Chapter 4

IDEAL GAS
4.1 The equation of state;
4.2 Compression factor;
4.3 Energy, enthalpy, heat capacity
and specific heat ratio;
4.4 Ideal gas processes.
The equation of state
Equation of state: Any equation that relates the pressure, temperature,
and specific volume of a substance.
The simplest and best-known equation of state for substances in the gas
phase is the ideal-gas equation of state. This equation predicts the P-v-T
behavior of a gas quite accurately within some properly selected region.
Ideal gas equation
of state

R: gas constant
M: molar mass (kg/kmol)
Ru: universal gas constant

Different substances have different

gas constants.
2
 Equation of state for ideal gas
(from experiment)

8.314 J/(mol K)

PV nRT u

temperature in K

volume in m3 # of moles

pressure in Pascals or N/m2

3
Mass = Molar mass Mole number Ideal gas equation at two
states for a fixed mass

Real gases
behave as an ideal
Various
gas at low
expressions densities (i.e., low
of ideal gas pressure, high
equation temperature).

The ideal-gas
relation often is not
applicable to real
gases; thus, care
should be exercised
when using it.

Properties per
unit mole are
denoted with a
bar on the top. 4
5
6
Is Water Vapor an Ideal Gas?
At pressures below 10 kPa, water
vapor can be treated as an ideal
gas, regardless of its temperature,
with negligible error (less than 0.1
percent).
At higher pressures, however, the
ideal gas assumption yields
unacceptable errors, particularly in
the vicinity of the critical point and
the saturated vapor line.
In air-conditioning applications, the
water vapor in the air can be
treated as an ideal gas. Why?
In steam power plant applications,
however, the pressures involved
are usually very high; therefore,
ideal-gas relations should not be
used.

Percentage of error ([|vtable - videal|/vtable] 100) involved in

assuming steam to be an ideal gas, and the region where steam
can be treated as an ideal gas with less than 1 percent error. 7
Equations of State

The relationship among the state variables, temperature, pressure, and specific
volume is called the equation of state. We now consider the equation of state for the
vapor or gaseous phase of simple compressible substances.

Ideal Gas

Based on our experience in chemistry and physics we recall that the combination of
Boyles and Charles laws for gases at low pressure result in the equation of state for
the ideal gas as

where R is the constant of proportionality and is called the gas constant and takes
on a different value for each gas. If a gas obeys this relation, it is called an ideal gas.
We often write this equation as
Pv RT

8
The gas constant for ideal gases is related to the universal gas constant valid for all
substances through the molar mass (or molecular weight). Let Ru be the universal
gas constant. Then,
Ru
R
M
The mass, m, is related to the moles, N, of substance through the molecular weight
or molar mass, M, see Table A-1. The molar mass is the ratio of mass to moles and
has the same value regardless of the system of units.
g kg lbm
M air 28.97 28.97 28.97
gmol kmol lbmol
Since 1 kmol = 1000 gmol or 1000 gram-mole and 1 kg = 1000 g, 1 kmol of air has a
mass of 28.97 kg or 28,970 grams.
mNM
The ideal gas equation of state may be written several ways.
Pv RT
V
P RT
m
PV mRT 9
Here
P = absolute pressure in MPa, or kPa
v = molar specific volume in m3/kmol
T = absolute temperature in K
Ru = 8.314 kJ/(kmolK)

Some values of the universal gas constant are

Universal Gas Constant, Ru

8.314 kJ/(kmolK)
8.314 kPam3/(kmolK)
1.986 Btu/(lbmolR)
1545 ftlbf/(lbmolR)
10.73 psiaft3/(lbmolR)
10
Energy, enthalpy, heat
capacity and specific
heat ratio

11
12
13
14
The ideal gas equation of state can be derived from basic principles if one assumes

1. Intermolecular forces are small.

2. Volume occupied by the particles is small.

Example 4.0

Determine the particular gas constant for air and hydrogen.

