated
by a single operator with less maintenance and
does not require skilled workers. In fact, many
entrepreneurs and processors have shown interest
and desire to have a machine that is capable of Complete trimming of Intact and trimmed
young coconut young coconut
trimming the young coconut fruit into an attractive
Positive testimony by visitors during MAHA 2016

Coconut Dehusking Machine

By: Dr. Md. Akhir Hamid
Engineering Research Centre, MARDI

T
raditional methods of dehusking the coconut
using traditional tools such as machete,
hoe, blade or spear are time consuming and
dangerous. Manual dehusking requires specific
skills, strong wrists and arms and is hampered
by poor productivity. To overcome these problems,
MARDI designed and developed a coconut
dehusking machine to replace the inefficient,
time consuming and laborious process of manual
coconut dehusking.
The coconut dehusking machine consists of
various components such as the feeder guard,
spiked rotary rollers, guiding plates, sprocket
gear and chain, hydraulic pump and hoses, power
transmission unit (4.1 kW petrol engine) and the
main frame to support these components. The
dimension of the main frame is 875 mm x 1,245 mm
x 590 mm and divided into three partitions. The
first partition of 590 mm x 720 mm is used to place
the spiked rollers and hydraulic motor. The second
partition measured at 220 mm x 590 mm is used to
place the hydraulic pump and lever, which control
the rollers moving clockwise and anti-clockwise.
The third partition of 590 mm x 305 mm is used to
place the hydraulic tank and engine. The hydraulic
system is used to rotate both spiked rollers. Each
roller is rotated in the opposite direction and can
be controlled to move clockwise or anticlockwise.
Matured coconuts are fed into the hopper and a
handle is used to press the coconut towards the
spiked rollers which grip the nut tightly and tear
the husks apart. After the separation, the nut rolls
down while the husks move into the spiked rollers
and exit from the rear of the machine.
The dehusking rate is estimated at 250 300
nuts per hour or 7 10 seconds per nut. The
estimated cost of the machine is RM17,000 per
unit. Based on preliminary machine testing, the
total fixed cost and variable cost of the machine
is RM213.46/h of operation. Nuts can be sold to
dealers at a farm price of RM2/nut after dehusking.
The total selling price becomes RM500/h operation.
Total profit in one hour operation is RM288.54 and
the payback period for the machine is estimated to
be after 60 hours of operation.
 August 2017 5
TECHNOLOGY

Development of new coconut

varieties through assisted
pollination By: Ahmad Ngalim, Nubaidillah Omar and Faridah Arifin
Crop and Soil Science Research Centre, MARDI

A
ssisted pollination is one method to produce new
coconut varieties. It can be carried out between two
dwarf varieties, dwarf with tall or by two tall varieties.
In assisted pollination, the female parent will be the one
whose male flowers will be removed whilst the female flowers
remain. Pollen for fertilization of receptive female flowers
will be taken from selected male varieties. Mature spadix of
selected male varieties will be harvested and the male flowers
will be separated from the spikelet, processed and the pollen
collected will be kept in a vial placed in a deep freezer at
4 OC and should be used within one month.
Female palms have to be prepared for the hybridization.
Mature spadixes, with uneven surface at the bottom have to
be cut open, and male flowers are removed. This process is Spadix selection Cleaning of spadix
known as emasculation. After a few days, the female flowers
will become receptive and the pollen can be sprayed on it.
Female flowers are ready for fertilization when there is a drop
of nectar at the tip of the flower. Spraying of pollen should
be carried out several times because of the differences in the
maturation times of the female flowers. So the spadix should
be checked every day. If there is no isolated seed garden,
controlled assisted pollination should be practiced. In this
case, the emasculated spadix will be covered with a special
bag. Pollen will be sprayed through the window in the bag.
Insecticide spraying
One week after the last pollen is sprayed, the bag can be
removed.
After 11 to 12 months, fruits can be harvested
and kept under shade for two weeks to make it
evenly matured. The fruits can then be sown in
sand bed nurseries. Seedlings with a different
shoot colour from the mother palm will be kept
and transferred into polybags two months after
germination. Seedlings that resemble the shoot
of the mother palm will be culled. Any seed
that germinates after fourteen weeks are not
Emasculation process
acceptable for planting.

