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Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Gii thiu

Mc lc
Cc ti liu word ha.....................................................................................................................................2
Cc sch c Scan li:......................................................................................................................................2
DAO NG C HC.......................................................................................................................................7
I CNG DAO NG IU HA.......................................................................................................7
CON LC L XO........................................................................................................................................11
CON LC N...........................................................................................................................................15
CC DNG DAO NG KHC...............................................................................................................20
TNG HP DAO NG............................................................................................................................23
Hng dn s dng my tnh cm tay tng hp dao ng...........................................................................24
SNG C SNG M..................................................................................................................................25
I CNG V PHNG TRNH SNG C.......................................................................................25
NHIU X V GIAO THOA SNG C...................................................................................................27
SNG DNG..............................................................................................................................................30
SNG M. GIAO THOA V SNG DNG M.....................................................................................32
DNG IN XOAY CHIU...........................................................................................................................34
I CNG DNG IN XOAY CHIU...............................................................................................34
MCH XOAY CHIU RLC NI TIP.......................................................................................................36
CNG SUT IN XOAY CHIU............................................................................................................40
MY BIN P V TRUYN TI IN NNG......................................................................................41
MY PHT V NG C KHNG NG B.....................................................................................43
DAO NG V SNG IN T.................................................................................................................45
DAO NG IN T................................................................................................................................45
IN T TRNG. SNG IN T......................................................................................................48
SNG NH SNG..........................................................................................................................................50
TN SC NH SNG. QUANG PH......................................................................................................50
NHIU X V GIAO THOA NH SNG................................................................................................52
TIA HNG NGOI, T NGOI, RN-GHEN V THANG SNG IN T......................................55
LNG T NH SNG................................................................................................................................57
HIN TNG QUANG IN NGOI. THUYT LNG T NH SNG........................................57
QUANG IN TRONG. QUANG PHT QUANG V LAZE.................................................................59
MU NGUYN T BOR...........................................................................................................................61
HT NHN NGUYN T.............................................................................................................................63
CU TO HT NHN. NNG LNG LIN KT...............................................................................63
PHN NG HT NHN. PHN NG PHN HCH V NHIT HCH.............................................65
PHNG X. CC DNG PHNG X.....................................................................................................67

nh my: Trn Vn Hu + V Kim Thin : THPT U Minh Thng Kin Giang Trang - 1 -
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Gii thiu

Cc ti liu word ha
1. Gio trnh luyn thi i hc ca thy Nguyn Hng Khnh 2014 -
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4. 41 chuyn luyn thi i hc 2014 - ca thy V nh Hong (...)
5. Cc chuyn luyn thi i hc 2014 ca thy ng Vit Hng
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Chng 7: (ang hon thnh)
6. 30 thi th ca thy Bi Gia Ni - http://thuvienvatly.com/download/39848
7. 60 thi th ca thy Nguyn Hng Khnh
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13. 20 cn lm trong thng 6 2014 ca thy Nguyn Hng Khnh -
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15. Chuyn trc nghim vt l 10 v 11 ca thy V nh Hong (...)
16. Ti liu luyn thi i hc 2015 ca thy Trn Quc Lm

Cc sch c Scan li:


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2. 121 bi tp vt l 10 V Thanh Khit http://thuvienvatly.com/download/40455
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10.

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Phone: 0978.919.804 0942.481.600

nh my: Trn Vn Hu + V Kim Thin : THPT U Minh Thng Kin Giang Trang - 2 -
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Gii thiu

BNG TM TT CNG THC LNG GIC THNG DNG TRONG VT L


1. n v o Gi tr lng gic cc cung.
* 10 = 60 (pht), 1= 60 (giy); 10 = (rad); 1rad = ()
* Gi l s o bng ca 1 gc, a l s o tnh bng radian tng ng vi khi ta c php
bin i sau:
a = (rad); = ()
0
* i n v: 1mF = 10-3F; 1F = 10-6F; 1nF = 10-9F; 1pF = 10-12F; 1 A = 10-10m. Cc n v khc cng
i tng t.
* Bng gi tr lng gic cung c bit.

Cung i nhau Cung b nhau Cung hn km Cung ph nhau Cung hn km /2


( v -) v ( - ) ( v + ) ( v /2 -) ( v /2 +)
cos(-) = cos cos( - )= -cos cos( + ) = -cos cos(/2 -)= sin cos(/2 +) =
sin(-) = -sin sin( - ) = sin sin( + ) = -sin sin(/2 -) = cos -sin
tan(-) = -tan tan( - ) = -tan tan( + ) = tan tan(/2 -) = cot sin(/2 +) = cos
cot(-) = -cot cot( - ) = -cotg cot( + ) = cotg cot(/2 -) = tan tan(/2+)= -cot
cot(/2 +) =
-tan
2. Cc i lng vt l
Cc n v ca h SI nht Pa.s
di m Nhit K
Thi gian s in lng C
Vn tc m/s Cng in trng V/m
Gia tc m/s2 in dung F
Vn tc gc rad/s Cng dng in A
Gia tc gc rad/s2 in tr
Khi lng Kg in tr sut .m
Khi lng ring Kg/m3 Cm ng t T
Lc N T thng Wb
p sut hoc ng sut Pa Cng t trng A.m
Xung lng Kg.m/s Momen t A.m2
Momen ca lc N.m Vecto t ha A/m
Nng lng, cng J t cm H
Cng sut W Cng sng Cd
Momen xung lng Kg.m2/s
Momen qun tnh Kg.m2
nh my: Trn Vn Hu + V Kim Thin : THPT U Minh Thng Kin Giang Trang - 3 -
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Gii thiu
Cch c tn mt s i Vn tc nh sng trong c = 3.108 m/s
lng vt l chn khng
Anpha Hng s hp dn G = 6,67.10-11 m3/
beta (kg.s2)
Gamma Gia tc ri t do G = 9,8 m/s2
enta S Avogadro 6,02.1023 mol-1
Epxilon Th tch kh tiu chun V0 = 2,24 m3/kmol
Zeta Hng s kh R = 8,314 J/kmol
T Hng s Bolzman k = 1,38,10-23
Fi J/kmol
ta S Faraday 0,965.108 C/kg
Tta
Nuy i n v
Muy Chiu di 1A0 = 10-10 m
Lamda 1 n v thin vn (a.e) =
Kxi 1,49.1011 m
Khi 1 nm nh sng = 9,46.1015 m
Omega 1 inches = 2,54.10-2 m
Ipxilon 1 fecmi = 10-15 m
Xicma 1 dm = 1,61.103 m
R 1 hi l = 1,85.103 m
Pi Din tch 1 ha = 104 m2
o Omikron 1 bac = 10-28 m2
Kappa Khi lng 1 tn = 10 t = 1000 kg
Ita 1 phun = 0,454 kg
1 a.e.m = 1,67.10-27 kg
(Khi lng nguyn t)
1 cara = 2.10-4 kg
Cng v cng 1 erg/s = 10-7 W
sut 1 m lc (HP) = 636 W
1 kcal/h = 1,16 W
1 calo (cal) = 4,19 J
1 W.h = 3,6.103 J
p sut 1 dyn/cm2 = 0,1 Pa
1 atm = 1,01.105 Pa
1 kG/m2 = 9,81 m2
1 mmHg = 133 Pa
1 at = 1 kG/cm2 = 9,18.104 Pa
Cc hng s vt l c bn

nh my: Trn Vn Hu + V Kim Thin : THPT U Minh Thng Kin Giang Trang - 4 -
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy
3. Cc hng ng thc lng gic c bn:
1 1
sin2 + cos2 = 1; =1 1 cot 2 1 tan 2
sin 2 cos 2
4. Cng thc bin i
a. Cng thc cng
cos(a + b) = cosa.cosb - sina.sinb cos(a - b) = cosa.cosb + sina.sinb
sin(a + b) = sina.cosb + sinb.cosa sin(a - b) = sina.cosb - sinb.cosa
tan a tan b tan a tan b
tan(a - b) = tan(a + b) =
1 tan a. tan b 1 tan a. tan b
b. Cng thc nhn i, nhn ba
cos2a = cos2a - sin2a = 2cos2a - 1 = 1 - 2sin2a; sin3a = 3sina 4sin3a
sin2a = 2sina.cosa; cos3a = 4cos3a 3cosa;
2 tan a
tan2a =
1 tan 2 a
c. Cng thc h bc: cos2a = ; sin2a = ; tan2a = ; cotan2a =
d. Cng thc tnh sin, cos, tan theo t = tan
2t 1 t2 2t
sin cos tan ( + k, k Z)
1 t2 1 t2 1 t2
e. Cng thc bin i tch thnh tng
cosa.cosb = [cos(a-b) + cos(a+b)] sina.sinb =[cos(a-b) - cos(a+b)]
sina.cosb = [sin(a-b) + sin(a+b)]
f. Cng thc bin i tng thnh tch
cosa + cosb = 2cos cos sina + sinb = 2sincos
cosa - cosb = -2sinsin sina - sinb = 2cossin
tana + tanb = tana - tanb =(a,b +k )
5. PHNG TRNH V H PHNG TRNH LNG GIC
a. Cc cng thc nghim pt c bn:
x k 2
sinx = a = sin x k 2 cosx = a = cos x = + k2

tanx = a = tan x = +k cotx = a = cot x = +k
b. Phng trnh bc nht vi sin v cos:
Dng phng trnh: a.sinx + b.cosx = c (1) vi iu kin (a2 + b2 0 v c2 a2 + b2)
a b c
Cch gii: chia c 2 v ca (1) cho a2 b2 ta c: sinx + cosx =
a b
2 2
a b
2 2
a b2
2

a c
cos cos . sin x sin . cos x
a 2
b 2
a b2
2

Ta t: b
ta c pt: c
sin sin( x ) ( 2)
a b a b2
2 2 2

Gii (2) ta c nghim.
c. Phng trnh i xng: Dng phng trnh: a.(sinx + cosx) + b.sinx. cosx = c (1) (a,b,c R)
Cch gii: t t = sinx + cosx = .cos(x - ), iu kin - t
t2 = 1+ 2sinx.cosx sinx.cosx = th vo (1) ta c phng trnh:
a.t + b. = c b.t2 + 2.a.t - (b + 2c) = 0
Gii v so snh vi iu kin t ta tm c nghim x.
Ch : Vi dng phng trnh: a.(sinx - cosx) + b.sinx. cosx = c
Ta cng lm tng t, vi cch t t = sinx - cosx = .cos(x +/4).
d. phng trnh ng cp. Dng phng trnh: a.sin2x + b.cosx.sinx + c.cos2x = 0 (1)
Cch gii:
- b1 Xt trng hp cosx = 0
- b2 Vi cosx 0 (x = + k) ta chia c 2 v ca (1) cho cos2x ta c pt: a.tan2x + b.tanx + c = 0
t t = tanx ta gii phng trnh bc 2: a.t2 + b.t +c = 0.
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy
Ch : Ta c th xt trng hp sinx = 0 ri chia 2 v cho sin2x.
6. Mt s h thc trong tam gic:
a. nh l hm s cos: a2 = b2 + c2 2bc.cosA;
b. nh l hm sin: = =
c. Vi tam gic vung ti A, c ng cao AH:
1 1 1
2
2
2 2
2 ; AC = CH.CB; AH = CH.HB; AC.AB = AH.CB
AH AC AB
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng I Dao ng c

DAO NG C HC
I CNG DAO NG IU HA
1. Dao ng c, dao ng tun hon
+ Dao ng c l chuyn ng c gii hn, qua li ca vt quanh v tr cn bng.
+ Dao ng tun hon l dao ng m nhng khong thi gian bng nhau (gi l chu k T) vt tr li v
tr c theo hng c
2. Dao ng iu ha
+ Dao ng iu ha l dao ng trong li ca vt l mt hm coossin (hay sin) theo thi gian.
+ Phng trnh dao ng: x = Acos(t + )
Trong :
+ A: Bin dao ng, l gi tr cc i ca li x; n v m, cm. A lun dng
+ (t + ): l pha ca dao ng ti thi im t; n v rad
+ l pha ban u ca dao ng, n v rad
+ : Tn s gc ca dao ng iu ha; n v rad/s
+ Cc i lng: bin A ph thuc vo cch kch thch ban u lm cho h dao ng; pha ban
u ph thuc vo vic chn mc (ta v thi gian) xt dao ng, cn tn s gc (chu k T, tn s
f) ch ph thuc cu to ca h dao ng.
+ Phng trnh dao ng iu ha x = Acos(t + ) l nghim ca phng trnh x + 2x = 0
l phng trnh ng lc hc ca dao ng iu ha
+ Hnh chiu ca mt chuyn ng trn u ln 1 trc c nh qua tm l mt dao ng iu ha. Mt
dao ng iu ha c th biu din tng ng 1 chuyn ng trn u c bn knh R = A, tc v =
vmax = A.
3. Cc i lng c trng ca dao ng iu ha
+ Chu k T ca dao ng iu ha l khong thi gian thc hin mt dao ng ton phn; n v:
giy (s).
+ Tn s f ca dao ng iu ha l s dao ng ton phn thc hin c trong mt giy; n v hc
(H).
1 2
T f

So _ dao _ dong N
+ Lin h gia , T v f: f
thoi _ gian t
2f


Nhn xt:
+ Mi chu k vt qua v tr bin 1 ln, cc v tr khc 2 ln (1 ln theo chiu dng v 1 ln theo chiu
m).
+ Mi chu k vt i c qung ng 4A, chu k vt i c 2A, chu k i c qung ng A
(nu xut pht t VTCB hoc v tr bin).
4. Vn tc trong dao ng iu ha:

+ Vn tc l o hm bc nht ca li theo thi gian: v = x = -Asin(t+) = Acos(t + + )
2

+ Vn tc ca vt dao ng iu ha bin thin iu ha cng tn s nhng sm pha so vi li .
2
+ V tr bin: x = A v = 0
+ V tr cn bng: x = 0 |v| = vmax = A
5. Gia tc trong dao ng iu ha
+ Gia tc l o hm bc nht ca vn tc (o hm bc 2 ca li ) theo thi gian: a = v = x =
-2Acos(t+) = - 2x.
+ Gia tc trong dao ng iu ha bin thin iu ha cng tn s nhng ngc pha vi li v sm
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng I Dao ng c

pha so vi vn tc.
2
+ Vect gia tc ca vt dao ng iu ha lun hng v v tr cn bng, c ln t l vi ln ca
li .
+ v tr bin: x = A gia tc c ln cc i: amax = 2A
+ v tr cn bng: x = 0 gia tc bng 0.
Nhn xt: Dao ng iu ha l chuyn ng bin i nhng khng u.
6. Lc tc dng ln vt dao ng iu ha:
F = ma = -k.x lun hng v v tr cn bng, gi l lc ko v.
7. Cng thc c lp:
v2 v2 a2
A2 = x2 + v A 2
= +
2 2 4
8. Phng trnh c bit: Bin : A
x = a Acos(t + ) vi a = const Ta VTCB: x = a
Ta v tr bin: x = a A
A
x = a Acos2(t + ) vi a = const Bin : ; = 2; = 2
2
9. th dao ng:
+ th dao ng iu ha (li , vn tc, gia tc) l ng hnh sin, v th ngi ta cn gi dao ng
iu ha l dao ng hnh sin.
+ th gia tc li : dng on thng nm gc phn t th 2 v th 4
+ th li - vn tc; vn tc gia tc: dng elip.
10. Vit phng trnh dao ng:
* Xc nh bin :
L
- Nu bit chiu di qu o ca vt L th A = .
2
- Nu vt c ko khi VTCB 1 on x0 v c th khng vn tc y th A = x0.
v
- Nu bit vmax v th A = max .

max min
- Nu bit max v min l chiu di cc i v cc tiu ca l xo khi n dao ng th A =
2
a max
- Bit gia tc cc i amax th A =
2
2 So dao dong
* Xc nh tn s gc: = 2. = 2 (rad/s)
T thoi gian
* Xc nh pha ban u: lc t = 0 th x = x 0 v du ca v (theo chiu (+): v >0, theo chiu (-): v < 0,

x A cos t 0

v A sin t 0
bin: v = 0.

Lu :
+ Vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng th v > 0, ngc li v < 0.
+ Gc thi gian t = 0 ti v tr bin dng: = 0.
+ Gc thi gian t = 0 ti v tr bin m: = .

+ Gc thi gian t = 0 ti v tr cn bng theo chiu m: =
2

+ Gc thi gian t = 0 ti v tr cn bng theo chiu dng: =
2
11. Thi gian vt i t li x1 n li x2 (hoc tc v1 n v2 hoc gia tc a1 n a2)
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng I Dao ng c

x1 v1 a1
1 A v a
cos
1 2 max max
t = vi v 0 1, 2

cos x 2 v 2 a 2
2 A v max a max
S
- Tc trung bnh ca vt dao ng: v =
t
Ngoi ra:
- Mt s trng hp c bit v thi gian ngn nht: Thi gian vt i t VTCB ra n bin: T/4; thi
gian i t bin ny n bin kia l T/2; thi gian gia hai ln lin tip vt i qua VTCB: T/2.
- Thi gian trong mt chu k li khng vt qu gi tr x 0 (tng t cho a, v):
2 1
t = 4 t x 0x 2 x 0
4.
1

- Thi gian trong mt chu k li khng nh hn gi tr x 0 (tng t cho a, v):
2 1
t = 4 t x x 0 x 2 A
4.
1

12. Xc nh trng thi dao ng ca vt thi im t v thi im t = t + t
- Gi s phng trnh dao ng ca vt: x = Acos(t + )
- Xc nh li , vn tc dao ng sau (trc) thi im t mt khong thi gian t.
Bit vt ti thi im t vt c li x*
Trng hp c bit:
+ Gc quay c: = .t
+ Nu = k.2 x = x (Hai dao ng cng pha)
+ Nu = (2k+1) x = -x (Hai dao ng ngc pha)
x 2 x '2
+ Nu = (2k+1) 2 2 1 (Hai dao ng vung pha)
2 A A
Trng hp tng qut:
+ Tm pha dao ng ti thi im t:
x* t
x = x* Acos(t + ) = x* cos(t + ) = t
A

+ Nu x ang gim (vt chuyn ng theo chiu m v v < 0)


Nghim ng: t + = vi 0
+ Nu x ang tng (vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng v v > 0)
Nghim ng: t + = -
+ Li v vn tc dao ng sau (du) hoc trc (du -) thi im t giy l:
Sau thi im t: x = Acos(t + pha_ti_thi_im_t)
Trc thi im t: x = Acos(- t + pha_ti_thi_im_t)
13. Xc nh thi gian vt i qua li x* (hoc v*, a*) ln th N
- Mt vt dao ng iu ha theo phng trnh: x = Acos(t + ) cm; (t o bng s)

x A. cos
- Xc nh li v vn tc (ch cn du) ti thi im ban u t = 0:
v A. sin (Chi _ can _ dau)
- V vng trn lng gic, bn knh R A
- nh du v tr xut pht v v tr li x* vt i qua
- V gc qut, xc nh thi im i qua li x* ln th n (vt quay 1 vng quay th thi gian = 1 chu
k)
Quy c:
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng I Dao ng c
+ Chiu dng t tri sang phi.
+ Chiu quay l chiu ngc chiu kim ng h
+ Khi vt chuyn ng trn trc Ox: theo chiu m
+ Khi vt chuyn ng di trc Ox: theo chiu dng
14. Xc nh s ln vt qua v tr c li x* (hoc v*, a*) trong khong thi gian t t 1 n t2
- Xc nh v tr li x1 v vn tc v1 ti thi im t1
- Xc nh v tr li x2 v vn tc v2 ti thi im t2
t t 2 t 1
- Lp t s: k + phn l. Trong k l s vng quay
T T
- Biu din trn vng trn lng gic
Xc nh s ln qua v tr x = x*
15. Qung ng ln nht, qung ng b nht
T
TH1: Khong thi gian t
2
- Vt c vn tc ln nht khi qua VTCB, nh nht khi qua v tr bin nn trong cng mt khong thi
gian qung ng i c cng ln khi vt cng gn VTCB v cng nh khi cng gn v tr bin.
+ Gc qut = t.
.t
+ Qung ng ln nht: Smax = 2A.sin
2
.t
+ Qung ng nh nht: Smin = 2A(1-cos )
2
S max
+ Tc trung bnh ln nht v nh nht ca vt trong khong thi gian t: vtbmax = v vtbmin =
t
S min
vi Smax v Smin tnh nh trn.
t
T
TH2: Khong thi gian t >
2
t
T T
+ T ... t = N. + t s = N.2A + s Trong N N*; 0 < t <
2 2
2
.t '
+ Smax = N.2A + 2A.sin
2
.t
+ Smin = N.2A+ 2A(1-cos )
2
16. Xc nh qung ng vt i t thi im t1 n t2
a. Cc trng hp c bit:

- Nu vt xut pht t VCTB, VT bin (hoc pha ban u: = 0, , )
2
t t t
2 1 N
T T Qung ng: S = N.A
4 4
t t t
2 1 N
- Nu vt xut pht bt k m thi gian tha mn: T T Qung ng: S = N.2A
2 2
b. Trng hp tng qut
- Xc nh li v chiu chuyn ng ti hai thi im t 1 v t2:

x1 A cos(t1 ) x 2 A cos(t 2 )
v (v 1 v v2 ch cn xc nh du)
v1 A sin(t1 ) v 2 A sin(t 2 )
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng I Dao ng c
t
- Phn tch thi gian: N + phn_l t = N.T + t
T
- Qung ng: s = 4A.N + s
- V vng trn lng gic, xc nh s Tng qung ng s
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng I Dao ng c
CON LC L XO
1. Cu to: Con lc l xo gm mt l xo c cng k, khi lng khng ng k, mt u c nh, u
kia gn vt nng khi lng m c t theo phng ngang hoc treo thng ng.
2. iu kin dao ng iu ha: B qua mi ma st
3. Phng trnh dao ng: x = Acos(t +)
Nhn xt:
- Dao ng iu ha ca con lc l xo l mt chuyn ng thng bin i nhng khng u.
- Bin dao ng ca con lc l xo:
+ A = xmax: Vt VT bin (ko vt khi VTCB 1 on ri bung nh: x = A)
+ A = ng i trong 1 chu k chia 4
2W v v .T a Fhp max
+A= (W: c nng; k cng), A = max ; A = tb ; A = max 2 ;A=
k 4 k
min min
+ A = max cb; A = max vi cb = max
2 2
4. Chu k, tn s ca con lc l xo
k 2 m N
- Theo nh ngha: = T= 2 v = 2 = 2.
m k t
- Theo bin dng:
+ Treo vt vo lo xo thng ng: k. = m.g k , T,
+ Treo vt vo l xo t trn mt phng nghing gc : k. = mg.sin k , T, .
- Theo s thay i khi lng:
+ Gn vt khi lng m = m1 + m2 T = T12 T22
+ Gn vt khi lng m = m1 - m2 T = T12 T22
+ Gn vt khi lng m = m1m 2 T = T1T2
5. Lc phc hi:
+ Lc gy ra dao ng.
+ Biu thc: Fhp = ma = -kx
+ ln: Fhp = m|a| = k.|x|. Trong : x c n v m; m c n v kg; F c n v N
H qu:
- Lc hi phc lun c xu hng ko vt v v tr cn bng Lun hng v VTCB
- Lc hi phc bin thin cng tn s nhng ngc pha vi li x, cng pha vi gia tc
- Lc hi phc i chiu khi vt qua v tr cn bng.
6. Nng lng ca con lc l xo:
1 1 1
+ ng nng: W = mv2 = kA2sin2(t + ) Wmax = m v 2max ti VTCB
2 2 2
1 1 1
+ Th nng: Wt = kx2 = kA2cos2(t + ) Wtmax = kA2 ti VT bin
2 2 2
1 1
+ C nng (nng lng dao ng): W = W + Wt = kA2 = m2A2 = Wmax = Wtmax
2 2
Yu cu: Cc i lng lin quan n nng lng phi c i ra n v chun
Ngoi ra:
+ C nng bo ton, khng thay i theo thi gian
T
+ ng nng, th nng bin thin tun hon vi chu k T = , tn s f = 2f, = 2
2
A n
+ Khi W = nWt x = , v A
n 1 n 1
A
+ Khi W = Wt x = , trong 1 chu k c 4 ln ng nng = th nng, thi gian gia hai ln
2
lin tip ng nng bng th nng l T/4
+ Thi gian ngn nht vt i qua hai v tr VTCB mt khong xc nh l T/4
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng I Dao ng c
A
+ Thi gian ngn nht m vt li cch VTCB mt khong nh c l T/4 th v tr l
2
7. Ct, ghp l xo
+ Ct l xo: l xo c cng k0, chiu di 0 c ct thnh nhiu l xo thnh phn c chiu di 1, 2,
cng ca mi phn: k00 = k11 = k22 =
H qu: Ct l xo thnh n phn bng nhau
- cng mi phn k = n.k0
T0
- Chu k, tn s: T = f= n f0
n
+ Ghp l xo:
- Ghp song song: k = k1 + k2 + cng tng, chu k gim, tn s tng.
1 1 1
- Ghp ni tip: k k k .... cng gim, chu k tng, tn s gim.
1 2

H qu: Vt m gn vo l xo k1 dao ng vi chu k T1, gn vo l xo k2 dao ng vi chu k T2


1 1 1
- m gn vo l xo k1 ni tip k2: T = T12 T22 2
2
f f1 f 2
1 1 1
- m gn vo l xo k1 song song k2: 2
2 f= f12 f 22
T T1 T2
8. Chiu di l xo trong qu trnh dao ng
- Xt con lc l xo gm vt m treo vo l xo k, chiu dng hng xung di:
mg
+ bin dng ca l xo khi cn bng: =
k
+ Chiu di l xo khi cn bng: cb = 0 +
+ Chiu di ln nht: max = cb + A
+ Chiu di nh nht: min = cb - A
+ Chiu di l xo khi li x: x = cb + x
- Mt s trng hp ring:
+ Con lc l xo nm ngang: = 0
+ Con lc l xo dng ngc: < 0 (thay gi tr m)
mg. sin
+ Con lc l xo nm nghing gc : =
k
9. Lc n hi
+ Fh = k| + x| Trong : , x phi c i ra n v chun
+ Lc n hi cc i: Fhmax = k( + A)
+ Lc n hi cc tiu:
- Nu A Fhmin = 0 x = - ll
- Nu A < Fhmin = k( - A) x = - A
Lu :
+ Con lc l xo nm ngang: = 0 Fh = k|x| = Fph lc n hi chnh l lc phc hi
+ Cng thc dng tng qut ca lc n hi:
- Nu chn chiu (+) cng chiu bin dng ban u: Fh = k| + x|
- Nu chn chiu (+) ngc chiu bin dng ban u: F h = k| - x|
+ Lc n hi tc dng ln vt chnh l lc n hi tc dng ln gi treo
10. Thi gian nn gin trong 1 chu k
- L xo t nm ngang: Ti VTCB khng bin dng; trong 1 chu k: thi gian nn = gin: t nn = tgin
T
=
2
- L xo thng ng:
+ Nu A : L xo ch b gin khng b nn (hnh a)
+ Nu A > : l xo va b gin va b nn (hnh b)
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng I Dao ng c
2 0
Thi gian l xo nn: t = ; vi cos =
A
Thi gian l xo gin: tgin = T - Tnn
11. Hai vt dao ng cng gia tc
k
- Con lc l xo nm ngang: Fqtmax Fms m0amax m0g A2 g vi 2 = m m
0

- Con lc l xo thng ng: Fqtmax m0g m0amax m0g A2 g


- Con lc l xo gn trn M: iu kin vt khng nhc bng
+ M b nhc bng khi c lc n hi l xo ko ln do b gin
+ Fhcao_nhat M.g k(A - ) M.g (V l xo phi gin: A > )
12. Con lc va chm
- Cng thc va chm: m0 chuyn ng v0 n va chm vt m
m0 v0 k
+ Mm (dnh nhau): v = v =
m m0 m m0