Ru
R
M
kJ
8.314
Rair kmol K 0.287 kJ
28.97
kg kg K
kmol

kJ
8.314
Rhydrogen kmol K 4.124 kJ
2.016
kg kg K
kmol

15
Compression factor

16
17
The ideal gas equation of state is used when (1) the pressure is small compared to
the critical pressure or (2) when the temperature is twice the critical temperature and
the pressure is less than 10 times the critical pressure. The critical point is that state
where there is an instantaneous change from the liquid phase to the vapor phase for
a substance. Critical point data are given in Table A-1.

Compressibility Factor

To understand the above criteria and to determine how much the ideal gas equation
of state deviates from the actual gas behavior, we introduce the compressibility factor
Z as follows.
Pv Z Ru T
or
Pv
Z
Ru T

18
19
20
For an ideal gas Z = 1, and the deviation of Z from unity measures the deviation of
the actual P-V-T relation from the ideal gas equation of state. The compressibility
factor is expressed as a function of the reduced pressure and the reduced
temperature. The Z factor is approximately the same for all gases at the same
reduced temperature and reduced pressure, which are defined as
T P
TR and PR
Tcr Pcr
where Pcr and Tcr are the critical pressure and temperature, respectively. The critical
constant data for various substances are given in Table A-1. This is known as the
principle of corresponding states. Figure 3-51 gives a comparison of Z factors for
various gases and supports the principle of corresponding states.

21
When either P or T is unknown, Z can be determined from the compressibility chart
with the help of the pseudo-reduced specific volume, defined as
vactual
vR
R Tcr
Pcr
Figure A-15 presents the generalized compressibility chart based on data for a large
number of gases.
22
 These charts show the conditions for which Z = 1 and the gas behaves as an
ideal gas:

1.PR < 10 and TR > 2 or P < 10Pcr and T > 2Tcr

2.PR << 1 or P << Pcr

Note: When PR is small, we must make sure that the state is not in the
compressed liquid region for the given temperature. A compressed liquid state is
certainly not an ideal gas state.

For instance the critical pressure and temperature for oxygen are 5.08 MPa and
154.8 K, respectively. For temperatures greater than 300 K and pressures less than
50 MPa (1 atmosphere pressure is 0.10135 MPa) oxygen is considered to be an ideal
gas.

Example 4.1

Calculate the specific volume of nitrogen at 300 K and 8.0 MPa and compare the
result with the value given in a nitrogen table as v = 0.011133 m3/kg.

From Table A.1 for nitrogen

23
 Tcr = 126.2 K, Pcr = 3.39 MPa R = 0.2968 kJ/kg-K
T 300 K
TR 2.38
Tcr 126.2 K
P 8.0 MPa
PR 2.36
Pcr 3.39 MPa
Since T > 2Tcr and P < 10Pcr, we use the ideal gas equation of state
Pv RT
kJ
0.2968 (300 K ) 3
RT kg K m MPa
v
P 8.0 MPa 103 kJ
m3
0.01113
kg
Nitrogen is clearly an ideal gas at this state.

If the system pressure is low enough and the temperature high enough (P and T are
compared to the critical values), gases will behave as ideal gases. Consider the T-v
diagram for water. The figure below shows the percentage of error for the volume
([|vtable videal|/vtable]x100) for assuming water (superheated steam) to be an ideal gas.
24
Internal Energy:

- The energy that contains in the molecular structure of a system and the
degree of the molecular activity

- Internal energy can be increase by work in or heat in that make an increase

of temperature

- In thermodynamics, the internal energy is always cause by temperature

change

- Internal energy is increase with increase in temperature

- If no temperature rise, no change in potential energy = 0

- Internal energy, U (kJ)

Specific internal energy, u (kJ/kg) where u = U/m (kJ/kg)

25
Ideal gas processes

26
Thermodynamic Processes
States of a thermodynamic system can be changed by
interacting with its surrounding through work and heat.
When this change occurs in a system, it is said that the
system is undergoing a process.