From front page

The present scenario and future

prospect of coconut tissue culture
immature inflorescences collected from stage-4 (inflorescences
to be opened in 4 months). Successful in vitro propagation
of coconut palms is now being used for commercialisation.
Establishment of planting material production of coconut
using biotechnology approach is an important pre-requisite
to support the Malaysian coconut industry.
An efficient in vitro protocol for mass production of coconut
planting materials is being developed at the Biotechnology and
Nanotechnology Research Centre, MARDI. Various tissues
of explants such as tender leaf, immature inflorescence,
shoot tip, immature embryo and plumule (obtained from the
mature embryo) and anther have been used for propagation
research. In vitro development of zygotic embryos could be a
viable method of mass producing quality coconut seedlings.
Our studies indicated that zygotic embryo culture is a
viable option for the micropropagation of coconut in future.
Y3 culture medium supplemented with IBA and activated
charcoal (with continuous shaking of the culture) was most
suited for promotion of shoot development. Nevertheless, only
a single shoot was produced from each embryo.
Limited number of coconut planting materials could
be overcome by going through a callus multiplication
phase to produce a higher number of plants. Somatic
embryogenesis and germination of somatic embryos is one
of the approaches. The best medium for callus formation
was obtained by culturing embryos on medium containing
10 mg/L 2,4-D. The middle portion of the embryos was
the best part. However, no multiple shoots were present
and most of the callus developed into root structures.
Formation of callus from soft leaves also showed similar
results. Attempts at inducing multiple shoot formation
from the callus of zygotic embryos, plumule or anther
were also unsuccessful. Even though callus induction from
various tissues is possible, the number of callus obtained
still remains low. Currently, we are still improving the
Callus and root
protocol for the regeneration system through somatic development from middle
embryogenesis. The promising results obtained from soft part of embryos
leaf cultures indicated that cloning coconut is not far-
fetched and it is hoped that it can become a reality in the
near future. This will also lead to rapid mass propagation
ensuring a steady supply of uniform, high quality planting
material for growers.

Development of
zygotic embryos
Development of single embryos Callus initiation from young leaves
Callus from embryo
6 August 2017
FOCUS
Dwarf Coconut
Genetic Resources
in MARDI Hilir Perak
By: Sentoor Kumeran Govindasamy
Crop and Soil Science Research Centre, MARDI
C
oconut, scientifically known as Cocos
nucifera, is known as a tree of life as almost
all the tree parts can be used for food and
other non-food purposes. It is placed in the family
Arecaceae and has 16 pairs of choromosomes. The
major food uses of coconuts in the world are in the
form of coconut oil, coconut milk, coconut drink
and nata de coco products.
There are two main types of coconut genotypes
in Malaysia, namely, the talls and the dwarfs. The
talls are fast growing, allogamous, produce big
nuts and usually late fruit bearers. The dwarfs are
slow growing and have a smaller trunk diameter
compared to the tall coconut trees. The dwarfs are
early bearers and usually fruit in the third year
while the tall genotype fruit at the age of five and
above. Commercial coconut hybrids such as MAWA
and MATAG are produced through breeding
programmes. Single crosses between dwarf and
tall (D x T) coconut varieties often produce high
yielding plants.
There are many dwarf varieties collection in
MARDI Hilir Perak conserved as field genebank
of coconuts for breeding programmes. Among
them are Malayan Yellow Dwarf (MYD), Malayan
Red Dwarf (MRD), Malayan Green Dwarf (MGD),
Malayan Brown Dwarf (MBD), Aromatic Green
Dwarf (Pandan) and Cameroon Red Dwarf (CRD).
The average yield of nuts for dwarf coconut trees is
between 20,000 and 25,000 nuts/ha/year. MBD and
MRD produce 150 nuts/palm/year while MYD and
MGD produce 100 nuts/palm/year. All dwarf nuts
MAWA
MATAG
are small in size having fruit weights between 600
and 1,100 g and are usually categorised as C-sized
fruits in terms of farm price recommendations by
FAMA. The water content of dwarf tree tender
nuts is sweet and slightly gaseous.
The aromatic green dwarf has a distinctive
pandan smell, hence giving it the nickname of
Kelapa Pandan. The sugar content in tender
nuts of aromatic green dwarf is the highest with
a Brix value of 7.68. Among the dwarfs, MRD
contains high water content (240 ml) and gives 306
g of white kernel. The oil content in dwarf coconuts
averages around 60 to 65%. The MBD yields the
highest oil content at 64.2% and CRD yields the
least oil content at 59.9%. The aromatic green
dwarfs originated from Thailand and are sold at
higher farm price for the flavour and sweet tender
nut drink.
All dwarf coconuts are self-pollinated plants,
thus giving homogenised progenies without much
difference. Producing dwarf seedlings is easier
compared to hybrid seedlings as they do not require
assisted pollination. To produce Pandan seedlings,
the mother palms must be planted in isolation to
avoid contamination by foreign pollen. This is to
ensure that the aromatic character is conserved
in the seedlings. The conserved genetic dwarf
materials in MARDI Hilir Perak are useful tools
in plant breeding and seedling production for seed
garden establishment. This rich coconut diversity
is a blessing for our country.
Aromatic f
n D w a r
Panda
 August 2017 7
FOCUS

