Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NDEKLER
Giri
ngilizcede zamanlar iki guruba ayrlrlar. Bir gurup zaman gerekleri (fact) anlatrken, dieri
gerek olmayan durumlar (non-fact) ifade etmekte kullanlr. Fact zamanlar, gerek olarak
deerlen- dirdiimiz ya da gereklemesini mmkn grdmz eylem ya da olaylar
karlar; oysa ki, non-fact zamanlar gerek olmayan (unreal) ya da gereklemesi mmkn
grlmeyen (improbable) varsaym (supposition) ya da dileklerin (wishes) aktarmnda
kullanlr.
Fact dorudan zamanla ilintili iken, non-fact deildir: Gerekten de yukardaki rnekte
geen became ya da will be eylemlerinin zaman tneli ierisinde belli bir yeri varken, were ya
da would have fiilleri bolukta asl dururlar. Fact zamanlar 1. ve 2., non-fact olanlar ise
Gzden Geirme Dersleri 3. Blmde incelenecektir.
Aklamalar
1. a) Simple Past Tense gemite belirli bir an (five years ago, in 1970, then)* ya da
zaman aralna (during my service, in my childhood)** iaret eder ve gemile ilgili
Ne zaman?/Ne kadar sre? sorularna cevap verir.
**Thomas Edison was considered to be a lazy boy during his primary school education.
Eer yukardaki sorulara cevap vermiyor, sadece bir eylemin, olayn meydana geldiini
anlatmak iin kullanlyorsa, Simple Past ekimli bir cmlede zamana iaret eden bir zarf
bulunmayabilir* ya da bu zarf eylemin, olayn zamann kesin olarak vermeyebilir**.
**Edison invented the electric bulb some time in the last century.
1. b) Past Perfect Simple gemiteki bir noktadan (then) ncesine* iaret eder.
*As he had already failed the exam twice before, he gave up hope of passing it.
Past Simple gibi, bu zaman da How long ve When sorularna karlk verebilir.
Ancak, bu tensein tek bana kullanlmas mmkn olmadndan, arada mutlaka bir Simple
Past gei bulunmas gerekir:
I started to work as Personnel Manager. Then I became General Manager. (Ya da: After I had
started to work as Personnel Manager, I became General Manager.)
rnekteki kiinin personel mdr olarak almaya balamas, genel mdr oluundan
ncedir. Byle bir ncelik-sonralk sras olmasayd, How long had you been Personnel
Manager? sorusunu soramazdk.
1. c) Present Perfect Simple gemiten bugne kadar srm bir zaman aralna iaret
eder. Past Simpledan farkl olarak, Present Perfect Simple gemiteki bir noktaya
dorudan deil, ancak dolayl yoldan gndermede bulunabilir*. Ayrca, already,
recently, just now ya da just recently gibi bir ok zarf bu zamann gemile kpr
kurmasn salar**.
*The meat has been cooking for nearly an hour ya da dolayl olarak The meat began to cook
nearly an hour ago.
**He has just told me that he has recently been made Managing Director.
Ayn zaman zarflarna Past Simple rneklerde de rastlamak mmkndr. Ancak, bu zarflarn
kullanm ncelii Present Perfect Simplea aittir.
1. e) Belli bir programa, tarifeye ya da tze uygun olarak planlanm bir eylem sz
konusu ise, Present Simple gelecee iaret edebilir (m ile karlatrnz). Present
Simple, bu durumda tek bir eylemi karlayabilir*.
Eer kullanlan fiilin progressive formu yoksa (have, be, belong to, own vs.), Future Simple
planl bir eylem iin de kullanlabilir* (Bkz. s).
1. g) Future Perfect Simple gelecekte belli bir zamana kadar srm ya da o zamandan
nce* gereklemi olaca varsaylan eylemlere iaret etmek iin kullanlr. Bu tense,
zaman tnelinde belli bir ana dorudan gndermede bulunabilir.**
*Meteorologists forecast that rainy weather will have left the country in a weeks time.
