Journal of Environmental Science and Management 13(1): 1-11 (June 2010)

ISSN 0119-1144

Drivers of Land Use Change in Lantapan, Bukidnon, Philippines

Charmaine T. Pailagao1, Maria Victoria O. Espaldon2, Moises A. Dorado3,
Delia C. Catacutan4, and Carmelita M. Rebancos5

ABSTRACT

Agricultural intensification has been the key in addressing the growing demand for food
production both for home consumption and supplying the market. The market demand on
agricultural production has therefore triggered change in land use. For farmers, it makes a lot
of economic sense to venture on high value agricultural products where land and labor capital is
limited.

This study provided a temporal analysis that would describe the land use changes in
Barangay Songco, Lantapan, Bukidnon, with emphasis on the driving forces and how they
influence the farming decision of farmers.

Participatory mapping and focused group discussion were conducted with selected farmer-
residents, and a satellite image to generate the historical land use map of barangay Songco.
Maps were digitized and land areas were computed using the ArcGis9 field calculator to derive
the estimated area occupied by a certain land use.

Land use change in Songco is influenced by a high demand of agricultural products.

Furthermore, inappropriate farming systems such as up and down planting that vegetable growers
practice has caused severe soil erosion, leading to the decline on crop yield due to the removal
of soil nutrients. Moreover, the off-site effect of soil erosion are siltation and sedimentation
which carry traces of pesticides and chemical contaminants into water bodies which are
likely to degrade water quality and may create health problems for farm families and those living
downstream (Coxhead et. al. 2005).

Key words: Land use change, uplands

INTRODUCTION

The most fragile ecosystem in the Philippines
is located in the uplands. These consist of more
than 40 % of the countrys total land area. It is
estimated that there are 18 to 20 M residents in
the area (Rola 2000; Villanueva 2006).
Land use change is inevitably, some are natural
occurring but oftentimes, changes due to
anthropogenic activities, especially in the upland
area wherein agricultural activity are happening.
Land conversion has become a recent focal issue;
30 % of the countrys total population farms in
the marginal areas with a slope greater than 18
%. Excessive use of the land had been the trend
to answer the sustenance of daily living, which
includes agricultural intensification (Villanueva
2006).
Agricultural intensification is understood as
the increased cropping frequency in small-scale
systems characteristic of smallholders or it
correspond to a reduction in areas with fallow and