A thermodynamic cycle is a sequence of different

processes that begins and ends at the same
thermodynamic state.

Some sample processes:

Isothermal process: temperature is constant T=C
Isobaric process: pressure is constant, P=C
Isentropic process: entropy is constant, s=C
Constant-volume or isometric process, v=C
Adiabatic process: no heat transfer, Q=0
Process-1
Use ideal gas assumption (closed system):

Isothermal process: T=constant

Energy balance U=Q-W, for ideal gas U=H=0
since both are functions of temperature only
mRT 2 dV
Q=W, W= PdV dV mRT
V 1 V

V2 P1
mRT ln mRT ln
V1 P2
Isobaric process: P=constant
2
U=Q-W, W= PdV=P dV=P(V2 V1 )
1

Q U P (V2 V1 ) (U 2 U1 ) P (V2 V1 )
(U 2 PV2 ) (U1 PV1 ) H 2 H1 H
Process-2
Constant volume process: V=constant
Q-W=U, W= PdV 0, no work done

Q=U=mu=m c dT v

Adiabatic process: Q=0

Q-W=U, -W=U
- W=dU (infinitesimal increment of work and energy)
mRT
dU+PdV=0, mc v dT dV 0
V
RT cv dT dV
cv dT dV 0, , integrate and assume
V R T V
c v =constant
Rc k 1
cv T2 V2 T2 V1 v V1
ln ln ,
R T1 V1 T1 V2 V2
Process-3
k 1
T2 V1
, from ideal gas relation
T1 V2
V1 T1 P2
PV=RT, , substitute
V2 T2 P1
k 1 k 1
T2 T1 P2 T2
, multiply from both sides
T1 T2 P1 T1
( k 1) k
T2 P2 k P2 V1
, and
T1 P1 P1 V2
k k
k cons tan t
Also PV
1 1 PV
2 2 and pV
For an ideal gas undergoing adiabatic process
 Process-4
Polytropic Process: its P-V relation can be expressed as
PVn = constant, where n is a constant for a specific process
Isothermal, T=constant, if the gas is an ideal gas then
PV=RT=constant, n=1
Isobaric, P=constant, n=0 (for all substances)
Constant-volume, V=constant, V=constant(P)(1/n), n= (for all
substances)
Adiabatic process, n=k for an ideal gas

PV
1 1
n
PV
2 2
n
PV n

2 2
W PdV ( PV
1 1
n
)V n
dV
1 1

2 2 PV
2 n
( PV
1 1 ) PV
1 1
n 1 n 1 n
( PV n
) V dV (V V ) 1 1

1 n
2 1
1
1 n
Basic Thermodynamic Process - Thermodynamic
processes of Ideal Gas

1. Isochoric-----Constant Volume process

 (1) (Process equation)

For a constant volume process, the addition or removal of

heat will lead to a change in the temperature and pressure of
the gas, as shown on the two graphs above.

p1v1 p 2 v 2
vC
Substitute into

T1 T2

p1 p2

T1 T2
(2)The change in Internal Energy, Enthalpy and
Entropy

q cv dT pdv du q cv dT
dh c p dT

The amount of heat added to a closed system

during a constant volume process equals to the
increase in internal energy.
Entropy Change

To find the Entropy change, start with the expression derived

from the first law, replacing dU using the definition of specific
heat at constant volume and using the definition of entropy
T2
Tds cv dT s cv ln
T1
(3) Work done and Heat Transferred
Applying the first law of thermodynamics to the process
dU Q W
Replacing W with the reversible work dU Q PdV

since the volume is constant dV = 0 q du

W 0 Q dU
using the definition of the specific heat at constant
volume

to replace dU in the first law.

