YDS DersNotlar KARAGULLE

YDS DERS NOTLARI
smail KARAGLLE'den tavsiyeler:

Cesur ztrk'n Building Skills For Proficiency ve dier kitaplarndan kesinlikle gramer almayn. Fakat bol bol soru
zebilirsiniz.
nternetten veya Dkman olarak bol bol pararaf okuyun. Roman veya hikaye deil, gncel haberler, bilimsel veya
sosyal ierikli makaleler vs.
// Konuyla ilgisiz aklamalar gsteren iarettir. Bazen ilgisiz aklamalar grlebilir.

/* .....*/ blok halinde.
TENSES (ZAMANLAR).....................................................................................................................................................................................................2
1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE......................................................................................................................................................................................2
2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE...........................................................................................................................................................................2
3. SIMPLE PAST TENSE..............................................................................................................................................................................................3
4. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE...................................................................................................................................................................................3
5. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE....................................................................................................................................................................................3
6. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE.........................................................................................................................................................4
7. PAST PERFECT TENSE...........................................................................................................................................................................................4
8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE................................................................................................................................................................4
9. GOING TO / WILL....................................................................................................................................................................................................5
10. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE..........................................................................................................................................................................5
11. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE...................................................................................................................................................................................5
12. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE........................................................................................................................................................5
13. FUTURE IN THE PAST..........................................................................................................................................................................................5
14. ACTIVE / PASSIVE.................................................................................................................................................................................................5
TENSE UYUMU..................................................................................................................................................................................................................5
MODALS.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................7
1. SIMPLE MODALS....................................................................................................................................................................................................7
2. CONTINUOUS MODALS........................................................................................................................................................................................9
3. PAST MODALS.......................................................................................................................................................................................................10
DETERMINERS AND QUANTIFIERS (BELRTME SIFATLARI)................................................................................................................................11
DETERMINERS..........................................................................................................................................................................................................11
PRONOUNS (ADIL - ZAMR).........................................................................................................................................................................................13
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS..........................................................................................................................................................................................13
CONDITIONALS (IF CLAUSE).......................................................................................................................................................................................13
0. ZERO CONDITIONAL (V1)...................................................................................................................................................................................13
1. FIRST CONDITIONAL (V1)..................................................................................................................................................................................14
2. SECOND CONDITIONAL (Present ve Future anlaml / Unreal)(V2)....................................................................................................................14
3. THIRD CONDITIONAL (Past anlaml / Unreal)(Had + V3)..................................................................................................................................14
MIXED TYPE (3 2) (Cmlelerde Time expression var ise geerlidir. Yoksa kullanlmaz)....................................................................................14
CONDITIONALS INVERSION (IF CLAUSE'NIN DEVRK HAL)..............................................................................................................................15
1. FIRST CONDITIONAL...........................................................................................................................................................................................15
2. SECOND CONDITIONAL (Present ve Future Anlamldr)....................................................................................................................................15
3. THIRD CONDITIONAL..........................................................................................................................................................................................15
WISH CLAUSE (KEKE...)..............................................................................................................................................................................................15
PRESENT VE FUTURE ANLAM...............................................................................................................................................................................15
PAST ANLAM.............................................................................................................................................................................................................16
ADJECTIVE (SIFAT ismi niteler) / ADVERB (ZARF fiili niteler)............................................................................................................................16
SO THAT / SUCH THAT...................................................................................................................................................................................................17
COMPARATIVE (ki eyin karlatrlmas) / SUPERLATIVE (2 den fazla eyin karlatrlmas).............................................................................17
SUPERLATIVE..................................................................................................................................................................................................................17
ETLEME YAPMAK VEYA BOZMAK.........................................................................................................................................................................19
"THE ... , THE ..." YAPISI.................................................................................................................................................................................................19
RELATIVE CLAUSE (Sfat Cmlecikleri).......................................................................................................................................................................20
WHICH - WHERE (Preposition + Which) Ayrm - Salamas:..................................................................................................................................21
NDRGEME......................................................................................................................................................................................................................22
1) Object konumunda noun clause...............................................................................................................................................................................23
2) Subject konumunda noun clause..............................................................................................................................................................................23
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE (Zarf cmlecikleri bir eit bala)..........................................................................................................................................25
IF ANLAMI VEREN ADVERBIALLER..........................................................................................................................................................................28
QUESTION TAGS.............................................................................................................................................................................................................28
SHORT REPLIES "Ben de"...............................................................................................................................................................................................28
NO MATTER HOW (,)......................................................................................................................................................................................................29
SENTENCE CONNECTORS (Cmle balayclar)..........................................................................................................................................................29
INFINITIVE / GERUND AYRIMI....................................................................................................................................................................................32
PERFECT INFINITIVE, PERFECT GERUND................................................................................................................................................................32
PARTICIPLES (Adverbial Clauselerin indirgemesi)........................................................................................................................................................33
INVERSION (DEVRK CMLE YAPISI)........................................................................................................................................................................34
CAUSATIVE (ETTRGEN)...............................................................................................................................................................................................35
JUST VE ALREADY FARKI............................................................................................................................................................................................35
EVR, CMLE TAMAMLAMA, ANLAMI BOZAN CMLE, PARARAF SORULARI........................................................................................36
GENEL BLGLER - YAPILAR - KALIPLAR.................................................................................................................................................................38
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TENSES (ZAMANLAR)
1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Gnlk hayat, Alkanlk

I smoke ten cigarettes a day.
Sreklilik bildirir.
Time Expressionlar Zaman belirler.
They go to the cinema every Sunday.
On Saturday (Sreklilik yok)

On Saturdays (Sreklilik belirtir)
Once a week, once a month ... (Haftada bir, ayda bir ...)
Simple present tense ile kullanlabilen zaman zarflar

Already, usually, sometimes(=occasionally), never, often, rarely, scarcely
Doal gerekler (Natural facts)

Water boils at 100C
Doal gerekler tense uyumuna uymaz. (Bkz Tense Uyumu-Sayfa 5)
Newton discovered that water boils at 100C
Time Table
Our class finishes at 1:PM (Saat u an 12:00 PM)
Future anlam olmasna ramen Simple Present kullanlr.
2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Tense uyumunda simle present-present continuous deiimi olabilir.

Gerund=Ving
nfinitive=V1
To infinitive=to + V1
Now
At the moment
Were studying English Right now
For the time being (u an)
Currently (imdi, Bu gn)
NOT: Bir Time Expression; arkasndan gelen cmleleri de etkiler (Yeni bir time expressionlu cmle gelene kadar)
(cloze testlerde bu durum nemlidir)
Present Continuous Tense ile Future Anlam

Normalde Future Tenseler Planlanm ve Planlanmam gelecek anlamlar verir.
Present Continuous Tense ile Planlanm Gelecek Anlam verilir.

Were having a party on Saturday night
Theyre coming home tomorrow
[Going to V1] kalb ile ayn manada kullanlr.
Continuous formda kullanlmayan Fiiler Genelde Mental Manevi Fiillerdir.
Understand
Know
Love
Believe
Hear
Think
Normalde Ving formda kullanlmayan baz fiiller Ving formda kullanldklarnda "eylem" anlatr.
"I'm having my breakfast" gibi...
2 Half Second To Defend Yourself !

3. SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Bu Tensede Time Expressionlar ok nemlidir.
Gemite olan ve bitmi olaylar iin kullanlr.
Last month, Last year (Tm zaman birimleri )

She went to Italy On Friday
ago
Past Now
Hayali durumlar ile birlikte kullanlr

If Clause, Wish Clause
4. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Past Now
7 8 9
What were you doing at 8 PM last night?
I was watching TV at 8 PM last night.
Gemite o noktada o ii yapmaya devam ediyor.

Gemiteki bir srete tek bir noktay anlatr.
While my wife was cooking dinner, I was reading my papers.
While I was studying, my friends came (kesien eylem)

Past continuous tense genelde 2 li cmle kalb kullanr. (tens uyumuna dikkat: past continuous tense, simple past tense)
5. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Gemite balam etkisi halen devam eden bir olay anlatrken kullanlr.
Olayn sonucu u an da grlmektedir. (Gemiteki bir olay bu gne balar)
Tecrbe- deneyim bildiren durumlarda kullanlr.

Already, just kullanlabilir. Yet: olumsuz ve soruda kullanlr.
I havent finished it yet.
She worked hard. Yet, she failed again (Yet cmle banda ise bala grevindedir. Present Perfect tense bildirmeyebilir)
Past Now
Someone broke the window (simple past) (cam krlm fakat yenisi taklmtr)
Someone has broken the window (Present perfect) (cam halen krk, grnyor)
* Present perfect tensede zaman nemli deildir. nemli olan olayn gnmze balanmasdr.
Indefinite time (belirsiz zaman) olarak da bilinir.
* Simple past tense ve Present perfect tense arasnda pheye dlen durumlarda; cmlenin time expressionu yok ise
Present perfect tense olma ihtimali olduka yksektir.
* cmlenin time expressionu yok ise Present perfect tense tercih edilmelidir.
for 30 years
since 1980
up to now
up till now
lately
I have been in Ankara
so far
recently
in
Past
Over The Two years
Last
for
6. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
I have worked here for 2 years (Present Perfect)
I have been working here for 2 Years (Present Perfect Continuous)
Perfect ve perfect continuous fark:

She has been cleaning her house for 4 hours present perfect continuous tense (4 saattir-sre-sreklilik-sre belirtir)
She has cleaned 2 rooms present perfect tense (Ne kadar, ka tane?)
* Just, Already, Yet hari tm time expressionlar alabilir.

* Continuous tenseler ile Just, Already, Yet kullanlmaz.
7. PAST PERFECT TENSE
Early
Past Past Now
Genelde simple past tenseli bir cmle ile beraber kullanlr.

* I had gone there (Tek bana byle bir cmle kullanlmaz. Mutlaka bir past cmlesi ile beraber kullanlr ki bu genelde
simple past tenseli bir cmledir)
When we got there, the film had already started. (simple past, past perfect)
* Past perfect olmad zamanlarda simple past ayn ii grr.
After I had finished... yerine After I finished... gibi
By the time I arrived at the hall, they had finished preparations. (By the time = by : nce, o an itibariyle...)
By the time [simple past] [past perfect-(simple past)]
By 1950, the government had started 3rd economic reform
8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Early
Past Past Now
Time expression sre belirtiyor ise bu past perfect continuousdur.