Cameroon
f
Red Dwar

Malayan
n D w a r f
Brow

Malayan
d D w a r f
Re
Malayan f
D w a r
Yellow
8 August 2017

TECHNOLOGY

Coconut Seed Garden

By: Ahmad Ngalim, Nubaidillah Omar and Faridah Arifin
Crop and Soil Science Research Centre, MARDI

T
he seed garden is crucial in any hybrid seed
production. There are two types or systems
of seed garden that can be developed, fix or
non-fix, depending on the type of produce.
In a fix seed garden, only one type of hybrid can
be produced. This type is suitable for long term
production of one variety of hybrid only. Both male
and female parents are planted together in a ratio
of 1:4, where one row of male palms is planted for
every four rows of female parents. Emasculation,
the process of removing the male flowers, is a
very important process in hybrid development of
coconuts which has to be done to each female palm.
The pollination process will take place naturally
between male pollen and female flowers of both
parents.
In a non-fix seed garden, hybrid seeds produced
will depend on the pollen used in fertilisation of
female flowers. Only female parents will be planted
in this seed garden and pollen for pollination will
be collected from other blocks.
A few seed gardens in Malaysia have chosen
the latter system, and the main mother palms
planted are either the Malayan Yellow Dwarf or
Malayan Red Dwarf. These two varieties are the
female parents of two popular varieties, MAWA
and MATAG.
Seed gardens are always located at isolated
areas so as to avoid contamination of pollen from
non-selected varieties. Previously, the minimum
distance of seed gardens from other coconut
plantations was about 1.5 km with other types of
plants in between. Then isolation barriers were
reduced to 300 meters. With more studies done
on bees, the barrier was further reduced. It is
now possible to develop a seed garden within the
coconut areas by providing a barrier of 8 12 rows
of coconut palms whose fruits are not used as
planting materials.
In both systems, pollination is considered to
happen naturally. Emasculation has to be done
only to the female parents. The numbers of seeds
harvested are expected to be the same as from
normal plantations.
Malayan Dwarf Varieties

Yellow
dwarf

Red
Malayan Yellow Dwarf seed garden dwarf

Potential of Coconut Palms

for Landscaping
By: Khairol Ismail
Crop and Soil Science Research Center, MARDI

P
lants are important elements in the Tourism centre operators have successfully
construction of a garden. Coconuts are used coconuts as an attraction in landscape
Brown
no exception and are listed as potential construction. The response is overwhelming and
dwarf
landscape plants in the parks, courtyard areas the surrounding areas also benefit the tourists
and gardens. Among the coconut varieties grown due to the existence of home stays, hotels, villas,
for landscaping purposes are aromatic coconut resorts and theme parks for visitors. Agrotourism
(pandan) and Malayan dwarfs. activities also receive strong support from the local
There are four types of Malayan dwarfs based on authorities. In addition, the coconut areas will
their colours, namely, yellow, red, brown and green. also become animal habitat areas for monkeys,
Malayan dwarfs are slow growing and short, have birds and reptiles, and indirectly boost the tourism
small sized fruits which vary from 15 nuts or more industry as a place for nature lovers.
in each bunch. Currently, Malayan dwarfs such
as MAWA and MATAG are used as ornamental
plants and the parents are used in hybrid seed
production. The coconut called Makprow Nam Green
Horm was introduced from Thailand in 1971 dwarf
and internationally known as aromatic dwarf.
The specialty of this variety is the fragrant water
content which is suitable for eating and drinking
fresh.
The Malayan dwarf varieties are suitable
for landscaping because they are slow growing
and produce fruits earlier which will facilitate
maintenance work. In addition, they have beautiful
coloured fruits and the plants are thinner. Malayan
dwarfs cultivation also gives quicker returns to
farmers and owners of the parks because these Coconut palms decorating
drive path, field and home
varieties bear fruits quicker than tall and hybrid
courtyard
varieties.

