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Subject: Chemistry
Class: XI
Chapter: Equilibrium
Top concepts
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of the system is the dynamic equilibrium. At equilibrium rates of the forward
and reverse reactions become equal.
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2. General characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes
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Measurable properties of system becomes constant at equilibrium
Equilibrium can be established only in case of closed system
Equilibrium is always dynamic in nature i.e. the process does not stop
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but changes take place in forward and reverse direction with same
rate
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3. During a chemical reaction when the rates of the forward and reverse
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reactions become equal, the concentrations of the reactants and the products
remain constant. This is the stage of chemical equilibrium. Chemical
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7. Equilibrium reactions in which all reactants and products are in same phase
are called homogeneous equilibrium reactions.
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phases are called heterogeneous equilibrium reactions
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9. For a general reaction of the type:
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aA + bB cC + dD
[A]a [B]b
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Expo nents a,b,c and d have same values as in balanced chemical equation
If the concentration expressed is in molar concentrations then K=Kc
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[C]c [D]d
i.e. Kc =
[A]a [B]b
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[pC ]c [pD ]d
Kp =
[pA ]a[pB ]b
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12. In heterogeneous equilibrium pure solids or liquids are present but their
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concentrations or partial pressures do not appear in the expression of the
equilibrium constant.
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15. Relation between Equilibrium constant K ,Reaction quotient (Q) and Gibbs
energy (G)
G
K= e
-
RT
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G G
- -
If, G < 0 then RT is positive, and e RT >1, making K >1.This implies
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G G
- -
If, G >0 then RT is negative, and e RT <1, making K <1.This implies
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change
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volume has no effect on equilibrium
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4) Effect of Temperature
Decrease in Exothermic
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5) Effect of a Catalyst
Catalyst does not shift the equilibrium in any direction because it
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17. Substances that conduct electricity in their molten states or in form of their
aqueous solutions are called electrolytes
18.Substances which ionize almost completely into aqueous solutions are called
strong electrolytes
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20.Substances which ionize to a small extent in aqueous solution are called weak
electrolytes
21.Acids, bases and salts which are electrolytes, conduction of electricity by their
aqueous solutions is due to anions and cations produced by the dissociation or
ionization of electrolytes in aqueous solution.
23. Limitation of Arrhenius concept of acid and base: The concept is applicable
only to aqueous solutions and it does not account for the basicity of
substances like, ammonia which do not possess a hydroxyl group.
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24.According to Brnsted-Lowry theory, acid is a substance that is capable of
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donating a hydrogen ion H+ and bases are substances capable of accepting a
hydrogen ion, H+.
25.
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The acid-base pair that differs only by one proton is called a conjugate acid-
base pair.
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26.Conjugate acid has one extra proton and each conjugate base has one less
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proton.
27. If Brnsted acid is a strong acid then its conjugate base is a weak base and
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vice versa.
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28. According to Lewis concept an acid as a species which accepts electron pair
and base which donates an electron pair.
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29. Electron deficient species like AlCl3, Co3+, Mg2+, etc. can act as Lewis acids
while species like H2O, NH3, OH- etc. which can donate a pair of electrons, can
act as Lewis bases.
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30. Unique ability of water to react with itself to produce a hydronium ion and a
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32.In pure water, the concentration of hydronium ion is always equal to the
concentration of hydroxyl ion i.e. [ H3O+]= [OH]
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33.The pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm to the base 10 of the
activity of hydrogen ion i.e. pH = log [H+]
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34. Types of solutions based on pH values
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Acidic [H ] > 1.0 107M
+
pH < 7.00
Basic [H+] < 1.0 107M pH > 7.00
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pKa logKa
Larger the value of pK a , weaker is the acid
[M+ ][OH- ] 2c
Kb =
[MOH] (1- )
At a given temperature T, Kb is a measure of the strength of the base MOH i.e.,
larger the value of Kb , the stronger is the base.
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40.Relation between Kb and pKb
pKb logKb
Larger the value of pKb , weaker is the base.
43.Bronsted acids which can donate more than one protons are called polyprotic
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the lower order ionization constant ( Ka1 ) of a polyprotic acid. The reason for
this is that it is more difficult to remove a positively charged proton from a
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weak base
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Salt of weak acid and CH3COONa Basic solutions
strong base
Salt of weak acid and CH3COONH4 Neutral solutions
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weak base
Salt of strong acid and NaCl Neutral solutions
strong base
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50. Acidic buffers contain equimolar quantities of a weak acid and one of its salt
with a strong base
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51. Basic buffers contain equimolar quantities of a weak base and one of its salt
with a strong acid
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53. In a saturated solution equilibrium exists between the undissolved solute and
the solute in the solution.
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solution of its ions, then
AxBy xAy yBx
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(solid)
[Ay ]x [Bx ]y
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Solubility expression is: Ksp ch
56.Ionic product is defined as the product of the molar concentrations of the
constituent ions, each raised to the power of its stoichiometric coefficient in a
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any solution.
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57. Precipitation will occur only when ionic product exceeds the solubility product
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