When we arrived in izmir, we had been travelling for 8 hours
"We were driving.." (past continuous tense)den fark udur: past continuousda zaman sresi belirtilmiyor.
* Time expression kullanlmas zorunludur. (stte "for 8 hours")
9. GOING TO / WILL
Planlanm gelecek / Planlanmam gelecek
Im going to visit my uncle at weekend

Im hungry, I will have a sandwich
Prediction (Tahmin)
I think he wont be successfull (Muhtemel)(Wont=Will not)

He is going to fall down. (because he is a drunken) (htimali yksek, kesin)
10. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

Now Future
Planl gelecek zaman

I will be lying on the beach this time (next week)

11. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Gelecek zamanda belli bir noktadan nce bir ii bitirmi olmak (Deadline-Biti Tarihi belirtir.)
Now Future
When (by the time) you get home, we will have finished decorating your room.
(Simple present tense) Future perfect tense (veya baka bir future tense)
12. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Gelecek Ay itibariyle 2 sene olacak
I will have been working here for 2 years next month
* (Mutlaka zaman sresi verilmelidir)
13. FUTURE IN THE PAST

Gemite yapmay planlayp fakat yapamadmz iler mazeret bildirimi
They were going to get (V1) married last month (fakat evlenemediler)
I was going to call (V1) you but I had unexpected...
14. ACTIVE / PASSIVE

* zne eylemi yapamyor ise bu cmle pasif bir cmledir.
* Passive fiilden sonra by bir isim geliyorsa bu isim ounlukla ii yapan kii konumundadr.
Ve cmlede "by" olmas gerekir.
Be
Am
Said
Is
Believed "It is said to be in USA"
Are To ...(be in USA)
Thought "Amerikada olduu sylenir".
Was
Reported
Were
Been
TENSE UYUMU
NEML:
* kili olsun veya olmasn cmle topluluunda birbirini izleyen cmlelerin Tense (Zaman belirten)leri uyumlu olmaldr.
Present ise sonraki cmle present, past ise takip eden cmle de past olmaldr.
* Balayan cmlenin time expressionu sonraki gelen cmlelerin zamann belirler.
* Ne zaman yeni bir time expression gelir o zaman o time expression zaman bakmndan sonraki cmlelere hakim olur.
**BALALAR VE TENSE UYUMLARI**
CMLE 1 BALA CMLE 2

Present Perfect Tense (YOK) Continuous yap ile kulanlabilenler Present Perfect Tense
PRESENT TENSELER When PRESENT TENSELER
Simple present While Simple present
Present continuous As Present continuous
Present Modal Just as (while) Present Modal
FUTURE Continuous yap ile kulanlamayanlar FUTURE (YOK)

PAST TENSELER After PAST TENSELER
Simple past Before Simple past
Past continuous By the time Past continuous
Past perfect By Past perfect
Past perfect continuous Once Past perfect continuous
Past Modal As soon as Past Modal
WOULD The moment (when) WOULD (YOK)
Until
ok nemlidir. Birden fazla cmleli yaplarda Tense uyumuna mutlaka dikkat edilmelidir.
CMLE 1 - WHEN - CMLE 2 yaps yukarda gsterilmitir.

WHEN CMLE 2 CMLE 1 eklinde de olsa ayn kural geerlidir.
Past few night Present Perfect
Ever since:
Ago Simple past
Could Past gsterir
In a few days Future
As soon as
Would have Past perfect
Past Now
Realised
Understood
Discovered
Found (that) Past Perfect
Whenever Simple Present / Simple past
n case =ihtimaline kar Simple present
Simple past
Should
Because Olaydan daha nceki zamanlar anlatr
* If veya If anlam grmeden "Would have + V3" kullanmayn!

* would if li cmlede deil, dier cmlede kullanlr.
f ...., Might have been
Could have been
* After ve Before den sonra Continuous tenseler kullanlmaz
By
By the time Past Perfect, Future Perfect
(By l ifadelerde i bitmitir. Devam etmez.)
Soon Future Tense
Earlier (Daha nce) Past Perfect
It is the first time Present Perfect
It was the first time Past Perfect
Simple Present
Whenever
Simple Past
Future Perfect by the time Simple Present
By then (-den nce) Past
Past few night Present Perfect tense
In a few (days, years) Future Tense
So far Present Perfect
Simple present Future Perfect
By the time + Simple Past Past Perfect
Simple past Simple Future
Ardk ve time expression cmlelerde simple past then simple past yaps izlenir.
Gemie ait ak tarih verilen cmlelerde simple past kullanlr.
Because: sebep verdii iin dier cmlelerden sonraki bir tense olamaz. Ya ayn tense olur veya nceki bir tense olur.
MODALS
Kendi anlam da olan Yardmc fiillere denir. (be fiilleri gibi fakat bunlarn kendi anlamlar da var)
1. Simple Modals
2. Continuous Modals
3. Past Modals
1. SIMPLE MODALS
1. Ability Can
Could
be able to (modal like)
Normalde bir modal baka bir modalla veya baka bir tense ile kullanlmaz.
Baka bir tense ile kullanlaca zaman Modal Likeler kullanlr.
I can play the guitar (imdi u anda gitar alyorum) (Sreklilik belirtir)
I could write when I was 6.

We were able to rescue 5 people after the accident (Tek seferlik)
We could rescue 5 people after the accident (Srekli bu i oluyormu gibi)
(Normalde Kullanlmaz)
He was able to swim for 50 km when the boat sank

You will be able to speak fluently when you finish this course
2. Obligation (Zorunluluk) Must

Have to, Has to (Modal like)
Have got to (Konuma dilinde)
You Must be at home by 11 PM.
FATHER Must SON Have to FRIEND
Baba Must Kullanr, Olu arkadana anlatrken ayn cmleyi Have to ile ifade eder.
* Obligation kullanmnda Must un olumsuzu Mustnt deildir.
Dont have to
Neednt
Dont need to kullanlmaldr.
I dont have to be at home by 11 PM.

Saat 11 de evde olmam gerekmiyor.
I mustnt be at home by 11 PM
Mustnt ise Saat 11 de evde olmamalym manas veriyor.
PAST
I had to get up early yesterday
I didnt have to ... Past Olumsuz.
Must un past ise yine Had to dur.
FUTURE
You will have to study hard when you start university
CONTINUOUS TENSEde have to kullanm yoktur.
PASSIVE
This book had to be republished last year.
3. Possiblity (ihtimal-olaslk) May

Might
Could
Modal cmlesinden nceki ve sonraki cmleler bizim iin nemlidir. Modal tespit etmek iin bu cmlelere bakarz.
Where is John?
He is in his room (%100)
Im not sure, he may

I dont know might
It is not definite.. gibi could be in his room (%50)
It is not definite university might build a new swimming pool.
* Grld zere Could: Past Ability veya Present Possibility gsterir. (Modals Madde 1 ve 3)
4. Probablity Should
Ought to
5. Deduction (kanta dayal karm-tahmin yapmak) Must
Where is John?
There is light in his room, he must be in his room (%90-95)
Its rainy outside, he cant be outside (%90-95 orannda darda olmas imkansz)
Alt izili cmleler kant cmleleridir.
* Deduction kullanmnda must un olumsuzu cant dr. (Musn't Deil !)
6. Past Habit Used to

would
nceden yapp imdi yapmadmz iler iin kullanlr. (Past tense bildirir)
nceden yapardm imdi yapmyorum manas verir.
I used to live in zmir (Daha nce izmirde yaadm. Artk yaamyor..)

I didnt used to live in zmir. (Daha nce zmirde yaamyordum ama imdi yayorum. )
Would ile fark:

My father would take me to fishing every Sunday. Olay dzenli aralklarla yaplyor.
Yukardaki gibi bir time expression var ise would kullanlr. Yok ise used to kullanlr.
* be used to kalbyla kartrma !

Be
Used to Ving
Get
I am used to living in zmir. (zmirde yaamaya alknm)(Alkanlk bildirir)

I used to live in zmir. (Daha nce izmirde yaadm. Artk yaamyor..)
I was used to + Ving

I got used to + Ving
I cant get used to + Ving

I will get used to + Ving
7. Neccessity Lack of Neccessity

(Gereklilik) (Gerekli deillik)
Dont need to
Need to
Neednt
You need to study hard when you go to Harvard

Olumsuzu dont need to dur. Neednt kullanld zaman Neednt to deildir.
* Simple modallar Verb den nce to almaz (can, must,could, should).

Bunun yerine modal like lar to alr (Have to)
8. Expectation Be supposed to
(Beklenti) Be to (ayn anlamda fakat daha kuvvetli)
You are supposed to do the tests (Testleri yapmanz
bekleniyor).
You are to do the tests (Testleri yapman bekleniyor - zorundasn)
9. Advice Should
(Tavsiye, -melisin) Ought to
Had better
We had better stay at home, otherwise we wil get frozen

We had better not stay at home. (* not to stay at home deil !)
should
We stop smoking
ought to
10. Suggestions (neri) Shall we ...?

Lets (let us)
Why dont ...?
What about...?
How about ...?
Lets go out tonight?

Shall we try the new restaurant tonight?
Why dont we stay at home?
What about
Eating out tonight?
How about
Lets not Cevap niteliinde olumsuz (Gitmesek..?)

11. Request 12. Offer 13. Permission Can
Could
May
Will
Rica Teklif zin Would
Be allowed to
Would you mind
Do you mind
Offer:
Can
Could I help you?
May
* Shall I ve We ile kullanlr.

Yukardan aaya kibarlk derecesi artar (informal to formal)
Request:
Can
Could
Will You help me?
Would
May (Kullanlmaz)
Would you mind (do you mind) opening the window?
Permission:
Can
Could I use your phone?
may
Would you mind if I opened the window? (Cam amamn bir sakncas var m?)
Be allowed to: (mustnt gibi)

You are not allowed to smoke in this building.
Nobody can allow you to use this computer (aktif cmle)
Would you let me go out?
Let me know: (Bana haber ver)
2. CONTINUOUS MODALS
Ving alr ve szkonusu eylemin "o anda" olma olasln verir.
Where is John?
I dont know.
Might
He Could be Studying in his room (%50)
May
What are they doing? Im not sure, they might be watching TV.
You should be studying for your exam, instead of watcing TV here.

(Tv izlemek yerine ders alman bekleniyor. Fakat o tv izliyor)
You ought to be studying ...
They should be typing those letters not chatting (instead of chatting)
Deduction:
(karm yapmak. Kanta dayal sonuca ulamak)
Where is John?
There comes music from his room, he must be listening to music.
* must olumsuzu olarak cant kullanlr. Mustnt deil
There is no snow, he cant be skiing at this time of the year.
She must be studying, there is light in her room.
3. PAST MODALS
Have + V3 yaps kullanlr.
May
They Might Have Gone
Could
They might have gone out, there is no answer (Dar km olabilirler) (Past)
They Might go out (Dar kabilirler) (Present)
She may have left her book on the bus

He could have started doing the experiment
Could have in baka bir anlam:
He could have become (V3) the manager of that company but he chose to have his own business
(yapabilirdi, fakat yapmad)
You could have passed your exam but you didnt study enough.
Should have V3:

You should have thanked her for her contribution. (Teekkr etmeliydin fakat etmedin)
You shouldt have shouted at her in front of everybody. (barmamalydn fakat bardn)
* Ought to(=should have) nun olumsuzu ought not to dur
They ought to have infomed us about their financial problems. (onlar bize finansal problemlerinden bahsetmeliydiler.
fakat bahsetmemiler-)
* Must have ile should have ayrm nemli
They must have moved to another city (Tanm olabilirler) (%95)

Should have V3 (Tanmalydlar ama tanmadlar)
* Simple yapdaki kullanm haricinde mustun dier yaplarnda zorunluluk bildirimi yoktur.
She cant have (couldnt have) gone to the library, because it is closed today.
Cant have impossiblity (Yapm olamazsn)
*** mustnt + have + V3 kk grrsek direk eleyeceiz. Byle birey normalde kmaz.
* Would + have + V3 : if condition tarz birey grmeden kullanlmaz.
Would rather:
I Would rather (d rather) Stay At home tonight (Present)

I Would rather have Stayed At home last night (Past)
I would rather you stayed at home tonight (Present) (You znesi gelince Keke anlam verdi)
Id rather you had stayed at home last night (Past)
Alternatif sunmak
May
As well
Might
Would you be so kind = would you mind gibi kibar bir ifadedir.
Anything Herhangi bir ey (+)(Hepsi veya herhangi birisi)

Nothing Hibirey (-)
Must ile Must have i kartrma !