MOBILE
COCONUT HUSK
SEPARATOR
By: Dr. Md Akhir bin Hamid
Engineering Research Centre, MARDI
A
mobile coconut husk separator has been
successfully designed and developed by
MARDI to process coconut husks easily at
processing centres or open fields . This machine
had been designed with an estimated processing
capacity of 500 kg/h of either dry or wet husks.
Equipped with a rotational drum, beating blades,
combing device, wheels and drawbar tool, this
machine is operated by a 6.5 Kw diesel engine.
The heart of the machine consists of three main
components, namely, the beating blades, combing
device and filter. The beating blades are installed in
a helical arrangement on a rotary drum (diameter
50 cm, length 100 cm) to break and soften the
coconut husks. The combination of the beating and
combing mechanisms creates a thrashing action
that will split the coconut husks into coco peat
and coir fibres. A semi-cylindrical housing on the
machine provides efficient thrashing. Coir fibres
and coco peat are directly separated during the
process. The coco peat will drop into the collection
bin place at the bottom, while the coir fibers are
thrown out through an opening at the front side
of the machine. Both products can be packed into
plastic bags or gunnysacks. A mini tractor is used
Production of
Spray Dried Coconut
Cream Powder
C
oconut milk is a heavily used ingredient in
Malaysian dishes like nasi lemak, rendang
and curries. Modern housewives prefer
to use coconut cream powder in preparing these
dishes as it is convenient, mimics fresh coconut
milk, hygienic and has a longer shelf-life. Spray
dried coconut milk has been commercialised since
the 1980s based on the processing technique
developed by MARDI.
Preparation of coconut milk
Coconuts are already dehusked when delivered to
the factory. The first step involved in the preparation
of the coconut cream powder is removing the shell
from the coconut meat. Following this, the testa
(brown skin) is removed from the coconut meat by
a process known as paring, which is done either
by using a double blade knife or rotary blade.
The testa must be completely removed as it will
affect the whiteness of the coconut cream powder
produced.
The white kernel is washed using chlorinated
water to reduce bacterial count and to remove
unwanted particles. The cleaned white kernel is
grated using a hammer mill, followed by extraction
of coconut milk by pressing the grated kernel using
a screw press.
The coconut milk obtained is filtered by passing
through a vibrating screen to remove foreign
particles. The milk is then pasteurized to kill
pathogenic bacteria and reduce bacterial count
in order to prolong its shelf-life. The pasteurized
coconut milk is immediately cooled down to 2
4 C using a plate heat exchanger and kept in a
chilling tank as a buffer prior to the spray drying
process. Chilling helps to slow down the rate of
microorganism activities.
August 2017 9
COMMERCIALIZATION
Coconut husk
to tow the machine to any suitable location and can
be operated directly in the farm, as it does not run
on electricity.
The coconut husk separator, estimated to
Coco peat
cost at RM24,000 per unit, will be very useful
and economical to smallholders to process and
value-add products from the husks. The coir
fibres and coco peat can be marketed at RM700/
tonne and RM500/tonne respectively. Based on
the assumption of contract charge rate at RM25/h
and diesel consumption at 2 liters/h, economic
breakeven of the mobile extractor is projected
after 100 hours of operation. The coir fibres and
Coir fibres
coco peat are high in demand and very useful for
various applications. The coir fibres can be used as
fillers for mattresses, car cushions, under carpet
layers and other products, while coco peat can be
used as planting or fertigation media.
1
By: Mohd. Suhaimi Alias
Food Science Technology Research Centre, MARDI
De-shelled coconut
Spray drying of coconut milk 2
The coconut milk is mixed with maltodextrin and
sodium caseinate in a mixing tank. The additives
act as a matrix for carrying the water insoluble
oils and fat. The mixture of the coconut milk is
homogenised to prevent poor solubility and greatly
enhances the stability and quality of the coconut
cream during spray drying.
The feed is atomized to fine droplets in a drying Machine paring
chamber by using either a disc atomizer or pressure 3
nozzle atomizer. The atomized particles come into
contact with hot air and water is vaporised. The
powder is discharged at the bottom of the chamber
and passed through a fluid bed dryer. The coconut
cream powder is then packed in HDPE bags and
passed through a metal detector to ensure that it
is free from metal chips. White kernel
4 5 6
Grating and Pressing Pasteurization Cooling
7 8 9
Blending of additives and coconut milk Spray drying Coconut cream powder in bulk pack
10 August 2017
SUCCESS STORY
Management of Red Palm Weevils
By: Wan Khairul Anuar Wan Ali
Crops and Soil Science Research Centre, MARDI
T
he Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus
vulneratus (Oliv.) (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae) is a major economic pest
affecting palm trees including coconut (Cocos
nucifera) and sago (Metroxylon sago) in Malaysia.
In addition, the Asian Palm Weevil, R. ferrugineus
(Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a serious pest of
date palm, commonly found in the Arab Gulf
states, have also been reported in Sarawak as a
major pest of sago palm. According to a report
issued by the Department of Agriculture, serious
infestations of weevils affecting palm yield were
reported in Kelantan, Terengganu and Johor. This
pest is classified as an invasive pest of coconut
and extremely destructive due to the fact that
the infestation symptoms on the coconut tree can
only be observed 5 6 months after the palm is
attacked.
Hidden attacks caused by the red palm
weevils are difficult to control and can result in
the destruction of the palm tree. In the absence
of systematic and comprehensive controls, weevil
infestation has the potential to spread and threaten
the countrys oil palm industry which contributes
RM65.2 billion annually to the Malaysian economy.
MARDI has conducted several studies to control
this weevil population. However, the population
of red palm weevils continues to rise resulting in
significant yield losses. The recommended forms
of control are integrated in nature and comprise
of a number of different approaches such as
carrying out monitoring activities, installation of
pheromone traps, chemical control, cultural control
and biological control. One of the recommended
management methods to control invasive pests
is to set pheromones traps (1 2 traps/ha) in
the vicinity of the coconut palms. Two types of
pheromones that are commonly used are RPW
LureTM (India) and FerrolureTM (Costa Rica) which
are used to attract, monitor and capture adult
weevils. Pheromone traps should be cleaned every
10 days to replace pesticide, baits and eliminate
the weevils caught in them.
Kelapa D
Telur
a unique and
innovative
coconut
product
By: Rohani Md Yon
Corporate Communication and Quality Centre, MARDI
Red Palm Weevils, R. vulneratus (red circle) and R. ferrugineus Pheromone trap
Alternative approaches include the use of
chemicals such as injecting the coconut stem with
pesticide such as methamidophos or monocrotophos
at a rate of 5 10 ml/tree. Three to four carbofuran
granules placed at the lower shoots and spraying
the trees with imidacloprid can also be applied to
control the red palm weevils. In addition, trees Death of date
attacked by this pest must be cut down and burnt palm by R.
ferrugineus
to ensure their breeding places are eliminated to
prevent further attacks and spread of this pest to
other trees. Aluminum phosphide can be applied
on the injured parts of the tree to avoid the females
from laying eggs.
There are also numerous effective biological
control agents capable of controlling the red palm
weevils. Among them are the entomopathogenic
nematode, fungi such as Metarhizium anisopliae Red Palm
and Beauveria bassiana and bacteria such as Weevil
symptoms
Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Control on coconut
of red palm weevils on coconut palm can be a trees
daunting task that requires the understanding of
the etiology of the pest and its interaction with the
host, the ecosystems and how to utilize integrated
approaches to control its infestation. It is advisable
to use a combination of various methods for
effectively managing the pest and they should be
practiced based on available local facilities and the
ability of farmers or farm operators to operate with
respect to health, human security and its impact to
the environment.
Pheromone traps: RPW LureTM (India) and
FerrolureTM (Costa rica)
evelopment of value-added products will
boost up the coconut industry especially
the young coconut industry which is very
popular with its young coconut drink or juice. For
this purpose, MARDI has successfully developed
the kelapa telur, an innovative product which
can increase the market potential of the young
coconuts.
This product was developed from grade C,
small sized young coconuts with the main aim of
increasing its market price. In this innovation,
the young coconut is transformed into a unique
product which will attract consumers to buy and
enjoy the young coconut juice and meat. Special
skills are required to produce the kelapa telur
which can be acquired in a short time using simple
equipment such as the parang and knife made
from buffalo horn.
To transform the young coconut into kelapa
telur, the nuts must be carefully selected and the Article was translated from
top and bottom parts are cut so as to expose the Utusan Malaysia, 19.6.2017
coconut shell. The middle portion of the coconut
shell is then scraped to expose the meat. The
buffalo horn knife is than used to separate the
whole meat without breaking from the coconut shell.
The whole meat is than served in the coconut shell.