**Ill be tired when I arrive, because Ill have taken an oral exam to defend my doctoral
dissertation (doktora tezi) the day before.
**I was tired when I arrived, because I had taken an oral exam to defend my doctoral
dissertation the day before.
Bu durum, Future Perfect Tensein, belli bir zamandan nce meydana gelmi eylemleri
anlatrken Past Perfect Tensee benzer bir grev stlenebildiini gstermektedir (zaman
tnelinde belli bir ana dorudan gndermede bulunmak).
1. h) Past Continuous ya da dier adyla Past Progressive zaman gemite belli bir
noktada devam etmekte olan bir eyleme iaret eder ( l). Bu zellik ortadan kalkmsa,
bu tense yerini Past Simplea brakr*.
Ancak, eylem devamllk gsteren trde ve eylemin devam ettii sre ak bir ekilde
veriliyorsa, Past Simple kadar Past Progressive zaman da i grr.*
*Yesterday I was working/worked from eight in the morning until nine at night.
1. j) Past Perfect Progressive gemite belli bir noktadan nce balam (then) ve o
belli noktaya kadar devam etmi* eylemler iin kullanlr. Present Perfectte** olduu
gibi, eylemin gemite belli bir noktaya kadar etkisinin srm olmas Past Perfect
Progressive zamann kullanlmas iin yeterli bir nedendir.
*I didnt get home until eight oclock, because Id been working late at the office.
**Hes been promoted (terfi etmek). That explains his new clothes.
1. k) Present Perfect Progressive, kiinin bir olay anlatmak zere konumaya balad
(aktarma girdii) ana kadar devam etmi bir eylemi karlar. Present Perfectten farkl
olarak, before zarfyla birlikte kullanlmaz*.
*Ive worked here before (have been working here before deil).
Since*, for ve bazen de already bu tense ile akla gelen zaman zarflarndandr.
***Theyre always watching (= They start to watch) television when I visit them.
*According to my travel schedule prepared by my Manager, I dont return until next week
(Mdrmn hazrlad programa gre, gelecek haftaya kadar dnmeyeceim/dnmyorum).
Yukardaki rnei aada verilenle karlatralm:
*This time next week Ill be swimming in the cool waters of Bozcaada.
**Ill be passing (am going to pass) by the supermarket, if theres anything youd like me to
buy.
**After the operation, you wont be doing (are not going to do) any sport for a while.
1. p) Going to kipi niyet (intention) anlatr. Bu aamada, plan henz btn ayrntlaryla
ortaya km deildir. Konumac daha iin bandadr, ama bu aama, yapmak
istedii iin konumacnn aklna dt ilk niyet an da deildir. nk bu durumda
bir ngiliz Future Simple tercih edecektir.
Im taking a few days off next week. (Ive already arranged it.)
So youre going to Spain. How nice ! Ill take a few days off and come too. (Ive suddenly
thought of it.)
Bu durum, bize iki zaman arasnda ok belirgin bir fark olmadn gsteriyor. Ancak, birinci
konumacdan farkl olarak, ikinci konumac, Ben de birka gn tatil yapaym/yapacam.
derken, aklna o esnada gelmi bir plandan sz ettii ve bu konuda hibir n hazrl
olmad iin Future Simpleda kalmak zorundadr.
*(i) She is going to have a baby soon. (Bu durumda She will have a baby cmlesi byk bir
hatadr.)
**In these circumstances (= Bu durumda), she (i rneindeki kii kastediliyor) will find it
difficult to carry on working.
*(ii) Look ! That car is going to hit that old lady. (Bu rnekte de geri dn mmkn
grnmyor. Src, belki yine de frene basp durabilir, ama bu neredeyse imkansz.)
Gemiteki bir noktadan gelecee yneldiimiz zaman was/were going to* kipi kullanlr.
Ancak, bu kipte kurulan cmle sadece bu eyleme niyet edildiini anlatr; eylemin gerekleip
gereklemediini belirtmez.
*He was going to sit an important exam; I hope he managed/has managed it.