2m 0 v 0
v m m
0 k
+ n hi xuyn tm (ri nhau): v =
v' m 0 m v
m

m 0 m 0
Con lc l xo nm ngang
- Va chm ti VTCB: v = vmax = A bin
v2
- Va chm ti v tr bin: A = A2 bin
2
Th ri vt
- Tc ngay trc khi va chm: v = g.t
- Ri va chm n hi VTCB khng i : v = vmax = A Bin
m g v2
- Ri va chm mm VTCB thp hn ban u 1 on x0 = m0 = 0 A = x 02 2 bin
k
13. Hai vt gn l xo dao ng
- V tr hai vt ri nhau: khi i qua v tr cn bng th hai vt bt u ri nhau.
k
- Tc ca 2 vt ngay trc khi ri nhau: v = A. = .
m1 m 2
k
- Sau va chm vt m1 tip tc dao ng iu ha vi bin : v = A. = A
m1
- Sau va chm vt m2 tip tc chuyn ng thng nhanh dn u theo chiu ban u
- Khong cch ( V hnh minh ha)
+ Khong cch khi l xo di nht ln u tin: Vt m 1 bin dng, vt m1 i qung ng A, thi
T
gian chuyn ng T/4, qung ng chuyn ng m2: v2.
4
T
Khong cch: v2. - A.
4
+ Khong cch khi l xo ngn nht ln u tin: Vt m 1 bin m, vt m1 i qung ng 3A, thi
3T
gian chuyn ng 3T/4, qung ng chuyn ng m2: v2.
4
T
Khong cch: v2. + A.
4
14. Con lc l xo quay
- Con lc quay trong mt phng nm ngang: Lc n hi ng vai tr lc hng tm gi cho vt quay
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng I Dao ng c
2
trn Fh = Fht k. = m R
- Con lc quay phng trc ca l xo to vi phng thng ng gc : Hp lc n h v lc cng
dy ng vai tr lc hng tm gi cho vt quay trn
P P
Luc _ dan _ hoi : Fdh T k .
cos cos

Ban _ kinh _ quay : R . sin 0 . sin


F
Luc _ huong _ tam : tan F P. tan Fht
P
15. Dao ng ca vt sau khi ri khi gi chuyn ng.
- Nu gi chuyn ng t vi tr l xo khng bin dng th ung ng t lc bt u chuyn ng
n lc gi ri khi vt: S =
m (g a )
- Nu gi bt u chuyn ng t v tr l xo dn mt on b th: S = - b vi = :
k
bin dng khi gi ri khi vt.
mg
- Li ti v tr gi ri khi vt: x = S - 0 vi 0 =
k
16. Chu k ca mt s h dao ng c bit
D.S.g
- Mu g nhng trong nc: 2 =
m
2.D.S.g
- Nc trong ng hnh ch U: 2 =
m
p.S
- Bnh kn di cha kh: 2 =
.m
2 .g
- Trn hai trc quay: 2 =

k
- Con lc l xo gn vi rng rc: 2 =
2m
k g
- Con lc n + con lc l xo: 2 =
m
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng I Dao ng c
CON LC N
1. Cu to: Con lc n gm mt vt nng treo vo si dy khng gin, vt nng kch thc khng
ng k so vi chiu di si dy, si dy khi lng khng ng k so vi khi lng ca vt nng.
2. iu kin dao ng iu ha: B qua mi ma st v dao ng b (0 100)
3. Phng trnh dao ng:
s S
- Li : s = S0cos(t+) hoc = 0cos(t + ); vi = ; 0 = 0

- Vn tc di : v = s = -S0sin(t+) = -0sin(t+)
- Gia tc di : a = v = -2S0cos(t+) = -20cos(t+) = -2s = - 2
Nhn xt: Dao ng iu ha ca con lc n l chuyn ng cong, bin i nhng khng u.
v2 l 2
v 0 g v
2 2
4. Cng thc c lp thi gian: S02 s 2
2

g 1 g
5. Chu k, tn s, tn s gc ca con lc n: T = 2 ;f
g 2
Lu :
T2 g1 M1 R 22
+ a con lc t thin th ny n thin th khc th: .
T1 g2 M 2 R 12
1 1 1
+ Con lc n chiu di 1 + 2 c chu k: T = T12 T22 2
2
f f1 f 2
1 1 1
+ Con lc n chiu di 1 - 2 (1 > 2) c chu k: T = T12 T22 2
2
f f1 f 2
- Chu k con lc vng inh:
T T' '
+ Chu k khi dao ng vng inh: TV = ; trong : T = 2 g ; T = 2 g
2
+ Gc lch cc i khi vng inh: mg(1-cos0) = mg(1 cos0) 0
Trong : l chiu di phn khng vng inh; : chiu di cn li khi vng inh; 0: bin
gc pha khng b vng inh.

TVD 2t 12 0

- Chu k con lc va chm:
T
VD 2t 12 0
T
2
N1 T2 A
N T
1 1 N T
2 2 N1 A
N 2 T1 B
- Chu k con lc trng phng:
T1T2
T T (hon _ kem _ nhau _ 1 _ dao _ dong)
1 2
6. Bi ton thm, bt chiu di
- Cng thc lin h chiu di v s dao ng: 1 N12 = 2 N 22 (3)

Them _ chieu _ dai : 2 1 (4)


- Mt khc:
Bot _ chieu _ dai : 2 1 (5)
Kt hp (3) v (4) hoc (4) v (5) Lp h.
Lu : Nu khng ni r thm hay bt chiu di
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng I Dao ng c
2 2
2 T N
+ 2
2
1 2 > 1 Thm chiu di: 2 = 1 +
1
2
1 T 1N 2

2 T22 N12
+ 1 2 < 1 Thm chiu di: 2 = 1 -
1 T12 N 22
mg
7. Lc ko v (lc phc hi) khi bin gc nh: F = s

8. ng dng ca con lc n: Xc nh gia tc ri t do nh o chu k v chiu di ca con lc n:
4 2
g .
T2
9. Nng lng ca con lc n:
1
+ ng nng: W = mv2.
2
1
+ Th nng: Wt = mg(1 - cos) = mg2 ( 100, (rad)).
2
1
+ C nng: W = Wt + W = mg(1 cos0) = mg 0
2

2
Yu cu: Cc i lng lin qua nng lng phi c i ra n v chun.
Ngoi ra:
+ ng nng, th nng bin thin tun hon vi chu k T = T/2, tn s = 2
+ C nng bo ton, khng thay i theo thi gian
S0 0 n
+ Khi W = nWt s = , v S0
n 1 n 1 n 1
S0
+ Khi W = Wt s = , trong 1 chu k c 4 ln ng nng = th nng, thi gian gia hai ln lin
2
tip ng nng bng th nng l T/4
10. Tc v gia tc:
- Tc di: v 2gl(cos cos 0 )
+ Vn tc cc i: v max 2g(1 cos 0 ) Vt qua VTCB = 0
+ Vn tc nh nht: v min 0 Vt qua v tr bin = 0

a tt 2 .s
- Gia tc ton phn: a = a 2tt a 2ht vi gia tc tip tuyn: , gia tc hng tm: a ht = an =
a tt g. sin
v2

11. Lc cng dy
- Lc cng dy: T = mg(3cos - 2coso)
+ Lc cng dy cc i: Tmax mg(3 2 cos 0 ) Vt qua VTCB: = 0
+ Lc cng dy cc tiu: Tmin = mgcos0 Vt qua v tr bin: = 0
- iu kin dy treo khng b t trong qu trnh dao ng: T max Fmax Tmax = mg(3-2cos0) Fmax
0 vi Fmax l lc cng dy ln nht m dy chu c.
12. Con lc chu tc dng ca ngoi lc khng i
F
- Gia tc trng trng hiu dng: g' g
m
- Cc trng hp thng gp:
F
+ F P : g = g+ T ' 2 g '
m
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng I Dao ng c

T 2
F g T' g
+ F P : g = g- T ' 2 g ' Ngoi ra: T

g'
T
m
T' 2
g'

2
F F
+ F P : g = g2 T ' 2 ; tan =
m g' P
Con lc n chu tcdng ca in trng
Lc in trng: F q.E
+ ln: F = q.|E|
+ Phng, chiu: Nu q > 0 F E ; nu q < 0 F E
Lu :
- in trng gy ra bi hai bn kim loi t song song, tch in tri du
- Vect cng in trng hng t bn (+) sang bn (-)
qU
- ln lc in: F = |q|E =
d
2

- Nu F, P = g = g 2
F F
2 g. cos
m
m
2

- Nu in trng nm ngang: g = g 2
F
m
Con lc n chu tc

dng ca lc qun tnh

- Lc qun tnh: F ma
+ ln: F = m.a
+ Phng, chiu: F a
- Gia tc trong chuyn ng
+ Chuyn ng nhanh dn u a v ( v c hng chuyn ng)
+ Chuyn ng chm dn u a v
v v0
a
+ Cng thc tnh gia tc: t
v 2 v 2 2.a.s
0
2

- Chuyn ng trn mt phng ngang: g = g 2


F
m



- Chuyn ng trn mt phng nghing gc khng ma st: T , lc cng
g ' g. cos T '
cos
ma
. Vi l gc lch dy treo ti v tr cn bng
sin
Chuyn ng trn mt phng nghing gc vi ln gia tc a: Gc lch dy treo ti VTCB v chu
k:
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng I Dao ng c
a. cos
a Huong _ len : tan ; g' a 2 g 2 2a.g. sin (g' Tang ) v T' 2
g a. sin a 2 g 2 2a.g. sin

a Huong _ xuong : tan a. cos ; g' a 2 g 2 2a.g. sin (g' Giam) v T' 2
g a. sin a 2 g 2 2a.g. sin

F
Trong : gia tc a = hoc gia tc trt trn mt phng nghing: xung dc: a = g(sin - cos);
m
ln dc: a = - g(sin + cos)
Con lc n chu tc dng y Acsimet
- Lc y Acsimet: ln F = D.g.V; phng, chiu lun thng ng hng ln
Trong :
+ D: khi lng ring ca cht lng hay cht kh, n v: kg/m3
+ g: l gia tc ri t do
+ V l th tch ca phn vt chm trong cht lng hay cht kh , n v m 3.
F MT .V.g
g' g g g MT g 1 MT g
m vat .V vat vat

- Chu k: MT
T ' 2 2 1 T
g' MT 2. vat
1 g
vat

13. Bin thin chu k do nhiu nguyn nhn


+ Bc 1: Xc nh c nhng nguyn nhn no lm cho chu k thay i
T 1
+ Bc 2: Xc nh h s thay i chu k: do iu chnh chiu di: ; do iu chnh gia
T 2
T 1 g T 1 T h T
tc: - ; do nhit thay i: t ; do thay cao: ; do su:
T 2 g T 2 T R T
h T T
; do lc y Acsimet: Chn khng chy ng: , chn khng chy sai: -
2R T 2D T 2D
T
+ Bc 3: Thi gian sai lch trong 1 ngy m: tn = .86400 (s)
T
T
iu kin ng h chy ng: =0
T
14. Con lc va chm, con lc t dy.
- t dy ti VTCB
Tc qu cu khi t dy: vO =
Phng trnh chuyn ng:
Khi chm t:
Cc thnh phn vn tc:
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng I Dao ng c

Kt lun: qu o ca vt nng sau khi t dy ti VTCB l mt Parabol (y = ax 2)


- t dy ti v tr bt k:

Lc chuyn ng ca vt xem nh chuyn ng vt nm xin hng xung, c v c hp vi
phng ngang mt gc : v C 2g cos cos 0 .
Chn h trc ta Oxy nhhnh
v.

Theo nh ut II Newton: F P ma Hay: a g (*)
Chiu (*) n Ox: ax = 0, trn Ox, vt chuyn ng thng u
x
vi phng trnh: x = vC cos.t t = v cos (1)
0

Chiu (*) n Oy: ax = g, trn Oy, vt chuyn ng thng bin


i u, vi phng trnh:
1 2
y = vC.sint gt (2)
2
g
Thay (1) vo (2), phng trnh qu o: y x 2 tan .x
2 v C cos 2
Kt un: qu o ca qu nng sau khi dy t ti v tr C mt Parabo.(y = ax2 + bx)
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng I Dao ng c
CC DNG DAO NG KHC
1. Dao ng t do: C chu k, tn s ch ph thuc cu to h, khng ph thuc vo cc yu t bn
ngoi (V d: H con lc l xo, H con lc n + Tri t, ...)
2. Dao ng tt dn:
+ Khi nim: l dao ng c bin (nng lng) gim dn theo thi gian do tc dng ca lc cn,
lc ma st.
+ Bin gim dn Khng c tnh tun hon
+ Lc ma st cng ln bin gim dn cng nhanh.
+ Dao ng tt dn chm: Khi lc ma st cng b, dao ng ca con lc l dao ng tt dn chm, chu
k, tn s gn ng = chu k, tn s ca dao ng iu ha
* Con lc l xo:
4Fms 4mg
+ gim bin sau 1 chu k: A1 =
k k

W W W'
W .100% W .100% W A
+ gim c nng t i v gim bin t i: 2
A .100% A A' .100% W A
A A
A A.k 2 A
+ S dao ng thc hin c: N =
A 4mg 4g
A.k.T A
+ Thi gian vt dao ng n lc dng li: t = N.T = 4mg 2g (dao ng tt chm dn: T =
2
)