By: Maheswary Vellupillai
Corporate Communication and Quality Centre, MARDI
Save the Food; Feed the Needy
T
he holy month of Ramadan has sometimes
been misinterpreted by some to be a festive
time for food galore instead of a month of
moderation. This month is also the month of giving,
as good deeds in Ramadan gets multiple more points
or pahala than the rest of the year. This encourages
most Muslims to be extra generous. No doubt it is
commendable, but needs to be done at the right time
and place.
There is a growing concern about the amount
of food actually wasted during Ramadan. Country
leaders and eminent figures alike have called upon
the need to address this issue. Throughout Ramadan,
media coverage highlighting food waste has been
ample. This concern is validated by the Solid Waste
Management and Public Cleansing Corporation
(SWCorp) which estimated that food waste increased
by 20% during Ramadan and other festive seasons.
Ramadan is a prosperous month and many tend to
leverage on that by increasing the number of Ramadan
bazaars and food stalls each year. Depending on the
location, Ramadan bazaars can become lavish food
spreads with hundreds of stalls selling all sorts of
mouth-watering delicacies and thirst-quenching
drinks. The bazaars operate from late afternoon till
sunset when Muslims have iftaar or breaking of the
fast. Usually by closing time, there are still unsold
food which are thrown away by the food operators.
This year, MYSaveFood decided to do something
about it. The MYSaveFood@Ramadan 2017 project
gathered personnel from MARDI, SWCorp and Non-
Goverment Organization (NGO) such as Persatuan
Pemuda GEMA, Food Aid Foundation and AIESEC-
Universiti Malaya as well as some selfless individuals
and volunteers to collect surplus food from the food
operators at two Ramadan Bazaars; Precinct 3,
Putrajaya and Kampung Bharu, Kuala Lumpur. The
idea of MYSaveFood@Ramadan actually began last
year in a smaller scale and was started by Mr. Rahimi
Adnan from Kampung Bharu. This years project
started on 31 May 2017 and was launched by Datuk
Seri Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor, Minister of
Federal Territories and Datuk Seri Ahmad Shabery
Cheek, Minister of Agriculture and Agro-based
Industries.
Food operators were informed of the project and
encouraged to donate good unsold food. Tags were
also given to indicate their willingness to donate.
SUCCESS STORY
28th International Invention, Innovation
and Technology Exhibition (ITEX 2017)
T
he 28th International Invention, Innovation
and Technology Exhibition (ITEX 2017)
was held on 11 13 May 2017 at the Kuala
Lumpur Convention Centre (KLCC). This annual
event was organised by MINDS (Malaysian Invention
and Design Society) and supported by the various
ministries in Malaysia such as the Ministry of
Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI),
Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Ministry of
Education and Ministry of Tourism and Culture. The
International Federation of Inventors Associations
(IFIA), Intellectual Property Corporation of Malaysia
(MyIPO) and Malaysia Convention and Exhibition
Bureau (MyCEB) also gave full support for this event
which was endorsed by the Malaysia External Trade
Development Corporation.
Since 1989, this event serves as an international
platform for local and international inventors and
research scientists to present their inventions
and innovations to a business community keen
on commercialising unique inventions. It attracts
inventors with their latest inventions and innovations
from universities, research institutions, individual
inventors, young inventors and corporations from
Malaysia, Asia and Europe.
ITEX recognizes unique inventions through
the Invention and Design Competition where local
and international awards are presented in various