*By the time we arrive in stanbul, we shall have been travelling for 12 hours.
1. r) Future Simpleda will-shall fark: Will, shall yardmcsndan farkl olarak btn
ahslarda kullanlabilir. Sadece 1. tekil ve oul ahslarda karmza kan shall ise,
bazen soru cmlelerinde karkla yol aabilir:
*Bavulu ben mi tayacam; benden beklenen, yapmam gereken bu mu? (Kii kendisine
talimat verilmesini bekliyor?)
**Bavulu tamam ister misiniz? (Kii yardm teklifinde bulunuyor. Aslnda bu ii yapmak
zorunda deil.)
Kararllk ifade etmek zere 1. tekil ve oul ahslarda shall yerine will kullanm tercih
nedenidir. Ancak, yaplan ksaltmalar nedeniyle (I will/shall=Ill), herhangi bir cmle
ierisinde, gerekte hangi kipin/yardmcnn kullanldn anlamak mmkn olmaz.
Ayrca, shall 2. ve 3. tekil ve oul ahslar iin bir yasann amir hkm ya da hkmlerini
bildirmek iin hukuk dilinde kullanlr:
*Anyone who breaks the law shall strictly be punished. (Kanunu ihlal edenler iddetle
cezalandrlacaklardr.)
*She is considering the job offer (hala dnyor, henz karar vermemi) of a new
multinational company.
**Im having a holiday (tatile kmak) next month. Im thinking of (hala dnyorum, henz
karar vermedim) going to Spain.
Bu gurup ierisinde yer alan duyu fiilleri de (see, hear, taste, smell, feel) bazen artmaca
yapabilir ve karmza progressive bir formda kabileceklerini hatrlaynz:
Giri
Bir nceki dersimizde, tenseleri zaman tneli ierisinde ait olduklar yerlerde
grmtk. Bu dersimizde ise, art ya da zaman balalarn izleyen yan
cmlelerde future ya da future perfect tenseler yerine dorudan present ya da
present perfect kullanmn greceiz. nce belli bal art ve zaman
balalarn listeleyelim:
Conditional Links
if
providing, provided (that)
as/so long as
even if
unless
supposing (genellikle 2. ve 3. Tip)
whether (or)
however, no matter how
whoever, wherever, whenever vs.
no matter who/where/when vs.
Time Links
after, while
before, until/till
when, as as soon as
immediately, by the time
imdi de, bu balalarla ilgili esas aklamalara gemeden nce, birka rnek
cmle verelim:
*Ill tell her more on Monday if she comes. (Perhaps shell come on Monday; Ill
tell her more then.)
rnekte, ifli cmleye bal comes fiilinin repeated ya da habitual bir action
olmad ak. Cmleden anlalan o ki; bu eylem gelecekte sadece bir defaya
mahsus gerekleecektir. Aslnda byle bir eylem iin Simple Present ekim
dlebilecek en byk hatalardan biridir. Ancak, eylem bir conditional linke
balanarak art anlatr hale gelmitir. Yani, eylemin Simple Present ekim eki
alarak stlendii u anki grevi bir artn varlna iaret etmekten ibarettir.
Halbuki, Future Tensein byle bir zellii yoktur; bu tense en fazla
konumacnn bir eylemi gerekletirmeye yarm yamalak niyet ettiini
anlatabilir ve buradan daha ileriye gidemez. te, Simple Future Tensein bir
conditional linke balanmas bu nedenle sakncaldr. Conditional linklere
benzer bir ilikiyi Simple Present, time linkleriyle de kurar:
Cmleden anlalan o ki; konumacnn, babasnn iini devir almas iin nce
okulundan mezun olmas gerekiyor. O halde, buradaki rnekte ifli cmlelere
olduka benzer bir art var. Simple Future Tensein artlar ifade edecek
kudrette olmadn bildiimize gre, graduate fiili yukardaki rnek cmlede
doru zamanda kurulmutur.