W kA 2
+ Qung ng vt i c cho ti khi dng: S =
mg 2mg

Fms k x 0 mg k x 0

+ V tr v tc cc i trong dao ng tt dn: k
v max A x 0
m
Lu : Bi ton tng qut (lc ma st ln, yu cu chnh xc cao)
2mg
- gim bin sau chu k: A1/2 = 2 x 0 . Trong : kx0 = mg
k
- Ta khi vt dng li sau N na chu k dao ng: x = A- 2.N.x 0
Mt khc: - x0 < x x0 - x0 < A- 2.N.x0 x0
N (s nguyn) V tr vt dng li: x = A- 2.N.x0
+ N l s l: Nm bn kia v tr th tay
+ N l s chn: Nm cng pha v tr th tay
- Thi gian dao ng n khi dng: N.T/2
- Qung ng i c n khi dng: s = 2N(A-N.x0)
* Con lc n:
4Fms
+ gim bin sau 1 chu k: S01 =
m2
S0
+ S dao ng thc hin c: Nd = 0
S0 0
+ Thi gian vt dao ng n lc dng li: td = Nd.T
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng I Dao ng c
W m. S2
m.g.(1 cos 0 )
2

+ Qung ng vt i c cho ti khi dng: S = 0


mg 2mg mg
3. Dao ng duy tr:
+ Khi nim: l dao ng m bin c gi khng i bng cch b thm phn nng lng cho h
ng bng nng lng b mt mt sau mi chu k.
+ Bin khng i c tnh tun hon
+ Chu k (tn s) dao ng = chu k (tn s) dao ng ring ca h
+ Ngoi lc tc dng ln h c iu khin bi chnh c cu ca h (ph thuc h dao ng)
W W0 W
Bi ton: Cng sut duy tr dao ng c nh c cng sut: P = . Trong L N l tn s
t N.T
1 1
dao ng; W0 = m.g.. 02 ; W = m.g.. 2
2 2
4. Dao ng cng bc
+ Khi nim: l dao ng giai on n nh ca vt khi chu tc dng ca ngoi lc bin thin tun
hon. Lc ny cung cp nng lng cho h, b li phn nng lng b mt mt do ma st
+ Bin khng i c tnh tun hon, l mt dao ng iu ha.
+ Tn s (chu k) dao ng cng bc = tn s (chu k) ngoi lc cng bc
+ Bin dao ng cng bc t l vi bin ca lc cung bc v ph thuc vo chnh lch
gia tn s dao ng ring v tn s ca lc cng bc
+ Tn s (chu k) dao ng cng bc = tn s (chu k) ring th xy ra cng hng, bin dao ng
ln nht
+ Ngoi lc c lp h dao ng.
5. Cng hng:
+ Khi nim: l hin tng bin dao ng cng bc t gi tr cc i khi tn s dao ng ring
bng tn s lc cng bc.
+ Tm quan trng ca hin tng cng hng: ta nh, cu, b my, khung xe...u l nhng h
dao ng v c tn s ring. Phi cn thn khng cho chng chu tc dng ca cc lc cng bc
mnh, c tn s bng tn s ring trnh s cng hng, gy dao ng mnh lm gy, . Hp n
ghi_ta, vilon, ... l nhng hp cng hng vi nhiu tn s khc nhau ca dy n l cho ting n
nghe to, r.
+ iu kin cng hng: R = cb; R = cb; TR = Tcb
+ nh hng ca lc ma st
- Nu lc ma st b, bin cng hng ln gi l cng hng nhn (cng hng r nt)
- Nu lc ma st ln, bin cng hng b gi l cng hng t (cng hng t)
Lu :
S
Bi ton 1: Tc chuyn ng tun hon vt dao ng mnh nht: T = ; vi T l chu k dao
v
ng vt, n v (s), v l tc chuyn ng ca xe, n v (m/s)
Bi ton 2: So snh bin cng bc khi cng hng: Bin ng vi tn s cng gn tn s cng
hng cng ln.
Hiu su hn: So snh cc dng dao ng trn

Dao ng t do Dao ng cng bc.


Dao ng tt dn
Dao ng duy tr Cng hng
Do tc dng ca ni lc Do tc dng ca lc cn Do tc dng ca ngoi
Lc tc dng
tun hon (do ma st) lc tun hon
Ph thuc bin ca
Ph thuc iu kin ban
Bin A Gim dn theo thi gian ngoi lc v hiu s cb
u
= 0
Chu k T (hoc tn s ) Ch ph thuc c tnh Khng c chu k hoc Bng vi chu k (hoc
ring ca h, khng ph tn s v do khng tun tn s) ca ngoi lc tc
thuc vo yu t bn hon dng ln h
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng I Dao ng c
ngoi
S xy ra hin tng
Hin tng c bit S khng dao ng khi cng hng (bin A
Khng c
trong dao ng ma st ln qu t max) khi tn s cb =
0
- Ch to khung xe, b
- Ch to ng h qu my phi c tn s khc
lc. Ch to l xo gim xc xa tn s ca my gn
ng dng
- o gia tc trng trong ot, xe my vo n.
trng ca Tri t - Ch to cc loi nhc
c
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng I Dao ng c
TNG HP DAO NG
1. Biu din vect quay: Dao ng iu ha x = Acos(t +) bng vect OM
+ di: = bin dao ng
+ Gc ban u to trc dng Ox: = Pha ban u dao ng
Ch :
+ Nu > 0: Vect quay OM nm trn trc Ox
+ Nu < 0: Vect quay OM nm di trc Ox
+ Quay ngc chiu kim ng h, vi tc = tc gc dao ng.
2. Tng hp hai dao ng iu ha: x1 = A1cos(t + 1) v x2 = A2cos(t + 2)
+ iu kin: hai dao ng cng phng, cng tn s v c lch pha khng i
+ Bin tng hp: A 2 A12 A 22 2A1 A 2 cos 2 1
A1 sin 1 A 2 sin 2
+ Pha ban u tng hp: tan ; vi 1 2 , nu (1 2) , 1 2 (-, )
A1 cos 1 A 2 cos 2
(Hai cng thc ny dng tr li trc nghim l thuyt, khi tng hp dng PP my tnh cm tay)
* Lu :
+ Nu = 2k = 0; 2; 4,...(x1, x2 cng pha) Amax = A1 + A2
+ Nu = (2k+1) = ; 3,...(x1, x2 ngc pha) Amax = |A1 - A2|
Khong gi tr bin tng hp: |A1 - A2| A A1 + A2
+ Nu = (2k+1)/2 = /2; 3/2,...(x1, x2 vung pha) A A12 A 22
2
+ Nu A1 = A2 A = 2A1.cos v = 1 . Trong : = 2 1
2 2
2
+ Nu A1 = A2 v = 2 1 = 1200 = A = A1 = A2
3
+ Khong cch ln nht gia hai dao ng: x = x1 x2 = A11 A22
xmax bin tng hp my tnh
+ iu kin 3 dao ng iu ha (3 con lc l xo treo thng ng theo ng th t 1, 2, 3) vt nng
x x3
lun nm trn 1 ng thng: x2 = 1
2
a b c
+ Bin max, min: s dng nh l hm s sin trong tam gic:
sin A sin B sin C
3. Tm dao ng thnh phn x2 khi bit x v x1
A sin A1 sin 1
A 22 A 2 A12 2AA1 cos 2 1 v tan 2 ; vi 1 2 , nu 1 2
A cos A1 cos 1
4. Tng hp nhiu dao ng x1, x2, x3 ...
Chiu ln trc Ox v trc Oy Ox, ta c:
Ax = Acos = A1cos1 + A2cos2 + ...
Ay
Ay = Asin = A1sin1 + A2sin2 + ... A = A 2x A 2y v tan = vi [min; max]
Ax
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng I Dao ng c
Hng dn s dng my tnh cm tay tng hp dao ng
1. C s l thuyt
Dao ng iu ha x = Acos(t + ) c th c biu din bng vect hoc cng c th biu din bng
s phc di dng: z = a + b.i. Trong my tnh cm tay k hiu di dng r (ta hiu l: A ).
Tng t cng c th tng hp 2 dao dao ng iu ha cng phng, cng tn s bng phng php
Frexnen ng ngha vi vic cng cc s phc biu din ca cc dao ng .
2. Ci t my tnh v phng php s dng (my tnh 570 loi ES)
Bc 1: Ci t my
- a my tnh v ch mc nh (Reset all): SHIFT 9 3 = =
- Ci t ch s phc: MODE 2
- Ci ch hin th r (ta hiu A ) : SHIFT MODE 3 2
- Ci n v rad: SHIFT MODE 4
- nhp k hiu gc : SHIFT (-)
Bc 2: Thao tc bm my
V d: Mt vt thc hin ng thi 2 dao ng iu ha cng phng, cng tn s c phng trnh: x 1
= 3 cos(t + /2) cm v x2 = cost cm. Vit phng trnh dao ng tng hp.
Hng dn: x = x1 + x2 = A11 + A22
+ Nhp my: 3 SHIFT (-) (-/2) + 1 SHIFT (-) 0
+ Kt qu hin th mn hnh: 2 -/3
Phng trnh tng hp: x = 2cos(t /3) cm
Lu : tm dao ng x2 khi bit phng trnh dao ng thnh phn x 1 v dao ng tng hp x th ta
c x = x1 + x2 x2 = x x1 = = A A11
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng II Sng c hc

SNG C SNG M
I CNG V PHNG TRNH SNG C
1. Khi nim sng c: Sng c l nhng dao ng c hc lan truyn trong mi trng vt cht (rn,
lng, kh). Sng c khng lan truyn trong mi trng chn khng.
2. Phn loi:
* Sng ngang:
- Cc phn t mi trng dao ng theo phng vung gc vi phng truyn sng
- Mi trng lan truyn: rn v trn b mt cht lng
- Xut hin trong mi trng c lc n hi khi b bin dng lch.
* Sng dc:
- Cc phn t mi trng dao ng theo phng trng vi phng truyn sng
- Mi trng lan truyn: rn, lng, kh.
- Xut hin trong mi trng c lc n hi khi b bin dng nn, dn.
3. Nguyn nhn gy ra sng
- Sng c to thnh nh lc lin kt gia cc phn t ca mi trng truyn dao ng
- Khi c sng cc phn t mi trng ch dao ng ti ch, pha ca dao ng c truyn i
- Cng xa tm (ngun) dao ng th dao ng cng tr pha
4. Cc c trng ca sng c:
- Chu k, tn s: Cc phn t mi trng ni c sng truyn qua u dao ng cng chu k, tn s vi
ngun pht dao ng. Khi truyn t mi trng ny sang mi trng khc ch c tn s khng thay i.
- Tc truyn sng: L tc lan truyn pha dao ng. Tc truyn sng ph thuc vo bn cht
mi trng (tnh n hi v mt vt cht mi trng). i vi mi mi trng tc c gi tr xc
nh.
v
- Bc sng: l qung ng sng lan truyn c trong 1 chu k. Cng thc: = v.T =
f
Lu :
+ i vi sng ngang: khong cch gia hai ngn sng lin tip bng mt bc sng.
+ Khong cch gia n ngn sng lin tip: (n -1) bc sng
+ S dao ng = s ln nh cao 1
+ S dao ng = s ln sng p vo mn thuyn 1
+ Thi gian gia hai ln dy dui thng: T/2
- Bin sng: l bin dao ng ca phn t mi trng ni c sng truyn qua
- Nng lng sng: Nng lng sng t l bnh phng bin sng, qu trnh truyn sng l qu
1
trnh truyn nng lng. Cng thc nng lng: W = D.2A2. Vi D l khi lng ca mi trng.
2
H qu:
+ Sng truyn trn dy: Bin v nng lng sng khng i
1 2
Wnguon kA A
+ Sng truyn trn mt nc (mt phng): WM = 1 kA 2 2 AM =
2r M 2r
2 2r
Nng lng t l nghch vi qung ng sng truyn, bin gim theo cn bc hai qung ng
sng truyn
1 2
Wnguon kA A
+ Sng truyn trong khng gian (sng cu): WM = 1 2 A =
4r 2 kA M
2 M
2r
2 4r 2
Nng lng t l nghch bnh phng qung ng truyn sng, bin gim theo qung ng sng
truyn
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng II Sng c hc
- Phng trnh sng:

M dM = OM O dN = ON N

2d M uO = acos t 2d N
uM = acos t uN = acos t

- S tun hon ca sng c: Theo thi gian vi chu k T, theo khng gian vi bc sng
d d d1
- lch pha gia hai im trn cng 1 phng truyn sng: = 2 =2 2

+ Cng pha: = k.2 d = k
Cc im cch nhau mt s nguyn ln bc sng trn cng 1 phng truyn lun dao ng
cng pha.
+ Ngc pha: = (2k+ 1) d = (2k+1)/2
Cc im cch nhau mt s l ln na ln bc sng trn cng 1 phng truyn lun dao
ng ngc pha.
+ Vung pha: = (2k+ 1)/2 d = (2k+1)/4
Cc im cch nhau mt s l ln mt phn t bc sng trn cng 1 phng truyn lun dao
ng vung pha.
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng II Sng c hc
NHIU X V GIAO THOA SNG C
1. Nhiu x: l hin tng sng khng tun theo quy lut truyn thng khi truyn qua l nh hoc khe
hp.
2. Giao thoa sng:
- Ngun kt hp, sng kt hp:
+ Ngun kt hp: l nhng ngun dao ng cng tn s, cng pha hoc c lch pha khng thay
i theo thi gian.
+ Sng kt hp: l sng do cc ngun kt hp pht ra (c cng tn s v ti 1 v tr xc nh th
lch pha khng i).
- Khi nim giao thoa sng: l s tng hp ca hai hay nhiu sng kt hp trong c nhng im c
nh m bin sng c tng cng hoc gim bt. Tp hp cc im c bin tng cng to
thnh cc dy cc i, tp hp cc im c bin gim bt to thnh cc k=0
k= -1 k=1
dy cc tiu
- iu kin giao thoa: Cc sng gp nhau phi l sng kt hp k= - 2 k=2
Lu :
+ Cc i gm c gn li v gn lm.
S1 S2
+ Khong cch gia 2 cc i hoc 2 cc tiu lin tip: /2
+ Khong cch gia 2 gn li lin tip:
+ Khong cch gia cc i v cc tiu lin k: /4
+ Hai ngun cng pha: trung trc l cc i, s cc i l s l, cc k= - 2
k= -1 k=0
k=1
tiu l s chn.
+ Hai ngun ngc pha: trung trc l cc tiu, s cc tiu l s l, cc i l s chn.
+ Nu 2 ngun kp hp dao ng cng bin : Bin cc i = 2A, bin cc tiu = 0 (trit
tiu)
d1 d 2
+ Bin dao ng ti M: AM = 2A cos vi = 1 2
2
3. Phng trnh sng giao thoa ti M cch hai ngun ln lt d1, d2:
+ Hai sng pht ra t hai ngun kt hp S1, S2 cch nhau mt khong S1S2
+ Phng trnh sng ti 2 ngun: u1 = Acos(2t + 1) v x2 = Acos(2t + 2)
d
+ Phng trnh sng ti M do hai ngun truyn ti: u 1M = Acos(2t -2 1 + 1) v x2 = Acos(2t -

d2
2 + 2)

d d d 2 d1 1 2
Phng trnh sng ti M: uM = u1M + u2M = 2Acos 1 2 cos 2ft
2 2
Lu :
+ uM = u1M + u2M (Dng my tnh tng hp)
+ C th dng cng thc tng hp dao ng vit phng trnh dao ng tng hp
d1 d 2
+ Bin dao ng ti M: AM = 2A cos vi = 1 2
2
4. iu kin cc i, cc tiu

