Solutions Manual

Engineering Mechanics: Statics

1st Edition

Michael E. Plesha
University of WisconsinMadison

Gary L. Gray
The Pennsylvania State University

Francesco Costanzo
The Pennsylvania State University

With the assistance of:

Chris Punshon
Andrew J. Miller
Justin High
Chris OBrien
Chandan Kumar
Joseph Wyne
Jonathan Fleischmann

Version: August 24, 2009

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

 Copyright 20022010
Michael E. Plesha, Gary L. Gray, and Francesco Costanzo

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Statics 1e 3

Important Information about

this Solutions Manual
We encourage you to occasionally visit

http://www.mhhe.com/pgc

to obtain the most up-to-date version of this solutions manual.

Contact the Authors

If you find any errors and/or have questions concerning a solution, please do not hesitate to contact the
authors and editors via email at:

stat_solns@email.esm.psu.edu

We welcome your input.

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4 Solutions Manual

Accuracy of Numbers in Calculations

Throughout this solutions manual, we will generally assume that the data given for problems is accurate to
3 significant digits. When calculations are performed, all intermediate numerical results are reported to 4
significant digits. Final answers are usually reported with 3 significant digits. If you verify the calculations in
this solutions manual using the rounded intermediate numerical results that are reported, you should obtain
the final answers that are reported to 3 significant digits.

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270 Solutions Manual

Chapter 4 Solutions
Problem 4.1

Compute the moment of force F about point B, using the following procedures.

(a) Determine the moment arm d and then evaluate MB D F d .

(b) Resolve force F into x and y components at point A and use the principle of
moments.

(c) Use the principle of moments with F positioned at point C .

(d) Use the principle of moments with F positioned at point D.

(e) Use a vector approach.

Solution

Part (a) We first use geometry and trigonometry to find that

tan 1 . 3=4/ D 36:9 , tan 1 . 4=3/ D 53:1 , and 180 60 53:1 D 66:9 as
shown in the figure to the right. We then use the law of sines with triangle ABD
to find that
12 in: b

D ) b D 13:8 in: (1)
sin 53:1 sin 66:9
Through trigonometry, it follows that the moment arm d is

d D b sin 53:1 D 11:0 in: (2)

Using Eq. (4.1) on page 182, and noting that positive moment is counterclockwise, MB is then given by

MB D F d D .25 lb/.11:0 in:/ D 276 in.
lb: (3)

Part (b) Using the figure to the right, and noting that positive moment is counter-
clockwise, Eq. (4.1) provides
! !
3 4
MB D 25 lb .12 in: sin 60 / C 25 lb .12 in: cos 60 / D 276 in.
lb:
5 5

(4)

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Statics 1e 271

Part (c) Using triangle ABC shown at the right, the law of sines provides

12 in: h

D ) h D 18:4 in: (5)
sin 36:9 sin 113:1
In the figure to the right, we see that the vertical force at C produces no moment about
B. By using Eq. (4.1), and noting that positive moment is counterclockwise, MB is
given by
3
MB D 25 lb .18:4 in:/ D 276 in.
lb: (6)
5

Part (d) In the figure to the right, we see that the horizontal force on D
produces no moment about B. Using Eq. (4.1), and noting that positive moment
is counterclockwise, MB is given by

4
MB D 25 lb .13:8 in:/ D 276 in.
lb: (7)
5

Part (e) We find that

rEBA D 12 in: cos 60 {O C sin 60 |O

(8)
 
E 3 4
F D 25 lb {O |O : (9)
5 5

E B is given by
Using Eq. (4.2) on page 183, M

kO

{O |O
E B D rEBA  FE D .12 in:/.25 lb/ cos 60 sin 60 0 D 276 kO in.
lb:

M (10)
3 4

5 5 0

Note that instead of Eq. (8), we could have used rEBC or rEBD instead.

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272 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.2

Compute the moment of force F about point B, using the following procedures.

(a) Determine the moment arm d and then evaluate MB D F d .

(b) Resolve force F into x and y components at point A and use the principle
of moments.

(c) Use the principle of moments with F positioned at point C .

(d) Use the principle of moments with F positioned at point D.

(e) Use a vector approach.

Solution

Part (a) Using the 30 and 60 angles given in the problem state-
ment, we identify the additional angles shown in the figure at the right.
We then use the law of sines for triangle ABD to determine

12 in: b

D ) b D 12 in: (1)
sin 30 sin 30
Through trigonometry, it follows that the moment arm d is

d D b sin 30 D 6 in: (2)

Using Eq. (4.1) on page 182, and noting that positive moment is counterclockwise, MB is then given by

MB D F d D 25 lb.6 in:/ D 150 in.
lb: (3)

Part (b) Using the figure to the right, and noting that positive moment is coun-
terclockwise, Eq. (4.1) provides

MB D 25 lb cos 30 .12 in: sin 60 / C 25 lb sin 30 .12 in: cos 60 / (4)

D 150 in.
lb: (5)

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Statics 1e 273

Part (c) Using triangle ABC shown at the right, the law of sines provides

12 in: h

D ) h D 6:93 in: (6)
sin 120 sin 30
In the figure to the right, we see that the vertical force at C produces no moment about
B. Using Eq. (4.1), and noting that positive moment is counterclockwise, MB is given
by
MB D 25 lb cos 30 .6:93 in:/ D 150 in.
lb: (7)

Part (d) In the figure to the right, we see that the horizontal force at D
produces no moment about B. Using Eq. (4.1), and noting that positive
moment is counterclockwise, MB is given by

MB D 25 lb sin 30 .12 in:/ D 150 in.
lb: (8)

Part (e) We find that

cos 60 {O C sin 60 |O


rEBA D 12 in: (9)
FE D 25 lb cos 30 {O sin 30 |O :


(10)

E B is given by
Using Eq. (4.2) on page 183, M

kO

{O |O
E E 150 kO in.
lb:

MB D rEBA  F D .12 in:/.25 lb/ cos 60 sin 60 0 D (11)
cos 30 sin 30 0

Rather than rEBA , we could have used rEBC or rEBD instead.

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274 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.3

The cover of a computer mouse is hinged at point B so that it may be clicked.

Repeat Prob. 4.1 to determine the moment about point B.

Solution

Part (a) Using trigonometry and the figure to the right, we determine that the
moment arm d is
d D 60 mm sin 45 D 42:4 mm (1)
Using Eq. (4.1) on page 182, and noting that positive moment is counterclockwise,
MB is given by
MB D F d D 3 N.42:4 mm/ D 127 N
mm: (2)

Part (b) We first use geometry to determine h D 20 mm as shown in the figure

to the right. Using Eq. (4.1), and noting that positive moment is counterclockwise,
we determine that

MB D 3 N cos 45 .20 mm/ 3 N sin 45 .40 mm/ (3)

D 127 N
mm: (4)

Part (c) In the figure to the right, we see that the vertical force at C produces no moment
about B. Using Eq. (4.1), and noting that positive moment is counterclockwise, MB is given
by
MB D 3 N cos 45 .60 mm/ D 127 N
mm: (5)

Part (d) In the figure to the right, we see that the horizontal force at D produces no
moment about B. Using Eq. (4.1), and noting that positive moment is counterclockwise,
MB is given by

MB D 3 N sin 45 .60 mm/ D 127 N
mm (6)

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Statics 1e 275

Part (e) Using the value of h found in Part (b), we find that

rEBA D .40 {O C 20 |O/ mm (7)

FE D 3 N sin 45 {O cos 45 |O :


(8)

E B is given by
Using Eq. (4.2) on page 183, M

kO

{O |O
E E 127 kO N
mm

MB D rEBA  F D 3 N
mm 40
20 0 D (9)
sin 45
cos 45 0

Rather than rEBA , we could have used rEBC or rEBD instead.

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276 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.4

The cover of a computer mouse is hinged at point B so that it may be clicked.

Repeat Prob. 4.1 to determine the moment about point B.

Solution

Part (a) We use some elementary geometry to determine the dimensions shown
in the figure to the right. The moment arm d is then

d D 20 mm cos 45 D 14:1 mm (1)

Using Eq. (4.1) on page 182, and noting that positive moment is counterclock-
wise, MB is given by
MB D F d D 3 N.14:1 mm/ D 42:4 N
mm: (2)

Part (b) Using Eq. (4.1), and noting that positive moment is counterclockwise,
we determine

MB D 3 N cos 45 .20 mm/ 3 N sin 45 .40 mm/ (3)

D 42:4 N
mm: (4)

Part (c) In the figure to the right, we see that the vertical force at C produces no
moment about B. Using Eq. (4.1) again, MB is given by

MB D 3 N cos 45 .20 mm/ D 42:4 N
mm: (5)

Part (d) We see that the horizontal force on D produces no moment about B in the figure
to the right, then by using Eq. (4.1), and noting that positive moment is counterclockwise,
MB is given by
MB D 3 N sin 45 .20 mm/ D 42:4 N
mm: (6)

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Statics 1e 277

Part (e) We find that

rEBA D .40 {O C 20 |O/ mm (7)

FE D 3 N cos 45 {O sin 45 |O :


(8)

E B is given by
Using Eq. (4.2) on page 183, M

kO

{O |O
E E 42:4 kO N
mm

MB D rEBA  F D 3 N
mm 40 20 0 D (9)
cos 45
sin 45 0

Rather than rEBA , we could have used rEBC or rEBD instead.

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278 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.5

An atomic force microscope (AFM) is a state-of-the-art device used to study

the mechanical and topological properties of surfaces on length scales as small
as the size of individual atoms. The device uses a flexible cantilever beam AB
with a very sharp, stiff tip BC that is brought into contact with the surface to
be studied. Due to contact forces at C , the cantilever beam deflects. If the tip
of the AFM is subjected to the forces shown, determine the resultant moment of
both forces about point A. Use both scalar and vector approaches.

Solution
For the scalar approach we use Eq. (4.1) on page 182. Noting that positive moment is counterclockwise, MA
is given by
! !
10 9 N 10 6 m
MA D .13 nN/.12m/ C .5 nN/.1:5m/ D 149 nN
m (1)
nN m
13
D 1:4910 N
m: (2)

For the vector approach we use Eq. (4.2) on page 183. It follows that

rEAC D . 12 {O 1:5 |O/ m (3)

FE D .5 {O C 13 |O/ nN (4)

EA is given by
and M
kO

{O |O
EA D rEAC  FE D

M 12 1:5 0 nN
m (5)
5 13 0
D 149 kO nN
m (6)
D 1:4910 13 kO N
m: (7)

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Statics 1e 279

Problem 4.6

The door of an oven has 22 lb weight which acts vertically through point D. The
door is supported by a hinge at point A and two springs that are symmetrically
located on each side of the door. For the positions specified below, determine
the force needed in each of the two springs if the resultant moment about point
A of the weight and spring forces is to be zero.

(a) D 45 .

(b) D 90 .

(c) Based on your answers to Parts (a) and (b), determine an appropriate
stiffness for the springs.

Solution
Part (a) We first determine some needed dimensions using trigonometry as shown in the figure at the left
below. The vertical and horizontal distances between points A and C are .5 in:/ sin 45 D .5 in:/ cos 45 D
3:54 in. Then, using the Pythagorean theorem we determine the distance between points B and C as
q
LBC D .10 in: C 3:54 in:/2 C .8 in: 3:54 in:/2 D 14:25 in: (1)

Let F be the force in one spring. The forces in the springs act along line BC , therefore the total horizontal
and vertical forces at C from the springs are, respectively,

Fhorizontal D 2F .13:54 in:=14:25 in:/; Fvertical D 2F .4:46 in:=14:25 in:/; (2)

and these forces are shown in the figure at the right below. The moment arm for the 22 lb weight is
.12 in:/ cos 45 D 8:49 in: as shown in the figure to the right below.

With positive moment being counterclockwise, the resultant moment of the two spring forces and the weight
of the door about point A is
13:54 in: 4:46 in:
MA D .22 lb/.8:49 in:/ C 2F .3:54 in:/ C 2F .3:54 in:/: (3)
14:25 in: 14:25 in:
Requiring MA D 0, as stated in the problem statement, we set Eq. (3) equal to zero to solve for F as

F D 21:0 lb: (4)

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280 Solutions Manual

Part (b) When the door is horizontal (fully open), points A, B, and C have the positions shown in the
figure at the left below. The Pythagorean theorem is used to determine the distance between points B and C
as q
LBC D .10 in: C 5 in:/2 C .8 in:/2 D 17 in: (5)
Let F be the force in one spring. The forces in the springs act along line BC , therefore the total horizontal
and vertical forces at C from the springs are, respectively

Fhorizontal D 2F .15 in:=17 in:/; Fvertical D 2F .8 in:=17 in:/: (6)

and these forces are shown in the figure to the right below.

With positive moment being counterclockwise, and noting that the horizontal force at C produces no moment
about point A, the resultant moment of the two spring forces and the weight of the door about point A is
8 in:
MA D .22 lb/.12 in:/ C 2F .5 in:/: (7)
17:0 in:
Requiring MA D 0, as stated in the problem statement, we set Eq. (7) equal to zero to solve for F as

F D 56:1 lb: (8)

Part (c) We use the spring law to determine the necessary spring stiffness so that the springs will produce
the forces determined in Parts (a) and (b) for D 45 and D 90 . Thus

F change in force 56:1 lb 21:0 lb

F D k ) kD ) kD D D 13:0 lb=in: (9)
change in length 17:0 in: 14:3 in:

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Statics 1e 281

Problem 4.7

The ball of a trailer hitch is subjected to a force F . If failure occurs when the
moment of F about point A reaches 10,000 in.
lb, determine the largest value
F may have and specify the value of for which the moment about A is the
largest. Note that the value of F you determine must not produce a moment
about A that exceeds 10,000 in.
lb for any possible value of .

Solution

The maximum moment for a given value of force F occurs when the moment arm
is at its maximum. Using the Pythagorean theorem in the figure to the right, the
maximum value of the moment arm d is given by
q
d D .9 in:/2 C .6 in:/2 D 10:8 in: (1)

We then use Eq. (4.1) on page 182 to determine the maximum force F , given that the moment of this force
about point A may not exceed 10;000 in.
lb. Thus,

MA D F d D F .10:8 in:/ D 10;000 in.
lb ) F D 926 lb: (2)

The angle at which this maximum force acts is then found to be

d cos D 9 in: ) D 33:6 (3)

D 180 .180 90 / D 123:6 : (4)

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282 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.8

Repeat Prob. 4.7 if the moment at point B may not exceed 5000 in.
lb.

Solution

The maximum moment for a given value of force F occurs when the moment arm
is at its maximum. Using the Pythagorean theorem in the figure to the right, the
maximum value of the moment arm d is given by
q
d D .5 in:/2 C .6 in:/2 D 7:81 in: (1)

We then use Eq. (4.1) on page 182 to determine the maximum force F , given that the moment of this force
about point B may not exceed 5000 in.
lb. Thus,

MB D F d D F .7:81 in:/ D 5000 in.
lb ) F D 640 lb: (2)

The angle at which this maximum force acts is then found to be

d cos D 5 in: ) D 50:2 (3)

D 180 .180 90 / D 140 : (4)

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Statics 1e 283

Problem 4.9

The port hull of a catamaran (top view shown) has cleats at points A, B, and C .
A rope having 100 N force is to be attached to one of these cleats. If the force
is to produce the largest possible counterclockwise moment about point O,
determine the cleat to which the rope should be attached and the direction the
rope should be pulled (measured positive counterclockwise from the positive x
direction). Also, determine the value of MO produced. Assume all cleats, point
O, and the rope lie in the same plane.

Solution
Cleat C offers the largest possible moment arm, therefore

Attaching the rope to cleat C will produce the largest moment. (1)

As shown to the right, the Pythagorean theorem is used to determine the

moment arm d as
q
d D .1:5 m/2 C .3 m/2 D 3:35 m: (2)

The angle at which the force acts is given by

d cos D 3 m ) D 26:4 (3)

D 90 C D 116:4 : (4)

The moment of the 100 N force about O is given by Eq. (4.1) on page 182 as

MO D 100 N.3:35 m/ D 335 N
m: (5)

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284 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.10

Frame ABC has a frictionless pulley at C around which a cable is wrapped.

Determine the resultant moment about point A produced by the cable forces if
W D 5 kN and

(a) D 0 .

(b) D 90 .

(c) D 30 .

Solution
Part (a) T D W D 5 kN for the pulley to be in equilibrium. We may determine the moment of the cable
forces about point A by considering the forces supported by the cables, or by considering the forces the pulley
applies to the structure at point C . Both of these options are illustrated in the figures below, to the left and
right, respectively.

Use of either of the force systems shown above is convenient, and we will use the force system shown at the
left. Noting that positive moment is counterclockwise, we then use Eq. (4.1) on page 182 to determine the
moment about point A as

MA D 5 kN.3 m C 0:5 m/ C 5 kN.3 m 0:5 m/ (1)

D 30:0 kN
m: (2)
Part (b) We use the same procedure as for Part (a), and use either of the following force systems.

Use of either of the force systems shown above is convenient, and we will use the force system shown at the
left. Noting that positive moment is counterclockwise, we then use Eq. (4.1) on page 182 to determine the
moment about point A as

MA D 5 kN.4 m C 0:5 m/ C 5 kN.3 m 0:5 m/ (3)

D 35:0 kN
m: (4)

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Statics 1e 285

Part (c) In principle, either of the force systems shown below may be used to determine the moment about
point A.

However, if the force system at the left is used, it will be tedious to determine the moment arm for the cable
force with the 30 orientation. Thus, it will be considerably more convenient to use the force system shown
at the right, which provides

MA D 5 kN.3 m/ C 5 kN.cos 30 /3 m C 5 kN.sin 30 /4 m (5)

D 38:0 kN
m: (6)

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286 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.11

Frame ABC has a frictionless pulley at C around which a cable is wrapped.