**When Ive read the book, Ill lend it to him. (Ill lend him the book next week;
Ill have read it by then.)
*Bu tense ile kurulmu bir yan cmle, konumacnn eylemin gerekleip
gereklemeyecei konusunda kuku duyduunu anlatyor olabilir: (We can
change this house when I have received a pay rise, of which Im not certain).
Dikkat: Zaman ya da art balal bir yan cmlede kullanlan be, believe, love,
own, have (= possess) gibi hareket anlatmayan duyu-duygu fiilleri sadece
Simple Present ekim alrlar. Bu tr cmlelerde, bu gibi fiillerin Simple
Present yerine, Present Perfect ekimleri kullanlamaz. (rnein: believe
fiilinin Present Perfect ekim almadn hatrlaynz. I believe in God yerine I
have believed in God diyemezsiniz.)
(istisnai durum) pushing, we will all be able to move freely, wont we? (n)
Aklamalar
1. a) Providing, provided (that), as/so long as ifin vurgulu ve edeer formlardr.
Hepsi de gl bir artn varlna iaret ederler.
2. Providing you are back by 6 oclock, we can go to Janes wedding ceremony.
1. b) Even if (2) olaand bir art akla getirir. Vurgu even zerindedir, ifte
deildir.
2. You must come back then even if you havent finished your work in the office.
Ifli ksmda Future tensee yer olmadna gre, will kalkacak ve have
finished yerinde kalacaktr. Konumac olumsuz bir arttan sz ettii iin fiil
ekimine not ekleyecektir: have not finished.
Bir an iin, hataya derek ..if you dont finish ekimini yaptmz
varsayalm. Belli bir saatte tamamlanm olaca dnlen bir eylem iin
Simple Future kullanamayacamz biliyoruz: You will arrive by 6) cmlesi
tense asndan hataldr (Dorusu: You will have arrived by 6). O halde byle bir
ifadeyi, bir ifli yan cmleye neden Simple Present olarak tayamayacamz
da anlalm olur. Ancak, aadaki artl cmle Simple Present ekimi hakl
kartan bir rnektir:
*I shall carry on and stand my ground even if they dont accept any one of my
demands. (Taleplerimden bir tanesini dahi kabul etmeseler de, grlerimden
vazgemeyeceim.)
rnekteki konumac unu sylemek istiyor: I am sure they will not accept my
demands.
1. c) Unless (3) genellikle if not yerine geer (if its not raining). Fakat except
when bazen if not balacndan daha iyi i grr ve vurgu gc asndan
unless ile eitlenir:
*I wont ever use the car for work unless=except when its raining.
Byle bir cmlede future kkl bir tense yanl olmayacaktr. Burada
whethern yerine if kullanabilmek de mmkn. nk bu bir soru cmlesinin
aktarmdr: Will they come (or not)?. Halbuki, rnek cmlelerde karmza
kan whether or bir ztlk balacdr ve even ife benzer ekilde konumacnn,
bir eylemi hangi koul altnda olursa olsun gerekletirmek istediine, yani
genellemeye iaret eder.
Buna gre, 4 numaral rnek cmlemizde alt izili snow fiili Simple Present
ekimde kalmaldr.
4. Whether it snows or not, the couple (evlenecek ift) will have a terrific
ceremony.
ya da
*The disco will let you in however casually (pejmrde, geliigzel) youre
dressed.
5. Im not going to miss the chance of seeing them however cold/no matter how
cold the weather is.
6. f) Whenever ve dier ever formlar, no matter when vs. ile yer deitirebilir.
Ancak whenever, (at) any time (that) anlamna da gelebilir. Bu iki kullanm
ayrt etmekte yarar var:
7. Whenever/No matter when he visits us, he leads to a chaos.
8. Please visit us whenever/(at) any time (that) you wish to.
6. There will be a lot of young boys to collect money at the entrance of the
wedding hall whenever/no matter when a couple arrives.
*Please visit us any time (=whenever) you wish to, whenever (no matter when)
it is. (Bizi her zaman ziyaret edebilirsiniz, zamann nemi yok, ne zaman olursa.)