Q mCV dT
T2
Q m CV dT
T1

The technical work done

p2

wt vdp v( p1 p 2 )
p1
2. Isobaric-----Constant Pressure
(1) Process equation

For a constant pressure process, the addition or

removal of heat will lead to a change in the
temperature and volume of the gas, as shown on
the two graphs above.
Substitute into
pC

p1v1 p 2 v 2 v1 v2

T1 T2 T1 T2
(2) The change in Internal Energy, Enthalpy and Entropy

du cv dT dh c p dT

q cv dT pdv q cv dT d ( pv)

q dh

The amount of heat added to a closed system

during a constant pressure process equals to the
increase in enthalpy.
3 Work done and Heat Transferred

q cv dT pdv q cv dT d ( pv)

q dh
The amount of heat added to a closed system
during a constant pressure process equals to the
increase in enthalpy.
 Q dH

T2
Q m C P dT
T1

During a constant pressure process, heat is

added or removed and the temperature and
volume changes. The volume at the end of the
process can be found using the ideal gas law and
the work calculated from
p2

wt vdp 0
p1
3. Isothermal Compression and Expansion
(1) (Process equation)

For a constant temperature process, the addition or removal

of heat will lead to a change in the volume and pressure of
the gas, as shown on the two graphs above.

Substitute into
T C

p1v1 p 2 v 2
p1v1 p2v2
T1 T2
(2) The change in Internal Energy, Enthalpy and
Entropy

du cv dT 0 dh c p dT 0

q cv dT pdv q pdv
pdv Rdv
Tds pdv ds ds
T v

v2 p1
s R ln s R ln
v1 p2
(3) Work Done and Heat Transferred

In an isothermal process, the temperature is

constant. Applying the first law of thermodynamics
to this closed process

q cv dT pdv
For an ideal gas, the internal energy is a function of
temperature only, and since the temperature is
constant, then dU is zero and

q w pdv
using the ideal gas law and integrating between the
start and end of the process

V2
dV V2 p1
Q W mRT mRT ln mRT ln
V1
V V1 p2

During an isothermal process, the work done by

the system is equal to the heat added to the system,
and all the work is technically usable.
p2 p2
RT p1
wt vdp dp RT ln
p1 p1
p p2
4. Adiabatic Process no heat transfer, Q=0
 (1) Process equation

Quasi-static, adiabatic process for an ideal gas

q = cvdT + pdv and q = cpdT vdp
then cvdT = -pdv and cp dT =vdp
therefore c v dp dv dp

p
or k
then cv p dv v k p
v2 p2 p 2 v2
k ln ln 0 or
k
1
v1 p1 p1v1
finally, we arrive at the very useful expression

from which it can also be shown that

pv C
k
When the temperatures at the start and end of the process are
known, the pressure is calculated from

k
p2 T2 k 1 T2 v1 k 1
( ) ( )
p1 T1 T1 v2
(2) The change in Internal Energy, Enthalpy
and Entropy
Entropy Change
There is no heat transfer to or from the gas and the
process is reversible so that
 (3) Work Done and Heat Transferred

When the temperatures at the start and end of the process

are known, the work done is calculated from

w pdv cv (T2 T1 ) wt vdp

2 2 2 2
pv k 1
w pdv dv ( p1v1 p2 v2 ) wt pdv d ( pv)
1 1
v k
k 1 1 1

R(T1 T2 ) R (T1 T2 )
R(T2 T1 )
k 1 k 1
wt kw k
R(T1 T2 )
Q0 k 1
5. Polytropic Process

Many processes can be approximated by the law:

where,
P Pressure,
v Volume,
n an index depending on the process type.
Polytropic processes are internally reversible. Some
examples
are vapors and ideal gas in many non-flow processes,
such as:

n=0, results in P=constant i.e. isobaric

process.
n=infinity, results in v=constant i.e.
isochoric process.
n=1, results in P v=constant, which is an
isothermal process for a perfect gas.
n=k, which is a reversible adiabatic
process for a perfect gas.
 Some polytropic processes are shown in figure below:

The initial state of working fluid is shown by point 0 on the P-V diagram. The
polytropic state changes are:
0 to 1= constant pressure heating,
0 to 2= constant volume heating,
0 to 3= reversible adiabatic compression,
0 to 4= isothermal compression,
0 to 5= constant pressure cooling,
0 to 6= constant volume cooling,
0 to 7= reversible adiabatic expansion,
0 to 8= isothermal expansion.
 When the temperatures at the start and end of the
process are known, the pressure is calculated from

p2 T2 n 1
n T2 v1 n 1
( ) ( )
p1 T1 T1 v2

(2) The change in Internal Energy, Enthalpy

and Entropy
Entropy Change
There is no heat transfer to or from the gas and the
process is reversible so that
 Types of Processes
Isothermal Processes:

Transformations at constant temperature (dT = 0)

Isochoric Processes:

Transformations at constant volume (dV = 0 or d = 0)

Isobaric Processes:

Transformations at constant pressure (dp = 0)

Adiabatic processes:

Transformations without the exchange of heat between the environment

and the system (dQ = 0 or dq = 0)
Types of Processes
Isothermal Processes:

Transformations at constant temperature (dT = 0)

An isothermal process is one where the

temperature does not change.
Adiabatic processes:

Transformations without the exchange of heat between the environment

and the system (dQ = 0 or dq = 0)

An adiabatic process is one where there is no heat flow into or out of the
system.
Isochoric Processes:

Transformations at constant volume (dV = 0 or d = 0)

Isobaric Processes:

Transformations at constant pressure (dp = 0)

An isobaric process (a) occurs at constant pressure; an isovolumetric one (b) at

constant volume.
Thermodynamic Processes and the
First Law

If the pressure is constant, the work done is the pressure multiplied by the
change in volume:

In an isometric process, the volume does not change, so the work done is zero.
Thermodynamic Processes and the
First Law

For processes where the pressure varies, the work done is the area under the P-
V curve.
Thermodynamic Processes and the
First Law
We see that the region for which water behaves as an ideal gas is in the superheated
region and depends on both T and P. We must be cautioned that in this course,
when water is the working fluid, the ideal gas assumption may not be used to solve
problems. We must use the real gas relations, i.e., the property tables.

62
Useful Ideal Gas Relation: The Combined Gas Law

By writing the ideal gas equation twice for a fixed mass and simplifying, the properties
of an ideal gas at two different states are related by
m1 m2

or
PV PV
1 1
2 2
R T1 R T2
But, the gas constant is (fill in the blank), so
PV PV
1 1
2 2
T1 T2
Example 4.2
An ideal gas having an initial temperature of 25C under goes the two processes
described below. Determine the final temperature of the gas.

Process 1-2: The volume is held constant while the pressure doubles.
Process 2-3: The pressure is held constant while the volume is
reduced to one-third of the original volume.
63
 P T2
3
2
T3
Ideal T1
1
Gas

V
Process 1-3:
Process 1-2: The
m1 m3 volume is held constant
or while the pressure
PV PV doubles.
1 1
3 3 Process 2-3: The
T1 T3
pressure is held
but V3 = V1/3 and P3 = P2 = 2P1 constant while the
volume is reduced to one-
Therefore, P3 V3 third of the original
T3 T1 volume.
P1 V1
2 P1 V1 / 3 2
T3 T1 T1
P1 V1 3
2
T3 (25 273) K 198.7 K 74.3C
3 64
EXAMPLE 4.3
A pressure vessel has a diameter 0.5 m and a height of 1 m and the air inside is at
30C. If the pressure inside the vessel is 1.5 bar, determine the mass of air [ R =
0.287 kJ/kg K].
Solution
D = 0.5 m
h=1m
T1 = 30C ( 30 + 273 = 303 K)
P1 = 1.5 bar = 1.5 x 102 kN/m2 [ 1 bar = 1 x 105 N/m2 ]
m=?
P1 V1 = mRT1
V1 = [(0.5)2/4] x 1
= 0.196 m3
m = (1.5 x 102) (0.196) / (0.287)(303)
= 0.338 kg
65
EXAMPLE 4.4

Determine a temperature of 5 kg an ideal gas (M= 30 kg/kmol) at pressure of

200 kPa and volume of 1.8 m3.
Solution
V1 = 1.8 m3
P1 = 200 kPa
m = 5 kg
M = 30 kg/kmol
R = 8.314/30 = 0.277 kJ/kg.K
T1 = ?