1
MS Student, University of the Philippines Los Baos, College, Laguna. Email address: charm_pai@yahoo.com (corresponding author)
2
Professor, School of Environmental Science and Management. University of the Philippines Los Baos, College, Laguna.
3
Associate Professor, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology, University of the Philippines Los
Baos, College, Laguna.
4
Social Scientist, World Agroforestry Centre, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baos, Laguna, Philippines.
5
Professor, School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines Los Baos, College, Laguna.
2 Drivers of Land Use Change
natural vegetation, or land use conversion to
large-scale, monocultures characteristic of
plantation agriculture (Simon et al. 1994). Also,
land-use change such as cropland expansion in
the uplands may increase the vulnerability of
human-environment systems to climatic
fluctuations and thereby trigger land degradation
(Lambin 2007).
This paper aims to provide a temporal analysis
that would describe the changes in Songcos land
use, with emphasis on the factors that influence
the change, and how they influence the farming
systems and land management decision of
farmers.
This research was undertaken to understand
the historical land use change and the expansion
of vegetable production in Barangay Songco; To
identify the factors that influence land use change
in Barangay Songco; and to recognize and
understand the impacts of land use change.
The Study Area
The study was conducted in Barangay
Songco, Lantapan, a municipality in the province
of Bukidnon. Songco is a vegetable based barangay,
it consist of seven sitios and has a total land area
of 4,304 ha (Figure 1), wherein, more than 67 %
of the total land area is occupied by timberlands,
while the remaining 1,602 ha are identified as
alienable and disposable land.
The terrain of Songco is characteristically
composed of 40 % plain, 35 % hilly and 25 %
mountainous. The soil types are loam (10 %),
clay loam (80 %), and sandy loam (10 %). Slope
ranges from 8% to 50%, of which more than 31
% (504 ha) are identified to have slope between
18 and 30%. Rainfall is well distributed throughout
the year. The average elevation of Songco is
1,135 m above sea level (masl).
As of October 2008, the total population is
2,801 with a total household of 583, and farming
is the primary source of income for most
residents.
Environmental issues within Songco were
decreased soil fertility, rapid change in land use,
soil erosion, dependence of farmers on financiers
and limited opportunity to apply soil and water
conservation practices (Custodio 2003). Field
data collection was conducted from May to October
2008.
METHODOLOGY
Participatory mapping was conducted to
generate the historical land use data were based
from the narrations and answers of the selected
local farmers, who were selected based on the
following length of residency: a) 5 to 15 years, b)
16 to 30 years, and c) 31 years and above. The
land use maps of the following years are based
on the farmers perception: a) 1970, b) 1980, c)
1990 and 2000, while the 2007 land use was
generated from satellite image taken by Geo Eye
last May 2007 (Figure 2). Calculated values of
land area are computed using the ArcGis9 field
calculator using the following formula: calculated
areas from features were multiplied by a constant
value of 1207,987, to be able to derive estimated
area occupied by certain land use.
Information and feedbacks regarding the
historical and present farming practices and
agricultural crops in Songco were obtained
through the focus group discussion.
Estimated soil erosion due to changing land
use was computed using the Modified Universal
Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE). Locally available
information and prevailing environmental
conditions like rainfall and soil properties along
with the calculated area values of the different
land uses derived from the historical land use
map were used for the equation, to wit:
E = R x K x LS x C x P
where E is soil loss rate in t ha-1 yr-1, R is the
rainfall erosivity index value, K is the soil
erodibility value based on the organic matter
content, pH and soil texture, LS is the length-
slope factor which can be approximated on the
basis of percent slope of the area, C is the cover
factor derived from the historical land use maps
of Brgy. Songco, and P is the product of the
conservation or management factors being
practiced in the area.
Journal of Environmental Science and Management Vol. 13. No. 1 (June 2010) 3

Source: ICRAF database

Figure 1. Location Map of the study area.

4 Drivers of Land Use Change
Figure 2. Historical land use map of Barangay Songco.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Historical Land Use of Songco, Lantapan
The original forest occupied more than 79 %
of the total barangay area in 1970 (Table 1),
while the production area was only 4% and
deforested area was still minimal (4%). By 1990,
forest cover shrunk to 26 %, although the
agricultural area increased to 28 % and the
grassland area also increased to 38 %. As of
2007, the forest area was reduced to nine percent,
while there was minimal increase on grassland
area at 39 %, tree plantation 19 %, while, there was
portion of openfield and fallow area (5 %).
The replacement of the forest and permanent
crops by annual crops was caused mainly by
agricultural expansion. The original forest
located in sitios Bul-ugan and Mapawa shrunk
by more than 43 % over the past 37 years. The
rapid decrease of forest cover was attributed by
migration and logging activities. In the early
1970s, Igorot farmers from the mountain
province in Luzon have come to Lantapan,
Bukidnon to look for new farming area, most of
them have settled in barangay Songco in the
foot slopes of Sitio Mapawa and began clearing
Journal of Environmental Science and Management Vol. 13. No. 1 (June 2010) 5