DETERMINERS AND QUANTIFIERS (BELRTME SIFATLARI)
DETERMINERS
A. Saylabilenler
All
Both Of
Few (-) The
Afew (+) i These
Many Belirginle Thos
Most tirmek e
oul isim oul Fiil
No in My
Half kullanlr His
Several Her
Quite a few None of ...
A good many(=many)
A great many(=many)
I have a few friends in Ankara (Ankarada birka arkadam var)

I have few friends in Ankara (Ankarada neredeyse hi arkadam yok)
Either (2 ey) The oul isim-

Neither (2 ey) These Tekil Yardmc fiil
Of
None (2 den fazla) Those Is
Each (2 den fazla) My, Your,... Has
Neither of these teachers is from Adana.

None of my students + Tekil Fiil
* None; arkasndan bir isim geliyor ise "of" suz kullanlmaz.
Either Tekil isim - Tekil Fiil

Neither Tekil Yardmc fiil
Many a Is here
Each
Neither student wants higher wages
Many a=(Many)
Either ... or= Ya o, ... ya bu

Neither ... nor= Ne o, ... ne de bu
Kendi yapsnda "of" olan yaplar:
A lot of oul oul Fiil

Plenty of (bolca) isim
A couple of (bir ift) Dont want to come here
Lots of Students
The, these, those ile de kullanlabilirler.
B. Saylamayanlar:
The
Little (-) Of
My Saylamayan isim
A little (+) (Of kullanlmaya
His Tekil fiil
Much da bilir)
Her
A little of the money will be spent on furniture.
No One
Any Body
Tekil isim
Some Thing
Every Where
Nobody is here.
A great deal of Saylamayan isim Tekil fiil

A large amount of
A great quantity of Money is needed for the project
Plenty of
A lot of
* A great deal of: Soyut isimlerde sadece bu determiner kullanlr.

Effort : Soyut saylamayan isim (Gayret)
Rice : Somut saylamayan isim (Pirin)
Some / Any
Saylabilen ve saylamayanlarla beraber kullanlabilirler.
Some of these people

Some people
Any: olumsuz ve soru cmlelerinde kullanlr.

I dont have any friends in Ankara
* Any normalde cmleye olumsuz anlam vermez.

You can take any box (tekil) you like. (Olumlu bir cmle)
Some person olmaz

Someboy, somegirl istisnadr.
(the) one the other (2 eyden birisi ve dieri)

(the) one Another Another Another the other
Toplam say belli ise sonuncusu the other

(the) one the others veya other (students)
each other
(2 eyin etkileimi)
One another (2 den fazla eyin etkileimi)

n ek Son ek Sfat Fiil

En Large Enlarge
Make manasnda Geni geniletmek
En White Whiten
Beyaz Beyazlatmak
Un-
n-
im-
Olumsuz yapar ve
ir-
Tersine evirir
Dis-
il-
de-
// Regard: gz nne almak
// Regard as: ...gzyle bakmak
PRONOUNS (ADIL - ZAMR)

SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT
Possessiv Possessiv
e e
I
Adjective Pronoun
You
Me My Mine
We
You Your Yours
They Love Us Our Ours
He
Them Their Theirs
She
Him His His
It
Her Her Hers
It Its (X)
* Mine, Yours .... grubunun kullanlabilmesi iin nceki cmlede nesnenin belirtilmesi gerekir.
My car is red. What color is yours ? gibi
* Kendilerinden sonra bir nesne almazlar Yours car gibi bir cmle yanltr.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
Myself
Yourself (sen) / yourselves (siz)
Ourselves
Themselves
Himself

Herself
Itself ("I didn't it myself")
A child himself
England She (Bazen "it", bazen "She" olarak kullanlyor)
Ship She
Hardly anyone else: Negatif anlam verir.

But : bir sonraki cmlenin zddn grr.
Ever again= "Bir daha"
Another ve Every; time expressionlarla ok kullanlr.

He will graduate in another two years (Takip eden 2 yl ierisinde.... )
Now 2 years 2 years ...
Some other time= baka bir zaman
* Some / Any + (a , an, the) kullanlmaz !. "some a book" Yanltr.
"The most" un arkasndan noun (isim) gelmez, Adjective (sfat) gelir.

The most beautiful (+)
The most people (X) (Kullanlmaz)
Too many (Too abartl anlam veriyor. O kadar ok ki..)

Cmleyi negatif anlaml yapyor
Virtually every= Neredeyse hepsi

Virtually all = Hemen hemen hepsi
Unlikely (olumsuz anlam verir) var ise cmlede olumlu yap kullan.
Unlikely
To be To do
Likely
Unlike
+ Noun (veya Noun clause)
Like
Every three weeks = 3 haftada bir
Negatif Yapl cmlelerde normalde "Both" kullanlmaz.

No one = Hi kimse
CONDITIONALS (IF CLAUSE)
0. ZERO CONDITIONAL (V1)

(Natural Facts "Doal Gerekler")
Simple Present Tense Kullanlr.
If you heat water, it boils at 100C

If you put meat in the deep freeze, it freezes
1. FIRST CONDITIONAL (V1)

Present veya Future Anlamldr.
If you study hard (,) you will pass your exam.

If she comes early, we can catch the plane
Tense uyumu Conditional'da da geerlidir.
If you can join us, we will be very happy.

If you don't want to come with us, stay at home (Emir cmlesi)
(,) if any (,)= "Eer varsa"

(,) if not (,)= "Eer yoksa"
If'li blmde will kullanlmaz.
If anyone should call me, please take me a message. ("Should" ihtimali dryor)
2. SECOND CONDITIONAL (Present ve Future anlaml / Unreal)(V2)
(Unreal=gerek olmayan anlam verir)
1 ) Tm znelerle birlikte "were" kullanlr. (Normalde I was .. uygun gibi grnebilir fakat conditional iin I were kullanlr)
If I were a rich man, I would buy a Ferrari. (Zengin olsam, Ferrari alrm. "fakat zenginlik hayal")
If I were you, I wouldn't miss that chance. (Senin yerinde olsam, bu ans karmam. "fakat onun yerinde deil")
If she were here, he could help us.
2 ) kinci cmlede modal + V1 (would, could, might) kullanlabilir.
Were kullanmadan conditional yaps gstermek mmkn. Bunun iin past bir modal kullanlr.
If I could play the piano very well, I would be a musician.
3 ) Veya past fiil kullanlr

If you won the lottery, what would you do?
If they were playing chess, they wouldn't join us
* hayali durumlarda hep 1 Past kullanlr.
3. THIRD CONDITIONAL (Past anlaml / Unreal)(Had + V3)

If I hadn't known that you were ill, I wouldn't have come here. (Would + have + V3)
Could have
Would have
If they had called us earlier, we Helped them
Might have
May have (Kullanlmaz !)
If he hadn't left the party early, he might have met my friend.
* If grr grmez Tense Uyumuna baklacak

* If clause yok ise kesinlikle "would have" kullanlmaz. O kk eleyin.
MIXED TYPE (3 2) (Cmlelerde Time expression var ise geerlidir. Yoksa kullanlmaz).
If you hadn't drunk so much wine last night , you wouldn't have felt terrible (33 durumu)
(Her iki cmle de gemite, bugne balanan bir durum yok)
Fakat; If you hadn't drunk so much, you wouldn't feel terrible now (32)
* If bulunmayan tarafta mutlaka bugne balayan bir Time expression (burada now) olmaldr.
If she _____ (be) in her office now, ... (bu soru mixed type deil, nki now time expressionu if li ksmda yer almakta)
ZET TABLO:
"Zero conditional dndakilerin Continuous yaplar da kullanlmaktadr".
Zero Conditional
If Simple Present (,) Simple Present
First Conditional
Can
May
Simple Present
Will
Present Continuous
Should
Present Perfect
If (,) Must
Can
Had better
Should (ihtimali drr)
..
Will (KULLANILMAZ)
Could
Might
First Conditional
Simple Past
Would
Past Continuous
If (,) Could + V1
Could
Might
Would (KULLANILMAZ)
Third Conditional
Past Modals + have
Would have
If Past Perfect (,) + V3
Could have
Might have
Mixed Type (3 - 2)
Past Modals
Could
If Past Perfect (,) + V1 + (now, today,..)
Would
Might

CONDITIONALS INVERSION (IF CLAUSE'NIN DEVRK HAL)
1. FIRST CONDITIONAL
If that patient should get worse, call me immediately (Normal)
Should that patient get worse, (Devrik,- Sadece if li cmle inversiyona urar)
Soru klarnda (Could, will, can, did) bulunabilir. Bu klarn hepsi yanltr.
If anyone should call me, please take a message Should anyone call me, please take a message.
2. SECOND CONDITIONAL (Present ve Future Anlamldr)

* Devrii Were ile yaplr.
If I were you, I would apply for this job (Normal)
Were I you, I would apply for this job (Devrik)
* Devrii Were ile yaplr

If I won (V2) the lottery, I would buy a Ferrari
Were I to win (V1), I would buy a Ferrari
If they had a car

Were they to have a car
* Should hari, dier tm modallarn If clause inversiyonu yoktur.
3. THIRD CONDITIONAL
If she had come (V3) early, she might not have had a quarrel with her boss
Had she come (V3) early, . . .
If they had gone to the party, they could have enjoyed

Had they gone to the party, . . .
WISH CLAUSE (KEKE...)
PRESENT VE FUTURE ANLAM

I wish I were in zmir now
She wishes she had a baby
Present Anlam
They wish they were on the beach
I wish I could speak French
Would
I wish you Come to my wedding next week
Could
Could
I wish I (zneler ayn iken go to his wedding next week
would kullanlmaz)
* Present anlam iin Past yap, Past anlam iin Past Perfect yap kullanlr.
PAST ANLAM
I wish I hadn't gone to that film
She wishes she had told the truth
They wish they hadn't bought that house
IF ONLY = (I WISH, WE WISH) (Bu iki wish yaps yerine If only tercih edilir) (Only If="Ancak", demektir. Kartrma!)
If only we knew her address, we could invite her, too (Olay daha dramatik hale sokar)
(2nd conditional)
If only you had informed us earlier, we could have helped you.