*The police will stop anyone who (=whoever) tries to get too close to the
visiting (lkemizi ziyaret etmekte olan) Prime Minister, whoever (=no matter
who) it is. (Polis visiting Babakana yaklamaya alan herkesi durduracak; bu kii
kim olursa olsun.)
*Supposing/Suppose the boys get out of control. What will the couple do then?
7. What will the couple do supposing the boys get out of control?
7 numaral rnekte, fiil ekimi get olacaktr, nk bu alldk tarz bir 1. Tip
koul cmlesidir.
1. h) By the time balacn herhangi bir eyleme ait kesin bir gerekleme zaman
veremediimiz durumlarda kullanrz: by the time the couple arrives = some
time not later than when the couple arrives (iftin varaca vakitten daha ge
olmayan bir vakitte, yani tam iftin vard anda deil). Buna gre, rnein; by
the time it is eight oclock ya da ksaca by eight oclock = not later than eight
oclock
8 numaral cmlede fiil ekimi yine Simple Present olacaktr: arrives. Ancak,
bu blmn banda yaptmz aklamalara uygun olarak, ayn fiili has
arrived biiminde ekmek de mmkndr (Bkz. 2.Blm).
8. Some of the boys will be pretty (hayli, olduka) impatient by the time the
couple arrives/has arrived.
9. j) When, after vs.den sonra bir eylemin tamamlanm olaca zaman (zellikle
saniyesi saniyesine, dakikas dakikasna) vurgulamak istediimizde grev
Present Perfect Tensee der. Bu vurgudan feragat ederseniz, have taken
yerine dorudan take ekimini kullanabilirsiniz (Bkz. b).
10. Here comes the couple! (te ift geliyor!) Can I borrow your camera? Ill give
it back as soon as I have taken their photo.
11. k) Who ve benzeri tanmlayc ilgi zamirleri gelecee iaret etmek iin geni
zamandan yararlanrlar. Burada kural ana cmle znesinin zaten Simple
Futureda ekilmi olmasdr. Yani dier artl cmlelerde olduu gibi, ana
cmlede kullanlan gelecek zaman yan cmle iin de geerli saylr ve tekrar
edilmez. zet olarak, ki cambaz (future tense) bir ipte oynamaz:
12. Dont worry. The brides (gelin) brothers will stop those who try to get too
close to the couple.
10 numaral rnek cmlemiz iin pek uygun dmese de, aadaki gibi bir
cmlede who ilgi zamirini takiben Simple Present yerine Present Perfect
kullanm ok daha uygun ve alldk bir durumdur:
The letters of the applicants who have completed the form and have posted it
before the deadline will be replied. / Formu doldurmu ve bunu son bavuru
tarihinden nce postalam olan bavuru sahiplerinin mektuplarna cevap
verilecektir.
1. l) Dont care kendisini izleyen fiili daima geni zamanda ister. Bu bir kuraldr.
2. Look at that boy! He doesnt care what the brides brothers do. What a shame!
(Ne ayp!)
1. m) It is/will be the first/second etc. time (that) kalbndan sonra Present Perfect
gelir.
2. It will be the first time (that) I have seen the groom (damat).
1. Olayn yaand an: It is the first time Ive spoken to a film star.
2. Aktarm an: It was the first time Id spoken to a film star.
Sz edilen konuma henz yaplmamsa, birinci rnekte is, will be ile yer
deitirecektir:
Bu cmle bir bakma, I will have spoken to a film star for the first time
demektir.
stisna 3: Gelecee dair bir koul (en azndan bize gre) geni anlamda
gerekleecekse: Provided this machine will solve our problem, Ill buy it.
