ED 502: EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS
TESTS OF RELATIONSHIP
STATISTICAL FUNCTION USE
TREATMENT
It is used to determine if there is
Pearson - r
a correlation or relationship
between two variables of the
interval or ratio type.
It is used to determine if there is
Spearman Rank-
a correlation or relationship
Order Correlation / between two variables of the
Spearman Rho ordinal type.
* nonparametric statistics
(distribution free statistics)
* product-moment correlation
It is used to determine if there is
Chi-Square Test of
a correlation or relationship
Independence between two variables of the
nominal type.
LEVEL/SCALE OF SAMPLE DATA SAMPLE PROBLEM
MEASUREMENT
Interval / Ratio Scores, Grades, Ratings Is there a positive correlation between
Reading Comprehension and
Ex. Personality of PNU graduate students?
Reading Comprehension
Personality Is there a significant relationship
between the Student Academic
Achievement in Math II and
Instructional Level among PNU
undergraduate students?
Ordinal Ranks, Non-numeric Is there a correlation between
scales Motivation and Self-Concept?
Ex. What type of affective need is
Satisfaction addressed by the type of management
Happiness of emotions?
Motivation
Self-concept
Discomfort
Nominal Categorical / 50 Male high school students and 50 Female
high school students were asked about their
Classificatory Variables
color preferences. Among the Male students,
Ex. 20 preferred light colors, 15 preferred bright
and 15 preferred dark. Of the 50 Female
Sex
students, 15 preferred light colors, 15
Drink Preference
preferred bright and 20 preferred dark colors.
Color Preference
Is sex related to color preferences?

STATISTICAL FUNCTION USE
TREATMENT
It is used to determine if the
One Population
given sample mean was drawn
Z - Test from the population with no
parameters or if a given group
represent the population.
* random / purposive sampling
It is used to determine if there is
Z - Test of
a significant difference between
Independent two independent / different
groups or situations that call
Proportions
for two types of responses
(dichotomous).
* include issues in which you are
only asked whether you agree
or disagree
TESTS OF DIFFERENCE
LEVEL/SCALE OF SAMPLE DATA SAMPLE PROBLEM
MEASUREMENT
Interval / Ratio 2 groups single interval The given population obtained a mean of 120
and the standard deviation is 20. A sample of
variable
100 was drawn from the population and it
Ex. obtained a mean of 119.
Group of Teachers
(sample mean) from the Test the hypothesis that the sample
University (population) mean of 119 was drawn from the
Group of Teenagers population whose mean is 120.
(sample mean) from the
Metro Manila
(population)
Nominal Frequencies converted to 50 Male graduate students and 50 Female
graduate students were asked whether they
Proportions
(2 groups 2 responses) are in favor or against same sex marriage.
Among Male respondents, 25 are in favor and
25 are against. Among Female respondents,
Ex.
20 are in favor and 30 are against.
Yes and No
Agree and Disagree
Is there a significant difference between
In Favor and Against
Male and Female graduates who are
in favor of same sex marriage?
90 Ph.D candidates in Educ. Mgt. and 80
Ph.D candidates in Math respond to an item
concerning the usefulness of Foreign
Language requirement for the Ph.D. 30
Educational Mgt. candidates and 55 Math
candidates agree with the statement.
Is there a significant difference between
the proportions in each group that
responded In Favor?
 It is used to determine if there is
Z - Test of
a significant difference between
Dependent pair of observations from a
Proportions single group.
* response to a question given in
two different occasions
It is used to determine if there is
T - Test of
a difference between two
Independent / groups using dependent
Uncorrelated independent variables.
Means
* comparison of two groups
It is used to determine if there is
T - Test of
a significant difference between
Dependent / two sets or two groups of
Correlated Means correlated scores or measures.
Nominal Pair of Observations Is there a significant difference in the
responses of the 50 voters before and
Ex. after the Meeting de Avance?
Before and After
In Favor and Against Consider the test items A and B. In a sample
Passed and Failed of 100 children, 30 pass item A fail item B,
whereas 20 fail item and pass item B.
Are the proportions of children
passing the two items significantly
different from each other?
Interval / Ratio 2 groups Control and Is there a significant difference between
Experimental Group the experimental and control group in
terms of achievement in Statistics?
Ex.
Method of Teaching A survey was conducted on attitude toward
mentally impaired children. A random
Achievement
IQ Scores sample of teachers and administrators were
selected and asked to respond to an attitude
toward mentally impaired children scale.
Is there a significant difference between
teachers and school administrators in
terms of attitude toward mentally
impaired children?
Interval / Ratio 2 groups Pre-test and Is there a significant difference between
Post-test the Pre-test and Post-test in Statistics
of the Experimental Group?
Ex.
Scores Is there a difference in the Pre-test and
Post-test scores in the Math
Achievement test of Grade IV pupils
when exposed to traditional method?
calculator-integrated method?
 It is used to determine if there is
Chi-Square Test of
difference between the
Goodness of Fit observed (hypothetical /
theoretical) distribution and
expected (predetermined)
distribution.
It is used to determine if there is
One-Way Analysis
a significant difference between
of Variance two or more groups in terms of
(ANOVA I) means (achievement, weight, IQ).
* extension of T-test / inspects
an independent variable
It is used to determine if there is
Two-Way Analysis
an interaction / combined
of Variance effect between or among two or
(ANOVA II) more independent variables
(ex. method of teaching, medium
of instruction) to the dependent
variable (ex. achievement test).
* can answer 3 questions
Nominal Frequencies, Scale, 100 students were asked about their opinion
about Pacquiaos candidacy. 23 strongly
Opinion, Response
agreed, 21 agreed, 5 expressed no opinion, 25
disagreed and 26 strongly disagreed.
Ex.
Responses
Strongly Agree (SA) Is there a significant difference between
Agree (A) the observed distribution and
No Opinion (NO) expected distribution of the students
Strongly Disagree (SD) responses on the said issue?
Disagree (D)
Are the observed frequencies the same
as an expected set of frequencies? (Ex.
Are the number of workplace accidents
the same for each hour of the day?)
Interval / Ratio 2 or more groups Do the three groups of graduate
students (discovery approach, distance
Ex. learning, instructional TV) differ
Method of Teaching: significantly in terms of achievement in
I Discovery Approach Statistics?
II Distance-Learning
III Instructional-TV
Interval / Ratio 2 or more groups A researcher was interested in whether an
individual's interest in politics was influenced
Ex. by their level of education and gender.
Therefore, the dependent variable was
Effect of Method of
"interest in politics", and the two independent
Teaching and Medium
variables were "gender" and "level of
of Instruction to
education".
Achievement
Is there an interaction between
education level and gender / was the
effect of level of education on interest in
politics different for males and females?
 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