categories such as Agriculture, Biotechnology,
Health and Fitness, Education/Educational Items,
Environment, Household/Office/Personal Care
Products/Items, I.C.T and Multimedia, Industrial
Design, Materials, Environmental and Renewable
By: Aniadila Kamaruddin and Dr. Ainu Husna M S Suhaimi
Corporate Communication and Quality Centre, MARDI
The daily modus operandi then began after the
break of fast and Maghrib prayers. Food operators
with unsold food had two choices; either place their
unsold food at a designated MYSaveFood stall or
just leave them at their own tables at their stalls.
Volunteers then went around the bazaar collecting all
unsold food and gathered them at the MYSaveFood
stall. The food and drinks were weighed by SWCorp
colleagues to give an indication of how much food was
collected. Then, the food was sorted and divided into
3 groups which consisted of drinks, rice-based meals
and kuih-muih. The separation was important to
ensure the food and drinks did not get mixed up and
spoiled while in transit. Before leaving for delivery,
the volunteers checked all stalls to ensure no food
was left behind on the tables.
Depending on the amount and types of food
collected on a particular day, the volunteers decide
where the food should be delivered. For the bazaar in
Precinct 3, Putrajaya, the recipients included Rumah
Attaqwa Puchong Perdana, an orphanage in Nusa
Putra, Masjid Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin, Rumah
Pengasih Warga Prihatin Sg Ramal, a refuge shelter
in Jalan Meru Klang, Maahad Tahfiz Sg Tangkas
and families in Taman Saujana Impian, Sg Tangkas
August 2017 11
Energy, Automation and Processes, Sports and
Games, Telecommunications, Printing and
Packaging, Special care and Child Care, Machines
and Equipment, Manufacturing Process, Electricity/
Electronics, Chemicals, Building and Construction,
Automotive and Transportation, Aerospace and
Aviation and Apparel, Fabric and Garment.
This year, MARDI participated with 6 innovations
in the ITEX Exhibition together with 25 other
countries and won 5 silver and 1 bronze medals under
the Agriculture category. These winning inventions
will gain recognition for the researchers and attract
more business opportunities for MARDI. The winning
inventions were:
Silver
1. ORGANO PLUS: Organo-mineral fertilizer for
cost effectives and sustainable crop production
(Theeba A/p Manickam);
2. MARDI SIRAJ 297: New rice variety (Elixon
Sunian @ Elixson b. Sulaiman);
3. Herbalyser: Detection kit for phytochemicals in
herbs (Dr. Badril Hisham b. Abu Bakar);
4. Ezygrow: Innovative transplant cubes (Puteri
Aminatulhawa bt. Megat Amaddin); and
5. Antihelminth herbal cocktail for small ruminants
(Mohd Azlan b. Pauzi).
Bronze
6. Soil-free acclimatized mangosteen plants material:
100% survival rate during transportation (Wan
Mahfuzah bt. Wan Ibrahim).
and Klang. Food from Kampung Bharu Bazaar was
distributed to various asnaf families, the homeless
and surau in the neighbourhood.
The MYSaveFood@Ramadhan 2017 project went
on for 19 days. Depending on the day, daily food
collection from both bazaars ranged from 50 250 kg
and usually the ratio of food and drinks was 50:50.
The food donated was in good condition, can be eaten
and well packed by the food operators. Overall, the
recipients were very thankful for the food provided to
them daily. The donated food helped them to reduce
their daily food costs and also enabled them to eat
food that they usually cannot afford.
In a nutshell, the MYSaveFood@Ramadhan 2017
programme not only managed to save food from being
wasted, but also brought smiles to many faces with
the food donation. It is hoped that this programme
will continue in future with more volunteers. It is
also hoped that other NGOs and organisations can
follow suit and have similar programmes in other
areas.
12 August 2017