P1V1 = mRT1
T1 = P1V1 / mR
= (200 x 1.8)/ (5 x 0.277)
= 259.8 K
66
EXAMPLE 4.5

2 kg of air is in a piston at a pressure of 1 bar and temperature at 25C. The air is

compressed until reach a pressure at 5 bar and temperature at 50C. Determine
the volume of air at initial state and final state. The specific gas constant for air is
0.287 kJ/kg K.
Solution
At initial state (State 1) At final state (State 2)
T1 = 25C T2 = 50C
P1 = 1 bar P2 = 5 bar
m = 2 kg m = 2 kg

P1V1 = mRT1 P2V2 = mRT2

V1 = mRT1/P1 V2 = mRT2/P2
= (2 x 0.287 x 298) /(1 x 102) = (2 x 0.287 x 323) /(5 x 102)
= 1.71 m3 = 0.371 m3
67
EXAMPLE 4.6
A tank has a volume of 20 m3 consists a nitrogen gas (M = 28 kg/k mol) at 25C and 800 kPa.
Some of the gas is released to the atmosphere so that the pressure in the tank is 600 kPa.
The temperature at this state is 20C, determine the mass of the nitrogen that being
released.
Solution
At initial state (State 1) At final state (State 2)
T1 = 25C T2 = 20C
P1 = 800 kPa P2 = 600 kPa
V1 = 20 m3 V1 = V2 = V = 20 m3

P1V1 = m1RT1 P2V2 = mRT2

R = 8.3143/ 28 = 0.297 kJ/ kmol K R = 8.3143/ 28 = 0.297 kJ/ kmol K

m1 = P1V1 / RT1
= (800 x 20)/(0.297 x 298) m2 = P2V2 / RT2 = (600 x 20)/(0.297 x 293)
= 180.8 kg = 137.9 kg
m = m1-m2 = 180.8 kg - 137.9 kg
= 42.9 kg 68
EXAMPLE 4.7

m3/kg
EXAMPLE 4.8
EXAMPLE 4.9

A 1m3 tank consists of hydrogen (M=2.016 kg/kmol) at 20C and 600 kPa. This tank is
connected with another tank through a valve. This 1 m3 tank also consists of hydrogen but at
30C of temperature and pressure at 200 kPa. Then, the valve is open. The valve is keep open
until the system reach thermal equilibrium. If the surrounding temperature is 27C,
determine the tank pressure.

Solution

}
T1 = 20C V1 = V2 = 1 m3
Ts= 27C
P1 = 600 kPa M = 2.016 kg/ kmol
T2 = 30C (m1 m2)Ts
P2 = 200 kPa
P
m1 T 1 m2 T 2

P1 P 2
m1 = P1V1/RT1 = (600 x 1)/(4.124 x 293) (0.497 0.16)(300)

= 0.497 kg/m3 0.497 293 0.16 303

600 200
m2 = P2V2/RT2 = (200 x 1)/(4.124 x 303) 406.308 kPa
74
= 0.16 kg/m3
EXERCISE 1

A 25 m3 closed tank has 1 kmol air at a pressure of 100 kPa. Determine the
temperature and density of the air [R=0.287 kJ/kg K].
Solution
V1 = 25 m3
P1 = 100 kPa
Ru = 8.314 kJ/kmol K (constant)
R = 0.287 kJ/kg K

M = Ru/R = 8.314/ 0.287

= 29 kg/k mol

T1 = P1V1 / mR = (100 x 25)/ (29 x 0.287)