Table 1. Historical land use of Barangay Songco, Lantapan

Land use Y ear
Type 1970 1980 1990 2000 2007
Area % Area % Area % Area % Area %
(ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)
Original 1231.34 72.73 851.80 50.28 447.84 26.50 168.57 9.95 155.29 9.15
forest
Grasslands 319.57 18.87 388.84 22.95 620.83 36.73 747.78 44.14 659.11 38.85
Agriculture 67.60 3.99 255.55 15.08 476.72 28.20 446.06 26.33 458.42 27.02
Deforested 74.59 4.41 195.94 11.57 - - - - - -
area
Built-up - - 2.01 0.12 6.65 0.39 18.30 1.08 18.67 1.10
area
Trees - - - - 138.18 8.18 313.40 18.50 319.59 18.84
Open field - - - - - - - - 73.63 4.34
Fallowed - - - - - - - - 11.64 0.69
areas
TOTAL 1693.10 100 1694.13 100 1690.20 100 1694.1 100 1696.35 100

forest area for farming purpose, while the log-
ging activity started in the late 1960s, the rav-
age of forest resources was legally set through
the issuance of licenses to logging concession-
aires including those who do not possess con-
cepts of reforestation and responsibility
(Catacutan 2000) although the logging activity
in Barangay Songco did not last long according
to a respondent, the further depletion of forest
cover was caused by kaingin done by locals and
natural fire caused by the long droughts in 1972
and 1980. By 2007, the remaining original forest
below the buffer zone was estimated to be around
26 % from the total land area of Songco. The
cleared forest area was converted either into
grassland or agricultural area, while the expan-
sion of sugar and maize production and built-up
areas occurred in the lower altitude at the ex-
pense of the perennial vegetation, either grass-
land or bush fallow.
Aside from logging and migration, market
demand for food is another variable that
influenced land conversion. The open access to
the forest land along with suitable climatic condition
for annual and horticultural cultivation was also
the main reason for the rapid upland migration.
Developments like road network improvements,
water system and the high demand for agricultural
products have guaranteed commercial agriculture
to thrive. As a result, agriculture is the second
most dominant land use in Songco.
Agricultural Land Use and Cropping History
in Songco
From the general land use of Songco, the
agricultural land use was segregated into the
different agricultural crops grown in the area
(Figure 3).
In 1970, maize dominated the agricultural
land use (38 %), followed by abaca (27 %) and
vegetable (17 %). The maize and vegetable
pr oduction incr eased by 49 % and 42 %
respectively, while banana declined to 2 % in
1980. By 2007, vegetable dominated the
agricultural area at 70 %, followed by banana at
16 %, while maize production shrunk to 9 %.
The changes in the natural resources and in
socio-economic environment were triggered by
the shift in agricultural activities. Hence, the
utilization and management of natural resources
were determined by the socio-economic needs of
the community.
Before the influx of migrants in Songco, the
original settlers were the Talaandig, an ethnic
group. The natives at that time were cultivating
areas at the lower and mid elevation (Songco
Farmers 2008 per. comm.); their major crop was
native maize for consumption. Other crops
include cassava, sweet potato, chayote and taro
which were usually planted in the backyard,
6 Drivers of Land Use Change
1970 Agricultural Landuse 1980 Agricultural Landuse
(n=67.60ha) Coff ee (n=255.55 ha)
Banana
18.02%
26.85%
58.16%
vegetable Maize Coffee Banana
17.47% 37.66%
6.56% 7.95%
2000 Agricultural Landuse
(n=446.06 ha)
Sugarcane
5.10%
veget able
50.61%
Banana
15.81%
M aize
28.48%
Figure 3. Agricultural Land use in barangay Songco.
while coffee and abaca were planted as cash
crops. The Talaandig regularly gather timber
trees, fuel wood as well as hunt wild animals in
the forest area. The entry of a logging company
has hastened the clearing of forest cover in the
forested area in 1970.
Aside fr om the logging, rapid land
conversion was attributed to the entry of migrants
coming from the different parts of the Philippines.
According to the FGD participants, the Igorots
were the first group of migrants who settled in
Songco, bringing along with them their cropping
practices (PLLA 1996). Seeing that the climate
and soil of Songco are ideal for temperate-
vegetable production, the Igorots settled near the
forest margins and cultivated the open fields for
potato production.
Observing that the cropping practices of the
migrants were profitable, the locals began to
adopt the cropping practice. The dominant crops
in 1970 were maize, abaca (Musa textilis),
vegetables and coffee.
By 1980, there was a shift in land use. The
collapse of coffee price and the incidence of stem
borer, and the spread of abaca mosaic disease in
1980 have stimulated the farmers to convert their
coffee and banana plantation into either maize or
vegetable plot. These explain the gradual increase
1990 Agricultural Landuse
(n=476.72)
Maize
Maize
49.07%
Vegetable
42.35%
Sugarcane
0.86% Coff ee Banana
1.89%
Vegetable 27.33%
Vegetab 5.83%
2007 Agricultural Landuse
(n=458.42ha)
Veget able
69 .25%
Banana
M aize 16.27%
Sugarcane
9.21%
5.28 %
of production area to vegetable by 27 % and 28
%for maize, while the area occupied by coffee
and abaca rapidly declined to 19 % and 11
% respectively. While sugarcane and maize occupy
the pr ime agricultural land, an estimated five
hectares of prime agricultural land are cultivated
for sugarcane, a small fraction, compared with
maize (49 %) and vegetable production (42 %)
that dominated the agricultural land use in 1990.
The entry of banana companies in Lantapan in
the late 1990s is the main reason for the rapid
conversion of prime agricultural land to banana
plantation.
In 2000, maize production area declined,
whereas, vegetable production area gradually
increased. The change in land use trend was
attributed to increasing demand of vegetable
crops and the expansion of market outlet for
vegetable not only within the region but also in
the national capital region. Furthermore, the
farmers were encouraged to cultivate vegetables
because they have shorter turn around period
which means that farmers can have more than
three (3) croppings in one fiscal year, as compared
with maize production which has an average of
two (2) croppings per year.
At present, the agricultural land use of Songco
is dominated by vegetables, occupying more than
70 % of the total area across the different elevations.
Journal of Environmental Science and Management Vol. 13. No. 1 (June 2010) 7