Cung _ pha : 0 d d k
2 1

1
- Cc i: d2 d1 = k Nguoc _ pha : d 2 d1 k vi = 2 1
2 2

1
Vuong _ pha : d 2 d1 k
2 4
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng II Sng c hc
1
Cung _ pha : 0 d 2 d1 k 2

1
- Cc tiu: d2 d1 = k Nguoc _ pha : d 2 d1 k vi = 2 1
2 2

Vuong _ pha : d 2 d1 k 3
2 4
5. Xc nh s cc i, cc tiu trong khong gia hai ngun
S1S2 S1S2
Cung _ pha : k


S1S2 SS SS 1 SS 1
- S cc i: k 1 2 Nguoc _ pha : 1 2 k 1 2
2 2
2 2
S1S2 1 S1S2 1
Vuong _ pha : 4 k 4

S cc i = s nghim k nguyn tha mn.
S1S2 1 S1S2 1
Cung _ pha : k
2 2

S1S2 1 SS 1 SS SS
- S cc tiu: k 1 2 Nguoc _ pha : 1 2 k 1 2
2 2 2 2

S1S2 3 S1S2 3
Vuong _ pha : 4 k 4

S cc tiu = s nghim k nguyn tha mn.
Ngoi ra:

2 1 k
d d S1S2 1
+ V tr cc i: 2 d1
2
k
2

2
d d S S
2 1 12
1
d 2 d1 k S1S2 1 1
+ V tr cc tiu: 2 2 d1
2
k
2

2 2
d d S S
2 1 12
6. V tr cc i, cc tiu gia hai im MN bt k
- Xc nh khong cch gia ti hai im ang xt (v d gia hai im MN)
+ Ti M: dM = d2M d1M = MS2 MS1 =
+ Ti N: dN = d2N d1N = NS2 NS1 =
- Thay vo iu kin cc i, cc tiu: S cc i, cc tiu = s nghim k nguyn tha mn.
V d: Hai ngun cng pha:
+ Cc i: d2 d1 = k dM < k < dN
1 1 S1 S2
+ Cc tiu: d2 d1 = k dM < k < dN
2 2
7. Xc nh khong cch ln nht, nh nht: Gi l khong cch
im M trn ng vung gc vi S1S2 ti ngun S1 d1 d2

M
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng II Sng c hc

d S S 2 d2 S S 2 2 2
Ta c:

2 12 1 12
S1 2 k
S 2
(*)

d2 d1 k
+ Khong cch max Cc i gn trung tm nht (k = 1)
+ Khong cch min Cc i xa trung tm nht (k = kmax)
8. Khong cch im M trn trung trc gn nht dao ng cng pha, ngc pha,.vi ngun.
d
- lch pha: = 2

- Xc nh v tr im M trn trung trc ca 2 ngun dao ng:

2d M

M d k M

M d
+ Cng pha ngun: M 2k S S
O
SS 1

d M 1 2 k S1S2 k min d M (min)


2

2 2
+ Ngc pha ngun:

2d M
M d k 1
M
( 2 k 1) 2
M
SS
d M 1 2 k 1 2 k min d M (min)
1 SS
2 2 2
9. Khong cch im M trn trung trc gn nht dao ng cng pha, ngc pha,.vi trung
im O ca 2 ngun
d
- lch pha sng ti M vi ngun: M = 2

dO
- lch pha sng ti O vi ngun: O = 2

- Dao ng cng pha gn nht: M = O + 2 kmin OMmin
- Dao ng ngc pha gn nht: M = O + kmin OMmin
10. Hai im dao ng cng tnh cht: im M c vn k i qua, ti N c vn (k + a) cng tnh cht
vi l s nguyn (1, 2,)

d 2M d1M k 2

- iu kin: k,a
d d k a
2 N 1N 2
- Tnh cht giao thoa ti im M, N:
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng II Sng c hc
+ Nu 2 ngun cng pha: k l s nguyn M, N l cc i; k l s bn nguyn (VD: 1, 5 ) M,
N l cc tiu.
+ Nu 2 ngun ngc pha: k l s nguyn M, N l cc tiu; k l s bn nguyn (VD: 1, 5 )
M, N l cc i.
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng II Sng c hc
SNG DNG
1. S phn x ca sng
+ Trn vt cn c nh: Sng phn x lun ngc pha sng ti ti im phn x: u B = - uB
+ Trn vt cn t do (khng vt cn): Sng phn x lun cng pha sng ti ti im phn x: u B = uB
2. Khi nim sng dng: Sng dng l sng c c cc nt, cc bng l nhng im c nh trong
khng gian (pha dao ng khng lan truyn)
Nhn xt:
+ Sng dng l trng hp c bit ca giao thoa gia sng ti v sng phn x. Nhng v tr bin
sng b trit tiu to thnh nt, nhng v tr bin sng c tng cng to thnh bng.

+ Khong cch gia hai nt hoc hai bng lin tip l , khong cch gia mt nt v mt bng lin
2

k
4
+ Cc im nm trn cng mt b sng lun dao ng cng pha, hai im nm trn hai b sng lin k
lun dao ng ngc pha.
+ Bin bng sng dng: 2A0, b rng bng sng: 4A0
x
+ Bin sng dng ti v tr cch nt mt on x: AM = 2A sin 2

d
+ Bin sng dng ti v tr cch bng mt on x: A M = 2A cos 2


+ Khong cch ngn nht gia cc im cch u nhau dao ng cng bin l
4
f1 A
+ 2 tn s gn nhau nht 1, 2 m t s: . Vi A, B l hai s nguyn lin tip y l sng
f2 B
dng trn dy 2 u c nh v tn s nh nht c th to ra sng dng trn dy l: = | 1 2|
f1 A
+ 2 tn s gn nhau nht 1, 2 m t s: . Vi A, B l hai s nguyn l lin tip y l sng
f2 B
f1 f 2
dng trn dy 1 u t do v tn s nh nht c th to ra sng dng trn dy l: =
2
F m
+ Tc truyn sng theo lc cng dy: v =
(m/s). Trong : = (kg/m)

+ Dy c kch thch bng nam chm in (cun dy): dy = 2in
+ Dy c kch thch bng nam chm vnh cu: dy = in
3. Sng dng hai u c nh (1 u buc cht, u kia gn m thoa P Q
kch thch dao ng)
+ Hai u l nt
v
+ iu kin: = k = k. . Trong : k = 1, 2, 3
2 2f
k

4. Sng dng mt u th t do, u kia gn m thoa kch thch dao ng


+ u c nh l nt, u t do l bng
P Q 1
+ iu kin: = k . Trong k = 1, 2, 3, ..
2 2
5. Phng trnh sng dng:
+ Phng trnh sng ti ngun A: u A = Acos(t +
k ) cm
+ Phng trnh sng truyn t A M: u M(1) =
AM
Acos t 2 cm

Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng II Sng c hc
AB
+ Phng trnh sng truyn t A B: uB = Acos t 2 cm

x
B _ Co _ dinh : U M ( 2) A cos t 2 2

+ Phng trnh sng phn x t B M:
B _ To _ do : U A cos t 2 2 x
M ( 2)

+ Phng trnh sng tng hp ti M: (Dng my tnh tng hp dao ng)
x x
A 2 A 2 2 (Tu _ do)

uM = uM(1) + uM(2) =
x x
A 2 A 2 2 (Co _ dinh )

Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng II Sng c hc
SNG M. GIAO THOA V SNG DNG M
1. Ngun m, sng m
- Ngun m: l nhng vt dao ng pht ra m
- Sng m: l nhng dao ng c lan truyn trong mi trng rn, lng, kh. Sng m khng lan
truyn c trng mi trng chn khng.
Quan trng: Trong mi trng kh, lng: sng m l sng dc; trong mi trng rn: sng m gm c
sng dc v sng ngang.
2. Phn loi sng m:
- H m: < 16 Hz
- m nghe c: 16 Hz 20.000 (Tai ngi nghe c m thanh)
- Siu m: > 20.000 Hz
3. Cm gic m. Nhc m, tp m
- Cm gic m: ph thuc vo ngun m v tai ngi nghe.
- Nhc m: c tn s xc nh, th m l nhng ng cong tun hon, gy ra cm gic m d chu.
- Tp m: khng c tn s xc nh, th m l nhng ng cong khng xc nh, gy ra cm gic
m kh chu
4. Vn tc truyn m
- Vn tc truyn m: Ph thuc vo bn cht mi trng: tnh n hi v mt vt cht ca mi
trng
Nhn chung: vrn > vlng > vkh.
Ngoi ra: Trong mt mi trng xc nh vn tc m cn thay i theo nhit
- Vt cch m: n hi yu, kh nng truyn m km

- Bi ton: Xc nh tc truyn m trong kim loi: t = v v
kk kl

5. Cc c trng vt l ca sng m
- Tn s: mi im trong mi trng dao ng cng tn s = tn s ca ngun, khi truyn t mi
trng ny sang mi trng khc th tn s khng i (c trng c bn v quan trng nht)
- Cng m: cng m l nng lng m sng m truyn qua mt n v din tch t vung
W P P
gc vi phng truyn trong mt n v thi gian: I = (W/m2) (Sng cu ng
S.t S 4R 2
hng)
I I
- Mc cng m: L = log I (B) = 10 log I (dB)
0 0

Lu :
+ I0 = 10-12 W/m2 cng m chun = 1000 Hz
+ Ti mt v tr c nhiu ngun m: I = I1 + I2 + I3
+ Nu cng m tng hay gim 10n ln th mc cng m tng hay gim 10n (dB)
I' 10 n I L' L 10n (dB)

I' I L' L 10n (dB)
10 n
+ Nu cng m tng hay gim k ln th mc cng m tng hay gim 10log(k) (dB)
I' k.I L' L 10. log(k ) (dB)

I' I L' L 10. log(k ) (dB)
k
- th sng m: ph thuc vo tn s, bin sng m.
6. Cc c trng sinh l ca sng m
- cao: l c trng sinh l ca m, gn lin vi tn s m. Tn s m cng ln th m cng cao,
cao cho bit trm, bng ca m
- to: l c trng sinh l ca m gn lin vi mc cng m. cng mt tn s, mc cng
m cng ln th to cng ln.
- m sc: l c trng sinh l ca m gip ta phn bit c m do cc ngun khc nhau pht ra. m
sc gn lin vi th sng m ( ph thuc vo tn s, bin , s ha m,). Cc m do cc ngun
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng II Sng c hc
khc nhau c th cng bin , tn s, cao, to nhng khng cng m sc.
Ngoi ra:
+ Tc dng ca hp cng hng: Tng cng m v to ra m sc ring ca nhc c.
+ Ngng nghe: l mc cng m b nht c th gy ra cm gic m, ngng nghe thay i theo
tn s.
+ Ngng au: l mc cng m ln nht m tai ngi c th chu c. Ngng au ng vi mc
cng m 130 dB v hu nh khng ph thuc tn s.
7. Ngun nhc m:
- Dy n v ng so hai u h:
v v
+ m nghe c to nht khi c sng dng: = k k =k
2 2f 2
v v
+ Tn s m c bn: cb = , ha m bc 2: 2 = 2. = 2cb, Ha m c bc l nhng s
2 2
nguyn lin tip.
- ng so 1 u kn, 1 u h:
1 v v v
+ m nghe c to nht khi c sng dng: = k ( 2k 1) k '. = k
2 2 4f 4f 4
v v
+ Tn s m c bn: cb = , ha m bc 3: 3 = 3. = 3cb, Ha m c bc l nhng s
4 4
nguyn l lin tip.
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng IV Dao ng v sng in t

DNG IN XOAY CHIU


I CNG DNG IN XOAY CHIU
1. Nguyn tc to ra dng in xoay chiu
- Da vo hin tng cm ng in t: khi t thng qua khung dy bin thin sinh ra trong khung dy
mt sut in ng cm ng.
- Khung dy t trong t trng sao cho vect B vung gc trc quay
2. T thng, sut in ng
- T thng = NBS.cos(t + 0) = 0cos(t + 0) (Wb). Vi 0 = N.B.S = N0(1 vng)

- Sut in ng: e = -
d
dt
= .N.B.S.sin(t + 0) = E0.cos(t + 0 -
2
) (V) vi 0 = n , B t 0