If the resultant moment about point A produced by the cable forces is not to
exceed 20 kN
m, determine the largest weight W that may be supported and the
corresponding value of .

Solution

First we determine the angle that provides the largest moment arm for force
T . Using the figure shown at the right, it follows that

4m
tan D ) D D 53:1 : (1)
3m

Sincepthe pulley is in equilibrium, T D W . The Pythagorean theorem provides

d D .4 m/2 C .3 m/2 D 5 m. We then use Eq. (4.1) on page 182, to evaluate the
moment of the cable forces about point A, noting that positive moment is counterclockwise

MA D W .3 m/ C W cos 53:1 .3 m/ C W sin 53:1 .4 m/: (2)

As given in the problem statement, MA is not to exceed 20 kN
m. Thus we set Eq. (2) equal to 20 kN
m and
solve for W to obtain
W D 2:5 kN: (3)

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Statics 1e 287

Problem 4.12

The load carrying capacity of the frame of Prob. 4.11 can be increased by
placing a counterweight Q at point D as shown. The resultant moment about
point A due to the cable forces and Q is not to exceed 20 kN
m.

(a) Determine the largest value of counterweight Q. (Hint: Let W D 0 and

determine Q so that MA D 20 kN
m.)

(b) With the value of Q determined in Part (a), determine the largest weight
W that may be supported and the corresponding value of .

Solution

Part (a) We begin by setting W D 0, and then use Eq. (4.1) on page 182
to evaluate the moment of Q about point A, noting that this moment may not
exceed 20 kN
m. With positive moment being counterclockwise, it follows that

MA D Q.2 m/ D 20 kN
m ) Q D 10 kN: (1)

Part (b) With W 0, we know that T D W , since the pulley is in equilibrium. As determined in the
solution to Prob. 4.11, the moment of T about point A is largest when D 53:1 (the moment of T about
point A is largest when its line of action is perpendicular to the line connecting points A and C , as shown
above). Using the figure above, we evaluate the moment about point A, taking positive moment to be
counterclockwise, and we require this moment to not exceed 20 kN
m. Thus,

MA D 10 kN.2 m/ C W .3 m/ C W cos 53:1 .3 m/ C W sin 53:1 .4 m/ D 20 kN
m (2)

W D 5 kN: (3)

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288 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.13

A flat rectangular plate is subjected to the forces shown, where all forces are
parallel to the x or y axis. If F D 200 N and P D 300 N, determine the
resultant moment of all forces about the

(a) axis.

(b) a axis, which is parallel to the axis.

Solution
Part (a) We use Eq. (4.1) on page 182 to find

M D F .300 mm/ F .500 mm/ C P .200 mm/ P .600 mm/ (1)

5
D 1:610 N
mm D 160 N
m: (2)

In writing the above expression, positive moment is taken to be in the positive direction, according to the
right-hand rule.

Part (b) We use Eq. (4.1) again to find

Ma D F .300 mm/ C F .200 mm/ P .500 mm/ (3)

5
D 1:710 N
mm D 170 N
m: (4)

In writing the above expression, positive moment is taken to be in the positive a direction, according to the
right-hand rule.

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Statics 1e 289

Problem 4.14

A flat rectangular plate is subjected to the forces shown, where all forces are
parallel to the x or y axis. If P D 300 N, determine F when the resultant
moment of all forces about the axis is M D 100 N
m.

Solution
Use Eq. (4.1) on page 182 to evaluate the moment of F and P D 300 N about the axis

M D F .300 mm/ F .500 mm/ C 300 N.200 mm/ 300 N.600 mm/: (1)

In writing the above expression, positive moment is taken to be in the positive direction, according to the
right-hand rule. As given in the problem statement, M D 100 N
m. Thus, Eq. (1) becomes
 mm 
100 N
m 103 D F .300 mm/ F .500 mm/ C 300 N.200 mm/ 300 N.600 mm/; (2)
m
which may be solved for
F D 100 N: (3)

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290 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.15

Repeat Prob. 4.14 if the resultant moment of all forces about the a axis is
Ma D 100 N
m.

Solution
Use Eq. (4.1) on page 182 to evaluate the moment of F and P D 300 N about the a axis

Ma D F .300 mm/ C F .200 mm/ 300 N.500 mm/: (1)

In writing the above expression, positive moment is taken to be in the positive a direction, according to the
right-hand rule. As given in the problem statement, Ma D 100 N
m. Thus, Eq. (1) becomes
 mm 
100 N
m 103 D F .300 mm/ C F .200 mm/ 300 N.500 mm/; (2)
m
which may be solved for
F D 500 N: (3)

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Statics 1e 291

Problem 4.16

Structure OBCD is built in at point O and supports a 50 lb cable force at point

C and 100 and 200 lb vertical forces at points B and D, respectively. Using a
vector approach, determine the moment of these forces about

(a) point B.

(b) point O.

Solution
From the figure in the problem statement, the following vector expressions may be written
   
rEBC D 20 kO in. rEBD D 15 {O C 20 kO in. rEOC D 36 kO in. rEOD D 15 {O C 36 kO in.

12 {O C 18 |O 36 kO
FE D 200 |O lb PE D 100 |O lb TE D 50 lb :
42
Part (a) Observing that PE produces no moment about B, we use Eq. (4.2) on page 183 to evaluate the
resultant moment of TE and FE about point B as
E B D rEBC  TE C rEBD  FE
M (1)
O |O kO

{O |O k {O
.20 in:/.50 lb/
D 0 0 1 C 200 in.
lb 15 0 20
(2)
42 12 18

36 0 1 0
1000 in.
lb h
O
i h
O 15/
i
D {O. 18/ |O. 12/ C k.0/ C 200 in.
lb {O.20/ |O.0/ C k. (3)
42
 
ME B D 3570 {O C 286 |O 3000 kO in.
lb: (4)

Part (b) We use Eq. (4.2) on page 183 to evaluate the resultant moment of TE , FE , and PE about point O as
E O D rEOC  TE C rEOD  FE C rEOB  PE
M (5)
O |O kO

{O |O k {O
.36 in:/.50 lb/
D 0 0 1 C 200 in.
lb 15 0 36

42 12 18

36 0 1 0
(6)
{O |O kO


C .100 lb/.16 in:/ 0 0 1
0 1 0
1800 in.
lb h O
i h
O 15/
i
D {O. 18/ |O. 12/ C k.0/ C 200 in.
lb {O.36/ |O.0/ C k.
42 (7)
C 1600 {O in.
lb
 
E O D 8030 {O C 514 |O
M 3000 kO in.
lb: (8)

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292 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.17

Repeat Prob. 4.16, using a scalar approach.

Solution

The vector expression for TE is

12 {O C 18 |O 36 kO
TE D 50 lb : (1)
42
Using this expression, the figure at the right is drawn, where
the force TE is shown in terms of its components. We then use
Eq. (4.1) on page 182 to determine the components of M E B in
each of the coordinate directions, taking positive moment com-
ponents to be in the positive coordinate directions.

Part (a) It follows that

18
.MB /x D 200 lb.20 in:/ 50 lb .20 in:/ D 3570 in.
lb (2)
42
12
.MB /y D 50 lb .20 in:/ D 286 in.
lb (3)
42
.MB / D 200 lb.15 in:/ D 3000 in.
lb: (4)

Part (b) It follows that

18
.MO /x D 200 lb.36 in:/ 50 lb .36 in:/ C 100 lb.16 in:/ D 8030 in.
lb (5)
42
12
.MO /y D 50 lb .36 in:/ D 514 in.
lb (6)
42
.MO / D 200 lb.15 in:/ D 3000 in.
lb: (7)

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Statics 1e 293

Problem 4.18

Structure OAB is built in at point O and supports forces from two cables.
Cable CAD passes through a frictionless ring at point A, and cable DBE
passes through a frictionless ring at point B. If the force in cable CAD is 250 N
and the force in cable DBE is 100 N, use a vector approach to determine

(a) the moment of all cable forces about point A.

(b) the moment of all cable forces about point O.

Solution

From the figure provided in the problem statement, the following

vector expressions may be written

150 {O 200 kO
FEBD D 100 N rEAB D 120 kO mm
250
150 |O 200 kO
FEBE D 100 N rEOB D 200 kO mm
250
60 O 80 kO
|
FEAC D 250 N rEOA D 80 kO mm
100
150 {O 80 kO
FEAD D 250 N :
170
These force vectors are shown in the figure at the right.

Part (a) Noting that FEAC and FEAD produce no moment about point A, we use Eq. (4.2) on page 183 to
determine

kO

{O |O
EA D rEAB
  .120 mm/.100 N/
 FEBD C FEBE D

M 0 0 1 (1)
250
150 150

400
D 48 N
mm O{ . 150/ |O. 150/ (2)
D . 7200 {O C 7200 |O/ N
mm: (3)

Part (b) We use Eq. (4.2) to determine

   
E O D rEOB  FEBD C FEBE C rEOA  FEAC
M C FEAD (4)

kO kO

{O |O
.200 mm/.100 N/ {O |O


D 0 0 1 C .80 mm/.250 N/ 0 0 1 (5)
250 150 150

150 60 80 80

400
170 100 100 170

D 80 N
mm O{ . 150/ |O. 150/ C 20;000 N
mm O{ .0:6/ |O. 0:882/ (6)
D .29;600 |O/ N
mm: (7)

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294 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.19

Repeat Prob. 4.18, using a scalar approach.

Solution
We begin by adding the two cable forces at point A to obtain FEA , and adding the two cable forces at point B
to obtain FEB , as follows

60 |O 80 kO 150 |O 80 kO  
FEA D FEAC C FEAD D 250 N C 250 N D 221 {O 150 |O 318 kO N; (1)
100 170
O
150 {O 200 k 150 |O 200 kO  
FEB D FEBD C FEBE D 100 N C 100 N D 60 {O C 60 |O 160 kO N: (2)
250 250

The components of FEA and FEB are shown in the figure below.

Part (a) Taking positive moment components to be in the positive coor-

dinate directions, we use Eq. (4.1) on page 182 to write

.MA /x D 60 N.120 mm/ D 7200 N
mm (3)

.MA /y D 60 N.120 mm/ D 7200 N
mm (4)
.MA / D 0: (5)

Part (b) Taking positive moment components to be in the positive coor-

dinate directions, we use Eq. (4.1) on page 182 to write

.MO /x D 60 N.200 mm/ C 150 N.80 mm/ D 0 N
mm (6)

.MO /y D 60 N.200 mm/ C 221 N.80 mm/ D 29;700 N
mm (7)
.MO / D 0: (8)

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Statics 1e 295

Problem 4.20

Structure OABC is built in at point O and supports forces from two cables.
Cable EAD passes through a frictionless ring at point A, and cable OC G
passes through a frictionless ring at point C . If the force in cable EAD is
800 lb and the force in cable OC G is 400 lb, determine

(a) the moment of forces from cable OC G about point B.

(b) the moment of all cable forces about point A.

(c) the moment of all cable forces about point O.

Solution

From the figure provided in the problem statement, the following

vector expressions may be written

20 {O 9 |O 12 kO
FEC G D 400 lb rEBC D 9 |O ft
25
9 |O 12 kO  
FECO D 400 lb rEAC D 9 |O C 6 kO ft
15
8 {O 6 kO  
FEAE D 800 lb rEOC D 9 |O C 12 kO ft
10
8 |O 6 kO
FEAD D 800 lb rEOA D 6 kO ft:
10
These force vectors are shown in the figure at the right.

Part (a) We use Eq. (4.2) on page 183 to determine the moment about point B due to the forces in cable
OC G as

O

 {O O
| k
E E E

MB D rEBC  FC G C FCO D .400 ft
lb/ 0
9
0
(1)
20 9 9 12 12


h i25  25 15 25
 15
O 7:20/ D
D 400 ft
lb {O. 11:5/ |O.0/ C k. 4600 {O 2880 kO ft
lb: (2)

Part (b) Noting that FEAE and FEAD produce no moment about point A, we use Eq. (4.2) on page 183 to
determine

O

  {O O
| k
E E E

MA D rEAC  FC G C FCO D .400 ft
lb/ 0
9 6
(3)
20 9 9 12 12
25
h i25 15 25 15

O 7:20/ D
D 400 ft
lb {O. 5:76/ |O. 4:80/ C k. 2304 {O C 1920 |O 2880 kO ft
lb: (4)

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296 Solutions Manual

Part (c) We use Eq. (4.2) on page 183 to determine

   
E O D rEOC  FEC G C FECO C rEOA  FEAE C FEAD
M (5)

kO kO

{O |O .6 ft/.800 lb/ {O |O


D .400 ft
lb/ 0
9
12
C
0 0 1 (6)
20 9 9 12 12 10
8 8
25 25 15 25 15
12
h i
D 400 ft
lb |O. 9:60/ C k. O 7:20/ C 480 ft
lb O{ . 8/ |O. 8/ (7)
 
D 3840 {O C 7680 |O 2880 kO ft
lb: (8)

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Statics 1e 297

Problem 4.21

Repeat Prob. 4.20, using a scalar approach.

Solution
We begin by adding the two cable forces at point A to obtain FEA , and adding the two cable forces at point C
to obtain FEC , as follows

8 {O 6 kO 8 |O 6 kO 
O

FEA D FEAE C FEAD D 800 lb C 800 lb D 640 {O C 640 |O 960 k lb; (1)
10 10
20 {O 9 |O 12 kO 9 |O 12 kO  
FEC D FEC G C FECO D 400 lb C 400 lb D 320 {O 384 |O 512 kO lb: (2)
25 15
The components of FEA and FEC are shown in the figure below.

Part (a) Taking positive moment components to be in the positive coordinate

directions, we use Eq. (4.1) on page 182 to determine the moment about point B
due to the forces in cable OC G as

.MB /x D 512 lb.9 ft/ D 4610 ft
lb (3)

.MB /y D 0 (4)
.MB / D 320 lb.9 ft/ D 2880 ft
lb: (5)

Part (b) Noting that the forces at point A produce no moment about point A,
and taking positive moment components to be in the positive coordinate directions,
we use Eq. (4.1) on page 182 to write

.MA /x D 384 lb.6 ft/ 512 lb.9 ft/ D 2300 ft
lb (6)
.MA /y D 320 lb.6 ft/ D 1920 ft
lb (7)
.MA / D 320 lb.9 ft/ D 2880 ft
lb: (8)

Part (c) Taking positive moment components to be in the positive coordinate directions, we use Eq. (4.1)
on page 182 to write

.MO /x D 384 lb.12 ft/ 512 lb.9 ft/ 640 lb.6 ft/ D 3840 ft
lb (9)
.MO /y D 320 lb.12 ft/ C 640 lb.6 ft/ D 7680 ft
lb (10)
.MO / D 320 lb.9 ft/ D 2880 ft
lb: (11)

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298 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.22

Structure OAB is built in at point O and supports two forces of magnitude F

parallel to the y and axes. If the magnitude of the moment about point O
cannot exceed 1:0 kN
m, determine the largest value F may have.

Solution
Either the vector approach or the scalar approach may be conveniently used to determine the moment of the
the two forces about point O, and we will use the scalar approach. With the dimensions provided, we use
Eq. (4.1) on page 182 to determine

.MO /x D F .90 mm/ (1)

.MO /y D F .400 mm/ (2)
.MO / D F .400 mm/ (3)

The magnitude of the moment at point O may not exceed 1:0 kN
m, thus
!
 2 2
1
2 =2 103 mm
.MO /x C .MO /y C .MO / D 1:0 kN
m (4)
m
 1=2
F . 90 mm/2 C . 400 mm/2 C . 400 mm/2

D 1000 kN
mm (5)

which may be solved for

F D 1:75 kN: (6)

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Statics 1e 299

Problem 4.23

Repeat Prob. 4.22 if the x component of the moment (torsional component) at

point O may not exceed 0:5 kN
m and the resultant of
qthe y and components
(bending components) may not exceed 0:8 kN
m (i.e., My2 C M2  0:8 kN
m).

Solution
Either the vector approach or the scalar approach may be conveniently used to determine the moment of the
the two forces about point O, and we will use the scalar approach. Taking positive moment components to be
in the positive coordinate directions, we use Eq. (4.1) on page 182 to determine

.MO /x D F .90 mm/ (1)

.MO /y D F .400 mm/ (2)
.MO / D F .400 mm/: (3)

The absolute value of the torsional component of the moment, .MO /x , may not exceed 0:50 kN
m, thus
!
103 mm
.MO /x D F .90 mm/  0:50 kN
m ) F  5:56 kN: (4)
m
q
The bending component of the moment, .MO /y2 C .MO /2 , may not exceed 0:80 kN
m, thus
q
.MO /y2 C .MO /2  0:8 kN
m (5)
!
103 mm
q
F . 400 mm/2 C . 400 mm/2  0:8 kN
m ) F  1:41 kN: (6)
m

Both Eqs. (4), and (6) are satisfied by

F  1:41 kN: (7)

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300 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.24

Forces of 3 kN and 200 N are exerted at points B and C of the main rotor of a
helicopter, and force F is exerted at point D on the tail rotor. The 3 kN forces
are parallel to the axis, the 200 N forces are perpendicular to the main rotor
and are parallel to the xy plane, F is parallel to the y axis, and D 45 .

(a) Determine the value of F so that the component of the moment about
point O of all rotor forces is zero.

(b) Using the value of F found in Part (a), determine the resultant moment of
all rotor forces about point O.

(c) If is different than 45 , do your answers to Parts (a) and (b) change?
Explain.