Historical Cropping Pattern Vegetable crops are usually planted in small

The historical cropping pattern per sitio
based from the farmer-participants recollection
and present observation is presented in Table 2.
Maize was the dominant crop in the sitios located
in the lower elevation as well as in Sitio Mapawa
in 1970. By 1980, the cropping pattern has
changed, when farmers have either shifted to or
adopted vegetable production, apart from usual
the cropping pattern. Vegetable production areas
were often found in the higher elevation wherein
the climate is ideal for growing temperate
vegetable crops, while maize and sugarcane
were located in the lower elevation. It is a known
fact that the farmers own or cultivate more than
two parcels of land, located in different areas.
plot compared with maize and sugarcane which
are more profitable to cultivate in bigger area to
be able to compensate the farming cost (Figures
4 and 5).
Vegetable Crops in Songco
The 10 commonly planted vegetables in
Songco are presented in Table 3. Cabbage
(Brassica oleracea var. capitata), ombok
(Brassica rapa chinensis) and talong (Solanum
melongena) are the three most commonly planted
vegetables all year round, while tomato
(Lycopersicon esculentum), bell pepper
(Capsicum annuum), and yellow squash
(Cucurbita spp) are planted by some farmers on
certain season. Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var.

Table 2. Historical cropping pattern of Songco farmers.

1 9 7 0 1 9 8 0 1 9 9 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 8
Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Early Mid

Sitio 1 (Centro)
- Maize
- Vegetable
- Banana
Sitio 1A (Market Site)
- Maize
- Vegetable
- Banana
Sitio 2 (Tulugan)
- Maize
- Vegetable
- Sugarcane
Sitio 2A (Lower Market site)
- Maize
- Vegetable
- Sugarcane
Sitio 3 (Bulg-ogan)
- Maize
- Vegetable
- Banana
Sitio 4 (Mapawa )
- Maize
- Vegetable
Sitio 7 (Watershed nursery)
- Maize
- Vegetable
- Banana
- Sugarcane
8 Drivers of Land Use Change

Figure 4. Vegetable garden in Songco, Lantapan. Figure 5. Maize and sugarcane farm.