= 300.7 K
= m/V1 = 29/ 25 = 1.16 kg/m3 75
EXERCISE 2
A 0.2 m3 tank consists a gas at 1.8 bar and 30C. If 0.15 kg of air is released to the
atmosphere, determine the new pressure of the tank when the temperature of the gas is at
its initial state (30C). The mass of gas molecule is 28 kg/kmol.
Solution
V1 = 0.2 m3
P1 = 1.8 bar
M = 28 kg/mol
m2 = 0.15 kg
P1V1 = mRT
m1 = P1V1 / RT1
= (1.8 x 102 x 0.2)/ (0.297 x 303)
= 0.4 kg

m = 0.4 0.15
= 0.25 kg
P2 = mRT2/V2 = (0.25 x 0.297 x 303)/ (0.2)
= 112.49 kPa
76
EXERCISE 3

A cylinder has a diameter of 0.2 m and a height of 0.6 m is used to keep a hydrogen gas.
Determine the amount of mol hydrogen that can be kept in the cylinder at a pressure of 2
MPa and at temperature of 60C (R = 4.1242 kJ/kg K)
Solution
D = 0.2 m
h = 0.6 m
P = 2 MPa
T = 60 C
M = 2.016 kg/kmol , Molar mass of Hydrogen (see Table -27)

V = D2/4 x h = {[ x (0.2)2 ]/4 } x 0.6

= 0.0188 m3
PV = nMRT = mRT
n = PV /MRT
= (2 x 103 x 0.0188)/ (2.016 x 4.1242 x 333)
= 0.0136 mol
77
EXERCISE 4
A 0.120 m3 car tyres at its initial state is at 380 kPa and at 20C. When the tyres is heat up by
the radiation from the sun, the pressure of the tyres had rise up to 450 kPa and the volume
had increase 5%. Determine the final temperature and the mass of the car tyres.

Solution
T1 = 20C P2 = 450 kPa
P1 = 380 kPa V2 = 5 % increase
V1 = 0.120 m3
R = 0.287 kJ/kg K (Air , see Table A-2)
V2 = 1.05 x 0.12 = 0.126 m3 The mass of the car tyres,

P1V 1 P 2 V 2
T1 T2
PV 450 0.126
T2
P2V 2 T 1
m
P1V 1 RT 0.287 364.3
450 x 0.126 x 293

380 x 0.12
m 0.542kg
T 2 364.3K

(The final temperature) 78

EXERCISE 5
A tank consist 2 kg oxygen gas at 40 bar and 200 K. This gas undergoes a cooling
process so that the pressure of the oxygen is reduced to 30 bar. Determine the
volume of the tank and the final temperature.

Solution
m = 2 kg P2 = 30 bar
R = 0.2598 kJ/kg K (Oxygen, see Table A-2)
P1 = 40 bar
T1 = 200 K

P1 P 2
P1V 1 P 2 V 2 T1 T 2
T1 T2
P2 T 1
PV mRT T2
P1
mRT
V 30 10
2

P T2 200
40 10
2
2 x0.2598 x 200
2 150 K
40 x10
V 0.02598 m3 79
EXERCISE 6
A certain perfect gas of mass 0.01 kg occupies a volume of 0.003 m3 at a pressure of 7 bar
and a temperature of 131C. The gas is allowed to expand until the pressure is 1 bar and the
final volume is 0.02 m3. Calculate :
(i) the molar mass of the gas;
(ii) the final temperature.
Solution
V1 = 0.003 m3 m = 0.01 kg
T1 = 131C (131 + 273 = 404 K) P1 = 7 bar
Ru = 8.314 kJ/kmol K P2 = 1 bar
V2 = 0.02 m3
P1 V1 = mR T1
R = P1V1 / m T1 = (7 x 102 x 0.003) / (0.01 x 404) = 0.52 kNm /kg K
M = Ru/R = 8.314/ 0.52
= 16 kg/k mol
T2 = P2V2 / mR = (1 x 102 x 0.02 ) / (0.01 x 0.52)
= 384.5 K
Final temperature = 384.5 273 = 111.5 C
80