Solution
Part (a) We use Eq. (4.1) on page 182 to evaluate the moment of the rotor forces about the axis, and as
instructed in the problem statement, this moment is required to be zero. Thus, we obtain

.MO / D 200 N.3 m/ 200 N.3 m/ C F .5 m/ D 0 ) F D 240 N: (1)

Part (b) Using the geometry provided in the problem statement, with the aid of the sketch below to
determine x and y components of the main rotor forces, the following vector expressions may be written

FEB D 200 N cos 45 |O C 3000 N kO

sin 45 {O


(2)
FEC D 200 N sin 45 {O C cos 45 |O C 3000 N kO


(3)
FED D F . |O/ (4)
cos 45 {O C sin 45 |O C 1:8 kO m


rEOC D 3 m (5)
D 3 m cos 45 {O sin 45 |O C 1:8 kO m


rEOB (6)
rEOD D 5 {O m C 1:2 kO m (7)

Using Eq. (4.2) on page 183, the moment about point O of all rotor forces is
E O D rEOB  FEB C rEOC  FEC C rEOD  FED
M (8)
kO


{O |O
D 3 cos 45 3 sin 45 1:8 N
m
200 sin 45
200 cos 45 3000
(9)
O O


O
{ O
| k
{O
|O k
C 3 cos 45 3 sin 45 1:8 N
m C 5 0 1:2 N
m
200 sin 45 200 cos 45 3000 0 240 0
h i h i
D {O. 6109/ |O.6618/ C k. O 600/ N
m C {O.6109/ |O. 6618/ C k. O 600/ N
m
h i
O
C {O.288/ |O.0/ C k.1200/ N
m; (10)
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Statics 1e 301

which simplifies to
E O D .288 {O/ N
m:
M (11)

Part (c) If 45 , the answer to Part (a) does not change, since the moment produced by the main rotor
forces about the axis is not a function of . The answer to Part (b) does not change, for the following reason.
The main rotor forces produce moments about the x and y axes that are functions of , but the moment arms
for components of force at points B and C are always opposite (negative of one another) so that the net x
and y components are zero regardless of .

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302 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.25

The moment of force FE about point A can be computed using M EA;1 D rEAB  FE
or using MEA;2 D rEAC  FE , where B and C are points on the line of action of FE .
EA;1 D M
Noting that rEAC D rEAB C rEBC , show that M EA;2 .

Solution
As specified in the problem statement,

MA;2 D rEAC  FE ; and (1)

rEAC D rEAB C rEBC : (2)

Equations (1) and (2) may be combined to write

EA;2 D rEAB C rEBC  FE :

M (3)

Using the distributive property of the cross product, Eq. (3) may be expanded to write

EA;2 D rEAB  FE C rEBC  FE :

M (4)

Because rEBC and FE are parallel, rEBC  FE D 0.

E Hence, Eq. (4) becomes

MA;2 D rEAB  FE D MA;1 : (5)

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Statics 1e 303

Problem 4.26

The steering wheel of a Ferrari sports car has circular shape with 190 mm radius,
and it lies in a plane that is perpendicular to the steering column AB. Point C ,
where the drivers hand applies force FE to the steering wheel, lies on the y axis
with y coordinate yC D 190 mm. Point A is at the origin of the coordinate
system, and point B has the coordinates B . 120; 0; 50/ mm. Determine the
moment of FE about line AB of the steering column if

(a) FE has 10 N magnitude and lies in the plane of the steering wheel and has
orientation such that its moment arm to line AB is 190 mm. Also determine
the vector expression for this force.

18 {O 3 |O C 14 kO
(b) FE D .10 N/ .
23
12 {O 5 kO
(c) FE D .10 N/ .
13

Solution
Part (a) The moment of force FE about line AB can be evaluated using the scalar approach as

MAB D .10 N/.190 mm/ D 1900 N
mm: (1)

To determine the vector expression for this force, note that FE is perpendicular to both rEAB and rEAC . Thus, FE
is parallel to the direction nE where

nE D rEAB  rEAC
O mm  . 190 |O/ mm
   
D . 120 {O 50 k/
kO

{O |O
50 mm2

D 120 0
0 190 0
O
 
D {O. 9500/ |O.0/ C k.22800/ mm: (2)

Using Eq. (2), a unit vector nO in the direction of nE is

nE O
nO D D 0:3846 {O C 0:9231 k: (3)
jE
nj
Note that rather than using Eqs. (2) and (3), it is possible to write an expression for the unit normal vector by
O
inspection as nO D . 50 {O C 120 k/=130.
Since the force FE is parallel to n,
O the vector expression for the force is

O D . 3:85 {O C 9:23 k/
FE D .10 N/. 0:3846 {O C 0:9231 k/ O N: (4)

Note that it is possible that the force FE could be in the direction opposite to n,
O thus the answer FE D
O
.3:85 {O 9:23 k/ N is also acceptable.
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304 Solutions Manual

Part (b) Our strategy will be to determine the moment of force FE about point A, and then use the dot
product to determine the component of this moment that acts in the direction of line AB. The moment of
force FE about point A is

kO 10 N
mm

{O |O
EA D rEAC  FE D 0

M 190 0

18 23
3 14
 10 N
mm
O

D {O. 2660/ |O.0/ C k.3420/ : (5)
23
EA in the direction of line AB is
The component of M

EA
rEAB
MAB D M
jErAB j
!
  10 N
mm 1
D . 2660/. 120/ C .0/.0/ C .3420/. 50/
23 130
D 472 N
mm: (6)

Part (c) Our strategy is the same as that used in Part (b). Thus, the moment of force FE about point A is

kO 10 N
mm

{O |O
EA D rEAC  FE D 0

M 190 0

12 13
0 5
O 2280/ 10 N
mm :
 
D {O.950/ |O.0/ C k. (7)
13
EA in the direction of line AB is
The component of M

EA
rEAB
MAB D M
jErAB j
!
  10 N
mm 1
D .950/. 120/ C .0/.0/ C . 2280/. 50/
13 130
D 0: (8)

The reason that the force FE produces no moment about line AB is because FE is parallel to line AB.

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Statics 1e 305

Problem 4.27

A rectangular piece of sheet metal is clamped along edge AB in a machine

called a brake. The sheet is to be bent along line AB by applying a y direction
force F . Determine the moment about line AB if F D 200 lb. Use both vector
and scalar approaches.

Solution
For the vector solution, we use the data given in the problem statement to write the following expressions

rEAC D 36 {O in.; (1)

FE D 200 |O lb; (2)
 
rEAB D 20 {O 15 kO in. (3)

We then use Eq. (4.2) on page 183 to determine the moment of FE about point A as

|O kO

{O
EA D rEAC  FE D 36 0 0 in.
lb D {O.0/ |O.0/ C k.7200 O in.
lb/ D 7200 kO in.
lb:

M (4)
0 200 0

EA that acts in the direction of line AB is given by

The component of M

EA
rEAB .0 in.
lb/.20 in:/ C .0 in.
lb/.0 in:/ C .7200 in.
lb/. 15 in:/

MAB D M D (5)
rAB 25 in:
D 4320 in.
lb; (6)

where rAB is the magnitude of rEAB . The negative answer in Eq. (6) means that the moment of F about line
AB is in the direction from B to A. Note: We could have also used the scalar triple product to obtain Eq. (6).

For the scalar solution, we first determine the moment arm d as shown in
the figure to the right. Through geometry and trigonometry, we find that
15 1
 D tan D 36:9 ; (7)
20
d D 36 in: sin  D 21:6 in: (8)

Then by applying Eq. (4.1) on page 182, taking positive moment to be in the
direction from A to B according to the right-hand rule, it follows that

MAB D 200 lb.21:6 in:/ D 4320 in.
lb: (9)

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306 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.28

In Prob. 4.27 determine F if the moment about line AB is to be 2000 in.
lb.

Solution
Using the data given in the problem statement, we write the following expressions

rEAC D 36 {O in.; (1)

FE D F |O; (2)
 
rEAB D 20 {O 15 kO in. (3)

Then by using the scalar triple product, we determine the moment of force FE about line AB as

20 0 15
rEAB 1
MAB D rEAC  FE


D 36 0 0 in. (4)
rAB 25
0 F 0
1
D . 15/.36/F in. (5)
25
With MAB D 2000 in.
lb, we solve Eq. (5) for F to obtain

2000 in.
lb
F D 25 D 92:6 lb ) F D 92:6 lb: (6)
. 15/.36/ in.

In writing our final answer for F , the negative sign is unimportant and is thus omitted.

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Statics 1e 307

Problem 4.29

In the pipe assembly shown, points B and C lie in the xy plane and force F is
parallel to the axis. If F D 150 N, determine the moment of F about lines
OA and AB. Use both vector and scalar approaches.

Solution

Using the figure to the right, we write the following expressions

rEOA D 350 |O mm; (1)

rEAB D 350 mm sin 30 {O C cos 30 |O D .175 {O C 303 |O/ mm; (2)
rEBC D 350 mm cos 30 {O sin 30 |O D .260 {O 150 |O/ mm;


(3)
FE D 150 kO N: (4)

For the vector approach, we use Eq. (4.2) on page 183 to determine the moment of the force about point A,
namely M EA . Then, MEA
rEOA =rOA produces the moment of the force about line OA, and M EA
rEAB =rAB
produces the moment of the force about line AB. Thus

kO

{O |O
EA D rEAC  FE D rEAB C rEBC  FE D 0:435 0:153


M 0 N
m (5)
0 0 150
h i
D {O. 23:0/ |O. 65:2/ C k.0/ O N
m D . 23:0 {O C 65:2 |O/ N
m: (6)

EA
rEOA D .65:2 N
m/.0:350 m/ D 65:2 N
m;

MOA D M (7)
rOA 0:350 m
rE
EA
AB D . 23:0 N
m/.0:175 m/ C .65:2 N
m/.0:303 m/
MAB D M D 44:9 N
m: (8)
rAB 0:350 m

For the scalar approach, we use Eq. (4.1) on page 182 and the figure shown above, taking positive moment
MOA to be in the direction from O to A, and positive moment MAB to be in the direction from A to B,
according to the right-hand rule, to determine

MOA D F d1 D 150 N .0:350 m/ sin 30 C .0:300 m/ cos 30 D 65:2 N
m;

 
(9)
MAB D F d2 D 150 N .0:300 m/ D 45:0 N
m: (10)

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308 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.30

In the pipe assembly shown, points B and C lie in the xy plane and force F is
parallel to the axis. If a twisting moment (torque) of 50 N
m will cause a pipe
to begin twisting in the flange fitting at O or at either end of the elbow fitting at
A, determine the first fitting that twists and the value of F that causes it.

Solution

We use Eq. (4.1) on page 182, and the figure shown at the right for the determi-
nation of the moment arms d1 and d2 , to determine the moments of force F about
lines OA and AB as

MOA D F d1 D F .0:350 m/ sin 30 C .0:300 m/ cos 30 ;

 
(1)
MAB D F d2 D F .0:300 m/: (2)

According to the failure criteria given in the problem statement, pipe OA will twist at O and A if MOA
reaches 50 N
m, and pipe AB will twist at A and B if MAB reaches 50 N
m. Thus,
50 N
m
If MOA D 50 N
m; then F D D 115 N; (3)
.0:350 m sin 30 C 0:300 m cos 30 /
50 N
m
If MAB D 50 N
m; then F D D 167 N: (4)
.0:300 m/
The smallest value of F among Eqs. (3) and (4) is the value of the force that will cause twisting to occur.
Thus, the largest force F that may be applied is

F D 115 N; and twisting occurs at both threads on pipe OA. (5)

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Statics 1e 309

Problem 4.31

Determine the moment of force F about line AB as follows.

(a) Determine the moment of F about point A, M EA , and then determine the
component of this moment in the direction of line AB.

(b) Determine the moment of F about point B, M E B , and then determine the
component of this moment in the direction of line AB.

(c) Comment on differences and/or agreement between M EA , M

E B , and the
moment about line AB found in Parts (a) and (b). Also comment on the
meaning of the sign (positive or negative) found for the moment about line
AB.

Solution
With the information provided in the problem statement, the following position vectors may be written
   
rEAB D .15 {O 20 |O/ in.; rEAC D 20 |O C 18 kO in.; rEBC D 15 {O C 18 kO in. (1)

Part (a) We use Eq. (4.2) on page 183 to determine the moment of the force about point A as

kO

{O |O
EA D rEAC  FE D 0

M 20 18 in.
lb; (2)
10 80 40
h i  
EA D {O. 640/
M O
|O. 180/ C k.200/ in.
lb D 640 {O C 180 |O C 200 kO in.
lb: (3)

EA in the direction of line AB is given by

The component of M

EA
rEAB . 640/.15/ C .180/. 20/ C .200/.0/

MAB D M D in.
lb D 528 in.
lb: (4)
rAB 25

Part (b) We use Eq. (4.2) on page 183 to determine the moment of the force about point B as
O

{O |O k
E B D rEBC  FE D 15 0

M 18 in.
lb (5)
10 80 40
(6)
h i  
E B D {O. 1440/
M O 1200/ in.
lb D
|O.420/ C k. 1440 {O 420 |O 1200 kO in.
lb: (7)

E B in the direction of line AB is given by

The component of M

E B
rEAB D . 1440/.15/ C . 420/. 20/ C . 1200/.0/ in.
lb D

MAB D M 528 in.
lb: (8)
rAB 25

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310 Solutions Manual

Part (c)
EA and M
1. M E B are different, both in magnitude and direction.

EA or M
2. MAB is the same regardless if M E B is used.

3. The negative result for MAB means that the twisting action of F is directed from B to A.

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Statics 1e 311

Problem 4.32

Determine the moment of force F about line AB as follows.

(a) Determine the moment of F about point A, M EA , and then determine the
component of this moment in the direction of line AB.

(b) Determine the moment of F about point B, M E B , and then determine the
component of this moment in the direction of line AB.

(c) Comment on differences and/or agreement between M EA , M

E B , and the
moment about line AB found in Parts (a) and (b). Also comment on the
meaning of the sign (positive or negative) found for the moment about line
AB.

Solution
With the information provided in the problem statement, the following position vectors may be written
   
rEAB D 4 {O 7 |O C 4 kO mm; rEAC D 4 {O C 4 kO mm; rEBC D 7 |O mm: (1)

Part (a) We use Eq. (4.2) on page 183 to determine the moment of the force about point A as

|O kO

{O
2
EA D rEAC  FE D 4 0 4 N
mm;

M (2)
7
3 2 6

EA D 2 {O.8/
h i
M O
|O. 36/ C k.8/ N
mm: (3)
7

EA in the direction of line AB is given by

The component of M

EA
rEAB D 2 N
mm .8/. 4/ C .36/. 7/ C .8/.4/ 1 D

MAB D M 8:00 N
mm: (4)
rAB 7 9

Part (b) We use Eq. (4.2) on page 183 to determine the moment of the force about point B as

{O |O kO

E B D rEBC  FE D 2 0 7 0 N
mm;

M (5)
7
3 2 6

E B D 2 {O.42/
h i
M O 21/ N
mm:
|O.0/ C k. (6)
7

E B in the direction of line AB is given by

The component of M

E B
rEAB D 2 N
mm .42/. 4/ C .0/. 7/ C . 21/.4/ 1 D

MAB D M 8:00 N
mm: (7)
rAB 7 9

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312 Solutions Manual

Part (c)
EA and M
1. M E B are different, both in magnitude and direction.

EA or M
2. MAB is the same regardless if M E B is used.

3. The negative result for MAB means that the twisting action of F is directed from B to A.

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Statics 1e 313

Problem 4.33

The moment of force FE about line AB can be computed using MAB;1 or MAB;2
where
rEAB rEAB
MAB;1 D .ErAC  FE /
; MAB;2 D .ErBC  FE /
;
jErAB j jErAB j

where C is a point on the line of action of FE . Noting that rEAC D rEAB C rEBC ,
show that MAB;1 D MAB;2 .

Solution
We summarize the information provided in the problem statement by writing the following expressions
  rE
AB
MAB;1 D rEAC  FE
; (1)
rAB
  rE
AB
MAB;2 D rEBC  FE
; (2)
rAB
rEAC D rEAB C rEBC : (3)

Substituting Eq. (3) into Eq. (1) provides

rEAB
MAB;1 D rEAB C rEBC  FE



(4)
rAB
  rE
AB
D rEAB  FE C rEBC  FE
(5)
rAB
  rE   rE
AB AB
D rEAB  FE
C rEBC  FE
: (6)
rAB rAB
   
In Eq. (6), the result of rEAB  FE is a vector that is orthogonal to rEAB , therefore, rEAB  FE
rEAB D 0.
Thus, Eq. (6) reduces to
EAB;1 D 0 C rEBC  FE
rEAB :
 
M (7)
rAB
Equation (7) is identical to Eq. (2), thus

EAB;1 D M
M EAB;2 : (8)

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314 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.34

An automobile windshield wiper is actuated by a force FE D .120 {O 50 |O/ N.

Determine the moment of this force about shaft OB.

Solution
We use Eq. (4.2) on page 183 to determine the moment of force FE about point O as

kO

{O |O
E O D rEOA  FE D 0

M 60 80 N
mm (1)
120 50 0
h i
O
D {O.4000/ |O. 9600/ C k.7200/ N
mm: (2)

E O about line OB is
The component of M

EO
rEOB .4000/.20/ C .9600/.90/ C .7200/.60/

MOB D M D N
mm (3)
rOB 110
D 12;500 N
mm D 12:5 N
m: (4)

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Statics 1e 315

Problem 4.35

In the windshield wiper of Prob. 4.34, if FE has 130 N magnitude, determine the
direction in which it should be applied so that its moment about shaft OB is as
large as possible, and determine the value of this moment.