(3rd conditional)
Virglden sonraki cmleler 2nd ve 3rd conditional gibi devam edebiliyor.
WISH N BR TUZAK SORUSU

She didn't accept their offer, but now she wishes she had accepted it (Burada Now yanltmak amacyla konulmu)
She wishes she were in a hotel now.
* Tm bu conditionallarn Continuouslar iin be Ving gelir.
* Present anlam iin Past yap, Past anlam iin Past Perfect yap kullanlr.
Present ve future anlam iin:

Simple past
wish Past continuous
Modals (could, would, might)
Past anlam iin:

Past Perfect
wish
Past modals + V3
Past modals + V3:
Could have + V3
Would have +
Might have + v3
* Wish clause arkasndan Present Tense kullanlamaz. (Present Perfect tense dahil)(May, can dahil)
// Earlier: Past Perfect bildirir.

// Unless=if not (-medike)
// For a while="bi dnem..."
ADJECTIVE (SIFAT ismi niteler) / ADVERB (ZARF fiili niteler)

He is a clever boy
Our house is a big one
* Adjective ismin nnden gelir
She played the piano very well

He studied hard for his exam
* Adverb fiilin arkasndan gelir.
Adjective'lerin fiil ile kullanm:
He looks angry.
Aslnda "he is angry" dir. Look, seem, smell gibi baz fiillerde bu durum oluur.
It smells delicious
TOO / ENOUGH
It is too hot to go out (too + Adjective + to + V1)
* to yerine kesinlikle that gelmez
She is too young to get married. (Negatif bir anlam veriliyor)
He runs too slowly to catch the burglar
* Enough un kendisi negatif bir anlam katmaz

You are not old enough to walk here
* to yerine kesinlikle "that" gelmez
T.S.E Kural: (Too Sfat Enough) (Too sfattan nce, Enough ise sfattan sonra gelir)
SO THAT / SUCH THAT

So + Sfat + That:
She is so clever that her teachers admire her.

t is so hot that you can't walk in the garden.
Such + sim + That:
She is such a clever girl that her teachers admire her.

t is such nice weather that I want to go outside.
So'nun fiili niteleme durumu (Zarf):
She played the piano so beautifully that everybody burst into tears.
They finished the work so quickly that we all got shocked.
* "Such That" adverb (Zarf-Fiili niteler) ile kullanlmyor.

COMPARATIVE (ki eyin karlatrlmas) / SUPERLATIVE (2 den fazla eyin karlatrlmas)
Ankara is cheaper than stanbul. ("-er than" ekleniyor)

She is more beautiful than her brother. (ok heceli sfatlarn bana more ekleniyor, -er eki kaldrlyor)
* Hem more, hem de er -ier eki ayn anda kullanlamaz.

She is more beautifuler than ... (Yanl)
Ne ile neyi karlatrdmz ok nemli.

(YANLI) Bu cmlede istanbuldaki restoranlarla
Restaurants in stanbul are more expensive than Ankara
Ankarann (ehir olarak) kendisi karlatrlyor.
Restaurants . . . Those of Ankara (DORU) oul
Restaurant . . . That of (DORU) Tekil
Ksaltma; Zamanlar Ayn ise yaplr (Tense Uyumuna Uygun ise)

you
He runs faster than
you do
They worked harder than we had expected.
Fiil ve Adverb ile Comparative Yaps:

She can speak more fluently than a native speaker.
Comparative Pekitiren Yaplar:

Much Daha
Far Daha
Slightly Az bir miktar daha
Even Daha da
Yesterday was hot, Today is even hotter.

The exam was far more difficult than we had expected.
He is slightly taller than you. .
Twice as much as ...
SUPERLATIVE
stanbul is the most beautiful city in Turkey.
Of all he is the laziest student
One of the ...
* Of all yaps ok sorulan bir superlative sorusudur. Of all cmle sonunda da gelebilir.
* Superlative yaps Adverb ile (Fiili niteleyen) kullanlamaz.
Superlative Pekitiren Yaplar:

By far Ak ara
Quite Olduka
He is by far the most clever scientist among them.

... far too difficult.
I quite like him. (Grld gibi Quite, adverb (Zarf - Fiili niteler) ile de kullanlyor)
She is very beautiful (Beautiful: Adjective)

I love you very much (Much: Adverb)
* Very bir fiili nitelendiremez.
His best, Its best, her best...=The best

(Superlative yapda iyelik eki var ise "the" kullanlmaz. "His the best" veya "The his best" KULLANILAMAZ)
ETLEME YAPMAK VEYA BOZMAK
As ... as Kadar
So ... as Kadar
He is as old as your father.
* Alt izili yap ne comparative ne de superlative olmamaldr. (as older as veya as oldest as gibi birey olamaz)
Our Team played as well as the other team.
As As
She is not Beautiful Her sister
So As
*Pozitif cmlelerde as... as yaps kullanlr

*Negatif cmlelerde (not) ise hem as... as, hem de so... as yaps kullanlabilir.
*Fiil var ise so ... as yaps kullanlr. "Nothing so scared him as being left alone in the dark
/*
Answer Reply Respond
Hereye Cevap vermek Yazl bir eye (mektup vs) Cevap Vermek Szl bir eye veya Etkiye Tepki eklinde
Cevap vermek
He responded well to the treatment (Tedaviye iyi cevap verdi)
Beautiful -ly
Adjective (Sfat) Adverb (Zarf)
Adjective genelde "to be" fiilleri ile kullanlr.
Helen types more accurately than her.

Helen is typing quickly
Little / Less / The least (Little'n Comparative ve superlative hali)
So much noise that (O kadar ok grlt ki)
Look much stronger than (Daha gl grnyor)

(Look: Durum bildiren bir fiildir. Adjective ile nitelendirilir-Adverb ile deil) Strongly kullanmadk.
"THE ... , THE ..." YAPISI

Sadece Comparative yaplarda kullanlr. Superlative yapda kullanlmaz.
The more you study, the more successful you will be.
"ne kadar alrsan, o kadar baarl olursun"
The faster you run, the earlier you get tired.
/*
Comparative Superlative
Olumlu anlaml cmlelerde kullanlr Fairly
=Quite
Olumsuz anlaml cmlelerde kullanlr Rather
Quite a lot of.
Quite what= Tam, pek de

It was not quite what I wanted (Pek de istediim gibi deildi) (Genelde olumsuz cmlelerde kullanlr)
*/

RELATIVE CLAUSE (Sfat Cmlecikleri)
Relative clause'leri "cmle" olarak deil de "sfat cmlesi" olarak dnmek gerekir.
Who Which That Whom Whose Where When
To whom it may concern = ilgili makama
I bought a book last week, it was very expensive. ("a book" ve "it" ayn eyi gsteriyor)
Canl m cansz m? (Canl ise Who, Cansz ise Which)
I bought a book last week which was very expensive. (ekline dnr)
My friend is coming to visit us, He lives in zmir.

My friend who lives in zmir is coming to visit us.
* simden sonra gelirler (My friend who ...)
* Bir relative clause cmlesinde toplam fiil says-1 adet relative clause bulunmaldr. (2 fiil var ise 1 relative clause gibi...)
* kinci fiile kadar olan ksm relative clausedir. (... lives in zmir is coming to visit us)
* ki cmle arasnda virgl yok ise that dahil tm relative pronounlar kullanlabilir. Fakat virgl varsa that kullanlamaz !
* Virglden sonra "That" gelmez.
* Relative clauseden nce gelen ismi relative clause yerine koyabiliyor isek doru seimi yapmz demektir
My friend who lives in zmir.

My friend lives in zmir.
Which
The car My brother mended belongs to our boss
That (virgl yoksa)
Kardeimin tamir ettii araba patronumuza aittir. (nce relative cmlesi > sonra >"patronumuza aittir")
Who
Do you know that man Won the first gold medal in the olympic games
That
Whom
My friend Who I stayed with when I was in Bursa is going to abroad
That
* Relative Pronoun arkasndan zne geliyor ise Whom olur. (Whom=Who)
Sadece arkasndan zne geldii zamanlarda Whom kullanlr. "Whom I stayed with..."
With Whom Kullanlr

With who
With that Kullanlamaz. (X)
For that
My friend with whom I stayed is going to abroad. (Beraber kaldm arkadam darya gidiyor)
Which
The office He is responsible for is very clean
That
Which
The office for He is responsible is very clean
That (X)
The hotel was wonderful. We had our honeymoon at this hotel
The hotel which we had our honeymoon at was wonderful.

The hotel at which (=where) we had our honeymoon was wonderful
Where= Preposition + Which (Edat + Which) = (in which, on which, at which)
* There is, there are var ise where=in which kullanlr.
Place * (Bazen "Place + That" olabilir)

Situation
Condition + where
Position
Case + Prep. + which (in,on,at + which)
Stage
Athmosphere
On which
Occasion
(Durum)
when
Why + zne
Reason
That + fiil
zne + That (Eer bu that zneden bahsedecek ise)
The town which you recommended us to see was wonderful (the town)
The town where he was brought up is very big (in the town)
Which
Preposition+ + zne
Whom
- Where + zne
WHICH - WHERE (Preposition + Which) Ayrm - Salamas:

1- Relative Clause cmlesinden sonra (Parantezle gsterilen) where-which eklenir. Anlaml olan seilir.
The town ( ____ my father was born) is in Greece.

"(My father was born) the town" Anlamsz bir cmle oldu.
"(My father was born) in the town Anlaml oldu (in the town=in which=Where Kullanlr)
The town ( ____ my friend told about) is wonderful

"(My friend told about) the town Anlaml oldu (the town=which)
2- Relative Clause cmlesi ile ikinci cmle arasnda zne varsa Where kullanlr.
Of lu yaplar bu kurala uymaz. Some of which, many of whom ...
---
Three man came to my office. I had seen none of them before.
Three man none of whom I had seen before came to my office. eklinde yazlr.
Genelde bu ekilde sorulan bir soruda. klarda;

a) none of them (YANLI)
b) none of who (YANLI)
c) none of that (YANLI)
d) none of whom (DORU)
* of lu yaplar iin bu kural geerlidir.

Some of..
Either of
Each of
Many of
Two of
I was given three books. I had seen two of them before.
I was given three books two of which I had seen before (Relative Clause den sonra zne "I" kullanldna dikkat et)
Some of whom + Cmle

Of whom + zne
Whom + zne
Three man came to my office. None of them was from USA.

Three man none of whom was from USA come to my office. (Relative Clause nin kendisi cmlede zne grevi ald iin
arkasndan zne kullanma gerei kalkt)
All of them All of which (ekline dnr)
Wife
Brother
Do you know the man whose Nobody has seen before?
Sister
...
Don't sit on this table whose legs are not powerful enough.
Don't sit on this table legs of which are not powerful enough.
* whose hem canllarda hem canszlarda kullanlabiliyor.
My brother who is a doctor lives in zmir (Defining)

"Doktor olan kardeim izmirde yayor"

My brother, who is a doctor, lives in zmir (Non defining)
Kardeim zmirde yayor, (ve ki) o doktordur.
It was the day. I was awarded that price on that day
Preposition + which = Where olduunu grmtk.