Lu :
+ n B : 0 = 0
+ B mp _ khungday : 0 = 0
+ (B, mp _ khungday) : 0 = 900
3. Dng in xoay chiu: C cng (hoc in p) bin thin iu ha theo thi gian
- in p: u = U0cos(t + u) (V)
- Dng in: i = I0cos(t + i) (A)
- lch pha ca in p u so vi dng in i: = u - i
+ Nu > 0: u nhanh pha hn i mt gc
+ Nu = 0: u cng pha vi i
+ Nu < 0: u tr pha hn i mt gc ||
Lu : in p u = U1 + U0cos(t + ) c coi gm mt in p khng i U 1 v mt in p xoay
chiu U0cos(t + ) ng thi t vo on mch
4. Gi tr hiu dng: c trng cho tc dng gy ra trong mt thi gian di
Cuc _ dai E0 U0 I0
+ Hieu_dung = E= ;U= ;I=
2 2 2 2
+ S ch ca cc dng c o l gi tr hiu dng.
5. S i chiu ca dng in: i = I0cos(t + i) A
+ Nu i = 0 hoc i = : Trong mt chu k u tin dng in i chiu 1 ln, trong cc chu k tip
theo i chiu 2 ln, trong 1 s u tin i chiu (2 1) ln, trong cc giy tip theo i chiu 2 ln
+ Nu i 0 hoc i : Trong mt chu k dng in i chiu 2 ln, 1 s i chiu 2 ln
6. Thi gian n sng, n tt M2 M1
s U1
- Thi gian n sng trong 1 chu k: ts = 4. vi coss =
U0 Tt
t -U1 Sng Sng U U0
- Thi gian n tt trong 1 chu k: t t = T - ts hoc tt = 4. vi -U0 1
u
O

U1 Tt
sint =
U0
M'1
t M'2
- Thi gian n sng, tt trong thi gian t bt k: .t1 _ Chu _ ki
T
7. Gi tr trung bnh
+ Dng in biu thc dng hm sin, cos theo thi gian: i trung bnh = 0
+ Dng in biu thc dng bnh phng sin, cos theo thi gian: h bc gi tr trung bnh
Cng hiu dng (biu thc dng in khc bnh thng): Xc nh nhit lng theo cng thc Q =
T

i
2
.R.dt so snh biu thc Q = I2.Rt Cng hiu dng I
0

8. in lng, tc dng ha hc:


+ Dng iu ch ha cht
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng IV Dao ng v sng in t
t2 t2
I0
+ in lng qua dy dn trong thi gian t t 1 n t2: q = i.dt I 0 cos(t ).dt = [sin(t2 +
t1 t1
i) - sin(t1 + i)]
+ in lng qua dy trong 1 chu k: q1Chu k = 0
2I 0
+ in lng qua dy dn theo 1 chiu trong chu k (i = ): q chu_k =
2
t
+ in lng qua dy dn theo 1 chiu trong thi gian t (i = ): q = q chu_k
2 T
1 A
+ Khi lng cht: m = . .q (gam)
F n
P.V m
+ Th tch kh thu c: nmol = . Vi nmol = , R = 0,082, (P) = (atm), (V) = (lit), (T) = (K)
RT M
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng IV Dao ng v sng in t
MCH XOAY CHIU RLC NI TIP
1. Mch in ch cha in tr thun R
- Cho dng in 1 chiu v xoay chiu chy qua, gy ra tc dng nhit v khng ph thuc chiu dng
in.
- in p v dng in lun cng pha: u i = 0
U U
- nh lut m cc i (hiu dng): I0 = 0 R I =
R R
uR
- nh lut m tc thi: i = (Ch R mi c)
R
2. Mch in xoay chiu ch cha cun dy thun cm L
- Cho dng in 1 chiu chy qua hon ton, cho dng in xoay chiu chy qua v gy ra tc dng
cn tr gi l cm khng: ZL = L. = 2.L
- in p uL lun nhanh pha /2 so vi cng dng in trong mch: u i = /2
U 0L UL
- nh lut m: I0 = I= L
ZL ZL A B
u2 i2
- Cng thc c lp: 1
U 02 L I 02L
3. Mch in xoay chiu ch cha t in C
- Khng cho dng in 1 chiu v cho dng in xoay chiu chy qua gy ra tc dng cn tr gi l
1 1
cm khng: ZC = . Trong [C] = [F]
C 2fC
- Dng in xoay chiu qua t gi l dng in dch - gy ra bi s bin thin in trng gia hai
bn t.
- in p uC lun tr pha /2 so vi cng dng in trong mch: u i = - /2
U 0C UC
- nh lut m: I0 = I= C
ZC ZC A B
u2 i2
- Cng thc c lp: 2 1
U 0 C I 02C
4. Mch RLC ni tip
- Tng tr: Z = R 2 Z L Z C 2 hoc Z = (R r ) 2 Z L ZC 2
- in p:
+ Tc thi:

u =uR + uL + uC
+ Vect: 0 U 0 R U 0 L U 0C
U

+ Cc i: U0 = U 02R U 0 L U 0C 2
+ Hiu dng: U = U 2R U L U C 2
U U R UC U L
I Z R Z Z
C L

U U U U
- Cng dng in : I 0 0 0 R 0C 0 L
Z R ZC ZL
U 1
I max Z L Z C
Z LC
Lu :
U1 _ chieu
I1 _ chieu
R
+ Mch cho in p 1 chiu chy qua Mch khng cha t v khi :
U xoay _ chieu
I xoay _ chieu Z
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng IV Dao ng v sng in t
C1 // C 2 : C C1 C 2 C

+ Mch ghp t C : C ntC : 1 1 1 C
1 2
C C1 C 2
1 1 1
L1 // L 2 : L L L L
+ Mch ghp cun cm L: 1 2

L1 nt L 2 : L L1 L 2 L
ZL ZC U L U C
- lch pha ca in p so vi dng in : tan =
R UR
+ Nu ZL > ZC : Mch c tnh cm khng, tan > 0 : u nhanh pha hn i
+ Nu ZL < ZC : Mch c tnh dung khng, tan < 0 : u nhanh pha hn i
U 1
+ Nu ZL = ZC : tan = 0: u, I cng pha, mch c cng hng: Z = R; I = Imax = ; =
R LC
5. Vit biu thc in p, dng in
Z L ZC U L U C
- lch pha in p so vi dng in: tan = = u i
R UR
U
- Dng in: i = I0cos(t + i). Trong = u i i = u, I0 = 0
Z
- in p hai u mch: u = U0cos(t + u). Trong = u i u = i, U0 = I0.Z
- Biu thc in p 2 im AM bt k:
+ lch pha AM so vi dng trong mch: tanAM = ... AM = u(AM) i u(AM) = AM + i
+ in p 2 u AM: uAM = U0(AM)cos(t + u(AM)). Trong U0(AM) = I0.ZAM, AM = u(AM) i
1
Z
L C Z
LC
6. Thay i L, C, Imax, URmax, ULCmin, UrLCmin:
I U ; U U , U
max R R max LC(min) 0

1
U
RC R : U RC U Z C ZL
2
7. in p khng ph thuc vo R:
U R : U U Z 1 Z
RL RL L
2
C

8. Bi ton lch pha in p, dng in: in p AN lch pha so vi in p hai u mch AB


tan AN tan AB
- Nu in p AN nhanh pha hn in p AB: = AN AB tan =
1 tan AN . tan AB
ZL ZC U L U C
T cng thc lch pha: tan = xc nh tanAN, tanAB thay vo trn
R UR
tan AB tan AN
- Nu in p AN tr pha hn in p AB: = AB AN tan =
1 tan AB . tan AN
ZL ZC U L U C
T cng thc lch pha: tan = xc nh tanAN, tanAB thay vo trn.
R UR
Lu :
+ on mch cha L lm in p nhanh pha thm, on mch cha C lm in p tr pha hn
+ Nu in p vung pha u1 u2: tan1.tan2 = -1

+ Nu 1 + 2 = tan1.tan2 = 1
2

+ Nu |1|+ |2| = tan1.tan2 = 1
2
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng IV Dao ng v sng in t
+ Khi UAB = UAM + UMB uAB; uAM; uMB cng pha tanAB = tanAM = tanMB
+ Khi C = C1 v C = C2 th cng dng in trong mch i1, i2 lch pha nhau

Nu I1 = I2 1 = - 2 = (Nu C1 > C2) = - (Nu C1 < C2)
2 2
tan 1 tan 2
Nu I1 I2 = tan (Nu C1 > C2) = - tan (Nu C1 < C2)
1 tan 1 . tan 2
9. on mch RLC c L thay i:
U R 2 Z C2 U 2R U C2
- L thay i UL max: UL max = R 2
Z 2
C ZL = UL =
R ZC UC
1 1 1 1
- L thay i khi L = L1 hoc L = L2 th UL c cng gi tr, tm L UL max:
Z L 2 Z L1 Z L 2

2.U.R 4R 2 Z C2 Z C
- L thay i URL max: URL max = ZL =
4R 2 ZC2 ZC 2
Ch : Khi UL max th in p hai u mch U nhanh pha /2 URC
U 2L max U 2 U 2R U C2 ; U 2L max U C U L max U 2 0
10. on mch RLC c C thay i:
U R 2 Z 2L U 2R U 2L
- C thay i UC max: UL max = R 2
Z 2
L ZC = UC =
R ZL UL
1 1 1 1
- C thay i khi C = C1 hoc C = C2 th UC c cng gi tr, tm C UC max:
Z C 2 Z C1 Z C2

2.U.R 4R 2 Z 2L Z L
- C thay i URC max: URC max = ZC=
4R Z Z L
2 2
L 2
Ch : Khi UC max th in p hai u mch U tr pha /2 URL
U C2 max U 2 U 2R U 2L ; U 2L max U L U C max U 2 0
11. Mch RLC c tn s gc thay i:
- Tn s gc thay i khi 1 = 2 th I hoc P hoc UR c cng gi tr. Tm tn s gc I max hoc
Pmax hoc UR max: = 12 tn s = f1f 2
1 1
2.U.L .
- Tn s gc thay i UL max: UL max = L = C L R2
R 4LC R C 2 2

C 2
2.U.L 1 L R2
- Tn s gc thay i UC max: UC max = L = .
R 4LC R C 2 2
L C 2

- Khi = L th UL max hoc = C th UC max, khi = R th UR max: R = L C

2 12 22
- Khi = 1 hoc = 2 th UC nh nhau, UC max: =
2
1 1 1
- Khi = 1 hoc = 2 th UL nh nhau, UL max: 2 2
2
1 2
- Mch R1L1C1 c tn s cng hng l 1 v mch R2L2C2 c tn s cng hng l 2 vi 1 = 2
Tn s cng hng khi mch ghp ni tip l = 1 = 2
- Khi = 1 hoc = 2 th dng in hiu dng bng nhau v u nh hn cng hiu dng cc
L 1 2
i n ln (n >1). Biu thc tnh R l R =
n2 1
12. Phng php gin vect
Bi ton 1: Phng php vect buc gii bi ton in xoay chiu ni tip
* Chn ngang l trc dng in, im O lm gc.
* V ln lt cc vc-t biu din cc in p, cng chung gc O theo nguyn tc:

L,r R C
A B
M N
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng IV Dao ng v sng in t
- L - ln
- C - xung.
- R - ngang
di cc vc-t t l vi cc gi tr hiu dng tng ng.
* Ch tng hp cc vc-t in p c lin quan n d
kin ca bi ton. UL
* Biu din cc s liu ln gin .
* Da vo cc h thc lng trong tam gic tm cc
in p hoc gc cha bit.
i vi tam gic
vung
O UR
a 2 b 2 c 2 Ur I
2 ' ' UC
h b .c
1 1 1
2 2 2
h b c
b 2 a.b'
/ l hm cos in : a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos A

i vi tam gic bt k: a b c
/ l hm sin :
sin A sin B sin C
Bi ton 02: PP vc-t trt gii bi ton in xoay chiu ni tip
* Chn ngang l trc L, R C
dng in. A B
* Chn im u mch M N
(A) lm gc.
* V ln lt cc vc-t biu din cc in p, ln lt t A sang B
ni ui nhau theo nguyn tc:
- L - ln
- C - xung.
- R - ngang
di cc vc-t t l vi cc gi tr hiu dng tng ng.
* Ni cc im trn gin c lin quan n d kin ca bi ton.
* Biu din cc s liu ln gin .
* Da vo cc h thc lng trong tam gic tm cc in p hoc
gc cha bit.
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng IV Dao ng v sng in t
CNG SUT IN XOAY CHIU
T
1. Cng sut tc thi: P = u.i = UIcos + UIcos(2t + ), bin thin tun hon chu k , tn s 2f,
2
2. Cng sut (cng sut trung bnh):
R UR
- H s cng sut: cos =
Z U
( U. cos ) 2
- Cng sut: P = UIcos = I2R =
R
- in nng tiu th: W=P.t (J)
Lu : + Khi mch cha thm in tr thun r
R r UR Ur
- H s cng sut: cos =
Z U
- Cng sut: P = UI.cos=I2(R+r)
+ T in, cun dy thun cm: khng tiu th in H s cng sut= 0, cng sut tiu th= 0
+ ngha h s cng sut: H s cng sut cng ln cng hai ph trn dy cng b v ngc
li.
3. Cng thc gii nhanh cc trng hp c bit
Z C (1) Z C ( 2)
- Khi C = C1 v C = C2 th cng sut nh nhau, gi tr L: ZL=
2
Z L (1) Z L ( 2 )
- Khi L = L1 v L = L2 th cng sut nh nhau, gi tr C: ZC =
2
1 U2
- Khi L, C, (hoc f) bin thin Pmax: ZL = ZC (hay = ) Pmax ; u, I cng pha.
LC R
U2 1
- R bin thin Pmax: R= Z L Z C Pmax Z R 2 , cos
2R 2
U2
P R R
1 2
U 2