Solution
To maximize the moment of F about line OB, FE should be perpendicular to the plane containing lines OA
and OB. Thus, we determine a vector nE , and unit vector n,
O that are perpendicular to this plane as

kO

{O |O h i
nE D rEOB  rEOA D 20 90 60 mm2 D {O.10800/ |O.1600/ C k. O 1200/ mm2 ;

(1)
0 60 80
nE O
nO D D 0:983 {O 0:146 |O 0:109 k: (2)
n

O we construct FE as
Using n,
   
FE D 130 N nO D 130 N 0:983 {O 0:146 |O 0:109 kO D 128 {O 19:0 |O 14:2 kO N: (3)

We then use the scalar approach to determine the moment of this force about line OB as

q
MOB D F d D F rOA D .130 N/ . 60 mm/2 C .80 mm/2 D 13;000 N
mm D 13 N
m: (4)

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316 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.36

Wrench AB is used to twist a nut on a threaded shaft. Point A is located

120 mm from point O, and line a has x, y, and direction angles of 36 , 60 ,
and 72 , respectively. Point B is located at .0; 300; 100/ mm, and the force is
FE D . 80 |O C 20 k/O N.

(a) Determine the moment of FE about point A, M

EA , and then find the compo-
nent of this moment about line a, Ma .

(b) Determine the moment of FE about point O, M

E O , and then find the compo-
nent of this moment about line a, Ma .

Solution
Part (a) Using the coordinates and direction angles provided, the following position vectors may be written
   
rEOA D 120 mm cos 36 {O C cos 60 |O C cos 72 kO D 97:1 {O C 60 |O C 37:1 kO mm; (1)
h i  
rEOB D {O.0 0/ C |O.300 0/ C k.100 O 0/ mm D 300 |O C 100 kO mm: (2)

It then follows that

rEAB D rEAO C rEOB D rEOA C rEOB (3)

 
D 97:1 {O C 240 |O C 62:9 kO mm: (4)

We use Eq. (4.2) on page 183 to determine the moment of force FE about point A as

kO

{O|O
EA D rEAB E

M  F D 240 62:9 N
mm
97:1 (5)
0 80 20
h i  
D {O.9830/ O
|O. 1940/ C k.7770/ N
mm D 9830 {O C 1940 |O C 7770 kO N
mm: (6)

EA about line a is given by

The component of M

EA
rOOA D .9830/.cos 36 / C .1940/.cos 60 / C .7770/.cos 72 / N
mm

 
Ma D M (7)
D 11;300 N
mm D 11:3 N
m: (8)

Part (b) We use Eq. (4.2) to determine the moment of force FE about point O as

kO

{O |O
E O D rEOB E

M  F D 0 300 100 N
mm (9)
0 80 20
h i
D {O.14000/ O
|O.0/ C k.0/ N
mm D 14000 {O N
mm: (10)

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Statics 1e 317

E O about line a is given by

The component of M

E O
rOOA D .14000/.cos 36 / C .0/.cos 60 / C .0/.cos 72 / N
mm

 
Ma D M (11)
D 11;300 N
mm D 11:3 N
m: (12)

EA and M
Observe that M E O are different, yet Ma is the same.

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318 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.37

A trailer has a rectangular door DEGH hinged about edge GH . If FE D

O lb, determine the moment of F about edge GH .
. 2 {O C 5 |O C 14 k/

Solution
With the coordinates provided in the problem statement, the following position vector may be written
 
rEHD D 16 |O 32 kO in. (1)

We then use Eq. (4.2) on page 183 to determine the moment of force FE about point H as

kO

{O |O
E H D rEHD  FE D 0 16

M 32 in.
lb; (2)
2 5 14
h i
D 384 {O . 64/ |O C 32 kO in.
lb: (3)

The component of M E H in the direction of line GH is simply the negative of the x component of M
E H (or,
E
evaluate the dot product MGH D MH
. {O/ to obtain the following result)

MGH D 384 in.
lb: (4)

The negative sign for MGH means that the twisting action of the force is in the direction from H to G,
according to the right-hand rule.

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Statics 1e 319

Problem 4.38

In the trailer of Prob. 4.37, if F D 15 lb, determine the direction in which it

should be applied so that its moment about edge GH of the rectangular door is
as large as possible, and determine the value of this moment.

Solution
To maximize the moment of FE about line GH , FE should be applied perpendicular (normal) to the door. From
the information provided in the problem statement, the following position vectors may be written

rOHG D {O; (1)

h i  
rEHD D {O. 40 C 40/ C |O.24 O
8/ C k.20 52/ in. D 16 |O 32 kO in. (2)

We then determine a unit vector normal to these two vectors as

kO

{O |O h i
O

nE D rOHG  rEHD D 1 0 0 in. D |O. 32/ C k.16/ in. (3)
0 16 32
 
32 O
| C 16 O in.
k
nE O
nO D D p D 0:894 |O C 0:447 k: (4)
n .32 in:/2 C .16 in:/2

We then construct FE in this direction as

   
FE D 15 lb nO D 15 lb 0:894 |O C 0:447 kO D 13:4 |O C 6:71 kO lb: (5)

Using the scalar approach, the moment of FE about line GH is

q
MGH D F rHD D .15 lb/ .16 in:/2 C . 32 in:/2 D 537 in.
lb: (6)

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320 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.39

E D . {O C 4 |O C
A trailer has a triangular door ABC hinged about edge BC . If Q
O
8 k/ lb, determine the moment of Q about edge BC .

Solution
With the coordinates provided in the problem statement, the following position vectors may be written
h i
rEBA D {O.0 24/ C |O.28 4/ C k.12 O 12/ in. D . 24 {O C 24 |O/ in.; (1)
h i  
rEBC D {O.0 24/ C |O.4 4/ C k.60 O 12/ in. D 24 {O C 48 kO in. (2)

We then use Eq. (4.2) on page 183 to determine the moment of force QE about point B as

O

{O |O k
E B D rEBA  Q
E D 24 24 0 in.
lb;

M (3)
1 4 8
h i
D 192 {O . 192/ |O C . 120/ kO in.
lb: (4)

E B in the direction of line BC is

The component of M

2
E B
rEBC D .192/. 24/pC .192/.0/ C . 120/.48/ in.
lb
MBC D M (5)
rBC . 24 in:/2 C .48 in:/2
D 193 in.
lb: (6)

The negative sign for MBC means that the twisting action of the force is in the direction from C to B,
according to the right-hand rule.

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Statics 1e 321

Problem 4.40

In the trailer of Prob. 4.39, if Q D 9 lb, determine the direction in which it

should be applied so that its moment about edge BC of the triangular door is
as large as possible, and determine the value of this moment.

Solution
To maximize the moment of Q E about line BC , Q
E should be applied perpendicular (normal) to the door. From
the information provided in the problem statement, the following position vectors may be written

rEBA D . 24 {O C 24 |O/ in. D . {O C |O/ 24 in:; (1)

 
rEBC D . 24 {O C 48 |O/ in. D {O C 2 kO 24 in: (2)

We then determine a unit vector normal to these two vectors as

{O |O kO

h i
nE D rEBA  rEBC D 1 1 0 .24 in:/2 D {O.2/ |O. 2/ C k.1/ O .24 in:/2

(3)
1 0 2
 
.24 in:/ 2 2 {O C 2 |O C kO
nE O
nO D D p D 0:667 {O C 0:667 |O C 0:333 k: (4)
n .24 in:/2 .2/2 C .2/2 C .1/2

E in this direction as
We then construct Q
   
E D 9 lb 0:667 {O C 0:667 |O C 0:333 kO D 6 {O C 6 |O C 3 kO lb:
Q (5)

E about point B is
Using Eq. (4.2) on page 183, the moment of Q

{O |O kO

E B D rEBA  QE D 1 1 0 24 in.
lb

M (6)
6 6 3
h i  
D {O.3/ |O. 3/ C k.O 12/ 24 in.
lb D 3 {O C 3 |O 12 kO 24 in.
lb: (7)

E B about line BC is
The component of M

E B
rEBC D 1.3/ C 0.3/

MBC D M p
C 2. 12/ .24 in.
lb/.24 in:/
D 290 in.
lb: (8)
rBC . 1/2 C .2/2 .24 in:/

The negative sign for MBC means that the twisting action of the force is in the direction from C to B,
according to the right-hand rule.

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322 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.41

A poorly leveled crane rotates about line a, which lies in the xy plane and has
a y direction angle of 5 . Line AB lies in the x plane. If the crane supports a
weight W D 5000lb and D 45 , determine the moment of W about line a.

Solution
From the information provided in the problem statement, the following vector expressions may be written

WE D 5000 |O lb; (1)

 
rEAB D 40 ft cos 45 {O C sin 45 kO : (2)

Using Eq. (4.2) on page 183, the moment of WE about point A is

kO

{O |O
E E


MA D rEAB  W D cos 45 0 sin 45 .40 ft/. 5000 lb/
(3)
0 1 0
h i  
D 2105 ft
lb {O. 0:707/ |O.0/ C k. O 0:707/ D 1:41105 ft
lb {O C kO : (4)

Noting that the a direction lies in the xy plane and has a y direction angle of 5 , the unit vector uO in the a
direction is
uO D sin 5 {O C cos 5 |O: (5)
EA in the a direction is given by
The component of M

EA
uO D M
EA
sin 5 {O C cos 5 |O


Ma D M (6)
D 1:41105 ft
lb .1/. sin 5 / C .0/.cos 5 / C .1/.0/
 
(7)
D 12;300 ft
lb: (8)

The negative sign for Ma means that the twisting action of the weight is in the a direction, according to the
right-hand rule.

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Statics 1e 323

Problem 4.42

If the poorly leveled crane of Prob. 4.41 can have any position , where 0 
 135 , determine the largest moment of the weight W D 5000 lb about
line a and the position that produces this moment. Assume h D 40 ft for
any position (this requires the operator to slightly change the booms height
and/or length as the crane rotates about line a).

Solution
From the information provided in the problem statement, the following vector expressions may be written

WE D 5000 |O lb; (1)

 
rEAB D 40 ft cos {O C sin kO : (2)

Using Eq. (4.2) on page 183, the moment of WE about point A is

kO

{O |O
E E

MA D rEAB  W D cos 0 sin .40 ft/. 5000 lb/
(3)
0 1 0
h i
D 2105 ft
lb sin {O cos kO : (4)

Noting that the a direction lies in the xy plane and has a y direction angle of 5 , the unit vector uO in the a
direction is
uO D sin 5 {O C cos 5 |O: (5)
EA in the a direction is given by
The component of M

EA
uO D M
EA
sin 5 {O C cos 5 |O


Ma D M (6)
D 2105 ft
lb . sin /. sin 5 / C .0/.cos 5 / C . cos /.0/
 
(7)
D 17;400 ft
lb.sin /: (8)

From this we see that Ma is maximum when sin D 1, which occurs when D 90 . Therefore the
maximum moment about line a is

Ma D 17;400 ft
lb at D 90 : (9)

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324 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.43

Three-wheel and four-wheel all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) are shown.

For both ATVs, the combined weight of the driver and vehicle is
W D 2600 N. During a hard turn, the tendency for the ATV
to tip is modeled by the force F which acts in the negative
y direction. Determine the value of F such that the resultant moment of
F and the weight about line AB is zero. Comment on which ATV is more
prone to tip during hard turns. Note: One of these models of ATV are no longer
manufactured because of their poor safety record.

Solution
We first consider the three-wheel ATV. With point O being the origin of the coordinate system, the following
vector expressions may be written
 
rEAO D 0:9 {O C 0:8 kO m; (1)
E D FE C WE D
Q F |O O
2600 N k: (2)

Note that the lines of action of both FE and WE intersect at point O. Using Eq. (4.2) on page 183, the moment
E about point A is
of force Q

kO

{O |O h i
E E O

MA D rEAO  Q D 0:9 m 0
0:8 m D {O.0:8 mF / |O.2340 N
m/ C k.0:9 mF / : (3)
0 F 2600 N
Noting that the position vector from point A to point B is

rEAB D . 1:6 {O C 0:6 |O/ m; (4)

EA about line AB is given by
the component of M

MAB D MEA
rEAB (5)

rAB
.0:8 mF /. 1:6 m/ C . 2340 N
m/.0:6 m/ C .0:9 mF /.0 m/
D p : (6)
. 1:6 m/2 C .0:6 m/2
As instructed in the problem statement, MAB D 0, hence we set Eq. (6) equal to zero and solve for F to
obtain
1404 N
m
F D D 1096 N ) F D 1096 N: (7)
1:28 m
In Eq. (7), the negative sign for F is irrelevant and is thus ignored.
For the four-wheel ATV, we use the scalar approach (Eq. (4.1) on page 182) to determine the moment of
the forces about line AB as
MAB D F .0:8 m/ 2600 N.0:6 m/: (8)
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Statics 1e 325

As instructed in the problem statement, MAB D 0, hence we set Eq. (8) equal to zero and solve for F to
obtain
F D 1950 N: (9)
Comparing Eqs. (7) and (9), we see that the force required to tip the four-wheel ATV is 78% larger than that
for the three-wheel ATV. Note that three-wheel ATVs are no longer manufactured because of their poor safety
record.

Photo credit: Richard Hamilton Smith/CORBIS.

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326 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.44

An open-end wrench applies the forces F to the head of a bolt to produce

the moment M , where each force F is normal to the surface on which it acts.
Determine M if F D 400 lb.

Solution

Using the sketch shown at the right, we determine the dimension d to be

5
d cos 30 D in. ) d D 0:361 in: (1)
16
Using Eq. (4.12) on page 209, we determine the moment of the couple to be

M D F d D 400 lb.0:361 in:/ D 144 in.
lb: (2)

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Statics 1e 327

Problem 4.45

A box-end wrench applies the forces F to the head of a bolt to produce the
moment M , where each force F is normal to the surface on which it acts.
Determine F if M D 20 ft
lb.

Solution

Using the sketch shown at the right, we determine the dimension d to be

5
d cos 30 D in. ) d D 0:361 in: (1)
16
Using Eq. (4.12) on page 209, we determine the moment of the three couples to
be
!
12 in:
M D 3F d D 20 ft
lb D 3F .0:361 in:/ ) F D 222 lb:
1 ft

(2)

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328 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.46

The top view of a workpiece that fits loosely in a fixture for drilling is shown.
The drill bit has two edges that apply in-plane cutting forces F to the workpiece.

(a) If F D 600 N, determine the forces Q between the workpiece and fixture
so that the resultant couple moment is zero when D 30 .

(b) Does your answer for Q from Part (a) change if has different value? If
yes, then repeat Part (a) with D 60 .

Solution
Part (a) The workpiece is subjected to two couples. Equation (4.12) on page 209 is used, with positive
moment being counterclockwise, to determine the resultant moment of the two couples as

M D Q.150 mm/ F .30 mm/: (1)

As instructed in the problem statement, M D 0. Thus, we set Eq. (1) equal to zero, and using F D 600 N,
we solve for Q to obtain
Q D 120 N: (2)

Part (b)
The answer obtained in Part (a) is valid for any value of .

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Statics 1e 329

Problem 4.47

Three tugboats are used to turn a barge in a narrow channel. To avoid producing
any net translation of the barge, the forces applied should be couples. The
tugboat at point A applies a 400 lb force.

(a) Determine FB and FC so that only couples are applied.

(b) Using your answers to Part (a), determine the resultant couple moment that
is produced.

(c) Resolve the forces at A and B into x and y components, and identify the
pairs of forces that constitute couples.

Solution
Part (a) In order to have loading due to couple forces only, the resultant of all forces must be zero. Hence,
X
FRx D Fx D 0 W .400 lb/ sin 30 FB sin 45 D 0; (1)
X
FRy D Fy D 0 W .400 lb/ cos 30 FB cos 45 FC D 0: (2)
Solving these equations provides
FB D 282:8 lb; (3)
FC D 146:4 lb: (4)

Part (b) With the values given in Eqs. (3) and (4), the system of forces are couples, and the moment
produced by these, taking positive moment to be counterclockwise, is
X
MR D MB D .400 lb/ cos 30 .50 ft/ .400 lb/ sin 30 .44 ft/ FC .40 ft/; (5)
which provides
MR D 31;980 ft
lb: (6)
Note that the same value of MR would be obtained regardless of the summation point used in Eq. (5), because
the forces are couples.

Part (c) This sketch below illustrates two force systems that are equivalent. The original force system is
shown on the left, with forces resolved into x and y directions. The force system on the right shows more
explicitly the three couples that are applied to the barge.

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330 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.48

A bracket with pulleys for positioning magnetic tape in an electronic data

storage device is shown. The pulleys are frictionless, the tape supports a force
T D 2 N, and the thickness of the tape can be neglected.

(a) Use the two tape forces in Fig. p4.48(a) to compute the resultant couple
moment.

(b) Replace the forces on the two pulleys with point forces on the pinions
as shown in Fig. p4.48(b), and compute the resultant couple moment (re-
placement of pulley forces by bearing forces is discussed in Chapter 3 in
connection with Fig. 3.9).

Solution

Part (a) Using the geometry shown in the figure to the right, we determine the
moment arm d for the couple to be
q
d D 10 mm C .20 mm/2 C .20 mm/2 C 10 mm D 48:3 mm: (1)

We then use Eq. (4.12) on page 209, taking positive moment to be counterclock-
wise, to determine the moment of the couple as

M D T d D .2 N/.48:3 mm/ D 96:6 N
mm: (2)

Part (b) Using Fig. (b) in the problem statement, the loading from the tape consists of two couples. Using
Eq. (4.12), taking positive moment to be counterclockwise, the moment of the couples is

q
M DT .20 mm/2 C .20 mm/2 C T .20 mm/ D 96:6 N
mm: (3)

As expected, the results of Parts (a) and (b) agree.

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Statics 1e 331

Problem 4.49

Consider an object with forces FEA and FEB applied. The first column of the
following table lists resultant moments at various points due to both of these forces.
For each statement select True or False.

If FEA and FEB If FEA and FEB

are not a couple are a couple
E C D rECA  FEA C rECB  FEB
M T or F? T or F?
ME C D rEAB  FEB T or F? T or F?
M E C D rEBA  FEA T or F? T or F?
M EA D rEAB  FEB T or F? T or F?
E D D rECA  FEA C rECB  FEB
M T or F? T or F?