Zaman Prepositionu + which= When
* Process + by which
That it Kullanlamaz.
Him
* which ile that arasnda pheye derseniz that i tercih edin. (Eer preposition ve That den nce virgl yok ise)
NDRGEME
1) Relative Clause bildiricisinden sonra zne geliyor ise ve Virgl varsa (Nondefining ise) indirgeme yaplmaz.
that
The book You gave me is wonderful
which
Whom
The man Who I trust most is my uncle
That
Relative Clause bildiricisinden sonra zne geliyor ise ve virgl yoksa (Defining ise) (I, You )
Relative pronounlar atlr-indirgenir
The man I trust most is my uncle. (eklini alr)
* Preposition + Relative Clause yaplarnda indirgeme yaplamaz. (in which, at which )
2) Relative Clause bildiricisinden sonra Fiil geliyor ise indirgeme hem Defining hem Nondefiningler ile yaplabilir.
The girl Who is Singing there is my girlfriend

(indirgenir)
The girl singing there is my girlfriend
That book (,) which was written in 1960 (,) is invaluable That book , written in 1960, is invaluable
Those people who live next door are going to move to Ankara
Those people living next door are going to move to Ankara
* stte pasif bir fiilin yardmc fiili atlmt. Which was written written (yazlm)
altta ise aktif bir fiil var. Bu durumda Ving yaps alr. Who live living (Yayor)
Genelde simple present, present continuous, simple past ve past continuous tenselerde yaplr.
Fiil aktif halde ise Zaman (Tense) ne olursa olsun Ving ile indirgenir.
Fiil pasif ise Fiil 3. hali ile kalr, Relative ksm atlr.
That boy, working in our office, is very hard working.

a) that working (YANLI)
b) that is working (YANLI)
c)is working (YANLI)
d) working (DORU)
* burada d kk daha fazla indirgendii iin (that da kaldrlm) a kkna tercih edilir. Ayrca virgl var. Normalde that
zne yerine geecei ve zne ile nesne arasnda normal bir cmlede virgl olmayaca iin a kk yanltr.
The bridge that was built in 1900 is still in use
FARKLI TENSLERLE NDRGEME
The next election Which will Be held in january is very important

sfat + to
Burada Sfat + to yaps kullanlr. The next election to be held in january is very important. eklinde indirgenir.
He was the first man to land on the moon. (Aya ayak basan ilk adamdr)
The first
The second
The last
The only (sfattrlar)
The next
The third + to infinitive
The fourth
The best
The worst
who is
Prof. Brown, an outstanding scientist, is coming to give lecture.
indirgenir
a) is an outstanding (YANLI)
b) who an outstanding (YANLI)
c) an outstanding (DORU) Prof. Brown, an outstanding scientist, is coming to give lecture.
// for three years now Present Perfect Tense Time Expressionudur.
NOUN CLAUSE
Noun clause cmlenin znesi veya nesnesi gibi kullanlan bir isimdir.
Subject + Verb + Object (zne + Fiil + Nesne)
1) Object konumunda noun clause
Who Whoever (herkim)

Whom Whomever
What Whatever (her ne)
When Whenever(her nezaman)
Reason + why -
Which Whichever(herhangi)
Whose -
How (long) However
(far)
;however=Fakat (Balalarda)
that, the fact that = that (Yapmas, etmesi)
Where she lives

Her address (object)
I dont know
Why she is crying
How she escaped
* Dz cmle yapsnda kullanlr. Devrik veya soru cmlesi eklinde deil.
Noun clause tek bir ismi deil de isim grubunu, fiil grubunu da tanmlayabilir.
I have no idea (Aslnda bir fiildir)
I have no idea Whose book this is

I dont know Which book his book is
Whether (if) he will join us (or not)
2) Subject konumunda noun clause

What he is doing outside is none of your business
Who(m) he invited to the party was not known
When they will come is not definite
What you are saying is what Im saying
Whether he will come with us doesnt concern you
If (X subject ksmnda if kullanlmaz)
That the studies english is very important

The fact that women earn less money is not fair.

Made them angry
What Was the managements ignorance
(Verb)
Wrote this poem
Whoever Must have fallen in love
(Verb)
Killed
Who The prime minister has not been identified
(Verb)
I dont know who broke this vase. (Virgl var ise Who olmaz)
Subjectkonumunda kullanlan noun clause ler;

What ey
Who Kim
Whoever Herkim
Who she is is not important.
Whoever she is, she is very beautiful. (Herkim) (Virgl var ise Who olmaz)
S+ +O
S+ V + O S+ V + O
V
Who Who
(Kimin) (Kim)
That ve What Genelde karr. Ayrt edilmesi u ekildedir.
What my son achieved is of great importance

That my son finished the project on time is of great significance
(That li cmleler bir object alr. stteki cmlede "Project")
I dont know what they can do in such a situation
* Noun cmlesindeki fiilden sonra object (nesne) yok ise what, object var ise that kullanlr.
* Noun cmlesi aktif ise bu kural geerlidir.
Trouble
Strange thing is
The that Yaps
Reason Was
Problem
The trouble is that you are always late. ("Sknt, senin daima ge gelmendir !")
If I knew (how (tired) you are), I wouldnt come

Tired adjective dir. Object ksmnda Adjective varsa nnde How kullanlr.
I dont know which car (Noun) I should buy.

What To do
Where To go
How To use
I dont know
When To start
Whether To join (or not)
Why To go
*To infinitive almayan If, that, the fact that ; noun clause yerinde kullanlamaz.
That
Wonder + (KULLANILAMAZ)
The fact that
If
whether
Wonder + (KULLANILABLR)
(Ve dier soru
kelimeleri)
URGENCY FLLER
Baz fiiller gizli bir "should" ierir.
Ruled
Demanded
The judge that He (should) go
Advised
Recomended
* Urgency fiilleri alan cmlenin 2.cmleciinde (that den sonra), He den sonraki fiil gizli bir should ierdiinden "goes"
deil de "go" olarak kullanld.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE (Zarf cmlecikleri bir eit bala)

Fiili Niteleyen balalardr. (LV=linking verb=bala)
1) (LV) + S + V + OBJ , (LV) + S + V + OBJ =ilk veya ikinci cmlenin herhangi birinde LV kullanlabilir.
2) 1) LV + Noun(isim) , S + V + OBJ
"While I was walking along the street , I saw my classmate"
Time Clause'lerde Tense uyumunda una dikkat edilir. Kendinden bir nceki veya sonraki tense ile dier cmle
kullanlabilir.
Past Perfect / Continunous
Simple Past / Continunous

kullanlamaz
Present Perfect T. / Continunous
Simple Present T. /Present Continuous
Future Tense
rnek olarak; yukarda Simple pastl bir cmle, Adverbial clause ile dier cmleye balandnda bir nceki veya bir
sonraki tense'li bir cmle alabilir. Bir zorlama ile (Kesikli izgi ile gsterilen - - ) 2 sonraki Tense'li bir cmle de alsn. (Ki
bu durum Time Expression yoksa normalde olamaz). Fakat daha fazla Tense fark olamaz.
Time (Zaman) When

Contrast (ztlk) Although
Cause effect (Sebep sonu) Since
Purpose (maksat) So that
1-TIME Until / till, after, before, as long as, as,

(Zaman) no sooner...than, as soon as
once, by the time, the moment, whenever
while
when
since
hardly... when, scarcely... when
* Once l cmle Past continuous olamaz.
2- PLACE Where
(Yer - Mekan)
Wherever
Everywhere, anywhere
3- REASON + CMLE Because, since, as, for (Her zaman 2. cmlededir)

(Sebep)
Now that (madem-ki)
1.ci cmlenin banda olur
Seeing that (madem)
Because of the fact that

Hepsi "Because" Anlamnda Due to the fact that
Owing to the fact that
On account of the fact that
In view of the fact that
Inasmuch as
On the grounds that, in that
Because of + Noun (,)

in view of
due to
on account of
owing to
* thanks to ("sayesinde")
*olumlu anlaml cmlelerde kullanlr.
* "Of" lu biten yaplar arkasndan isim alrlar.
Because + cmle
Because of + noun
// 'cos=because (konuma dilinde)
REASON YAPISI +
(Because of
in view of The rain, we couldn't go to on picnic
due to His lack of experience, he wasn't offered that job
on account of His effort, we were able to reach the town (thanks to iin)
owing to
...)
4- DIRECT CONTRAST (Direk ztlk) While
(2 ayr ey karlatrlr. zneleri farkl olmaldr) Whereas
5- CONCESSIVE CONTRAST/OPPOSITION Although, even though, though

(Beklentinin tersi bir durum) e ramen
Despite the fact that
(Despite) the fact that + cmle In spite of the fact that
(Despite) + noun (isim) Even if, while
* "The fact that" gelirse, arkasndan cmle yaps gelir.
* Although, even though + cmle
* In spite of the fact that, despite the fact that + cmle
* Despite, in spite of + noun
*"the fact that" eki; normalde noun alan yapy, arkasndan cmle alr hale getirmek iin kullanlyor.
Despite Everything, they managed to finish the report

In spite of "Hereye ramen raporu bitirebildiler"
zetleyecek olursak;
-of lu kullanmlar ve despite Noun alr.
Bunlarn dndakiler cmle alr.
6- RESULT So + adj + that

(Sonu) So + adv + that
Such + a(n) + adj + N + that

"Such a careful student that"
Such + adj + N (saylamayan) + that
So + adj + a(n) + noun + that

"so good a story that"
So many ... that

So few... that
So much... that
So little... that
He is so careful that he rarely makes mistakes

He writes so carefully that he rarely makes mistakes
7- PURPOSE (Maksat, ama) So that, in order that
(-mesi ihtimaline kar) In case
(-mesin diye) Lest
For fear that
So that + cmle
In order that (Could, would, may...)
In case + cmle
In case of + noun (isim)
In case of emergency (Acil durumda)
In case; simple present, simple past ve should ile kullanlr.

In the event of his father's death, he will inherit 100.000 $
8- MANNER (Tavr, davran) As (Mmkn)
As if (as though) (Mmkn deil)
* Like + noun
She works like a nurse (Gerekte hemire deil)

She works as a nurse (Gerekte Hemire)
* As + noun = "Olarak"
As + cmle="Gibi" anlam verir.
* As if ; hem mmkn hem de mmkn olmayan durumlar bildirebilir.

You looks as if (as though) you are tired. ("Yorgun gibi grnyorsun") (Mmkn)
He treats us as if (as though) we were his own slaves. ("Kleleri gibi muamele ediyor") (Mmkn deil)
Fiil + As if (eklinde kullanlr)

As if= as though (Formal-resmi)
Gerek durumlarda her iki cmlede de Tense Uyumu olur.

Hayali durumlarda genelde tense uyumu olmaz.
9- DEGREE (PROPORTION) The... er, the ... er

(Derece - Oran) The more ..., the more...
To the extent that

Oranda, lde
To the degree that
in so far as
As, so
To what extent are you satisfied with your job?

To what extent= "hangi oranda, ne lde" soru cmlesi kalbdr.
He contributed to our project to such an extent that we won the competition.