EVENT

Coconut Consultative Forum and

Expo 2017 T
By: Rohani Md Yon
Corporate Communication and Quality Centre, MARDI
Datuk Dr. Sharif Haron, Director General, MARDI, officially
opened the Coconut Consultative Forum together with
President MASMARDI, Dato Dr. Hashim Wahab (left) and
President PAUPM, Datuk Sri Syed Razlan Jamalullail (second
from right).
Datuk Dr. Sharif Haron tasting the coconut drink
manufactured by a Malaysian company
he Coconut Consultative Forum and Expo
2017 was held on 20 21 May 2017 at Hall D,
MAEPS, Serdang. The forum was officially
opened by the Director General of MARDI, Datuk
Dr. Sharif Haron. The main theme of the forum
was virgin coconut oil (VCO) and Health Products.
It was organised by Persatuan Alumni MARDI
(MASMARDI) in collaboration with MARDI and
Persatuan Alumni UPM (PAUPM).
This forum was a follow-up to the National
Coconut Seminar which was organised by PAUPM
and held on 9 August 2016. The main focus of this
forum was to discuss on the development of VCO
and other wellness products that are beneficial to
health which has been accepted globally. VCO is also
the most significant coconut product in Malaysia
and various VCO-based products can be developed
for use as food, cosmeceuticals, nutraceuticals and
pharmaceuticals. The development of these high
value products can offset the problem of low supply
of local raw materials.
The consultative forum was conducted mainly
for the benefit of the coconut industry. The main
aim was to share information, experiences and
directions in the development of business in VCO
industry and other coconut health products in
Malaysia. The forum also provided information
on innovations in technology, production and
marketing of VCO and other wellness products.
The forum was attended by various
manufacturers and producers of VCO, processors
of coconut and health products, small and medium
entrepreneurs, scientists and students as well as
health conscious public members.
Nine panel members were invited from the
industry, research and medical institutions and
producers of VCO to discuss three main topics,
namely, i) VCO processing and market potential;
2) VCO as functional food and its health benefits;
and 3) producers and consumers experiences
in production and utilisation of VCO. Expected
outputs from this forum will be used as a guide
to improve the VCO industry specifically, and the
coconut industry in general.
In conjunction with the consultative forum, a
carnival style expo was also held to promote, exhibit
and market products and services in connection
with the coconut industry. Products such as VCO,
health and wellness products, food products from
coconut, coconut nurseries, agriculture inputs and
other related industries were also exhibited for
sale to the public.
The various agencies from the Ministry of
Agriculture and Agro-based Industry such as
MARDI, FAMA, DOA and LPP also provided
information on various technologies and efforts
conducted to revive and promote the coconut
industry.
Information on the development of new coconut
hybrids, MARLECA and MYLAG, by MARDI

Round Table Conference on

Agricultural Insurance
By: Nur Aida Mohd Padzil
Corporate Communication and Quality Centre, MARDI

M
alaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) Agricultural insurance is widely available in most of the agricultural-based
successfully hosted the Round Table Conference on Agricultural developed group of high income countries. In Africa, some of the countries
Insurance - A Climate Change Adaptation Tool in African, Asian and such as South Africa, Sudan, Morocco, Nigeria, Malawi and Kenya are already
Pacific Regions which was held from 7 9 February 2017 at MARDI, Serdang. implementingtheir agricultural insurance. Many other countries are believed
The Social Science and Economic Research Centre, MARDI, was given the to follow suit. The organising of this conference is timely as Malaysia is yet to
honour to lead the local secretariat. have this kind of insurance and it is something that the countryneeds to look
The meeting was jointly organised by two esteemed organisations, the into as climate change can affect lives of many, especially in the agricultural
African-Asian Rural Development Organisation (AARDO) and Centre on sector.The implementation of the agricultural insurance would be a tool that
Integrated Rural Development for Asia and the Pacific (CIRDAP). This can protect the Malaysian agricultural industry, especially farmers, from
conference was targeted to provide a comprehensive review and assessment economic losses.
of different models of agricultural insurance provisions in CIRDAP and the
AARDO member countries in African, Asian and Pacific Regions.It was also
meant to give guidelines and recommendations to policy makers seeking
to improve and introduce agricultural insurance programmes in their own
respective countries in the region, where it is yet to be adopted as a practise.
The three-day programme brought together 31 participants from 22
countries from the three regions. Malaysia was represented by the Chief
Services Officer from Agrobank, Mr. Mad Yusof bin Yazid. The programme
agenda included one and a half days of country report presentations followed
by group presentations and an open forum. Topics discussed comprised
of various issues, namely, i) wider roles of the public sector in designing,
promoting and sustaining the implementation of agricultural insurance, ii)
levels of engagement in regions, countries, corporates and farms, and iii) role
of insurance - what it can and cannot solve.