Solution

If FA and FB If FA and FB
are not a couple are a couple
E C D rECA  FEA C rECB  FEB
M T T
ME C D rEAB  FEB F T
M E C D rEBA  FEA F T
M EA D rEAB  FEB T T
E D D rECA  FEA C rECB  FEB
M F T

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332 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.50

A structure built in at point O supports 300 and 400 N couples. Determine the
resultant couple moment vector, using both scalar and vector approaches.

Solution
For the scalar approach, we take positive moments to be in the positive coordinate directions, according to
the right-hand rule. Using Eq. (4.12) on page 209, the moment of the 300 N couple is

M1 D 300 N.2 m 4 m/ D 600 N
m; (1)

E 1 D 600 kO N
m:
M (2)

Using Eq. (4.12) again, the moment of the 400 N couple is

M2 D 400 N.2 m 1:5 m/ D 200 N
m; (3)

E 2 D 200 {O N
m:
M (4)

The resultant couple moment is the sum of Eqs. (2) and (4), which provides
 
E DM
M E1 C M
E 2 D 200 {O 600 kO N
m: (5)

For the vector approach, we use Eq. (4.11) on page 209, to determine the resultant couple moment is

|O kO {O kO

{O |O
E E E

M D rEBC  FC C rEAB  FB D 0
2 m 0 C 0 0:5 m
0
(6)
300 N 0 0 0 0 400 N
 
M O 600 N
m/ C {O.200 N
m/ D 200 {O 600 kO N
m:
E D k. (7)

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Statics 1e 333

Problem 4.51

A structure built in at point O supports 70 and 85 N couples and a tip mo-

ment. Determine the resultant couple moment, using both scalar and vector
approaches.

Solution
From the geometry provided in the problem statement, we write vector expressions for the forces applied at
points B and D as
1 O
FEB D .70 N/ . 6 {O C 3 |O 2 k/; (1)
7
1 O
FED D .85 N/ . 8 {O 12 |O C 9 k/: (2)
17
For the scalar approach, we evaluate the moments of each of the x, y, and components of the 70 N and
85 N forces, taking positive moments to be in the positive coordinate directions according to the right-hand
rule. Thus, using Eq. (4.12) on page 209, we obtain
! !
3 6
ME D 70 N 2 m {O C 70 N 2 m |O C 0 kO
7 7
! !
9 8
C 85 N 2 m {O C 0 |O C 85 N 2 m kO 200 {O N
m; (3)
17 17

which provides
 
E D
M 50 {O C 120 |O C 80 kO N
m: (4)

For the vector approach, the following position vectors are needed

rEAB D 2 kO m; rECD D 2 |O m: (5)

We use Eq. (4.11) on page 209 to write

E D rEAB  FEB C rECD  FED C M

M EE (6)
O kO

70 N
m {O |O k 85 N
m {O |O


D 0 0 2 C 0 2 0 200 {O N
m (7)
7 6 3 17
2 8 12 9
70 N
m h O
i 85 N
m h
O
i
D {O.6/ |O. 12/ C k.0/ C {O.18/ |O.0/ C k.16/ 200 {O N
m; (8)
7 17
which provides
 
E D
M 50 {O C 120 |O C 80 kO N
m: (9)

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334 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.52

Determine the distance between the lines of action of the 70 N forces. Hint:
Use the vector approach to determine the moment of this couple. Then note
that the magnitude of this result is equal to .70 N/d; where d is the distance
between the lines of action for the two forces.

Solution
From the geometry provided in the problem statement, we write the following expressions
1
rEAB D 2 kO m; FEB D .70 N/ . 6 {O C 3 |O O
2 k/; (1)
7

where FEB is the force applied at point B. The moment due to the 70 N couple is obtained using Eq. (4.11) on
page 209 as

{O |O kO

E D rEAB  FEB D 70 N
m 0 0

M 2 (2)
7
6 3 2
70 N
m h O
i
D {O.6/ |O. 12/ C k.0/ ; (3)
7
E is
and the magnitude of M
M D 134 N
m: (4)
We then use the scalar approach given by Eq. (4.12) on page 209 to solve for d as follows

M D Fd (5)
134 N
m D .70 N/d; (6)

which is solved to obtain

134 N
m
dD D 1:92 m: (7)
70 N

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Statics 1e 335

Problem 4.53

Determine the distance between the lines of action of the 85 N forces. See the
hint in Prob. 4.52.

Solution
From the geometry provided in the problem statement, we write the following expressions
1 O
rECD D 2 |O m; FED D .85 N/ . 8 {O 12 |O C 9 k/; (1)
17

where FED is the force applied at point D. The moment due to the 85 N couple is obtained using Eq. (4.11) on
page 209 as

O

{O |O k
E D rECD  FED D 85 N
m 0

M 2 0 (2)
17
8 12 9
85 N
m h O
i
D {O.18/ |O.0/ C k.16/ ; (3)
17
E is
and the magnitude of M
M D 120 N
m: (4)
We then use the scalar approach given by Eq. (4.12) on page 209 to solve for d as follows

M D Fd (5)
120 N
m D .85 N/d; (6)

which is solved to obtain

120 N
m
dD D 1:42 m: (7)
85 N

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336 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.54

The input shaft of a speed reducer supports a 200 N
m moment, and the output
shafts support 300 and 500 N
m moments.

(a) Determine the resultant moment applied by the shafts to the speed reducer.

(b) If the speed reducer is bolted to a surface that lies in the xy plane, speculate
on the characteristics of the forces these bolts apply to the speed reducer.
In other words, do you expect these forces to constitute couples only, or
may they be more general? Remark: Problems such as this are discussed in
detail in Chapter 5.

Solution
Part (a) The resultant moment applied to the speed reducer by the three shafts is simply the sum of the
three moment vectors that are applied

E D . 300 {O
M 500 {O 200 |O/ N
m D . 800 {O 200 |O/ N
m: (1)

Part (b) Since the input and output shafts apply moments only, there is no net force applied by the shafts
to the speed reducer and hence we would expect the base to also apply no net force. The speed reducer is
subjected to a resultant moment by the shafts, so we would expect the forces on the base, whatever they are,
to be a system of couples with a resultant of .800 {O C 200 |O/ N
m so that the total moment applied to the
speed reducer is zero.

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Statics 1e 337

Problem 4.55

Satellites and other spacecraft perform attitude positioning using thrusters that
are fired in pairs so as to produce couples. If thrusters at points A, B, C , and D
each produce 3 N forces, determine the resultant moment and hence the axis
through the center of mass about which an initially nonrotating satellite will
begin to rotate.

Solution
From the information provided in the problem statement, the following vector expressions may be written

rEAC D .1:2 |O O
1:6 k/m; FEC D 3 kO N; (1)
rEBD O
D . 1:2 |O 1:6 k/m; FED D 3 {O N: (2)

Using Eq. (4.11) on page 209, the resultant moment of the couples is given by

E D rEAC  FEC C rEBD  FED

M (3)
kO kO

{O |O {O |O

D 0 1:2 m 1:6 m C 0 1:2 m 1:6 m
(4)
0 0 3N 3N 0 0
h i
O 3:6/ N
m;
D 3:6 N
m {O C {O.0/ |O. 4:8/ C k. (5)

which provides
 
E D 3:6 {O C 4:8 |O
M 3:6 kO N
m: (6)

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338 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.56

Forces F and T exerted by air on a rotating airplane propeller are shown. Forces
F lie in the xy plane and are normal to the axis of each propeller blade, and
thrust forces T act in the direction. Show that the forces F can be represented
as a couple or system of couples.

Solution
The figures shown at the right are views
looking down the axis toward the pro-
peller; forces T are not shown and these
are irrelevant to the question being asked.
We resolve the forces F into horizontal
and vertical components, as shown in the
second figure at the right. We then ob-
serve that the vertical force F cos 30 in
the positive y direction and the vertical
force F cos 30 in the negative y direction
constitute a couple. The sum of the two
horizontal forces F sin 30 in the negative
x direction and the force F in the positive
x direction constitute another couple.

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Statics 1e 339

Problem 4.57

If the structure is subjected to couple forces applied at points A and B and the
force applied at A is FE D .8 {O C 10 |O 40 k/O lb, determine the moment of the
couple about line a. Line a has direction angles x D 72 , y D 36 , and
 D 60 .

Solution
Using Eq. (4.11) on page 209, the moment M E of the couple is is given by
   
ME D rEBA  FEA D 24 {O C 12 |O 8 kO in.  8 {O C 10 |O 40 kO lb (1)

kO

{O |O

D 24 12 8 in.
lb (2)
8 10 40
 
D 400 {O C 896 |O C 144 kO in.
lb: (3)

E in the direction of line a is then given by

The component of M
   
E
aO D
Ma D M 400 {O C 896 |O C 144 kO in.
lb
cos 72 {O C cos 36 |O C cos 60 kO (4)
D 673 in.
lb: (5)

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340 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.58

The structure shown has two forces of magnitude F applied. If F D 42 lb and

the forces are to be a couple, determine the orientation they should have so
that the moment of the couple about line a is as large as possible. Line a has
direction angles x D 72 , y D 36 , and  D 60 .

Solution
Two solutions will be provided. Solution 1 does not require careful visualization, is straightforward in
concept, but will require the use of a computer mathematics program to solve a system of nonlinear equations.
Solution 2 is straightforward in terms of the mathematics involved, but the optimal direction for the forces
must be identified by inspection.

Solution 1 From the information given in the problem statement, the position vector from point B to point
A, and a unit vector in the a direction, may be written as

rEBA D .24 {O C 12 |O O in.;

8 k/ O
uO a D cos 72 {O C cos 36 |O C cos 60 k: (1)

Let the force applied at point A be expressed as

 
FEA D 42 lb c1 {O C c2 |O C c3 kO where c12 C c22 C c32 D 1: (2)

In the above expression, c1 , c2 , and c3 are the direction cosines for FE . The moment of the couple about line
a can be determined using the scalar triple product as
cos 72 cos 36 cos 60

Ma D rEBA  FEA
uO a D 24

12 8 42 in.
lb (3)
c1 c2 c3
D cos 72 .12c3 C 8c2 / cos 36 .24c3 C 8c1 / C cos 60 .24c2 12c1 / 42 in.
lb:
 
(4)

Now determine c1 , c2 , and c3 so that Ma is maximized subject to the constraint that c12 C c22 C c32 D 1. We
will use Mathematica to follow through on this strategy:
eq1 = c12 + c22 + c32 <= 1;
eq2 = 42 HCos@72 D H12 c3 + 8 c2L - Cos@36 D H24 c3 + 8 c1L + Cos@60 D H24 c2 - 12 c1LL;
Maximize@8eq2, eq1<, 8c1, c2, c3<D N

which provides the following solutions

M D 1040 in.
lb; c1 D 0:5043; c2 D 0:5851; and c3 D 0:6351: (5)

Hence,
 
FEA D 42 lb 0:504 {O C 0:585 |O O
0:635 k : (6)

Since the forces are a couple, FEB D FEA D 42 lb .0:504 {O O

0:585 |O C 0:635 k/.

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Statics 1e 341

Solution 2 The argument that leads to the optimal direction for FEA and FEB consists of two parts. First,
FEA and FEB should be orthogonal to line AB; this will lead to the moment of the couple having the largest
possible magnitude. If FEA and FEB are also orthogonal to direction a, then the moment arms for these to the a
direction will be maximized. Hence, the optimal direction for FEA (and FEB ) is the direction that is mutually
orthogonal to direction a and line AB. This direction is given by

nE D uO a  rEBA (7)
kO


{O |O

D cos 72 cos 36 cos 60 in. (8)
24 12 8
 
D 12:47 {O C 14:47 |O 15:71 kO in. (9)

The unit normal vector in this direction is

nE
nO D D 0:5043 {O C 0:5851 |O 0:6351 kO (10)
n

Therefore the optimal direction of FEA is

 
FEA D 42 lb nO D 42 lb 0:504 {O C 0:585 |O 0:635 kO : (11)

Since the forces are a couple, FEB D FEA D 42 lb .0:504 {O O

0:585 |O C 0:635 k/.

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342 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.59

Determine which of the force systems shown, if any, are equivalent.

Solution
To determine which of the force systems are equivalent, we will use Eq. (4.15) on page 223 to determine the
resultant force and the resultant moment for each system, and then we will compare these to see for which
force systems both of these are in agreement (i.e., we will apply Eq. (4.16) on page 223).
For determining the resultant force, we will use an xy coordinate system where x is horizontal with
positive being to the right, and y is vertical with positive being upward. In the following expressions, the
resultant moment is evaluated about the right-hand end of the structure, with positive being counterclockwise.

For system (a):

FRx D 0 (1)
FRy D 200 N (2)
MR D 300 N
m: (3)

For system (b):

FRx D 0 (4)
FRy D 200 N (5)
MR D 200 N
m C 100 N.3 m/ D 100 N
m: (6)

For system (c):

FRx D 0 (7)
FRy D 200 N (8)
MR D 200 N.4 m/ 500 N
m D 300 N
m: (9)

For system (d):

FRx D 0 (10)
FRy D 200 N (11)
MR D 500 N
m C 100 N.4 m/ C 100 N.2 m/ D 100 N
m: (12)

Therefore, using Eq. (4.16) on page 223,

systems (a) and (c) are equivalent, and systems (b) and (d) are
equivalent.

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Statics 1e 343

Problem 4.60

Determine which of the force systems shown, if any, are equivalent.

Solution
To determine which of the force systems are equivalent, we will use Eq. (4.15) on page 223 to determine the
resultant force and the resultant moment for each system, and then we will compare these to see for which
force systems both of these are in agreement (i.e., we will apply Eq. (4.16) on page 223).
For determining the resultant force, we will use an xy coordinate system where x is horizontal with
positive being to the right, and y is vertical with positive being upward. In the following expressions, the
resultant moment is evaluated about the left-hand end of the structure, with positive being counterclockwise.

For system (a):

FRx D 200 lb (1)

FRy D 0 (2)
MR D 100 lb.4 ft/ C 100 lb.2 ft/ D 200 ft
lb: (3)

For system (b):

FRx D 100 lb (4)

FRy D 0 (5)
MR D 100 lb.2 ft/ 100 lb.2 ft/ D 400 ft
lb: (6)

For system (c):

FRx D 100 lb (7)

FRy D 0 (8)
MR D 100 lb.2 ft/ 200 ft
lb D 400 ft
lb: (9)

For system (d):

FRx D 200 lb (10)

FRy D 0 (11)
MR D 100 lb.2 ft/ D 200 ft
lb: (12)

Therefore, using Eq. (4.16) on page 223,

systems (a) and (d) are equivalent, and systems (b) and (c) are
equivalent.

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344 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.61

Determine values for forces F and P and moment

M , if possible, so that the force systems shown
in Fig. P4.61(b)(d) are equivalent to the force
system shown in Fig. P4.61(a).

Solution
To determine which of the force systems are equivalent, we will use Eq. (4.15) on page 223 to determine the
resultant force and the resultant moment for each system, and then we will compare these to see for which
force systems both of these are in agreement (i.e., we will apply Eq. (4.16) on page 223).
For determining the resultant force, we will use an xy coordinate system where x is horizontal with
positive being to the right, and y is vertical with positive being upward. In the following expressions, the
resultant moment is evaluated about the built-in end of the structure, with positive being counterclockwise.

Force system (a):

FRx D 200 N (1)

FRy D 0 (2)
MR D 100 N.4 m/ 100 N.2 m/ D 600 N
m: (3)

Force system (b):

FRx D F (4)
FRy D 0 (5)
MR D F .2 m/ M: (6)

Comparing Eqs. (4)(6) with Eqs. (1)(3), we must have

F D 200 N and M D 200 N
m for force systems (a) and (b) to be equivalent.

Force system (c):

FRx D P F (7)
FRy D 0 (8)
MR D F .2 m/ P .4 m/: (9)

Comparing Eqs. (7)(9) with Eqs. (1)(3), we must have

F D 100 N and P D 100 N for force systems (a) and (c) to be equivalent.

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Statics 1e 345

Force system (d):

FRx D F (10)
FRy D 0 (11)
MR D F .4 m/: (12)

For Eqs. (1) and (10) to agree requires F D 200 N, and for Eqs. (3) and (12) to agree requires F D 150 N.
Hence,

there is no value of F that will allow force systems (a) and (d) to be equivalent.

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346 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.62

Determine values for forces F and P , if possible, so that the

force systems shown in Fig. P4.62(b)(d) are equivalent to the
force system shown in Fig. P4.62(a).

Solution
To determine which of the force systems are equivalent, we will use Eq. (4.15) on page 223 to determine the
resultant force and the resultant moment for each system, and then we will compare these to see for which
force systems both of these are in agreement (i.e., we will apply Eq. (4.16) on page 223).
For determining the resultant force, we will use an xy coordinate system where x is horizontal with
positive being to the right, and y is vertical with positive being upward. In the following expressions, the
resultant moment is evaluated about the right-hand end of the structure, with positive being counterclockwise.

Force system (a):

FRx D 0 (1)
FRy D 6 kip (2)
MR D 4 kip.8 ft/ 2 kip.20 ft/ D 72 kip
ft: (3)

Force system (b):

FRx D 0 (4)
FRy D F P (5)
MR D F .4 ft/ P .16 ft/: (6)

Equations (1) and (4) agree. Equating Eqs. (2) and (5), and Eqs. (3) and (6), provides

6 kip D F P (7)
72 kip
ft D F .4 ft/ P .16 ft/: (8)

Solving the above equations, we must have

F D 2 kip and P D 4 kip for force systems (a) and (b) to be equivalent.

Force system (c):

FRx D 2 kip P (9)

FRy D F (10)
MR D F .12 ft/ C P .8 ft/: (11)

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Statics 1e 347

Equating Eqs. (1) and (11), and Eqs. (2) and (15), and Eqs. (3) and (16), provides

0 D 2 kip P (12)
6 kip D F (13)
72 kip
ft D F .12 ft/ C P .8 ft/: (14)

Solving the first two of above equations provides F D 6 kip and P D 2 kip, and with these values we observe
that the last of the above equations is not satisfied. Hence,

there are no values of F and P that will allow force systems (a) and (c) to be equivalent.