The high input and labor cost are just some

Table 3. Vegetables commonly grown in Barangay of the downside of vegetable production. Farmers
Songco. identified and ranked the top seven vegetable
crops that require high farm inputs (chemicals,
Scientific name Local/Common
name fertilizers), and labor cost (Table 4). Table 5
shows the seven commonly planted vegetables
Rank 1 - Commonly planted
farmers have identified requiring intensive use of
Brassica oleracea var. capitata Cabbage chemicals.
Rank 2
Brassica rapa chinensis Wongbok/Ombuk Commercial vegetable production is the
Solanum melongena Talong current cropping trend in Songco due to the high
Rank 3 demand of certain vegetable crops for local and
national consumption. This increased demand
Lycopersicon esculentum Kamatis
was caused by population growth, along with
Capsicum annuum Atsal governments import ban of certain vegetable
Cucurbita Maxima Kalabasa/Squash products coming from the neighboring countries,
Rank 4 resulting to an increase on the commodity buying
Brassica oleracea var. italica Broco price, giving upland farmers a better economic
Phaseolus vulgaris Beans opportunity.
Apium graveolens Celery
Market demand with high buying price
Solanum tuberosum Linn Patatas influences farmers cropping pattern, while farming
practices depend on the cultural management of
italica), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), and celery crops and as well as the topography of the area.
(Apium graveolens) are planted by only few The expansion of vegetable production had led to
farmers for the market. Price constantly fluctuates the utilization of ecological fragile areas. While
depending on the supply and demand. the sustainability of these production systems is
Journal of Environmental Science and Management Vol. 13. No. 1 (June 2010) 9