- Khi R = R1 v R = R2 th P nh nhau: Pmax R R 1R 2 Z L Z C


2 R
tan 1 . tan 2 1


- Mch RLrC ni tip (cun dy c in tr thun):
U2
+ R thay i P mch max: Pmax = R r ZL ZC
2( R r )
U2
+ R thay i P trn R max: PRmax= R r 2 (Z L Z C ) 2
2(R r )
Ch : Khi thay i R cng sut mch cc i: R r ZL ZC m r ZL ZC R 0
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng IV Dao ng v sng in t
MY BIN P V TRUYN TI IN NNG
1. My bin p: My bin p l thit b dng bin i in p xoay chiu ( My bin p khng c
kh nng bin i tn s, khng hot ng trc tip dng in khng i)
2. Cu to my bin p: Cun s cp N1 (dng a in p vo), cun th cp N2 (dng ly in p ra)
v li bin p: Tc dng tng t v dn t, cu to gm cc l thp k thut mng, sn cch in, ghp
st nhau to thnh khi.
3. Nguyn tc hot ng: da vo hin tng cm ng in t
4. Cng thc my bin p:
U 2 N2
- in p: Trong : U1 l in p t vo cun s cp, U2 l in p ly ra cun th cp, k
U 1 N1
= N1/ N2 l h s my bin p
+ Nu N2 >N1 U2 >U1: my tng p
+ Nu N2< N1 U2 < U1: my h p
- Cng dng:
+ B qua hao ph: P2=P1 U2I2=U1I1
+ My c hiu sut H (H i ra h s): P2=H.P1 U2.I2=H.U1.I1
Trong : P1=U1I1 l cng sut in cun s cp, P2=U2I2 l cng sut in cun th cp.
Ngoi ra: + Th cp mc mch RLC: P2=U2.I2.cos2
U 2 N 2 2n 2
+ My bin p qun ngc mt s vng (B qua hao ph ca my):
U 1 N 1 2n 1
Trong : n1 l s vng qun ngc cun s cp, n2 l s vng qun ngc cun th cp.
U U 2 U 2
socap 1 R socap U2 N2
+ My bin p c in tr thun (tnh in p): vi
U 1 N1
U thucap U 22 U 2R thucap
U 2 I 2 r2 N 2 I1 N 2
+ My bin p c in tr thun (tnh cng ): vi I1 .N1 I 2 .N 2
U1 I1r1 N1 I 2 N1
- Bi ton tng qut: Bin p vi cun s cp v th cp u c in tr (hay v kh)
d
Sut in ng qua cun s cp: e1 N1 (1);
dt
d
Sut in ng qua cun th cp: e 2 N 2 (2);
dt
e1 N 1
Lp t l: k (3)
e2 N2
Cun s cp ng vai tr nh mt my pht: u1 = e1 + r1i1 e1 = u1 - r1i1 (4)
Cun s cp ng vai tr nh mt my thu: u2 = e2 + r2i2 e2 = u2 - r2i2 (5)
e1 u 1 r1i1
Lp t: k u 1 r1i1 ku 2 kr2 i 2 (6)
e 2 u 2 r2 i 2
e1 i 1 1 i2 u
Ta c: e1i1 e 2 i 2 hay i1 v i 2 2 (7)
e2 i2 k k R
kR
Thay (7) vo (6), thc hin bin i ta c: u 2 u1
k (R r2 ) r1
2

kR
Hay: U 2 U1
k (R r2 ) r1
2

5. Truyn ti in nng.
P2
- in nng hao ph trn dy: Php I R
2
R
U 2 cos 2
Trong : + P: Cng sut in truyn i, n v: W
+ U: in p truyn ti trn dy
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng IV Dao ng v sng in t
l
+ R: in tr dy truyn ti, R
S
+ cos: H s cng sut trn dy truyn ti (thng cos=1)
Lu :
- Cch gim in nng hao ph = tng in p trn dy truyn ti, in p tng k ln th cng sut hao
ph gim k2 ln.
- Dy dn gm hai dy, chiu di dy l = 2 ln khong cch truyn ti.
P' P Php
- Hiu sut truyn ti: H vi P' = P - Php cng sut nhn c ni tiu th.
P P
- st p: U = U - U' = I.R vi U l in p ni ngun bt u truyn i, U' l in p ni tiu th.
- Khi in p U1 th hiu sut truyn ti H1, khi in p U2 th hiu sut H2:
U2 (1 H1 )
+ Nu cng sut truyn i khng i:
U1 (1 H 2 )
U2 (1 H1 ).H1
+ Nu cng sut nhn c ni tiu th khng i:
U1 (1 H 2 ).H 2
- st p = n ln in p ni tiu th, cng sut hao ph gim k ln nhng cng sut tiu th
U2 n k 1
khng i, in p lc ny: .
U1 n 1 k
- st p = n ln in p ngun, cng sut hao ph gim k ln nhng cng sut tiu th khng i,
U 2 n (1 n )k
in p lc ny:
U1 k
- Nu ti ngun v ni tiu th t my bin p:
Truyn ti:
Sn xut: Cng d.in: I = I2A =I1B S dng:
U 2 A I1A N 2 A 2l U 2 B I1B N 2 B
in tr: R (l AB)
U1A I 2 A N1A S U1B I 2 B N1B
PA = U1AI1A = U2AI2A gim th: UAB=U2B-U2A=IR PB=U1BI1B=U2BI2B
Cng sut hao ph: P=PA-PB=RI2
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng IV Dao ng v sng in t
MY PHT V NG C KHNG NG B
1. Nguyn tc hot ng: Da vo hin tng cm ng in t: T thng qua khung bin thin, sinh ra
trong khung dy mt sut in ng bin thin cng tn s
2. Cu to v cch to ra sut in ng xoay chiu:
- Cu to: gm hai phn chnh
+ Phn cm: l phn to ra t trng (thng l cc nam chm)
+ Phn ng: l phn to ra sut in ng (thng l khung dy)
- Cch 1: T trng c nh, khung dy quay
- Cch 2: Khung dy c nh, t trng quay
Nhn xt: + T trng vung gc vi trc quay khung dy
+ Phn quay: Roto, phn ng yn: Stato.
+ Thng thng s cc t = s cun dy ca my.
3. My pht in xoay chiu mt pha:
d
- Sut in ng: e NBS.sin(t 0 ) E 0 cos(t 0 ) (V)
dt 2
N
- Tn s dng in: f p.n p
t
N
Trong : p l s cp cc nam chm, n : Tc quay ca roto, n v: vng/s.
t
Lu : - My pht cng sut b: phn quay (Roto)l khung dy quay, phn ng yn l nam chm
- My pht cng sut ln: phn quay (Roto)l nam chm in, phn ng yn l khung dy
- My pht khung dy quay c thm b gp: my xoay chiu l 2 vng khuyn, my mt chiu l
hai bn vng khuyn.
- Mch chnh lu 1/2 chu k: dng 1 diot, dng in 1 chiu nhp nhy, ch c in trong 1/2 chu
k.
- Mch chnh lu 2 na chu k: dng 4 diot, dng in 1 chiu nhp nhy, c in trong 2 na chu
k.
4. My pht in xoay chiu ba pha, dng in ba pha.
- Cu to: gm hai phn chnh
+ Phn cm: 1 nam chm quay quanh mt trc c nh (phn cm l roto)
2
+ Phn ng: gm 3 cun dy hon ton ging nhau, t lch nhau mt gc
3
- Dng in ba pha: l h thng ba dng in xoay chiu gy ra bi ba sut in ng xoay chiu
2
cng bin , cng tn s nhng lch pha nhau mt gc
3

e1 E 0 cos(t ) i1 I 0 cos(t )

2 2
e 2 E 0 cos(t ) Nu ti i xng th i 2 I 0 cos(t )
3 3
2 2
e 3 E 0 cos(t 3 ) i 3 I 0 cos(t 3 )
- Cch mc dng in xoay chiu ba pha:
- My pht mc hnh sao: S dng 4 dy, cng thc: U d = 3 Up, Id = Ip, Tt.hoa = 0
- My pht mc hnh tam gic: S dng 3 dy, cng thc: Ud = Up, Id = 3 Ip.
5. ng c khng ng b ba pha.
- Nguyn tc hot ng: da vo hin tng cm ng in t v m men lc t tc dng ln roto
- Cu to: gm hai phn chnh
2
+ Stato: gm ba cun dy hon ton ging nhau, t lch nhau mt gc
3
+ Roto: l khi tr lng xc quay quanh trc c nh, roto quay tc < tc quay ca t trng.
- Cng sut tiu th in: P = 3PP = 3UPIPcosP
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng IV Dao ng v sng in t

P U.I.cos I P Phaophi
- Hiu sut ng c:
2 H .100%
Phaophi I .R P
Trong :
+ Pi = P-Phao-phi: Cng sut c ch
+ P: Cng sut tiu th in.
Lu :
+ Bin t trng ti tm my: B = 1,5B0. Vi B0 l bin t trng tm do mt cun dy to ra
N
+ Tc quay t trng ti tm: f p. vi c 3 cun dy l mt cp cc t.
t
E0
+ Khi s trn 1 cun dy e1 = E0 th s trn 2 cun dy cn li: e2 = e3 = -
2
E0 3
+ Khi s trn 1 cun dy e1 = 0 th s trn 2 cun dy cn li: e2 = e3 =
2
(tng t cho cng , t trng,)
+ cng dng in dy trung ha(hnh sao):
it.hoa = ipha1 + ipha2 + ipha3 = I01 i(pha1)+I02 i(pha2)+I03 i(pha3)
- My pht in l tng mc vo mch RLC: Khi tc quay ca roto l n1 v n2 th cng dng
in hiu dng trong mch c cng gi tr. Khi tc quay l n 0 th cng dng in hiu dng trong
2 1 1
mch t cc i. Mi lin h gia n1, n2 v n0 l: 2
2 2
n 0 n1 n 2
- Ni hai cc ca mt my pht in xoay chiu mt pha vi hai u ca on mch RLC mc ni
tip. Khi roto ca my pht quay vi tc n 1 hoc n2 th in p hiu dng gia hai u t in c cng
gi tr. Khi roto quay vi tc n 0 th in p hiu dng gia hai u t t gi tr cc i: 02 12
hay n 0 n 1n 2
2
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng IV Dao ng v sng in t

DAO NG V SNG IN T
DAO NG IN T
1. Cu to mch dao ng in t LC: Mch kn gm t in C v cun cm thun L.
2. Hot ng: Tch in cho t C (kch thch cho mch dao ng), sau chuyn kha K ni cun dy
L to thnh mch kn cho mch dao ng.
3. Nguyn nhn gy ra dao ng: do hin tng t cm cun dy (Trng hp ring ca hin tng
cm ng in t).
1 2
T 2 LC
LC
4. Chu k, tn s:
I q T 2 ,...
0 0

Lu : Chu k khi mch ghp thm C hoc L
- Mch ghp thm C:

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
C1ntC 2 : C C C C T 2 LC : T 2 T 2 T 2 ; f f1 f 2
1 2 1 2

C // C : C C C C T 2 LC : T 2 T 2 T 2 ; 1 1 1
1 2 1 2 1 2 2
f f12 f 22
- Mch ghp thm L:

2 1 1 1
L
1 2ntL : L L 1 L 2 L T 2 LC : T 2
T1
2
T ;
2 2 2
2
f f1 f 2

L // L : 1 1 1 L T 2 LC : 1 1 1 ; f 2 f 2 f 2
1 2 L L1 L 2 T 2 T12 T22
1 2

5. Phng trnh dao ng mch LC:


- Biu thc in tch trn t: q = q0cos(t+)
q q0
- Biu thc hiu in th (in p) tc thi: u cos(t ) U 0 cos(t )
C C

- Biu thc dng in tc thi: I = q' = -q0sin(t+) = I0cos(t++ )
2
Lu : - in p, in tch trn t lun bin thin cng tn s, cng pha.

- Dng in bin thin cng tn s nhng nhanh pha so vi in p, in tch.
2
u U0
- in trng bin thin trong khong gia hai bn t: E . cos(t ) Bin thin cng
d d
tn s f, cng pha vi in p, in tch t.

- T trng (cm ng t) cun dy: B = 4.10-7i.N = B0.cos(t++ ) Bin thin cng tn
2
s f, cng pha vi dng in.
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng IV Dao ng v sng in t
i2
q 0 q 2 (q x, q 0 A, i v
2


q 2 i 2
6. Cng thc c lp thi gian: 2 2 1
q 0 I0
u 2 i2
2 2 1
U 0 I 0
7. Nng lng in t:
1 2 q2 1 1 2 2
W dien Cu qu .Cu0 . cos (t )
2 2C 2 2
- Nng lng in trng (ca t in):
W 1 2 q02
CU
ien(max) 2 0 2C
1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
W tu Li Li 0 . cos ( t ) .Cu0 . sin (t )
2 2 2 2
- Nng lng t trng (ca cun cm):
W 1 Li 2
tu (max) 2 0
1 1 2
- Nng lng in t: W=W + Wt= CU 0
2
LI 0
2 2
Lu : + Nng lng in t mch LC l tng bo ton.
+ Nng lng Win v Wtu bin thin vi tn s gc 2, tn s 2f v chu k T/2.
+ Thi gian gia hai ln lin tip dng in trit tiu, cc i,l T/2
+ i>0 ng vi dng in chy n bn t m ta xt.
q0 u
q n 1
,u 0
n 1

+ Khi Wt= n.Win:
i n
.I 0
n 1
+ Bi ton ng ngt mch LC:
- ng (hoc ngt) mch vo thi im dng in qua cun dy cc i: Nng lng hon ton
tp trung cun dy NL trc v sau khi ng ngt mch bng nhau
1 1
W'=W C' b .U' 02 C b .U 02 U' 0
2 2
- ng (hoc ngt) mch vo thi im nng lng tn ti c cun dy v t in: Xc nh
nng lng trn cc t thnh phn
W ' W W( ien)tudienkhongcontacdung

1
W ' C 'b .U '0 U '0
2

2
8. Thi gian ngn nht in tch t q1 n q2 (ch xt trn 1 bn- hai bn lun nhim in tri du)
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng IV Dao ng v sng in t

q1 u1 i1
cos
1 q U I

2 1 0 0 max
t vi v (0 1,2 )
q u 2 i
cos 2 2
2 q0 U 0 I max
Ngoi ra:
- Mt s trng hp c bit v thi gian ngn nht: Thi gian trit tiu in tch t khi tch y: T/4,
Thi gian hai ln lin tip in tch c ln cc i l: T/2, thi gian gia hai ln lin tip in tch
trit tiu l: T/2. Tng t cho in p, dng in.
- Thi gian trong mt chu k in khng vt qu gi tr qx (tng t cho u, i):
2 1
t 4t q1 00 q2 qx 4