Force system (d):

FRx D 2 kip 2 kip D 0 (15)

FRy D F CP (16)
MR D .2 kip/.8 ft/ F .8 ft/ C P .16 ft/: (17)

Equations (1) and (15) agree. Equating Eqs. (2) and (16), and Eqs. (3) and (17), provides

6 kip D F CP (18)
72 kip
ft D .2 kip/.8 ft/ F .8 ft/ C P .16 ft/: (19)

Solving the above equations, we must have

F D 5 kip and P D 1 kip for force systems (a) and (d) to be equivalent.

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348 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.63

The floor of an airplane cargo bay is shown in a horizontal position.

(a) Determine an equivalent force system at point O.

(b) Determine an equivalent force system consisting of a single force, and

specify the x and coordinates of the point where the forces line of action
intersects the floor.

(c) Keeping points AD at the locations shown, suggest a repositioning of the

forces so that the location of the force system described in Part (b) is closer
to point O.

Solution
Part (a) Using Eq. (4.15) on page 223, we construct an equivalent force system at point O as follows

.FR /x D 0 ; .FR / D 0 ; (1)

.FR /y D 300 N 800 N 600 N 1200 N D 2900 N; (2)
.MR /x D 300 N.3 m/ C 800 N.1 m/ 600 N.1 m/ 1200 N.3 m/ D 2500 N
m; (3)
.MR /y D 0; .MR / D 0: (4)

Part (b) The resultant force for this system is the same as Eqs. (1) and (2),
hence
.FR /x D 0 ; .FR /y D 2900 N; .FR / D 0 : (5)

We use Eq. (4.16) on page 223 and the figure to the right to determine that
.MR /x;Part a D .MR /x;Part b (6)
2500 N
m D .2900 N/ d ) d D 0:862 m (7)
In Eq. (6), we are equating the resultant moment about the x axis for the force system obtained in Part (a)
with that for Part (b). With the value of d found in Eq. (7), the x and coordinates of the point where the
forces line of action intersects the floor are

xD0 and D 0:862 m: (8)

Part (c) Our objective is to reposition the forces so that the resultant moment about the x axis is reduced.
As a first try we use the repositioning shown to the left below to obtain
.FR /y D 2900 N (9)
.MR /x D 600 N.3 m/ C 800 N.1 m/ 1200 N.1 m/ 300 N.3 m/ D 500 N
m: (10)
If this force system is replaced by an equivalent force system consisting of a single force and no moment, as
was done in Part (b), then the value of d obtained is
500 N
m
dD D 0:172 m: (11)
2900 N
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Statics 1e 349

Since this value of d is smaller than that for the original force system (Eq. (7)), this positioning of loads is
better.

As a second try, we use the repositioning shown above to the right to obtain

.FR /y D 2900 N (12)

.MR /x D 800 N.3 m/ C 300 N.1 m/ 1200 N.1 m/ 600 N.3 m/ D 300 N
m: (13)

If this force system is replaced by an equivalent force system consisting of a single force and no moment, as
was done in Part (b), then the value of d obtained is
300 N
m
dD D 0:103 m (14)
2900 N
Since this value of d is smaller than Eqs. (7) and (11), this repositioning of forces is better. Other answers are
possible, and some of these may yield even smaller values of d than those above.

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350 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.64

In a vehicle collision reconstruction analysis, an engineer estimates the tire

forces shown. Determine an equivalent force system at point O.

Solution
It will be convenient to resolve the forces given in the problem statement into x and y components as shown
below.

Using Eq. (4.15) on page 223, where we sum moments about point O, taking positive moment to be
counterclockwise, we find that

.FR /x D 300 lb 300 lb 2200 lb sin 20 2400 lb cos 20

D 1490 lb (1)

.FR /y D 2200 lb cos 20 C 2400 lb sin 20
D 102 lb (2)

MR D 300 lb.34 in:/ 300 lb.34 in:/ C 200 lb sin 20 .34 in:/ 200 lb sin 20 .34 in:/

C 400 lb cos 20 .34 in:/ 400 lb cos 20 .34 in:/
2200 lb cos 20 .50 in:/ C 2400 lb sin 20 .50 in:/

D 5110 in.
lb: (3)

This equivalent force system has the following graphical representation.

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Statics 1e 351

Problem 4.65

For Prob. 4.64, determine an equivalent force system consisting of a single

force, specifying the x coordinate of where the forces line of action intersects
the x axis.

Solution
It will be convenient to resolve the forces given in the problem statement (force system 1) into x and y
components as shown at the left below

A new force system (force system 2) consisting of a single force FER D .FR /x {O C .FR /y |O, with no moment,
is desired and is shown at the right above. To determine the force in system 2, we use Eq. (4.16) on page 223,
where moments are summed about point O. In writing the following equations, force systems 1 and 2 are
represented using subscripts 1 and 2, respectively. Thus,
.FR /x;2 D .FR /x;1
D 300 lb 300 lb 2200 lb sin 20 2400 lb cos 20
D 1490 lb; (1)
.FR /y;2 D .FR /y;1
D 2200 lb cos 20 C 2400 lb sin 20
D 102 lb; (2)
.MR /2 D .MR /1 : (3)
To evaluate Eq. (3), we use the figure shown above at the right for force system 2 to determine that the
moment about point O, with positive moment being counterclockwise, is .MR /2 D .FR /y;2 d , where
.FR /y;2 is given by Eq. (2). Thus, Eq. (3) becomes
.FR /y;2 d D 300 lb.34 in:/ 300 lb.34 in:/ C 200 lb sin 20 .34 in:/ 200 lb sin 20 .34 in:/
 

C 400 lb cos 20 .34 in:/ 400 lb cos 20 .34 in:/

2200 lb cos 20 .50 in:/ C 2400 lb sin 20 .50 in:/ (4)
. 102 lb/d D 5110 in.
lb; ) d D 50:1 in: (5)
To summarize, force system 2 consists of

.FR /x D 1490 lb; .FR /y D 102 lb; and x D 50:1 in: (6)

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352 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.66

If D 30 , W D 1 kN, and Q D 2 kN in Fig. P4.12 on p. 195, determine an equivalent force system

consisting of a single force and specify the distance from point C where the forces line of action intersects
member CBD.

Solution
Two force systems are shown below.

To make these force systems equivalent, we use Eq. (4.16) on page 223, where force systems 1 and 2 are
represented using subscripts 1 and 2, respectively. Summing moments about point C , with positive moment
being counterclockwise, we obtain

.FR /x;1 D .FR /x;2

1 kN sin 30 D .FR /x ) .FR /x D 0:5 kN (1)
.FR /y;1 D .FR /y;2

1 kN cos 30 1 kN 2 kN D .FR /y ) .FR /y D 3:87 kN (2)
.MR /C;1 D .MR /C;2
2 kN.5 m/ D .FR /y d ) d D 2:58 m: (3)

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Statics 1e 353

Problem 4.67

If F D 200 N and P D 300 N in Fig. P4.13 on p. 195, determine an equivalent force system consisting of
a single force and specify the x coordinate of the point where the forces line of action intersects the x axis.

Solution
Two force systems are shown below, where a horizontal view of the plate is shown (i.e., looking down the
axis).

To make these force systems equivalent, we use Eq. (4.16) on page 223, where force systems 1 and 2 are
represented using subscripts 1 and 2, respectively. Summing moments about the axis through the origin of
the coordinate system, with positive moment being in the positive direction according to the right-hand
rule, we obtain

.FR /x;1 D .FR /x;2

200 N 300 N D .FR /x ) .FR /x D 100 N (1)
.FR /y;1 D .FR /y;2
200 N 300 N D .FR /y ) .FR /y D 100 N (2)
.MR /Z;1 D .MR /Z;2
.200 N/.300 mm/ .200 N/.500 mm/
C.300 N/.200 mm/ .300 N/.600 mm/ D .FR /y d ) d D 1600 mm: (3)

In view of the result obtained for d , note that the

point of application of this force system does not lie on
the plate, as shown to the right.

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354 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.68

A thick circular plate is used in a machine called a gyratory compactor to

determine the mechanical properties of hot asphalt concrete. The plate is
instrumented with load cells at points A, B, and C where each load cell is
located at the same 80 mm radial distance from point O. If the load cells
measure forces FA D 500 N, FB D 600 N, and FC D 700 N, determine

(a) an equivalent force system at point O,

(b) an equivalent force system consisting of a single force, specifying the x

and y coordinates of the point where the forces line of action intersects
the xy plane.

Solution
Part (a) The resultant of the three forces applied to the plate is

FER D FEA C FEB C FEC D 1800 kO N: (1)

The resultant moment of the three forces about point O is

E RO D rEA  FEA C rEB  FEB C rEC  FEC ;
M (2)
where
FEA D 500 kO N rEA D 0:08 {O m; (3)
FEB D 600 kO N rEB D 0:08 m. sin 30 {O C cos 30 |O/;
(4)
FEC D 700 kO N rEC D 0:08 m. sin 30 {O
cos 30 |O/:
(5)
Evaluating Eq. eqrefsoln_problem:HW_moments_H_700_eqn2, where the result for the first cross product is
written by inspection, we obtain
E RO D 40 |O N
m
M
kO kO


{O |O
{O |O
C 0:08 m. 600 N/ sin 30 cos 30 0 C 0:08 m. 700 N/ sin 30 cos 30 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
h i h i
D 40 |O N
m 48 N
m 0:867 {O . 0:500/ |O 56 N
m 0:867 {O . 0:500/ |O : (6)

Simplifying further yields,

E RO D .6:94 {O
M 12:0 |O/ N
m (7)

The resultant moment has a magnitude of

q
MRO D .6:94/2 C . 12:0/2 N
m D 13:9 N
m: (8)

The equivalent force system at point O is shown at the right.

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Statics 1e 355

Part (b) Our objective is to determine the location of the point (called point D in the sketch below) for
force system 3 so that this force system has no moment. For force systems 2 and 3 to be equivalent, the
resultant force must be the same, hence FER is given by Eq. (1), and the resultant moment for the two force
systems must be the same, hence    
ME RO D M E RO (9)
syst 2 syst 3
 
E RO
where M is given by Eq. (7) and
syst 2
 
ME RO D rEOD  FER : (10)
syst 3

Thus, with rEOD D x {O C y |O, Eq. (9) becomes

kO

{O |O

.6:94 {O 12:0 |O/ N
m D x y 0

0 0 1800 N
D {O y. 1800 N/ |O x. 1800 N/
D y. 1800 N/ {O C x.1800 N/ |O (11)

For Eq. (11) to be satisfied requires

6:94 N
m D . 1800 N/ y; (12)

12:0 N
m D .1800 N/ x: (13)

Solving for x and y yields

yD 3:86 mm; (14)
xD 6:67 mm: (15)

 Alternatively, we could make force systems 1 and 3 equivalent, and the this would lead to the same results.

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356 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.69

A boat trailer is subjected to the forces shown where the forces at points AE
are vertical and the forces at points F and G lie in the y plane. Determine

(a) an equivalent force system at point O,

(b) an equivalent force system consisting of a single force, specifying the x

and y coordinates of the point where the forces line of action intersects
the xy plane.

Solution
Part (a) A scalar approach will be employed to determine the equivalent force system at point O. The
resultant forces in each of the coordinate directions are

.FR /x D 0; (1)

.FR /y D 500 lb sin 30 C 350 lb sin 45 D 2:5 lb  0; (2)
.FR / D 2.400 lb/ 2.300 lb/ 900 lb 500 lb cos 30 C 350 lb cos 45 D 2490 lb: (3)

The resultant moment about the x axis, with positive moment being in the positive x direction according to
the right-hand rule, is
h i
.MO /x D 2 400 lb.24 in:/ 900 lb.36 in:/ 500 lb.cos 30 /.60 in:/
C 350 lb.cos 45 /.84 in:/ C 350 lb.sin 45 /.18 in:/ D 13;940 in.
lb: (4)

Since the loading is symmetric about the y plane, the resultant moments about y and axes are therefore
zero, hence

.MO /y D 0; (5)
.MO / D 0: (6)

In summary, the equivalent force system at point O is shown in

the diagram at the right where

.FR /x D .FR /y D 0 ;
.FR / D 2490 lb;
(7)
.MO /x D 13;900 in.
lb;
.MO /y D .MO / D 0 :

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Statics 1e 357

Part (b) When repositioning the force to create an equivalent

force system with no moment, the resultant force should be moved
perpendicular to the orientation of the resultant moment. Because
the resultant moment found in Part (a) is parallel to the x-axis,
the resultant force should then be moved a distance d along the y
axis to create the equivalent force system as shown in the diagram
at the right. Thus, equating he sum of moments about the x axis
for force systems 2 and 3, we obtain

.MRx /syst 2 D .MRx /syst 3 (8)

13;940 in.
lb D . 2490 lb/d: (9)

Solving the above for d provides

d D 5:61 in: (10)
Hence, the coordinates for the location of the equivalent force system having a single force and no moment is

x D 0; (11)
y D 5:61 in: (12)

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358 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.70

The tip of an atomic force microscope (AFM) is subjected to the forces shown.
Use a vector approach to determine

(a) an equivalent force system at point B,

(b) an equivalent force system at point O.

Solution
Part (a) Vector expressions for the three forces, and the position vector from point B to point A, are

FE1 D 10 kO nN; (1)

FE2 D 50 |O nN; (2)
FE3 D 5 {O nN; (3)
h i
rEBA D 0 {O 12 |O C 0 kO m: (4)

The resultant force is the sum of the three forces acting on the AFM tip as follows
X h i
FER D FE D 5 {O C 50 |O 10 kO nN: (5)

Since all of the forces acting on the tip act at the same point, the moment produced by these forces about
point B is given by
h i
ME RB DErBA  FE1 C FE2 C FE3

kO

{O |O
O

D 0 12 m 0 D 12 m.10 nN/ {O 0 |O C 12 m. 5 nN/ k; (6)
5 nN 50 nN 10 nN
(7)

which simplifies to
h i
E RB D 120 {O
M 60 kO nN
m: (8)

Part (b) The resultant force at point O is the sum of the three forces acting on the AFM tip, and is given by
Eq. (5). The position vector from point O to point A is
h i
rEOA D 80 {O 22 |O C 0 kO m: (9)

Since all of the forces acting on the tip act at the same point, the resultant moment produced by these forces
about point O will be determined by
h i
ME RO DErOA  FE1 C FE2 C FE3
O

{O |O k

D 80 m 22 m 0 ; (10)
5 nN 50 nN 10 nN
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Statics 1e 359
 
D10 nN.22 m/ {O . 80 m/10 nN |O C 80 m.50 nN/ O
. 22 m/. 5 nN/ k: (11)

Simplifying the above expression provides

 
E RO D 220 {O C 800 |O C 3890 kO nN
m:
M (12)

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360 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.71

Repeat Prob. 4.70, using a scalar approach.

Solution
Part (a) The resultant force is the sum of the three forces applied to the tip of the AFM. Hence,

FRx D 5 nN; (1)

FRy D 50 nN; (2)
FR D 10 nN; (3)

and the magnitude of the resultant force is

q q
2 2 2
FR D FRx C FRy C FR D . 5/2 C .50/2 C . 10/2 nN D 51:2 nN: (4)

We use the scalar approach to determine the moment of the three forces about point B, taking positive
moments to act in the positive coordinate directions according to the right-hand rule. Thus,

MBx D .10 nN/.12 m/ D 120 nN
m; (5)

MBy D 0; (6)
MB D .5 nN/.12 m/ D 60 nN
m; (7)

and the magnitude of the resultant moment about point B is

q q
2 2 2
MRB D MBx C MBy C MB D .120/2 C 02 C . 60/2 nN
m D 134 nN
m: (8)

Part (b) The resultant force at point O is the sum of the three forces acting on the AFM tip, and is given by
Eqs. (1)(4). We use the scalar approach to determine the moment of the three forces about point O, taking
positive moments to act in the positive coordinate directions according to the right-hand rule. Thus,

MOx D .10 nN/.22 m/ D 220 nN
m; (9)

MOy D .10 nN/.80 m/ D 800 nN
m; (10)
MO D .50 nN/.80 m/ .5 nN/.22 m/ D 3890 nN
m; (11)

and the magnitude of the resultant moment about point O is

q q
2 2 2
MRO D MOx C MOy C MO D .220/2 C .800/2 C .3890/2 nN
m D 3980 nN
m: (12)

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Statics 1e 361

Problem 4.72

Determine an equivalent force system at point A, using

(a) a vector approach,

(b) a scalar approach.

Solution
Part (a) To determine an equivalent force system at point A using the vector approach, the following force,
position, and moment vectors are needed

FEC D 2 {O kN; rEAC D 2 |O m; (1)

 
FEE D . 2 {O C 10 |O/ kN; rEAE D 2 {O C 2 |O 2 kO m; (2)
E D D 5 {O kN
m:
M (3)

The resultant force is given by

FER D FEC C FEE (4)

D .2 {O 2 {O C 10 |O/ kN D 10 |O kN: (5)

The resultant moment about point A is given by

E RA D rEAC  FEC C rEAE  FEE C M

M ED ; (6)
{O |O kO O

{O O
| k

D 0 2 0 kN
m C 2 2 2 kN
m C 5 {O kN
m (7)
2 0 0 2 10 0
h i
D 4 kO kN
m C 20 {O . 4/ |O C .24/ kO kN
m C 5 {O kN
m; (8)

which simplifies to yield

 
E RA D 25 {O C 4 |O C 20 kO kN
m; whose magnitude is
M (9)
MRA D 32:3 kN
m: (10)

This force system is sketched in the figure at the right.