* mtihanda byle bir soruda (Such) kelimesini sorarlar.
/*
Relative Clause, Noun Clause ve Adverbial clause 'nin farklar :
1) The town where he was born is a small one (RELATIVE)

2) I don't know where she's going (NOUN CLAUSE)
3) where there a lot of people (,) crime rates will be high (ADVERBIAL)
*/
To
We went to the cinema early In order to Buy our ticket
So as to

IF ANLAMI VEREN ADVERBIALLER
0-1 conditional As long as (-dii srece)

So long as you drive carefully, you can take my car
0-1 conditional In the event that -durumunda, olmas halinde

Providing (that) artyla
Provided (that)
Provided that there is no objection, we can postpone the meeting. "itiraz olmamas artyla toplanty erteyebiliriz"
1-2 conditional Assume (that) "varsayalm"

Assuming (that)
2-3 conditional Suppose (that) "varsayalm"

Supposing (that)
Assume that you win the election, what will you do?
Suppose that you won the lottery, would you go to hawaii?
In the event that you fail in the final exam, you can take proficiency in september
QUESTION TAGS
He isn't here, is he? olumsuz ise,- olumlu
They have a car, don't they? olumlu ise,- olumsuz yap kullanlr.
* YAN CMLECKLER, BALALI CMLECKLER yanltc olabilir. Ana cmleyi (zneyi) bulup o znenin yardmc fiilini
kullanmalyz. (balal cmlecik, yan cmleciktir. Biz ana cmleye gre sorumuzu sorarz)
He has never been abroad, has he? (burada never bizi yanltabilir) (Has never = hasn't gsterdiinden dolay...)
They liked none of the books, did they? (They didn't like anlamndadr)
If you don't study, you will fail, won't you? (If li cmle balal- yan cmleciktir)
* OUL YAPI
Tekil oul
Somebody
Anybody
called me , didn't they
Everybody
Someone
is here aren't they
Noone
Anyone
* ZEL DURUMLAR
* lk cmle olumlu veya olumsuz olsun farketmez. Yine de ikinci cmle deimez sabit kalan durumlardr.
I'm right, aren't I ? (2. cmle hep aren't I)

Let's go out, shall we ? (2. cmle hep shall we)
Fetch me a glass of water, will, would, could you ?(Emir cmlesi "Bana bi bardak su kap getir !")
There is nobody, is there? (nobody=olumsuz bir yapdr. Olumsuz ,olumlu?)
Everything is OK, isn't it?

They aren't coming, are they?
That book was written in 1960, wasn't it?
SHORT REPLIES "Ben de"

OLUMLU OLUMSUZ
I like reading She hasn't finished it yet
So do I Neither have I
So does she Nor have I
"I do, too" Nor has he
"she does, too" (virgll kullanlr) "I haven't, either"
"me, too" (virgll veya virglsz) "Me neither"
But I don't But I have
I haven't finished it yet.
Neither has my brother.
A: Did you see the film last night?

B: yes I did
A: I did not admire
B: I didn't, either
* en son B: cevabndan "did" ve "either" ksmlar bize A:'nn cevabn verir. (didn'tdidn't zamann s.past-, either ise
beenip beenmediini verir).
NO MATTER HOW (,)

No matter how hard you study (,) you can't catch up with him. (ne kadar alrsan al, onu yakalayamazsn)
How, However
What, Whatever
No matter Which, Whichever
Who, Whoever
When, Whenever
* Sadece "No matter how" veya "however" hemen arkasndan Adjective ve Adverb alabilir.
Dierleri Noun alrlar.
How
+ Sfat
However
Little free time he has
No matter how
Cmleden sonra (,) varsa "how" kullanlmaz.
SENTENCE CONNECTORS (Cmle balayclar)

Genelde 2. cmlenin banda kullanlrlar. 1. cmle banda kullanlanlar ok snrldr. (At first..)
1. CONTRAST
a. Direct contrast Cmlelerin zneleri farkldr.
However Fakat, yada, oysa
On the other hand
Conversely (Ak ile Kara gibi farkldrlar)
In contrast
Whereas
b. Denial of expectation /concessive contrast Beklentinin boa kmas

However Buna ramen, yine de
Yet
Still
Nonetheless
Nevertheless
Even so
In spite of this
Although (event though) he tried hard, (but) nevertheless, he wasn't able to persuade him.
Genelde (;) nevertheless(,) olarak kullanlyor.
zne + (,) on the other hand (,) + Fiil
zne + (,) however (,) + Fiil
2. RESULT
As a consequence Sonu olarak
Accordingly
For this reason
Therefore
As a result
Consequently
Hence Bylece
Thus Bu yzden
3. ADDITION /LISTING (Ekleme ve Listeleme)

ADDITION -de da,
Also Buna ilaveten, ek olarak
Besides
Furthermore

In addition
What's more
LISTING
Firstly
(first, first of all, to begin with,
in the first place, for one thing)
secondly
(second, in the second place,
lk olarak, son olarak, ...
for another thing)
thirdly..
finally (lastly, last of all)
* The former ve the latter:

Bahsedilen 2 ey var ise, birincisi former, ikincisi latter ile tarif edilir.
"cars and bicycles have their own advantages.

The former is convenient for you if you travel long distances.
The latter is suitable for short distances"
4- TIME
At first
Afterwards Balangta, nceleri
Later Daha sonra
Then
In the meantime, Bu esnada, bu srada, o zaman gelene kadar
Meanwhile, (2. cmlenin banda kullanlrlar)
After I finished reading the morning paper, I had my breakfast

Afterwards
I finished reading the morning paper Later (,) I had my breakfast
Then
5- EXEMPLIFICATION RNEKLEME
For instance rnein;
For example
To illustrate
6- PARTICULARIZATION "zellikle..."
In particular
Particularly
zellikle
Specifically
Especially
7- EXPLANATION AIKLAMA, ZAH

That is Yani, yleki,
Namely
In other words dier bir deyile
That is to say
e.g
8- SIMILARITY BENZERLK
Likewise
Similarly
Ayn ekilde, benzer ekilde
Correspondingly
In the same way
9- EMPHASIS VURGU
In fact
Indeed
Aslnda, gerekte...
As a matter of fact
Actually
*Bu Connectorler ile balanan cmleden nce de yine ayn konudan bahsediliyordur. (Okuma Paralarnda nemli)
10- REFUTATION Gzle grnen durumun tersi, reddetmek

On the contrary Tam aksine
(2 cmlenin zneleri ayndr)
11- CORRECTION DORULAMA
Rather Daha dorusu
To be more precise
Rather: "daha dorusu" (Dorulama)

Rather than: "daha ziyade" (Tercih)
12- TRANSITION GE
As for -e gelince...
As to
With regard to
With respect to
As regards
Regarding gz nne alndnda..
As far as .. is concerned
As far as comfort is concerned. Konfor gz nne alndnda

Comfort
Quality
As far as is concerned.
Cost
SOMETHING
I know
Bana gre
I understand
As far as -kadaryla
Im concerned
I think
I remember
As far as I know. Bildiim kadaryla

As far as I remember. Hatrladm kadaryla
13- ALTERNATIVE ALTERNATF

Altervatively Alternatif olarak...
14- NEGATIVE CONDITION AKS ART, DURUM

(,) Or else Aksi takdirde
(.;) Otherwise
15- SUMMATION /CONCLUSION ZET / SONU

In summary
Ksaca
In brief
zet olarak
In short
To be brief
In conclusion
To sum up Sonu olarak
All in all
After all= Ne de olsa...

Above all= Her eyden te...
At all= hi
At all costs= ne pahasna olursa olsun
Incidentally, by the way= bu arada, aklma gelmiken
All the same=Nevertheless=Buna ramen, yine de
Anyway, anyhow, in any case= zaten, her neyse, Bover!
Instead, instead of= bunun yerine...
Mary did not answer. Instead, she looked out of the taxi window
Instead of answering, mary looked out of the taxi window.
Regardless= -e aldrmakszn
Regardless of the time, he smokes two cigarettes successively
Now that= Madem

Never mind=Aldrma !

As a matter of fact = Aslnda
As yet= henz
LIKE ALIKE FARKI.

Alike= benzer (Cmle sonunda kullanlr)
My father an my mother are alike in that they both like music.
INFINITIVE / GERUND AYRIMI

Bir soruda gelen bir fiilin infinitive mi (Ving) yoksa gerund mu (V3) olduunu anlamak iin unlara dikkat edilir. Boluk
Fiilden nce mi, sonra m?
Subject + Boluk + Verb + Object ise;
Bu bir indirgeme sorusudur. Aktif veya pasifliine gre Ving veya V3 kullanlr.
Future Tense'de Sfat + to yaps kullanlr. (Bkz. ndirgeme)
"The next election to be held in january is very important."
Subject + Verb + Boluk + Object ise;
Gerund, infinitive veya V1 olabilir. Bunu fiilin cinsi belirler. Baz fiiller Gerun, bazlar infinitive eklinde kullanlr.
"I want to ask you a question"

"He suggested going"
My father doesn't Let me Drive His car

V V1
Gerund-Infinitive alan fiiller listesine bakmak gerekir.
* Genelde fiilden sonra gelen object kii ise fiil "to" alr. "to ask you"
PERFECT INFINITIVE, PERFECT GERUND

TO + INFINITIVE (To + V1) LE:
1) He is said to be rich
Now
Is said
Be rich
2) He was said to be rich
Past Now
was said
Be rich
3) He is said to have been rich (last year)
Past Now
Rich Is said
4) He was said to have been rich
Early
Past Past Now
Rich Was said
Aslnda stteki cmlenin ak hali:
People said that he had been rich earlier
GERUND LE (Ving):
1) I like listening to music
2) I liked listening to music when ...
3) He denies having taken the money ( last year)
4) He denied having taken the money
* Baz fiiler gerund (Ving), bazlar ise infinitive (to + V1) halinde kullanlr.
PARTICIPLES (Adverbial Clauselerin indirgemesi)
1 ) AKTF CMLELERN NDRGEMES

The girl who is singing there is my girlfriend.
1. While I was listening to music, I was studying for maths exam.

2. While listening to music, ...
3. Listening to music, ...
* whereas hari tm adverbial clauselerin indirgemesi mmkndr.

* indirgemeler her zaman balal cmleye uygulanr.
"When they were playing in the garden, they were talking about the new project."
1. When he entered the room, he saw his wife on the floor.

2. Entering the room, he saw his wife on the floor.
On entering
upon entering
when entering (Bu ok yaygn deildir) eklinde de kullanlabilir.
When he opened the drawer, he came across the gun.

On (upon) opening the drawer, he ....
2 ) PASF CMLELERN NDRGEMES
When the house was painted white, it looked as if it had been new.
When painted white, the house looked as if it had been new.
* the house was (pasif zne) atlr.

* it yerine zne (the house) gelir.
When the car was serviced, it started the run smoothly

When serviced, the car started ...
3 ) K CMLES FARKLI TENSELERDE SE KULLANIM EKL:
After he had finished his homework, he went out.
A) Aktif
1. having finished his homework, he went out. (Having + V3) kullanlr.

2. After finishing his homework, he went out (bu yap kullanlrsa; bata Preposition After- kullanm zorunludur)
After she had completed the task, she...
1. Having completed the task, she...

2. After completing the task, she...
B) Passive
After the book had been written, it was sent to the editor.
1. Having been written, the book ...

2. After being written, the book... (After being... yaps daha az kullanlr)
After the bridge was constructed, it was opened to the public use
1. Having been constructed, ...