Giri
Conditional Links
if, providing, provided (that)
as/so long as
even if
unless
supposing
whether or
however, no matter how
whoever, wherever, whenever
no matter who/where/when
*My wife always waited for me if I was late. (Gerek gemi zaman)
*My wife would wait for me if I was/were late. (Gelecee iaret eden varsaym)
nemli Not: Birinci rnekte, was yerine were (subjuctive mood= ekimsiz kip)
kullanlamaz. Ancak, if yerine when kullanlabilir. Bu rnekte, artl cmlenin
her iki yakasnda da Simple Past ekim yaplabilmi olmasn 0 (sfr) tip ifli
cmlenin aktarma girmi hali olarak dnebiliriz:
*Ifli yan cmle present bir tense (Simple Present, Present Progressive, Present
Perfect, nadiren Present Perfect Progressive) ile kurulacaktr.
*Ifli yan cmle Simple Past ya da Past Progressive bir tense ile kurulacaktr.
*Ifli yan cmle Past Perfect ya da Past Perfect Progressive bir tense ile
kurulacaktr.
*If I tell my cousin about my travel, she will wait for me/will meet me at the
airport. (1. Tip)
*If you inform us about the details of your flight, one of our men will be
waiting for you at the airport when you arrive. (1. Tip)
**If my cousin knew about my travel, she would now be waiting for me at the
airport. (2. Tip)
***If my cousin had known about my travel, she would have certainly waited
for me at the airport.(3. Tip)
***If it hadnt been announced that the exam had been cancelled, the students
would still have been waiting for it since morning. (3. Tip)
*My cousin would now be waiting at the airport if she knew about my travel.
*If you would assist us in realising this project, we would be much obliged to
you. (Bu projenin gerekletirilmesinde yardmlarnz esirgemezseniz,
minnettar oluruz/olurduk.)
rnek Cmleler
Aklamalar
1. a) rnek cmle: If the boss were here, he would be shouting at his secretary as
usual.
2. Tip bir artl cmlede, if, even if ya da unless balalarndan sonra was yerine
were kullanm zellikle aadaki ifadeyle* birlikte yaygndr. Ancak, dier
art balalaryla birlikte tekil ahslar iin were pek tercih edilmez.
1. b) rnek cmle: If she left her job tomorrow, she wouldnt easily find a new
one the next day as she thinks.
Gerek Durum: She wont leave her job tomorrow (This is just a supposition.).
She thinks she will easily find a new one the next day.
*If she leaves her job tomorrow, she will get a new one.
*Why not ask Jane to help us? (Janeden niin yardm istemiyoruz?) She would
not hesitate to do so if we told her about the matter.
iii Nezaket formunda konuuyor* ya da temkinli** bir yaklam sergiliyorsak,
seim yine 2. Tip olacaktr:
*If she was to/were to/should leave her job, she would have difficulty in
finding a new one.
*If anyone should find my lost ring, hell be rewarded ya da devrik yapda:
nemli Not:
Would it be all right if I used your mobile? soru cmlesini ayn zellikleri
tamak zere u ekilde de ifade edebiliriz:
*If you are to regain your health, you should listen to your doctors advice. (ana
cmlede)
**Should you listen to your doctors advice, you will soon regain your health.
(yan cmlede) (Dinlemezsin ya, dinleyeceine inanmyorum ya, ben yine de
syleyeyim: .)
Yan cmleye ait devrik yaplarda, if balacnn ortadan kalktna dikkat ediniz.
Bu durum dier devrik ifli cmleler iin de geerlidir:
1. c) rnek cmle: Even if she had worked for a long time in this company, the
boss wouldnt have given her any promotion.
rnekte, asla gereklememi bir gemi eylemle ilgili kurgu yaplm. Her
eyiyle 3. Tip bir ifli cmle. Kullanlan tenselere dikkat ediniz:
rneimiz, would, could, might gibi kiplerin yan cmlede, Simple Past, Past
Perfect gibi tenselerin ise ana cmlede neden kullanlamayacaklarn ok gzel
aklyor. yle ya; yan cmlede gerek bir eylemi arta eviren bir eleman (if)
zaten var. O nedenle, yan cmlede bir kez daha art anlatacak kip (would,
could vs.) kullanmaya gerek kalmyor. rnek cmlemizdeki ana cmlede, byle
bir elemann yokluu kip kullanmn zorunlu klmtr. Bu kipler olmasa
cmledeki eylem gereklemi gibi grnecektir.