Table 4. Top seven vegetables identified by farmers Table 6. Farming system on vegetable production.
requiring high input cost.
Year Farming system Cropping
Scientific name Local/Common method
name 1970 Urok Method1 Mono-crop
Rank 1 Sarol2
1980 Up-and-down plowing Mono-crop
Capsicum annuum Atsal
Brassica oleracea var. italica Broco to Contour Plowing Mono/
Brassica oleracea var. capitata Cabbage Intercrop
Present Contour farming Mono-crop
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis Cauli
Lycopersicon esculentum Kamatis SALT (started in the
late 80s)
Rank 2
NVS (mid 90s)
Phaseolus vulgaris Baguio beans VAF (2005 to present)
Rank 3
Brassica rapa chinensis Ombuk water logging; b) Contour plowing - plowing and
cultivation are done along the contour lines and
Table 5. Top seven vegetables requiring intensive c) Contour farming - the establishment of
use of chemicals. hedgerows along the contour lines at a given
Scientific name Local/Common name distance to prevent soil erosion. Hedgerows will
also serve as natural filter for eroded soils.
Rank 1 - Intensive use
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis Cauli Contour farming has been practice by some
Lycopersicon esculentum Kamatis Songco farmers since the early 1980. Based on
Brassica oleracea var. capitata Cabbage previous studies in the area, there are three major
Rank 2 - Moderate contour farming systems that are adopted by
Capsicum annuum Atsal local farmers since 1980s up to present. These
Rank 3 Minimal contour farming technology are: Sloping
Brassica rapa chinensis Ombuk Agricultural Land Technology (SALT)- a method
Phaseolus vulgaris Baguio beans of growing crops both (arable and permanent)
Brassica oleracea var. italica Broco between rows of nitrogen-fixing shrubs and tress
Intensive use weekly high dosage application such as Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena
Moderate application application is done monthly leucocephala. SALT technology was developed
Minimal application chemical spraying is done only when there is
infestation
by Rev. Watson of the Rural Mindanao Baptist in
Davao; Natural Vegetative filter Strips (NVS)- a
constrained by several factors such as soil erosion, narrow strips of naturally grown grasses and
overuse of agrochemicals, siltation of waterways, herbs intentionally left unplowed along the
nutrient losses in runoff water, and poor market contours of a sloping farm area. NVS are widely
infrastructure (Midmore et al. 1996 and Poudel et adopted in provinces of Bukidnon and Misamis
al. 1998). Oriental; and Vegetable Agroforestry (VAF) is
the integration of vegetable crops in a tree-based
Vegetable growers have different farming system that could provide multiple benefits in-
practices, depending on the vegetable crops to be cluding provisions of micronutrients to the diet of
planted and the location of the farm. Table 6 rural community and enhancement of on-farm bio-
shows the different farming systems used by diversity and environmental sustainability
farmers in the area for the past 37 years. At present, (Catacutan 2008).
there are three farming system commonly used
by vegetable growers in Songco. These are: a) The study by Poudel et al. (1999) on the dif-
Up and down plowing - plowing and furrowing ferent farming practices, shows that the average
are done parallel to the slope to prevent water soil loss in a farmers up and down cultivation
logging in the plot. This farming system is practice was 50% greater than the tested
commonly used by most tomato growers to prevent conservation measures (Table 7). Contouring and
10
contour hedgerow treatments were able to reduce
run off by 41% and 33%, respectively (Poudel et
al. 1999). Plowing and planting up and down the
slope dramatically exacerbated soil erosion to
about 4 cm soil depths per year which will lead
to significant reduction in crop productivity
(Mercado 2000).
Table 7. Soil loss as influenced by the different
farming systems.
Farming system Soil loss Nitrate
(tha-1) (kg ha-1)
Up-and-down plowing 23.3 a 4.6 a
Contouring 13.5 b 3.3 a
Hedgerows 16.2 b 2.5 a
Source: Poudel et al. (1999)
Soil erosion due to land use change
Around 1,372 tons of soils were estimated to
have eroded in 1970; this has increased by
1980 by 16 %, and 24 % increase by 2000
(Table 8). The decrease of vegetative covers
triggers the significant increase of eroded soil.
Loss of vegetative cover is attributed to the
conversion of forestland, grasslands to agriculture
or open field. Also, frequent soil movements
during land preparation, inappropriate farming
systems and other anthropogenic activities
further aggravates soil erosion especially on
sloping area.
Drivers of change
The present study shows that landscape
transformations are influenced by economic
opportunities, anthropogenic activity and natural
phenomena.
High demand for vegetable and other
agricultural crops have provided economic
opportunities for farmers to expand their production
even in steep sloping area at the same time
promotes migration in the locality leading to the
encroachment, and clearing of forest area, aside
from the economic and anthropogenic activities.
Natural phenomena like long dry season have
also contributed to land use change, the long
drought that was experienced in 1972 and 1980
caused a great fire in the upper area, part of sitios
Drivers of Land Use Change
Table 8. Estimated change in soil erosion due to
changing land use.
Year Soil Erosion (ton)
1970 1372
1980 2182
1990 3221
2000 3234
2007 3431
Mapawa and Bul-ogan, which converted several
hectares of land into open and grassland area.
Economic benefits from the high demand
encouraged farmers with landholding ranging
from 0.131 to 2.99 ha to expand their production
area either by purchasing additional area or
through land renting.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Land use changes are influenced by farm
expansion due to the high demand of agricultural
products and since farmers primary goal is to
increase production, farm expansion includes
cultivation of sloping area that are prone to land
degradation. Furthermore, inappropriate farming
systems such as up and down planting that
vegetable growers practice have caused severe
soil erosion, which in turn led to the decline in
crop yield due to the removal of soil nutrients.
Moreover, the off-site effect of soil erosion are
siltation, sedimentation which carry traces of
pesticides and chemical contaminants into water
bodies which are likely to degrade water quality
and may create health problems for farm families
and those living downstream (Coxhead et al.
2005).
It is concluded that there is a need to conduct a
comprehensive land use mapping for updated
data with regard to Songcos current land use
trend. Also, there is a need to strengthen the
implementation of soil and water conservation
policy to mitigate soil erosion problems in the
area.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors recognizes the support from the
Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource
Management Southeast Asia (SANREM-SEA)
Phase 3, The World Agroforestry Centre
(ICRAF), Local Government Unit of Lantapan
and the Lantapan Farmers.