1.

0 REPORTING PRACTICAL WORK

1.1 Raw Data

Students must submit their raw data, graph or drawing to the instructor at the end of each
experiment. The raw data should be presented in tabular form and all measurements
performed according to the instructions in this lab manual should b e included on a sheet
of A4 paper. The following particulars should also be included:

Name of experiment

Name of the students in the group

Date experiment performed

A short comment is expected on whether the results substantiated the theory and
factors which contribute to discrepancies. A full report must be submitted within
two weeks after the completion of the experiment.

1.2 Full Report

The general order of the various sections of a full report is as below:

Front cover

Table of contents

Abstract/summary

Introduction

Aims/objectives

Theory

Apparatus

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 Experimental procedure

Results

Sample calculations

Sample error calculations

Discussion

Conclusion

Recommendations

References

Appendices

1.3 Abstract/Summary

The summary is important because it provides information to persons not wanting to read
the whole report. The summary should also contain the general conclusions of any
experimental work under the test conditions and recommendations (if any). It should not
discuss the reasoning or detailed evidence that is contained in the body of the report.
Most importantly, the summary must be brief (1 paragraph).

1.4 Equipment Description and Experimental Techniques

Enough should be said of the equipment and techniques so that the reader could operate
the equipment if necessary.

1.5 Calculated Results

A summary of the calculated results should be clearly tabulated. Related variables should
be represented graphically where dependence needs to be shown.

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1.6 Sample Calculations

A sample calculation from a set of raw data obtained must be presented in the report
showing all appropriate formulae used to obtain the final calculated result.

1.7 Error Calculations

It is important to show the calculation of errors as the reader will know how efficient the
experiment has been carried out. The experimental error calculation can be carried out by
comparing it with the expected theoretical values.

1.8 Results and Discussion

In this section, the results of the experiments are presented as a fulfillment of the aim. A
coordinated analysis of what the data and calculated results mean is presented. The
overall impression of the meaning of the experiment and its significance in the light of
published work or established theory should be apparent from the analysis.

The material should be presented logically. Even the most complicated explanation or
theory can be conveyed easily to the reader if broken down and presented in a logical
sequence. If the discussion is long, its organization should be facilitated by the use of
subdivisions and headings.

The discussion is more detailed than the abstract/summary in that it will include the
opinion/reasoning of the author about various aspects of the experiment. The limitations
of the experiment must be discussed and the accuracy of the result noted.

This section must also show that the significance of the experimental findings has been
appreciated. Recommended journals, textbooks or lecture notes will provide an aid to
such an understanding.

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1.9 Conclusions

The analysis must be objective, keeping in mind experimental problems or deviations

from conditions reported in published work and making a conclusion, if possible, in the
light of this.

1.10 Recommendations

The recommendations should indicate how experimental techniques or apparatus could

be improved in light of the conclusions arrived at and the consistency of the experimental
results in relation to the theory. It is also wise to include the observations which might
have caused errors during the course of the experiment.

1.11 References

References provide the reader with the sources of information that were used during the
writing of the experimental report. Reporting the names of the books and journals
referenced must follow a standard format that includes the author, journal, title, volume,
date and publisher.

1.12 Appendices

Appendices contain material that is not an integral part of the report or cannot be
included conveniently in the body of the report.

It could include material such as supporting information, mathematical derivations or any

material that would overload the body of the report without contributing significantly to
the immediate line of thought.

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 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA
PROCESS ENGINEERING LABORATORY II
(CPE554)

NAME :
STUDENT NO. :
GROUP :
EXPERIMENT :
DATE PERFORMED :
SEMESTER :
PROGRAMME / CODE :
SUBMIT TO :

No. Title Allocated Marks (%) Marks

1 Abstract/Summary 5
2 Introduction 5
3 Aims 5
4 Theory 5
5 Apparatus 5
6 Methodology/Procedure 10
7 Results 10
8 Calculations 10
9 Discussion 20
10 Conclusion 10
11 Recommendations 5
12 Reference 5
13 Appendix 5
TOTAL MARKS 100
Remarks:

Checked by : Rechecked by:

--------------------------- ---------------------------

Date : Date :

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3.0 SAFETY PROCEDURES IN LABORATORY
Laboratory safety is the top priority and this requires all people in the lab to be observing
safe practices at all times! Following are some safety and procedural rules to help guide
you in protecting yourself and others from injury in the laboratory.
DO
1) MUST use PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS.
2) MUST wear proper ATTIRE and LAB COAT when you are in lab.
3) Long hair MUST be tied back and dangling jewelry and loose or baggy clothing
must be secured.
4) Shoes MUST completely cover the foot. No sandals are allowed.
5) MUST reports any accidents, injury, fire or emergency happen to the
LECTURER/LAB TECHNICIAN immediately.
6) MUST take CAUTION when handle with glass apparatus.
7) MUST know the location and understand the operation of:
- FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
- SAFETY SHOWER
- EYE WASH STATION
- FIRST AID KIT
- FIRE ALARM
- EMERGENCY EXIT ROUTE
8) MUST strictly follow laboratory safety principles.
9) Perform only those experiments authorized by the instructor. Never do anything
in the laboratory that is not called for in the laboratory procedures or by your
instructor.
10) Observe good housekeeping practices. Work areas should be kept clean and tidy
at all times.
11) Dispose of all chemical waste properly. Never mix chemicals in sink drains.
12) Wash your hands with soap and water after performing all experiments.
DONT
1) Strictly NOT allowed to use combustible solution near to the open fire.
2) Strictly NOT allowed to heat combustible solution on the hot plate.
3) Strictly NOT allowed to EAT, DRINK and SMOKE in the lab.
4) Never return unused chemicals to their original containers.