NOMINAL ORDINAL INTERVAL RATIO

Chi-Square Test of Independence Spearman Rank-Order Pearson - r

STATISTICAL
TREATMENTS Z - Test of Independent Proportions Correlation / Spearman Rho One Population Z - Test

TO BE USED Z - Test of Dependent Proportions T - Test of Independent / Uncorrelated Means

Chi-Square Test of Goodness of Fit T - Test of Dependent / Correlated Means
One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA I)
Two-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA II)

STATISTICS / proportions Median Mean

MEASURES percentage Quartile Deviation Standard Deviation

PRE-TEST POST-TEST CONTROL GROUP DESIGN: GUIDE IN CHOOSING STATISTICAL TREATMENT:

1) Determine the type of research question to be answered by the statistical analysis.

a. the degree of relationship or dependence among variables (H0 = there is no relationship or dependence,
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP CONTROL GROUP
and the statistical test answers the question as to whether any relationship or dependence found is
sufficiently different from zero that it can be considered statistically significant.)
Pre-test Post-test Pre-test Post-test b. the significance of group differences (H0 = there is no difference between groups. The statistical test
answers the question as to whether an observed difference is probably due just to random factors, or is
large enough to be considered statistically significant and due to the treatment factor.)
T - Test of Dependent T - Test of Dependent
T - Test of Independent Means Means
2) Determine the nature(s) of the variables under discussion, and whether they meet the assumptions of a
Means
particular test (e.g. the data are normally distributed).

3) Types/levels of data:
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE NOMINAL unordered categories; numbers simply express identity/ labeling purposes (e.g. religion;
country of birth; sex; etc.)
.05 you have 5 chances (Type I Error) out of 100 that you are wrong with your ORDINAL ordered categories; numbers express ranks (e.g. level of agreement on an opinion survey;
decision and 95% that youre correct; rejecting the null hypothesis when it should
proficiency level at a martial art; scale used in determining the hardness of a mineral, academic ranks)
be accepted; has smaller Region of Acceptance and bigger Region for Rejection (
for nominal and ordinal data, what is usually recorded is the number of occurrences of a particular
any computed Z-value or absolute value 1.96, reject Ho )
result (e.g. number of Christians, number of Buddhists etc. but these numbers are not the values of the
.01 you have 1 chance (Type II Error) of being wrong and 99% that youre variable. In this case, variable = religion, values = Christian, Buddhist, and the numbers are the number
correct; accepting the null hypothesis when it should be rejected; has bigger Region of occurrences of a particular value.)
of Acceptance and smaller Region for Rejection ( any computed Z-value or absolute INTERVAL ordinal + distance between values is of constant size; has equal intervals that is distances
value 2.58, reject Ho) between points are equal starting an arbitrary zero (e.g. temperature; score)
RATIO interval + (i) there is a meaningful zero and (ii) the ratio between two numbers is meaningful;
DECISION INTERPRETATION OF HYPOTHESIS zero is absolute; there is absolute value of the variable (e.g. height; weight, distance, number of children)
Significant REJECT use Alternate Hypothesis ratio and interval data can be either discrete (i.e. there are gaps between values, e.g. number of
children) or continuous (i.e. there are no gaps between values (e.g. weight, height).
Not Significant ACCEPT use Null Hypothesis