2. After being constructed, ...

Because I had seen the film earlier, I didnt go to the movie with my friends.
Having seen the film earlier, ...
4 ) OLAY E ZAMANLI SE:
As was ill, I didnt go to work.

Being ill, I ...
5 ) CMLELERN ZNELER FARKLI SE:
As the teacher was ill, the lesson was cancelled.

The teacher being ill, the lesson was cancelled.
* Burada "The teacher" kullanm zorunludur. Yoksa "Dersler hasta olunca" manas kyor !
INVERSION (DEVRK CMLE YAPISI)

nversion u Adverbler (Zarf) ile kullanlr. (Negatif Adverbs). Inversion cmleleri bunlarla balamal.
Hardly
Never
Not only ... but also Sadece o deil bu da..
Not until
No sooner than
Hardly ... when
On no account
Only If
Once
when
I have never seen such a terrible film.

Never have I seen such a terrible film.
Adverb cmle bana geldi. Yardmc fiil ile zne yer deitirdi.
She can hardly walk.

Hardly can she walk.
We had hardly gone out when the bomb exploded.

Hardly had we gone out when the bomb exploded.
No sooner had we gone out then the bomb exploded. Tam evden kmtk ki bomba patlad
Not only did he break his leg, but also he broke his arm.
* When, until vb. Time clause kullanlan cmle ksm inversiyon devrik yaplmaz.
Not until we arrived at the airport, did we realise that we had forgotten our passport
* 2. cmle inversiyon yapld. nk 1. cmlede until time expressionu var.

* Not until ..., yapsnda; Not until taraf deil de dier cmle devrik yaplr.
PUCU:
Yardmc Fiil + zne yaps; ya devrik cmlelerde yada soru cmlelerinde kullanlr. (Did we ...)
Cmle sonunda soru iareti yok ise bunun devrik cmle olduuna karar veririz.
* Not only _____ but also ______

Her iki cmle yaps benzerlik gstermelidir.
/* I regret to tell that your application has not been accepted. unu sylemekten znt duyuyorum ki bavurunuz kabul
edilmedi
* Bu cmle to + have + V3 eklinde kesinlikle kullanlamaz. To have told kesinlikle olmaz.
Past tense ile kullanm ekli:

Margaret regretted telling him that.. Syledii iin pimand
Can Afford Mali gc yetmek

Could Stand (Birine, bireye) katlanmak
Cant Bear (ounlukla negatiflerle kullanlrlar)
Couldnt
Help
Wonder + how (Kullanlr)

Wonder + that (Kullanlamaz)
Am
s Said
To + V1
Are Thought
To + have + V3
Was Believed
(Continuous ve Passive leri de dahil)
Were Reported
Been
Avoid + Ving
Great
Importance
Of Crucial ="Very important"
Significance
Vital
Vulnerable + to = incinebilir, hassas.
Present Perfect (Continuous) + Eversince + Simple Past
For doing= Bir aygtn kullanm

To do= ama belirliyor. " to do some shopping"
CAUSATIVE (ETTRGEN)
"Yaptrmak"
mtihanda Causative ile ilgili soru kmyor. Fakat cmleleri ve pararaflar anlamak iin gereklidir.
1)
Have
Something Done (V3) (by somebody)
Get
I got the room cleaned (by the maid) "Oday hizmetiye temizlettirdim"
Have
I will My house Painted. "Evimi boyatacam"
Get
* Her tense ile kullanlabilirler.
She is getting (Having) her hair cut (O san kestirtecek)(Bakasna san kestirtiyor)
2)
Have Do (V1)
Someone
Get To do (V1)
I'm having my brother clean my car. (Kardeime arabam ykatyorum)

She got her husband to wash the dishes (Kocasna bulaklar ykatyor)
Make ve Let "Have + someone + do (V1) " yapsndadr.
My father always makes me study. (Zorlama anlam ierir)(Babam daima beni almaya zorlar-altrr)
Passive yapda to infinitive kullanlr.

I'm always made me to study. (Daima almaya zorlanyorum)
My mother doesn't let me go (zin verme anlam ierir)
JUST VE ALREADY FARKI
Past Already Just

Now
He has Just finished it.

He has already finished it.

EVR, CMLE TAMAMLAMA, ANLAMI BOZAN CMLE, PARARAF SORULARI
A) EVRLER:
1. Ana cmlenin zne ve fiilini bulun

2. Ana cmlenin fiili aktif mi pasif mi?
3. Kelimesi kelimesine eviri istenir. (Ne eksik ne fazla)
Bu durumda;
a) Keywordler (Anahtar kelimeler) nemlidir.
Mesela; "slightly" varsa eviri cmlesinde de bu kelimeyi ararz. ,
b) Time Expressionlar aranr.
c) Balalara baklr.
4. Relative clause'lere dikkat edilir. Relative clause neyi tanmlyor ise o cmlenin nnde evrilirler.
(Relative Clause'ler sfattrlar)
5. ngilizce trke eviride Relative clause baa
Trke ingilizce eviride Relative clause sona getirilir. (Tanmlad nesnenin). Yani relative clause'nin yeri deitirilir.
RNEK:
The site of Troy was discovered = "Truva'nn yeri kefedildi"
1. "Truva'nn yeri" Bu tamlamay cevaplarda bulmamz lazm.

2. "Was discovered" Pasiftir. eviride de pasif halde bulunmaldr. "Kefedildi"
B) CMLE TAMAMLAMALAR:
1. ki cmle karlatrlr. kisinin de Tense'i olur.
Tense uyumuna baklr. (>%80 Tense uyumu olur)
zellikle time clause'li bir bala varsa %100 tense uyumu vardr.
2. Balalara baklr. "Because, After vb. "

* Because ztlk vermez.
* Although sebep vermez.
3. If clause- Wish clause yaplarna dikkat edilir.
4. Relative clause'ler aranr.

That is the man (where, that, who...)
5.
That
This
Problem; ...
Aklama cmlesi + Those
Issue ...
These
Such
Bu kelimelerden nce bir aklama cmlesi mutlaka vardr. (He, she, it) iin de durum ayndr.
C) PARARAFTA ANLAMI BOZAN CMLE:

Pararaf yaps:
Topic Sentence Major Supportive Sentence Concluding Sentence
Giri cmlesi Gelime Sonu
Her pararafta Giri ve Gelime cmleleri bulunur. Genelde Sonu cmlesi en son pararafta-cmlede olur.
Pararafta yazlm cmlelerin bir nceki ve bir sonraki ve Giri cmlesi ile balantl olmas gerekir.
* Giri cmlesi avantajlarndan bahsetti ise tm cmleler de avantajlarndan bahsetmek zorundadr.

* Pozitif anlaml ise Pozitif anlaml devam etmeleri gerekmektedir.
* This, that, these, those, such, he, she it var ise kendinden nceki cmlelerde de bu terimlerin karl olmaldr.
Problemden Bahsediyor (,) Problemden Bahsetmiyor This Problem ...

(Anlam bozan cmle budur. )
They had some problems. (Problemden bahsediyor)

They managed to increase their exports (Problemden bahsetmiyor)
These problems prevented them to plan.
* Her iki cmlede de problemden bahsetmiyor ise; kendisi anlam bozan cmledir.
Ayn durum balalar iin de geerlidir. For example, Also vb... tm sentence connectors (cmle balayclar) iin
geerlidir bu kural.
* Cmle balayclar ile pararaf balamaz !
* "ilk cmle de anlam bozan cmle olamaz" diye bir kural YOKTUR.
Kitap yazm Kitapla ilgili eyler
Bay X Bay X'in baka bir aktivitesi -

Anlam bozan cmledir
Actually
Also
In fact nceki cmleyi daha da aklar. Devamdr. D) PARARAF TAMAMLAMA:
In deed
Moreover Pararafta anlam bozan cmleyle ayn ekildedir.
Boluk cmlesi (istenen cmle) kendinden nce ve sonraki cmleyle balantldr.

Bu balant;
Balalarla
Such, these, those, that... vb. le olabilir.
Tense uyumuna dikkat edilir.
E) DURUMA UYGUN DEN CMLEY BULMAK:
Bu durumda sen ne dersin?
* Kim, Kime neyi, nasl sylyor.

Arkada m resmi biri mi?
Kzgn m deil mi?
Teekkr ifadesi mi deil mi?, gibi artlara dikkat edilir.
F) DYALOG TAMAMLAMA:
Bolua yerletirlecek ifade ile altndaki cmle zdeletirilmelidir.

Bolua nasl bir cmle koyarsam alttaki ifadeyi kullanr?
So do I, either, neither gibi yaplar olumlu mu olumsuz mu cevap olduunu tespit ederek bize yardmc olur.
G) YAKIN ANLAMLI CMLEY BULMA:
En zor ksm bu ksmdr.

Bire bir ayns olmayabilir. Soruya en yakn anlaml kk bulmak gerekir.
1) Bize verilen cmle hangi Tense'de

If - wish clause hari kalmak zere ayn anlamdaki bir tensi kullanmalyz.
2) Pozitif anlaml m negatif anlaml m?
3) Balalar
Ayn balac veya yakn anlaml balalar kullanr.
4) E anlaml kelimeleri bulun.
Obviously Evidently
Frankly To be Honest, honestly.
Gibi, ste kullandnn e anlamlsn altta kullanabilir.
H) READING (PARARAF SORULARI):
Pararafn ilk cmlesini ok dikkatli okumak gerekiyor.

Doru olduunu dndmz cevap kk pasajda geiyor mu, grebiliyor muyuz?
Pasajda grebiliyorsak doru ktr. Gremiyorsak yanl ktr.

Kendi yorumlarnzdan uzak durun. Pararafta ne yazyorsa o dur. Mesela pasajda "kmr beyazdr" geiyor.
Biz siyah olduunu bilsek bile pasajda geen dorudur !
Bir kii, isim, tarih geiyor, onunla ilgili soru soruluyor ise, cevab o cmle ierisindedir. Baka yerde aramaya
gerek yok.
E anlaml kelimeler iimize yarayacaktr. Pasajdaki kelimenin e anlamls cevap kknda da olacaktr.
Pasajn ana fikri genelde 1. cmlenin ierisindedir.
I) CLOZE TESTLER
Pararaf ierisinde Prepositionlarn, kalplarn, Phrasal verblerin eklerinin vs sorulduu boluk doldurma testleridir.
* Cloze testlerde nce bir sefer pararaf okuyup sonra sorulara gemek faydal olacaktr. ,
10 soruda hedef 6 dorudur. 8 doru iyidir.
* Tekil-oul, aktif-pasif, Tense-Uyumuna burada da dikkat edilmelidir.
GENEL BLGLER - YAPILAR - KALIPLAR
mtihanda arka arkaya 3 k ayn k olamaz. Arka arkaya 3 k A olamaz mesela... Nadiren gelse bile; 4 ayn k
kesinlikle alt alta gelemez. Yanl doruyu gtrmediinden, bilmediimiz sorular rastgele iaretlerken buna dikkat
etmek gerekir.
lack of isim olarak kullanlyor ise "of"

lack in fiil olarak kullanlyor ise "in" alr.
responsible for the safety

responsible to the office manager
There is no point in quarreling ... (..hakknda tartmann bir anlam yok !)
At which time=at which=when
So far away that
, but he now + Past Perfect Tense (Wish clause yaps)
As far as __(be)__ concerned . "As far as I'm concerned"
Make someone + do
Insure against
Formerly = "nceden"
That is, = "Yani"
For many, = "ou iin, bi oklar iin"
Disdain=Look down on = "Hor grmek, kmsemek"
Little / less / the least
Search for = "Aramak"

Research on = "Aratrmak"
Study into what children know

Study at home
Beyond recognition= "Tannmayacak oranda"
KPDS soru klarnda ift boluk bulunduran boluk doldurma sorularnda; ilk veya son boluk ksmlar ayn olan 2
seenek verilmez.
a) by / by ise b) by / which olmaz. By hem a da hem b kknda kullanlmaz !
It Would be A mistake "Hata Olurdu..." Hayali bir durum verir.