1. d) rnek cmle: She would now be living comfortably if she hadnt quit her
last job.
Mixed Type (3/2) ifli cmlelerde sk karlalan bir durumdur. Ana cmle,
rnein present bir zaman noktasna iaret ederken, yan cmle gemile kpr
kurabilir ya da bunun tam tersi bir durum da sz konusu olabilir:
*I would come with you if I hadnt already promised to take the kids (ocuklar)
for an outing (gezme). (Type 3/2)
Gerek Durum: I will not (cannot) come with you. I promised to take the kids
(ocuklar) for an outing (gezme).
*I would have accepted your kind invitation if I wasnt going out with the kids.
(Type 2/3)
Gerek durum: I didnt (couldnt) accept your offer. I am going out with the
kids.
Type 3/2 ile dierine kyasla daha sk karlarz. Okunu srasna gre, 3/2de
ilk rakam (3) yan cmle tipini karlar. kinci rakam (2) ise ana cmlenin tipini
belirler. Ifli ksmn, art cmlesinin banda deil, sonunda yer almas okunu
srasn deitirmez.
5 numaral rnek cmle: She would have told us frankly (aka) if she liked
her present job.
Gerek Durum: She didnt tell/hasnt told us frankly. She doesnt like her
present job.
1. e) rnek cmle: She might now be holding a higher position if she had stayed
in her last job.
Gerek Durum: She is now holding a lower position. She didnt stay in her last
job.
Might, would perhaps yerine kullanlr. Buna gre, might have + V3 iin would
have perhaps + V3 replasman uygun olacaktr. imdi, formlze ettiimiz
might perfectli 3. Tipin aklamasna geelim:
1. She might/would perhaps be somebody (nemli biri) now if she had married
that influential (nfuzlu) man.
2. She might have become/would perhaps have become a director long ago if she
had not refused that companys offer.
3. cmlenin 3/2 bir Mixed Type olduunu hatrlayalm. Now, bu tipin
dierlerinden ayrlmasn kolaylatran nemli bir zaman zarfdr. Ancak, (long)
before now zarf cmlenin tipinde her hangi bir deiiklie yol amaz.
*Had we taken the teachers advice, we might have passed this exam long
before now.
*If you had found out about the address in detail we might (may deil) have
been saved a lot of trouble.
1. f) rnek cmle: She could have made a fortune if she had accepted the other
companys offer.
*If you spoke English fluently, you could easily / would be able to easily find a
better job.
If you spoke English fluently, you could easily / would be able to easily find a
better job.
Gerek Durum: You dont speak English fluently. You cannot easily / will not
be able to easily find a better job.
3. Tipte ise could, conditional perfect grevini stlenir: could have made = would
have been able to make. Bu blmn giriinde verilen rnek cmleyi iaret
ettii gerek durum asndan inceleyelim:
She could have made a fortune if she had accepted the other companys offer.
Gerek Durum: She didnt/couldnt make a fortune. She didnt accept the other
companys offer.
1. g) Daha nceki dersimizde, any time (that) gibi bir linkin whenever yerine
geebileceini renmitik. Benzer biimde, any thing (that), whatever thing
ifadesi ile yer deitirebilir ve bir varsaym cmlesinde art balac olarak
grev yapabilir.
They would have done anything if she had asked (for it).
*Id punish any child of mine who (whoever deil) did a thing like that.
*For my holiday Id choose a nice seaside resort that (wherever deil) promised
some sun.
Non-defining relatives, yani tanmlayc olmayan (iki virgl arasnda yer alan) ilgi zamirleri art balac grevinde kullanlamazlar.
nk bir non-defining relative, canl ya da cansz zel bir nesneye iaret eder:
*My one and only (biricik) car, which is a real heap of junk (klstr), costs me
a fortune to get serviced.