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362 Solutions Manual

Part (b) The resultant force at point A is the sum of the forces applied to the object. Thus,

FRx D 2 kN 2 kN D 0; (11)
FRy D 10 kN; (12)
FR D 0: (13)

We use the scalar approach to determine the moment of the forces about point A, taking positive moments to
act in the positive coordinate directions according to the right-hand rule. Thus,

MAx D .10 kN/.2 m/ C 5 kN
m D 25 kN
m; (14)

MAy D .2 kN/.2 m/ D 4 kN
m; (15)
MA D . 2 kN/.2 m/ C .2 kN/.2 m/
C .10 kN/.2 m/
D 20 kN
m: (16)

As expected, these results agree with those found in Part (a).

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Statics 1e 363

Problem 4.73

Repeat Prob. 4.72 to find an equivalent force system at point B.

Solution
Part (a) To determine an equivalent force system at point B using the vector approach, the following force,
position, and moment vectors are needed

FEC D 2 {O kN; rEBC D 2 kO m; (1)

FEE D . 2 {O C 10 |O/ kN; rEBE D 2 {O m; (2)
E D D 5 {O kN
m:
M (3)

The resultant force is given by

FER D FEC C FEE (4)

D .2 {O 2 {O C 10 |O/ kN D .10 |O/ kN: (5)

The resultant moment about point B is given by

E RB D rEBC  FEC C rEBE  FEE C M

M ED ; (6)
{O |O kO O

{O |O k

D 0 0 2 kN
m C 2 0 0 kN
m C 5 {O kN
m (7)
2 0 0 2 10 0

D 4 |O kN
m C 20 kO kN
m C 5 {O; kN
m (8)

which simplifies to yield

 
E RB D 5 {O C 4 |O C 20 kO kN
m; whose magnitude is,
M (9)
MRB D 21 kN
m: (10)

This force system is sketched in the figure at the right.

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364 Solutions Manual

Part (b) The resultant force at point B is the sum of the forces applied to the object. Thus,

FRx D 2 kN 2 kN D 0; (11)
FRy D 10 kN; (12)
FR D 0: (13)

We use the scalar approach to determine the moment of the forces about point B, taking positive moments to
act in the positive coordinate directions according to the right-hand rule. Thus,

MBx D 5 kN
m; (14)

MBy D .2 kN/.2 m/ D 4 kN
m; (15)
MB D .10 kN/.2 m/ D 20 kN
m: (16)

As expected, these results agree with those found in Part (a).

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Statics 1e 365

Problem 4.74

Using inspection, if possible, determine a wrench equivalent force system and

specify the x and y coordinates of the point where the wrenchs line of action
intersects the xy plane. Express your answers in terms of parameters such as
F , P , and r.

Solution

The wrench equivalent force system, with the solution shown at the right, may be
determined by inspection for this problem. To construct this force system, we first
sum the forces to determine that the resultant force is 2F , acting in the direction.
We then try to identify a point where the resultant moment of all forces is parallel
to the resultant force; such a point occurs midway between the two forces F . For
this point, the resultant moment is 3P r, acting in the direction. In summary,

FER D 2F k;O (1)

M O
E R D 3P r k; (2)
the line of action of the force system passes
through the xy plane at x D 0 and y D r.

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366 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.75

Using inspection, if possible, determine a wrench equivalent force system and

specify the x and y coordinates of the point where the wrenchs line of action
intersects the xy plane. Express your answers in terms of parameters such as
F , P , and r.

Solution

The wrench equivalent force system, with the solution shown at the right, may
be determined by inspection for this problem. To construct this force system, we
first sum the forces to determine that the resultant force is 2F , acting in the
direction. We then try to identify a point where the resultant moment of all forces
is parallel to the resultant force; such a point occurs midway between the two
forces F . For this point, the resultant moment is 2P r, acting in the direction.
In summary,

FER D 2F k;O (1)

M O
E R D 2P r k; (2)
the line of action of the force system passes
through the xy plane at x D y D 0.

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Statics 1e 367

Problem 4.76

O N and
The object shown is subjected to a wrench having FER D .2 {O C 3 |O 4 k/
E O
MR D .4 {O C 6 |O 8 k/ N
m and whose line of action intersects the xy plane at
x D 2 m and y D 1 m. Determine an equivalent force system at point A, stating
this in vector form.

Solution
The equivalent force system at point A will have the resultant force

FER D .2 {O C 3 |O O N:
4 k/ (1)

To determine the resultant moment at point A, a position vector from point A to some point (any point) on the
wrenchs line of action is needed, and using the information provided in the problem statement, the following
may be used
O m:
rE D .2 {O C |O 3 k/ (2)
Therefore, the resultant moment at point A is

E RA D rE  FER C M
M ER (3)
{O |O kO

 
3 N
m C 4 {O C 6 |O 8 kO N
m

D 2 1 (4)
2 3 4
h i  
D 5 {O . 2/ |O C 4 kO N
m C 4 {O C 6 |O 8 kO N
m: (5)

Simplifying yields
 
E RA D 9 {O C 8 |O
M 4 kO N
m: (6)

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368 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.77

Determine a wrench equivalent force system and specify the x and y coordinates
of the point where the wrenchs line of action intersects the xy plane.

Solution

To construct a wrench equivalent force system, we follow the two-step

process given in Example 4.15. In step 1, we determine an equivalent force
system at point A, where this point lies on the xy plane, as shown at the
right. In step 2, we determine the specific location of point A so that the
force system is a wrench.

Step 1 The resultant force at point A is

X
FER D FE D 10 kO N: (1)

To determine the resultant moment at point A, we use the position vector rE

from point A to a point on the line of action of the 10 N force (we will use the lower right-hand corner of the
plate, at x D 1 m, y D D 0). Thus,

rE D .1 m x/ {O y |O; (2)
where x and y are the coordinates of point A. Thus, the resultant moment about point A is
X X
ME RA D ME C rE  FE (3)
O

{O |O k
D 4 |O N
m C 6 kO N
m C 1 m x

y 0 (4)
0 0 10 N
D 4 |O N
m C 6 kO N
m .10 Ny/ {O .1 m x/.10 N/ |O (5)
h i
D . 10 Ny/ {O C 4 N
m .10 N/.1 m x/ |O C 6 kO N
m: (6)

Note that Eqs. (1) and (6) provide an equivalent force system at point A for any coordinates x and y that we
choose. However, for general values of x and y, the force system that results is not likely to be a wrench
force system.

Step 2 For Eqs. (1) and (6) to be a wrench force system, the resultant force and resultant moment must be
parallel. Hence FER =FR D M
E RA =MRA . Thus,

FER 10 kO N
D ; (7)
FR 10 N
h i
E RA
M . 10 Ny/ {O C 4 N
m 10 N.1 m x/ |O C 6 kO N
m
D : (8)
MRA MRA
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Statics 1e 369

Equating Eqs. (7) and (8), and collecting terms multiplying {O, |O, and kO provides the following equations

i components W 0D 10 Ny; (9)

4 N
m 10 N.1 m x/
j components W 0D ; (10)
MRA
6 N
m
k components W 1D : (11)
MRA
Solving Eqs. (9)(11) provides the solutions x D 0:6 m, y D 0, and the magnitude of the resultant moment is
MRA D 6 N
m. In summary, the wrench equivalent force system is given by (where we drop the subscript A)

FER D 10 kO N; (12)
ME R D 6 kO N
m; (13)
the line of action of the wrench intersects
the xy plane at x D 0:6 m; y D 0: (14)

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370 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.78

Determine a wrench equivalent force system and specify the x and y coordinates
of the point where the wrenchs line of action intersects the xy plane. Express
your answers in terms of parameters such as F , a, and b.

Solution

To construct a wrench equivalent force system, we follow the two-

step process given in Example 4.15. In step 1, we determine an equiv-
alent force system at point P , where this point lies on the xy plane, as
shown at the right. In step 2, we determine the specific location of point
P so that the force system is a wrench.

Step 1 The resultant force at point P is

X
FER D FE D O
F |O C F k: (1)

To determine the resultant moment at point P , we use the following force and position vectors
O
FE1 D F k; rE1 D .a x/ {O C .b y/ |O; (2)
FE2 D F |O; rE2 D x {O C .b y/ |O: (3)

In the above expressions, x and y are the coordinates of point P , rE1 is a position vector from point P to a
point on the line of action of FE1 , and rE2 is a position vector from point P to a point on the line of action of
FE2 . Thus, the resultant moment about point P is

X X
E RP D
M E C
M rE  FE (4)
D 0E C rE1  FE1 C rE2  FE2 ; (5)
kO {O kO

{O |O |O
D 0E C a x b y 0 C x b y 0

(6)
0 0 F 0 F 0
D F .b y/ {O F .a x/ |O C F x k: O (7)

Note that Eqs. (1) and (7) provide an equivalent force system at point P for any coordinates x and y that we
choose. However, for general values of x and y, the force system that results is not likely to be a wrench
force system.

Step 2 For Eqs. (1) and (7) to be a wrench force system, the resultant force and resultant moment must be
parallel. Hence FER =FR D M
E RP =MRP . Thus,

FER F |O C F kO
D p ; (8)
FR 2F
E RP
M F .b y/ {O F .a x/ |O C F x kO
D ; (9)
MRP MRP

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Statics 1e 371

Equating Eqs. (8) and (9), and collecting terms multiplying {O, |O, and kO provides the following equations

0 F .b y/
i components W p D ; (10)
2F MRP
F F .a x/
j components W p D ; (11)
2F MRP
F Fx
k components W p D : (12)
2F MRP

Solving Eq. (10) yields

y D b; (13)
while adding Eq. (11) and (12) results in an equation from which the value of x can be determined as
a
0D F .a x/ C F x ) x D : (14)
2
Then, using Eq. (12), multiplying both sides by MRP and substituting for x in terms of a yields the magnitude
of the moment as p
1 2
MRP p D F x ! MRP D F a (15)
2 2

In summary, the wrench equivalent force system is shown at the right and
is given by (where we drop the subscript P )

p
FER D O
F |O C F k; FR D 2F; (16)
p
ME R D F a . |O C k/;O MR D F a
2
; (17)
2 2
the line of action of the wrench intersects
a
the xy plane at x D ; y D b: (18)
2

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372 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.79

In orthodontics, teeth are repositioned by applying forces to them for prolonged

O N,
periods of time. If point A has coordinates .2; 7; 8/ mm, FE1 D .0:8 {O 0:3 |O 0:1 k/
FE2 D . 0:7 {O 0:1 |O C 0:05 k/O N, and M O N
mm, determine
E D .0:1 {O C 1:4 |O 0:3 k/
an equivalent force system at point O.

Solution
The resultant force acting on the tooth is

FER D FE1 C FE2 D .0:1 {O 0:4 |O O N:

0:05 k/ (1)

To determine the resultant moment of the forces about point O, the position vector from point O to point A
is needed
O mm:
rEOA D .2 {O C 7 |O C 8 k/ (2)
The resultant moment about point O is given by
 
ME RO D rEOA  FE1 C FE2 C M E (3)

kO

{O |O
O N
mm

D 2
7 8 N
mm C .0:1 {O C 1:4 |O 0:3 k/ (4)
0:1 0:4 0:05
h i
D 2:85 {O . 0:900/ |O C . 1:50/ kO N
mm C .0:1 {O C 1:4 |O 0:3 k/
O N
mm; (5)

which can be simplified to obtain

E RO D .2:95 {O C 2:30 |O
M O N
mm:
1:80 k/ (6)

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Statics 1e 373

Problem 4.80

The 60 N forces lie in planes parallel to the y plane. Determine the resultant
couple moment vector for the force system shown using a

(a) vector approach,

(b) scalar approach.

Solution
Part (a) The object is subjected to three couples. The resultant couple moment is obtained by summing the
moments from each couple. Thus,

E R D rEAC  FEF C rEBA  FEC C rEDE  FEE

M (1)
O {O O {O O

{O |O k O
| k O
| k

D 0 6 m 0 C 2 m 0 3 m C 2 m 0 0 60 N (2)
40 N 0 0 0 50 N 0 0 cos 60 sin 60
h i h i
D 240 kN
m kO C 150 {O C 100 kO N
m C 60 N . 173 m/ |O C . 1:00 m/ kO ; (3)

which can be simplified to yield

h i
E R D 150 {O C 104 |O
M 200 kO N
m: (4)

Part (b) Employing the scalar approach to determine the resultant couple moment, it is found that

ER D
M 40 N.6 m/ kO C 50 N.3 m/ {O C 50 N.2 m/ kO C 60 N sin 60 .2 m/ |O O
60 N cos 60 .2 m/ k; (5)

which simplifies to
h i
E R D 150 {O C 104 |O
M 200 kO N
m: (6)

As expected, this results agrees with that found for Part (a).

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374 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.81

Two force systems are applied to a right circular cylinder. Points A to D lie on
the x plane, and points E and F lie on the y plane. Determine if these force
systems are equivalent.

Solution
To determine if the two force systems are equivalent, both FE and M E P about any point P we select
P P
must be the same. Thus, for the force systems in Fig. (a) and Fig. (b), we use the scalar approach to evaluate
the resultant force and resultant moment as

Force system (a):

X
FRx D 0; (1)
X
FRy D 50 N 100 N C 150 N D 0; (2)
X
FR D 150 N C 150 N D 0; (3)
X
MOx D 100 N.3 m/ 150 N.3 m/ D 150 N
m; (4)
X
MOy D 150 N.2 m/ D 300 N
m; (5)
X
MO D 50 N.1 m/ 100 N.1 m/ 150 N.1 m/ D 300 N
m: (6)

Force system (b):

X
FRx D 100 N 100 N D 0; (7)
X
FRy D 50 N C 50 N D 0; (8)
X
FR D 0; (9)
X
MOx D 50 N.3 m/ D 150 N
m; (10)
X
MOy D 100 N.3 m/ D 300 N
m; (11)
X
MO D 300 N
m (12)

Comparing Eqs. (1)(6) with Eqs. (7)(12), respectively, we see that

.MO /Force system (a) .MO /Force system (b) ; (13)

hence,
the two force systems are not equivalent. (14)

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Statics 1e 375

Problem 4.82

The landing gear for a fighter jet rotates about line a so that it retracts into the
fuselage. Point A has the coordinates given, line a lies in the y plane, and FE D
.300 {O C 400 |O 200 k/O N.

(a) Determine the moment of FE about line a.

(b) Determine a new direction for line a so that the moment of FE about this
line is as large as possible.

Solution
Part (a) The position vector from point O to point A is

rEOA D .0:1 {O O m;
0:4 |O C 0:6 k/ (1)

and the moment of force FE about point O is given by

kO

{O |O
E O D rEOA  FE D 0:1

M 0:4 0:6 N
m; (2)
300 400 200
h i
D 160 {O . 200/ |O C 160 kO N
m: (3)

Let uO be a unit vector in the direction of line a. With the information provided in the problem statement,
O
uO D cos 40 |O C sin 40 k: (4)

E O in the direction of line a is given by

The component of M

E O
uO
Ma D M (5)

D . 160 N
m/.0/ C .200 N
m/.cos 40 / C .160 N
m/.sin 40 / (6)
D 256 N
m: (7)

Part (b) To maximize Ma , uO should be perpendicular to both rEOA and FE . That is, uO should have the same
E 0 . Hence, line a should lie in the direction
direction as M

MEO 160 {O C 200 |O C 160 kO

uO D Dp ; (8)
MO .160/2 C .200/2 C .160/2
O
D 0:530 {O C 0:662 |O C 0:530 k: (9)

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376 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.83

The device shown is a pointer that mounts on the front of a tractor to help
its operator position the tractor relative to other rows of seeds that have been
planted. Bracket E is bolted to the front of the tractor, which drives in the
direction. The bracket supports the bent boom ABC , the end C of which has
a weight W and a pointer CD. The boom is allowed to rotate about line a,
which lies in the y plane, so that if the boom strikes an obstruction, the boom
will rotate backward and upward to help avoid damage to it. If W D 50 lb,
determine the force F , which acts in the direction, that will cause the boom
to begin rotating about line a.

Solution
The pointer will begin to rotate about line a when the resultant moment of both F and W about line a is zero.
Our strategy will be to determine the moment of F and W about some point on line a (we will use point B),
and then to determine the component of this moment in the direction of line a.
Using the scalar approach, the moment of forces F and W about point B is

EB D
M W .6 ft/ kO C F .2 ft/ {O C F .6 ft/ |O (1)
D F .2 ft/ {O C F .6 ft/ |O W .6 ft/ k:O (2)

A unit vector in the direction of line a is

O
uO D cos 15 |O C sin 15 k: (3)

E B in the direction of line a is

Hence, the component of M

E B
u;
Ma D M O (4)

D F .2 ft/.0/ C F .6 ft/ cos 15 W .6 ft/ sin 15 : (5)

Noting that W D 50 lb, we set Eq. (5) equal to zero and solve for F to obtain

W .6 ft/ sin 15
F D D 13:4 lb: (6)
.6 ft/ cos 15

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Statics 1e 377

Problem 4.84

A jack stand for supporting an automobile or truck during servicing is shown.

The stand has three legs with equal radial positioning. The height h of the stand
can be adjusted between 9 and 15 in. If the stand supports a 1500 lb vertical force,
determine the smallest horizontal force F that will cause the moment about line
AB to be zero and hence cause the stand to tip.