Will be A mistake "Hata olacaktr"
It Kesinlik verir.
is "Hatadr"
* .. at that moment = "O anda" Simple Past Tense Zaman ifadesidir. (Time expression)
* Previously=Earlier Past Perfect tense Zaman ifadesidir.
* Simple past / Past Perfect yaps ok kullanlan bir cmle yapsdr.
* Recently= Present Perfect Tense gsterir.

* Never before= Perfect Tense gsterir.

x/y= ratio=orant Immunity=Baklk
proportion=oran In the long run, in the long turn= "Uzun vadede"
Abruptly=Aniden Insure against: -e kar sigortalamak
Allow to Intimate=Sincere=Samimi
Apprehension=Aama It was not until the time of...= "..in zamanna kadar
At birth=Doumda, Doumla birlikte... olmad"
At their best="En iyi zamannda" nfer=Sonu karmak
Augment=artmak, artrmak=increase ntimidate=Korkutmak
Awkwardly=Sakarca Jurisdiction=Yarglama
Betray=ihanet etmek Just as=while
Brain drain= Beyin g Labor scarcity=gc azl
Cavity=Boluk, rk Liability=Sorumluluk
Cite as an example="rnek olarak gstermek" Literary= Edeb
Come in: Gel ! Man of all ages = "Her an adam"
Come on: Hadi! Man of intelligence=Man of wisdom ="Akll adam"
Compell=Zorlamak=Force More often than not="Hi"
Compulsively=Srkleyici Nonfiction=Gerek olaylar=Novel
Concession=Teslim, taviz, mtiyaz, ayrcalk Notoriously=Olduka, kabaca
Concisely=Az ve z On show=On display: Gsterimde-sergide
Conditional=Koullu Over the years="Yllar bounca"
Contemplate= Niyet etmek, tasarlamak Over this= In this
Convict=Mahkum etmek Pasturage=Otlak
Cope with=Deal with: Ba etmek, stesinden gelmek Patriot=Yurtsever
Cross with: Ksmek Patrol=Devriye
Cry of protest=Protesto l Plot=Romandaki olay rgs
Deceitful=Aldatc Poem=iir
Deceive=Aldatmak Presumably= I suppose
Decree=Hkm, ferman Promise= sz vermek.
Deduce=karm yapmak Prose=Nesir, dzyaz
Demanding=Zahmetli, yorucu Provide s.o with s.t
Denial=nkar Provision=Tedarik
Denounce=Sulamak Reckon=Think= "Bence" I reckon=I think
Discontent=Honut olmamak. Reign=Hkmdarlk, hkm srmek
Discretion=Karar verme zgrl-hakk Repudiate=Reddetmek
Engagement=Meguliyet, buluma Reputedly="Rivayete gre"
Eradicate: Ortadan kaldrmak Setting=Olaylarn yeri - zaman
Even then="O zaman bile" So-called: -diye adlandrlan
Fiction=Kurgu=Novel Suitable=Uygun
Five storey=5 katl Sustain=Srdrmek
For once="lk kez" Tapping out the rhythm="vurarak ritim tutmak"
From now on="Bu gnden sonra" Vigorously=Kuvvetli iddetli
From that time onwards= "O gnden itibaren" Vulnerable=Hassas
Growing number of visitors: Tekildir. Withhold information=bilgi saklamak
Heat spell: scak hava dalgas
** iki noun'u birletirmek iin "of" kullanlr. The Fastest rates of economic growth
* a(n) belirteci ilk harfin sesli sessiz olmasna gre deil, okunuunun sesli - sessiz olmasna gre konulur.
An apple, an hour ("en aur"), an honest ("en onst"), a university ("e yuniversity"). Okunur.
Every + hope (Tekil)

Any + hopes (oul) (=All hopes manasndadr)
E anlaml kelimelerin prepositionlar da genelde ayndr. To- For-
Survey
Aratrma, Deney yapmak
Carry out Experiment
(SRDRMEK)
research
In which case = in this case

Attend suicide=intihara teebbsRule out=gnore=Gzard etmek
Available for = "Kullanlmas iinRun
ayrmak"
out of=Bitmek tkenmek
Break through=stesinden gelmek, Runengeli
over=stnden
amak gemek, ezmek
Bring about=Give rise to= Yol amak,
Run through=Gz
neden olmak gezdirmek, Tketmek
Bring in=ntroduce=ortaya koymak, Same as
Bring up=ocuk yetitirmek, Gndeme
Seperategetirmek
from = "iki eyi birbirinden Ayrmak"
By which = ununla, bununla. "ununla
Set off=tannr.."
Yola kmak
Call for=Require=Gerektirmek, Yardm arsnda yapmak
Show off=Gsteri
bulunmak
Show up=Arrive=Gelmek, varmak, kagelmek
Claim to = Talep etmek, Dava amak
Smuggling of=Kaaklk
Come along=Gelmek, Ortaya kmak
Sort out=zmek
Commit crime=Su ilemek
Stamp out=ekil vermek, ekillendirmek
Commit sin=Gnah ilemek
Stop short of=Tereddt etmek=Hesitate
Commit suicide=intihar etmek
Take down=Not almak
Commit=ilemek
Take good care of=Bakm, (Salk vb)
Commitment=Taahhd
Take over=stlenmek, Ele geirmek
Compensation for=Tazmin, dengeleme
Take up=Hobi olarak balamak
Cope with= stesinden gelmek, baa kmak
The one="Bir zamanlar"
Deal with stesinden gelmek, baa kmak
Try on=(Giysi vb) denemek
Dissappointed with=Hayal krklna uramak
Try out=Denemek Tecrbe etmek
Distinguish between = "Ayrdetmek"
Turn back=Geri dnmek
Ebb=Dmek, ktye gitmek
Turn over=Ters dnmek
Entitled to=Hakk olmak"
Turning up=Arrive=Varmak
Fell apart=Ayrlmak (Paralara)
Upkeep= Maintain
Find out=Discover=Kefetmek
Waiting up for=Gece yatmayp birini beklemek
Get along with=yi geinmek
Get around=Kandrmak
Give rise to=Neden Olmak
Give up=Brakmak, vazgemek
Go along with=Srdrmek, Devam ettirmek
Held out=Srmek
Hold up=Delay=Geciktirmek
In place of=... yerine
In return=.. karlnda
Keep in with=Dost kalmak
Keep on=Go on
Keep up with=Ayak uydurmak, Ak atmak
Keep up=Srdrmek, devam ettirmek
Lay emphasis on=Vurgulamak
Leave out=Azn aramak, Gzard etmek
Let off=Release=Salvermek
Look down on=Hakir grmek, aalamak
Look out for="Dikkatli ol"
Looking forward to=Drt gzle beklemek
Make Out=Understand=zmek, anlamak
Make up for=Telafi etmek
Make up=Yapmak oluturmak, Uydurmak
Meet the commitment=Szn tutmak
Mete Out=Vermek
Passing on to=letmek, Aktarmak
Play down=nemsiz gibi gstermek
Pull out of=Bir yeri terketmek
Put down=Yazmak
Put off=Ertelemek, Cesaretini krmak
Put on=Giymek (Elbise vb)
Put up with=Katlanmak (bir eye)
Raised by="Raise nin passive halinde by kullanlr"
Role in= Rol oynamak

YDS DersNotlar KARAGULLE

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YDS DERS NOTLARI

smail KARAGLLE'den tavsiyeler:

// Konuyla ilgisiz aklamalar gsteren iarettir. Bazen ilgisiz aklamalar grlebilir.

1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Gnlk hayat, Alkanlk

On Saturday (Sreklilik yok)

Simple present tense ile kullanlabilen zaman zarflar

Doal gerekler (Natural facts)

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Tense uyumunda simle present-present continuous deiimi olabilir.

Present Continuous Tense ile Future Anlam

Present Continuous Tense ile Planlanm Gelecek Anlam verilir.

[Going to V1] kalb ile ayn manada kullanlr.

Continuous formda kullanlmayan Fiiler Genelde Mental Manevi Fiillerdir.

"I'm having my breakfast" gibi...

2 Half Second To Defend Yourself !

Last month, Last year (Tm zaman birimleri )

Hayali durumlar ile birlikte kullanlr

4. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Gemite o noktada o ii yapmaya devam ediyor.

While my wife was cooking dinner, I was reading my papers.

While I was studying, my friends came (kesien eylem)

5. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Tecrbe- deneyim bildiren durumlarda kullanlr.

Perfect ve perfect continuous fark:

* Just, Already, Yet hari tm time expressionlar alabilir.

7. PAST PERFECT TENSE

Genelde simple past tenseli bir cmle ile beraber kullanlr.

* Past perfect olmad zamanlarda simple past ayn ii grr.

After I had finished... yerine After I finished... gibi

By the time [simple past] [past perfect-(simple past)]

By 1950, the government had started 3rd economic reform

8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Time expression sre belirtiyor ise bu past perfect continuousdur.

* Time expression kullanlmas zorunludur. (stte "for 8 hours")

Im going to visit my uncle at weekend

I think he wont be successfull (Muhtemel)(Wont=Will not)

10. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

Planl gelecek zaman

4 Half Second To Defend Yourself !

12. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

13. FUTURE IN THE PAST

14. ACTIVE / PASSIVE

* Balayan cmlenin time expressionu sonraki gelen cmlelerin zamann belirler.

**BALALAR VE TENSE UYUMLARI**

CMLE 1 BALA CMLE 2

FUTURE Continuous yap ile kulanlamayanlar FUTURE (YOK)

CMLE 1 - WHEN - CMLE 2 yaps yukarda gsterilmitir.

* If veya If anlam grmeden "Would have + V3" kullanmayn!

* After ve Before den sonra Continuous tenseler kullanlmaz

Gemie ait ak tarih verilen cmlelerde simple past kullanlr.

I could write when I was 6.

6 Half Second To Defend Yourself !

He was able to swim for 50 km when the boat sank

2. Obligation (Zorunluluk) Must

FATHER Must SON Have to FRIEND

* Obligation kullanmnda Must un olumsuzu Mustnt deildir.

I dont have to be at home by 11 PM.

Must un past ise yine Had to dur.

CONTINUOUS TENSEde have to kullanm yoktur.

3. Possiblity (ihtimal-olaslk) May

Im not sure, he may

It is not definite university might build a new swimming pool.

BALALAR VE TENSE UYUMLARI