Solution
The smallest force F that will cause tipping occurs when the height
h is maximum, hence h D 15 in: Further, the most unfavorable
direction for F is when it is perpendicular to line AB. A unit
vector in the direction of line AB is
. 9 {O C 5:20 |O/
uOAB D : (1)
10:4

As given in the problem statement, the force F lies in a horizontal plane, and as argued above, the force is
perpendicular to uOAB as shown in the figure to the right. Hence we may write
5:20 {O C 9 |O
FE D F : (2)
10:4
Our strategy will be to determine the moment of force F and the 1500 lb vertical force about some point
on line AB (we will use point A), and then determine the component of this moment about line AB. The
position vector from points A to C is needed and is
O in.;
rEAC D . 6 {O C 15 k/ (3)
and the moment of F and the 1500 lb force about point A is
 
MEA D rEAC  FE 1500 lb kO (4)

kO

{O |O

D 6 in:
0 15 in: (5)
5:2 F 9
10:4 F 1500 lb
10:4      
9 5:2 9 O
D F .15 in:/ {O . 6 in:/. 1500 lb/ F .15 in:/ |O C . 6 in:/ F k: (6)
10:4 10:4 10:4
EA about line AB is
The component of M
MAB D MEA
uOAB (7)
  h i  5:20 
9 9 5:20
D F .15 in:/ C 9000 in.
lb C F .15 in:/ : (8)
10:4 10:4 10:4 10:4
As stated in the problem description, the stand begins to tip when MAB D 0, hence we set Eq. (8) equal to
zero and solve for F to obtain
F D 300 lb: (9)

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378 Solutions Manual

A scalar approach may also be used to determine the smallest force

that will cause the jack stand to tip. Using the diagram at the right, the
moment of force F and the 1500 lb force about line AB is given by

MAB D .1500 lb/.3 in:/ C F .15 in:/: (10)

In order to have MAB D 0, it is required that

1500 lb.3 in:/

F D ; (11)
15 in:
D 300 lb: (12)

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Statics 1e 379

Problem 4.85

Rather than the traditional horizontal and vertical stabilizers, some aircraft
such as the Bonanza 35 single-engine airplane (pictured) and the F-117 Stealth
fighter feature a V tail. Points A and B are located at A.112; 7; 0/ mm and
B.62; 93; 0/ mm, and direction a has direction angles x D 150 , y D 60 ,
and  D 90 . If the forces are FE1 D .40 {O 100 |O C 280 k/ O N and FE2 D
O E E
.50 |O C 120 k/ N, determine the resultant moment of F1 and F2 about line a.

Solution
Our strategy will be to determine the moment of FE1 and FE2 about some point on line a (we will choose point
O), and then we will determine the component of this moment in the a direction by taking the dot product of
ME O with a unit vector in the direction of line a. Therefore, the moment caused by FE1 and FE2 about point A is

E O D rEOA  FE1 C rEOB  FE2

M (1)
kO kO

{O |O {O |O

D 112 7 0 N
mm C 62 93 0 N
mm (2)
40 100 280 0 50 120
h i h i
D 1960 {O 31;360 |O C . 11;480/ kO N
mm C 11;160 {O 7440 |O C 3100 kO N
mm; (3)
h i
D . 9200/ {O 38;800 |O 8380 kO N
mm: (4)

With the direction angles provided in the problem statement, a unit vector in the direction of line a is

uO D cos 150 {O C cos 60 |O C cos 90 kO (5)

D 0:866 C 0:5 |O C 0 k: O (6)

E O in the a direction is
The component of M

E O
uO
Ma D M (7)
D . 9200/. 0:866/ C . 38;800/.0:5/ C . 8380/.0/ N
mm (8)
D 11;400 N
mm: (9)

The negative result for Ma means that the moment of the forces about line a acts in the a direction,
according to the right-hand rule.

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380 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.86

Determine values for P , Q, R, S , and MD so that the two force systems shown are equivalent.

Solution
To determine which of the force systems are equivalent, we will use Eq. (4.16) on page 223, where we will
use a scalar approach to determine the components of each vector. For evaluation of moments, we use the
positive coordinate directions to define the directions for positive moments.



FRx system 1 D FRx system 2 ! 10 lb 5 lb D Q P; (1)



FRy system 1 D FRy system 2 ! 20 lb D S; (2)



FR system 1 D FR system 2 ! 0 D R; (3)



MRx system 1 D MRx system 2 ! 0 D 0; (4)



MRy system 1 D MRy system 2 ! 50 in.
lb .5 lb/.4 in:/ D P .4 in:/ C MD ; (5)



MR system 1 D MR system 2 ! .5 lb/.10 in:/ .10 lb/.10 in:/ D P .5 in:/: (6)

Equation (2) provides S D 20 lb, Eq. (3) provides R D 0 , Eq. (6) provides P D 10 lb, Eq. (1) then
provides Q D 5 lb, and Eq. (5) provides MD D 10 in.
lb. In summary,

force systems 1 and 2 are equivalent if

P D 10 lb;
QD 5 lb;
R D 0;
SD 20 lb;
MD D 10 in.
lb:

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Statics 1e 381

Problem 4.87

A beam is subjected to the three forces shown.

(a) Determine an equivalent force system at the midspan of the beam x D 3 m.

(b) Determine an equivalent force system consisting of a single force, and

specify the x coordinate of the point where its line of action intersects the
x axis.

Solution
Part (a) Since all three forces applied to the beam act in the y direction, the resultant force is

X
FRy D Fy D 4 kN 2 kN 3 kN D 9 kN: (1)

The resultant moment at the midspan of the beam (point P at x D 3 m), with positive moment being
counterclockwise, is
X
MR D MP D 4 kN.1 m/ 3 kN.2 m/ D 2 kN
m: (2)

This system is shown as force system 2 in the figure below.

Part (b) A force system consisting of a single force and no moment is shown above as force system 3. For
force systems 2 and 3 to be equivalent (or for force systems 1 and 3 to be equivalent, where force system 1 is
given in the problem statement), the resultant forces must be the same, hence

FRy D 9 kN; (3)

and the resultant moments about any point we select must be the same (we will choose the origin of the
coordinate system). Thus, with positive moment being counterclockwise,

.MRO /system 2 D .MRO /system 3 (4)

.9 kN/.3 m/ 2 kN
m D .9 kN/x: (5)

Solving the above provides

x D 3:22 m: (6)

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382 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.88

A speed control mechanism for a small gasoline engine is shown.

(a) Determine an equivalent force system at point O.

(b) Determine an equivalent force system consisting of a single force, and

specify the y coordinate of the point where its line of action intersects the
y axis.

Solution
Part (a) The resultant forces acting on the body are

X 4
FRx D Fx D 0:4 lb 0:6 lb D 0:880 lb; (1)
5
X 3
FRy D Fy D 0:6 lb 0:3 lb D 0:660 lb: (2)
5

The resultant moment about point O, with positive moments being counterclockwise, is given by

X 4
MRO D MO D 0:4 lb.1:2 in:/ C 0:6 lb .0:9 in:/ 0:3 lb.1:2 in:/ D 0:552 in.
lb: (3)
5

This system is shown at the right as force system 2.

Part (b) A force system consisting of a single force and no

moment is shown at the right as force system 3. For force
systems 2 and 3 to be equivalent (or for force systems 1 and 3
to be equivalent, where force system 1 is given in the problem
statement), the resultant forces must be the same, hence

FRx D 0:880 lb and FRy D 0:660 lb; (4)

and the resultant moments about any point we select must be the same (we will use point O). Thus, with
positive moment being counterclockwise,

.MRO /system 2 D .MRO /system 3 (5)

0:552 in.
lb D .0:880 lb/y: (6)

Solving the above provides

y D 0:627 in: (7)

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Statics 1e 383

Problem 4.89

A weldment is a structure or component built by welding an assembly of pieces

together. The weldment shown is subjected to three cable forces. Determine an
equivalent force system consisting of a single force, and specify the x coordinate
of the point where its line of action intersects the x axis.

Solution

Our objective is to construct an equivalent force system consisting of a single

force, with no moment, specifying where the line of action of the resultant force
intersects the x axis; this force system is shown at the right and is denoted as force
system 2. The resultant forces acting on the weldment are

X 5 3 12
FRx D Fx D 800 N
C 600 N C 400 N D 1037 N; (1)
13 5 13
X 12 4 5
FRy D Fy D 800 N C 600 N C 400 N D 1372 N: (2)
13 5 13

The resultant moment about any point we select (we will use the origin) must be the same for the original
force system (denoted as force system 1) and for the new force system. Hence, with positive moment being
counterclockwise,

.MRO /system 2 D .MRO /system 1 (3)

5 12
.FR /y x D 800 N .120 mm/ C 800 N .50 mm/
13 13
3 4
600 N .105 mm/ C 600 N .105 mm/
5 5
12 5
400 N .50 mm/ C 400 N .120 mm/: (4)
13 13
Solving the above equation provides
x D 9:18 mm: (5)

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384 Solutions Manual

Problem 4.90

The wing of a jet supports a 900 lb force due to weight of an engine and 300 lb
and 600 lb forces due to weight of fuel.

(a) Determine an equivalent force system at point A.

(b) Determine an equivalent force system consisting of a single force, and

specify the x and coordinates of the point where its line of action intersects
the x plane.

Solution
Part (a) The resultant force and resultant moment about point A are determined using a scalar evaluation
of Eq. (4.15) on page 223, with positive moments acting in the positive coordinate directions according to the
right-hand rule, as
FRx D 0; (1)
FRy D 600 lb 900 lb 300 lb D 1800 lb; (2)
FR D 0; (3)
MAx D 600 lb.4 ft/ C 900 lb.7 ft/ D 8700 ft
lb; (4)
MAy D 0; (5)
MA D 600 lb.22 ft/ C 900 lb.15 ft/ D 26;700 ft
lb: (6)

This system is shown as force system 2 in the figure below.

Part (b) A force system consisting of a single force is shown above as force system 3. Since the resultant
force for this system must be the same as that for force system 2,

FRx D 0; FRy D 1800 lb; and FR D 0: (7)

The resultant moment about any point, or axis, must be the same for force systems 2 and 3. Hence, using a
scalar evaluation to sum moments about the origin of the coordinate system, point O, with positive moment
being in the positive coordinate directions, we obtain

.MROx /system 2 D .MROx /system 3 (8)

.1800 lb/.3 ft/ C 8700 ft
lb D .1800 lb/; (9)
.MRO /system 2 D .MRO /system 3 (10)
.1800 lb/.27 ft/ C 26;700 ft
lb D .1800 lb/x: (11)

Solving the above provides

x D 12:2 ft and D 7:83 ft: (12)

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Statics 1e 385

Problem 4.91

A thin rectangular flat plate is loaded by the forces shown.

(a) Determine an equivalent force system at point O.

(b) Determine a wrench equivalent force system, and specify the y and
coordinates of the point where the wrenchs line of action intersects the y
plane.

Solution
Part (a) We use Eq. (4.15) on page 223 to determine an equivalent force system at point O as

FER D .100 {O C 200 {O/ N D 300 {O N; (1)

X X
E RO D
M M E C rE  FE (2)
D 0E C 100 N.30 mm/ |O 100 N.60 mm/ kO 150 N.30 mm/ {O (3)
h i
D 4500 {O C 3000 |O 6000 kO N
mm (4)

This system is shown below as force system 2.

Part (b) To construct a wrench equivalent force system, we follow the two-step process given in Exam-
ple 4.15. In step 1, we determine an equivalent force system at point A, where this point lies on the y plane,
as shown above in force system 3. In step 2, we determine the specific location of point A so that the force
system is a wrench.

Step 1 We use Eq. (4.16) on page 223 to determine an equivalent force system at point A (force system 3
shown above). The resultant force for this system is the same as Eq. (1), and the resultant moment about
point A is determined using
   
E RA
M D M E RA (5)
system 2 system 3

ME RO C rEAO  FER D M E RA (6)

kO

{O |O
E RO E RA

M C 0 y D M (7)
300 N 0 0
h i
4500 {O C 3000 |O 6000 kO N
mm C .0/ {O 300 N./ |O C 300 N.y/ kO D M
E RA : (8)

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386 Solutions Manual

Simplifying Eq. (8) provides

E RA D
M 4500 N
mm {O C 3000 N
mm O
300 N./ |O C 6000 N
mm C 300 N.y/ k: (9)

Note that Eqs. (1) and (9) provide an equivalent force system at point A for any coordinates y and that we
choose. However, for general values of y and , the force system that results is not likely to be a wrench
force system.

Step 2 For Eqs. (1) and (9) to be a wrench force system, the resultant force and resultant moment must be
parallel. Hence
FER ME RA
D : (10)
FR MRA
Substituting Eqs. (1) and (9) into Eq. (10), and collecting terms that multiply {O, |O, and kO provides the following
equations
300 N 4500 N
mm
{O components: D ; (11)
300 N MRA
3000 N
mm .300 N/
|O components: 0D ; (12)
MRA
6000 N
mm C .300 N/y
kO components: 0D : (13)
MRA
Equations (11)(13) are easily solved to obtain MRA D 4500 N
mm, y D 20 mm, and D 10 mm. Hence,
the wrench force system is given by Eqs. (1) and (9), with the values of y and cited above. Hence, the
wrench force system consists of (where we drop the subscript A)

FER D 300 {O N; (14)

ER D
M 4500 N
mm {O; (15)
the line of action of the wrench intersects
the y plane at y D 20 mm; D 10 mm: (16)

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Statics 1e 387

Problem 4.92

A seat of a roller coaster is subjected to the forces shown during a turn. The
force at A is vertical, the forces at B and C are parallel to the x and directions,
respectively, and the forces at D and E lie in planes parallel to the y plane.
Determine an equivalent force system at point O, where the seat is attached to
the car.

Solution
The resultant force is the sum the five forces applied to the chair, as follows
 
FER D 90 |O 30 {O 40 kO lb
 
C 25 lb cos 30 |O C sin 30 kO
 
C 10 lb cos 30 |O C sin 30 kO : (1)

Simplifying the above expression provides

 
FER D 30 {O 120 |O 22:5 kO lb: (2)

The resultant moment about point O is given by (we omit rEOA  FEA in the following expression since, by
inspection, this force produces no moment about point O)

E RO D rEOB  FEB C rEOC  FEC C rEOD  FED C rEOE  FEE ;

M (3)

where, by inspection it is possible to determine that

O
rEOB  FEB D .30 lb/.36 lb/ k; (4)
rEOC  FEC D .40 lb/.26 lb C 18 in:/ {O: (5)

The position vectors rEOD and rEOE are

 
rEOD D 8 {O C 18 |O C 15 kO in.; (6)
 
rEOE D 8 {O C 18 |O C 15 kO in.; (7)

and Eq. (3) becomes

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388 Solutions Manual

E RO D.30 lb/.36 lb/ kO .40 lb/.26 lb C 18 in:/ {O

M
O O

{O |O k {O O
| k

C 25 8 18 15 in.
lb C 10 8 18 15 in.
lb; (8)
0 cos 30 sin 30 0 cos 30 sin 30
  h i
D 1080 kO 1760 {O in.
lb C 25 21:99 {O . 4:00/ |O C 6:93 kO in.
lb
h i
C 10 21:99 {O 4:00 |O C . 6:93/ kO in.
lb: (9)

Simplifying Eq. (9) provides the resultant moment vector about point O as
h i
E RO D
M 990 {O C 60 |O C 1180 kO in.
lb: (10)

This force system is shown at the right.

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Statics 1e 389

Problem 4.93

For the roller coaster seat described in Prob. 4.92, determine a wrench equivalent
force system and specify the x and coordinates of the point where the wrenchs
line of action intersects the x plane.

Solution

To construct an equivalent force system that is a wrench,

we will use the results of the previous problem for an
equivalent force system at point O, which is shown as
force system 2 at the right; namely
 
FER D 30 {O 120 |O 22:5 kO lb; (1)
h i
ME RO D 990 {O C 60 |O C 1184 kO in.
lb: (2)

To construct a wrench equivalent force system, we fol-

low the two-step process given in Example 4.15. In
step 1, we determine an equivalent force system at point
G, where this point lies on the x plane, as shown in
force system 3 at the right. In step 2, we determine the
specific location of point G so that the force system is a
wrench.

Step 1 For force system 3 shown above, the resultant force at point G is the same as Eq. (1), hence
 
FER D 30 {O 120 |O 22:5 kO lb: (3)

To determine the resultant moment at point G, we write

   
ME RG D M E RG (4)
system 3 system 2
E RG D M
M E RO C rEGO  FER (5)
kO

h i {O |O
O

D 990 {O C 60 |O C 1184 k in.
lb C x 0 lb (6)
30 120 22:5
 Alternatively, we may use the force system specified in the problem statement, although this will involve slightly more
computations.

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390 Solutions Manual
h i
D 990 {O C 60 |O C 1184 kO in.
lb C . 120 lb/ {O
h i
.22:5 lb/x .30 lb/ |O C .120 lb/x kO (7)
   
D 990 in.
lb .120 lb/ {O C 60 in.
lb .22:5 lb/x C .30 lb/ |O
O
 
C 1184 in.
lb C .120 lb/x k: (8)

In the above expressions, x and are the coordinates of point G. Note that Eqs. (3) and (8) provide an
equivalent force system at point G for any coordinates x and that we choose. However, for general values
of x and , the force system that results is not likely to be a wrench force system.

Step 2 For Eqs. (3) and (8) to be a wrench force system, the resultant force and resultant moment must be
parallel. Thus,
FER ME RG
D : (9)
FR MRG
Substituting Eqs. (3) and (8) into Eq. (9) and collecting terms multiplying {O, |O, and kO provides the following
equations

30 lb 990 in.
lb .120 lb/

i components W D ; (10)
125:7 lb MRG
120 lb 60 in.
lb .22:5 lb/x C .30 lb/
j components W D ; (11)
125:7 lb MRG
22:5 lb 1184 in.
lb C .120 lb/x
k components W D : (12)
125:7 lb MRG
Solving Eqs. (10)(12) yields the solutions x D 9:82 in:, D 8:32 in:, and MRG D 32:9 in.
lb. In
summary, the wrench equivalent force system is given by (where we drop the subscript G)
 
FER D 30 {O 22:5 kO lb;
120 |O (13)
 
E R D 7:86 {O C 31:4 |O C 5:89 kO in.
lb;
M (14)
the line of action of the wrench intersects
the x plane at x D 9:82 in:; D 8:32 in:: (15)

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