- Thi gian trong mt chu k li khng nh hn gi tr q x (tng t cho u, i):
2 1
t 4t q1 qx q2 q0 4

9. Cc dng dao ng khc
- Dao ng in t tt dn: hao ph do ta nhit trn in tr ca dy dn, cun cm.
- Dao ng duy tr:
- S dng tranzito b li nng lng t ngun in cho mch dao ng ng bng nng lng hao
ph trong mt chu k.
- Dao ng tun hon: chu k, tn s dao ng duy tr = chu k, tn s dao ng ring ca mch.
- Cng sut in cn cung cp duy tr dao ng:
1 2 1 I0 U0 C
Cuongdo hieudung : LI 0 CU 0 I
2
.
2 2 2 2 L

cong suat can cungcap : PCC Php I R
2


Diennang can cungcap : ACC PCC .t

- Dao ng cng bc:
- Dao ng ca mch LC chu tc dng ca in p ngoi bin thin iu ha theo thi gian.
- c im:
+ Dao ng c tnh tun hon (dao ng in t).
+ Chu k, tn s dao ng cng bc = chu k, tn s ca in p cng bc.
+ Bin dao ng t l vi bin in p cng bc v chnh lch tn s dao ng ring
v tn s in p cng bc.
- Cng hng in: (V hnh tng t cng hng c c nh hng lc ma st)
+ Bin dao ng t gi tr cc i khi tn s ring = tn s cng bc.
+ nh hng ca in tr R: R ln bin cng bc khi c cng hng b v ngc li.
10. S tng t gia dao ng in dao ng c.
i lng c i lng in Dao ng c Dao ng in
2
x q x''+ x=0 q''+2q=0
k 1
v i
m LC
m L x=Acos(t+) q=q0cos(t+)
1
k v=x'=-Asin(t+) i=q'=-q0sin(t+)
C
2 2
v i
F u A2=x2+ q02 q 2

Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng IV Dao ng v sng in t
q
R F=-kx=-m2x u L 2 q
C
1 2 1 2
W Wt(WC) W= mv Wt= Li
2 2
1 2 q2
Wt W (WL) Wt= kx W=
2 2C
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng IV Dao ng v sng in t
IN T TRNG. SNG IN T
1. in t trng
- in trng xoy: cc ng sc in l nhng ng cong
kn.
- T trng xoy: cc ng sc t l nhng ng cong kn.
- in trng v t trng c mi lin h mt thit vi nhau,
l hai thnh ohaanf ca mt trng thng nht gi l in t
trng. Mi bin thin ca in trng theo thi gian sinh ra
xung quanh n mt t trng xoy bin thin theo thi gian v
ngc li.
2. Thuyt in t Mac-xoen (Gm 3 ni dung chnh)
- in tch, in trng; dng in, t trng.
- Bin thin ca t trng v in trng xoy.
- Bin thin ca in trng v t trng xoy.
3. Sng in t:
- Sng in t l qu trnh lan truyn ca in t trng.
- c im sng in t:
- L sng ngang.

- Trong qu trnh truyn sng, vec t B , E lun vung gc vi nhau v vung gc vi phng

truyn sng. Ba vec t v , E , B tun theo quy tc tam din thun (hng t E sang B)
- in trng v t trng bin thin tun hon theo thi gian, khng gian v lun cng pha
- Sng in t truyn c c trong 4 mi trng: rn, lng, kh v chn khng. Trong chn
khng sng in t lan truyn vi tc nh sng: v = c = 3.10 8 m/s, Trong mi trng chit sut n:
c
n .
v
- Sng in t mang theo nng lng v tun theo cc quy lut phn x, khc x,Nng lng
sng t l vi ly tha bc 4 ca tn s.
- Bc sng: v.T 2.v. LC
C1 // C2 C : 2 12 22

Lu : - Mch ghp t C: 1 1 1
C ntC
1 2 C : 2 2
2
1 2
1 1 1
L
1 2// L L : 2 2
- Mch ghp cun cm L: 2
1 2
L ntL L : 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng IV Dao ng v sng in t

.S
Tuxoay n ban kimloai // : C ( n 1).
4.k.d

C C max C min
k C
- T xoay:
max min
Congthuc tuxoay : C C min k C .
C C k .
max C


- ng dng sng in t:
vt
+ o khong cch: d= Trong t l thi gian t khi pht n khi thu c sng
2
vt 2 vt1

+ o tc : d 2 d1 2 2 vi t l thi gian gia hai ln o, t 1 l thi gian pht
vtbinh
t t
sng - thu sng ln o 1, t2 l thi gian pht sng - thu sng ln o 2.
4. Phn loi sng in t:
- Sng di: > 1000m, ng dng trong thng tin lin lc di nc.
- Sng trung: 100m 1000m, ban ngy b tng in li hp th mnh truyn i xa km, ban m t b
hp thu nn truyn i xa tt.
- Sng ngn: 10m100m, phn x tt trn tng in li, c mt s vng tng i nh khng b kh
quyn hp th nn dng trong pht thanh v tuyn.
- Sng cc ngn: 0,0110m, nng lng ln, c kh nng xuyn qua tng in li, ng dng trong
pht thanh, truyn hnh v tuyn v lin lc v tinh.
5. S pht v thu sng in t:
- Anten: l thit b thu hoc pht sng in t, c cu to l mch LC h.
- Mch thu v pht sng in t: Gm mch dao ng LC ghp vi anten. (V hnh minh ha)
- Nguyn tc chung: - Phi dng sng in t cao tn.
- Ti ni pht thc hin bin iu sng: gi sng m tn vo sng cao tn To
thnh sng mang (bin ca sng in t cao tn (gi l sng mang) bin thin theo thi gian vi tn
s bng tn s ca dao ng m tn).
- ni thu phi thc hin tch sng m tn ra khi sng cao tn.
- S khi ca my pht thanh v tuyn in n gin:

My pht My thu
1
5
3 4 5 1 2 3 4
2

(1): Micr. (1): Anten thu


(2): Mch pht sng in t cao tn. (2): Chn sng.
(3): Mch bin iu. (3): Mch tch sng.
(4): Mch khuch i. (4): Mch khuch i dao ng in t m tn.
(5): Anten pht. (5): Loa
- Nguyn tc thu sng in t: Da vo nguyn tc cng hng in t trong mch LC (f = f 0)
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng V Sng nh sng

SNG NH SNG
TN SC NH SNG. QUANG PH
1. Tn sc nh sng: l s phn tch nh sng phc tp thnh nhiu nh sng n sc thnh phn. Vi
nh sng trng ta thu c dy mu bin thin lin tc t: , da cam, vng, lc, lam, chm, tm. Trong
: tia lch t nht, tia tm lch nhiu nht; 7 mu nu trn gi l 7 mu c bn.
2. nh sng n sc:
- Khng b tn sc khi qua lng knh, c c trng bi tn s f.
- Chit sut ca mi trng c gi tr khc nhau i vi nhng nh sng n sc khc nhau: Chit sut
nh nht vi tia , ln nht vi tia tm, bc sng ln nht vi tia (0,76m), nh nht vi tia tm
(0,38m).
3. nh sng trng: L tp hp ca v s nh sng n sc bin thin t n tm, bc sng t
0,38m(Tim) 0,76m (o).
4. Bc sng v mu sc nh sng
- nh sng n sc l nh sng c mt bc sng xc nh. Khiu truyn t mi trng ny sang mi
trng khc th tc truyn sng, bc sng, c th thay i nhng tn s khng i. Tn s ln
nht l tia tm, nh nht l tia (Xt trong vng nhn thy).
- Mi nh sng n sc m ta nhn thy u c bc sng trong chn khng (hoc khng kh) trong
khong t 0,38m (nh sng tm) n 0,76m (nh sng ).
Bng mu v bc sng ca nh sng trong chn khng:
Mu Cam Vng Lc Lam Chm Tm
(m) 0,64 0,7 0,59 0,6 0,57 0, 0,5 0,57 0,45 0,5 0,43 0,4 0,38 0,44
6 5 6 5 1 6
- Ngoi cc mu n sc cn c cc mu khng n sc l hn hp ca nhiu mu n sc vi nhng
t l khc nhau.
5. Cng thc gii nhanh bi tp

- Bc sng khi truyn trong mi trng chit sut n: '= , l bc sng trong chn khng
n

C
n v
- Cng thc chit sut:
n a b trongdo : m
2
- Tn sc nh sng = lng knh (xt A b):
+ Gc lch tia sng: D = A(n-1).
+ Gc lch gia hai tia v tm: D = Dtim - Ddo.
+ B rng quang ph trn mn cch lng knh on h: MN = h(TanDtim - TanDdo)
sin i1 n. sin r1
sin i n. sin r
2 2
Lu : + Cng thc lng knh:
A r1 r2
D (i1 i2 ) A
A D A A
+ Gc lch cc tiu: i1 i2 r1 r2 sin min n. sin
2 2 2
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng V Sng nh sng

sin i ndo . sin rdo



- Tn sc nh sng = Lng cht phng (b nc c su h): sin i ntim . sin rtim
MN h(Tanr Tanr )
tim do

1 1 1
(ndo 1)( )
f do R1 R2
1 1 1
- Tn sc nh sng = Thu knh mng: (ntim 1)( ) Be rong : f f tim f do
f tim R1 R2
f tim (ndo 1)

f do (ntim 1)
6. My quang ph: l dng c dng phn tch chm nh sng phc tp to thnh nhng thnh phn
n sc. my quang ph gm c 3 b phn chnh:
- ng chun trc: tao ra chm tia song song
- H tn sc: Gm 1 nhiu LK, to ra chm tia n sc song song.
- Bung ti (bung nh): L chm tia n sc hi t to ra nh ca vch quang ph.
7. Cc loi quang ph:
Quang ph lin tc Quang ph vch pht x Quang ph vch hp th
nh ngha L mt dy mu bin L h thng cc vch mu L quang cc vch ti trn
thin lin tc t n ring r ngn cch nhau nn quang ph lin tc
tm bng nhng khong ti
Ngun pht Cc cht rn, cht lng v Cc cht kh bay hi p m kh hay hi kim loi
cht kh p sut ln b sut thp b kch thch nng c nhit thp hn nhit
nung nng sng. ngun sng pht ra
quang ph lin tc.
Tnh cht - Khng ph thuc bn - Ph thuc vo bn cht - mt nhit xc nh,
cht ca vt, ch ph vt pht x, cc nguyn t vt ch hp th nhng bc
thuc nhit ca vt. khc nhau th quang ph x m n c kh nng pht
- mi nhit , vt u khc nhau v vch, s vch, x, v ngc li.
bc xa. v tr, sng. - Cc nguyn t khc nhau
- Khi nhit tng dn th - Nguyn t khc nhau c c quang vch hp th ring
cng bc xa cng quang ph vch ring khc c trng cho nguyn t .
mnh v min quang ph nhau v s lng vch, mu
lan dn t bc x c bc sc vch, v tr vch v
sng di sang bc x c cng nh sng ca vch
bc sng ngn. quang ph vch c
trng ring cho nguyn t.
ng dng o nhit ca vt Xc nh thnh phn (nguyn t), hm lng cc thnh
phn trong vt. (Quang ph vch hp th: nh tnh;
Quang ph vch phy x: gm c nh tnh v nh lng)
8. Hin tng o vch quang ph: Nguyn t c kh nng hp th bc x no th cng c kh nng
pht x bc x .
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng V Sng nh sng
NHIU X V GIAO THOA NH SNG
1. Nhiu x nh sng: Nhiu x l hin tng nh sng khng tun theo quy lut truyn thng khi qua
l nh, khe hp.
2. Giao thoa nh sng
- Giao thoa: l s tng hp ca hai hay nhiu nh sng kt hp trong khng gian, trong c nhng v
tr cng sng tng cng to thnh vch sng, xen k v tr cng sng trit tiu to thnh vch
ti. (bong bng x phng mu sc s giao thoa)
- iu kin giao thoa: hai chm sng l hai chm kt hp, do cc ngun kt hp sinh ra.
Nhn xt: Nhiu x, giao thoa chng t nh sng c tnh cht sng.
3. Cng thc giao thoa:
ax
- Hiu quang trnh: d 2 d1
D
- Khong vn: L khong cch gia
hai vn sng hoc hai vn ti lin tip Ti th 5, k= 4
D Sng bc 4, k=4, bc 4
i
a Ti th 4, k=3 i
Luu : - Khong cch gia n vn sng i
Sng bc 3, k=3, bc 3
hoc vn ti lin tip: (n-1).i
Ti th 3, k=2
- Khong cch 1 vn sng v 1
Sng bc 2, k=2, bc 2
vn ti lin k: i/2
- Nu thc hin giao thoa trong Ti th 2, k=1
i Sng bc 1, k=1, bc 1
mi trng chit sut n: i '
n Ti th 1, k= 0
- ngha ca khong vn: Xc
Vn sng TT, k= 0
nh bc sng nh sng.
Ti th 1, k= -1
- Vn sng: d2 - d1= k V tr vn
D Sng bc 1, k= -1, bc 1
sng: x k k .i
a Ti th 2, k= -2 i
Trong : k = 0 l vn sng trung tm, Sng bc 2, k= -2, bc 2
i
k = 1 l vn sng bc 1,.
Ti th 3, k= -3
- Vn ti: d2 - d1 =(k +1/2) V tr
Sng bc 3, k= -3, bc 3
1 D 1
x (k ) (k ).i Ti th 4, k= -4
2 a 2
Trong : k = 0, -1 l vn sng th Sng bc 4, k= -4, bc 4
nht, k = 1, -2 l vn sng th 2,. Ti th 5, k= -5
4. Ti M c ta xM l vn sng hay
ti:
x
- Nu M k (s nguyn) th l vn sng bc k
i
x 1
- Nu M k (s bn nguyn) th l vn ti bc k+1
i 2
5. Giao thoa bng 1 nh sng n sc
- S vn sng, ti trn trng giao thoa:
L L

2 k .i Sovan sang so nghiem k nguyn thoaman.
2

L (k 1 ).i L Sovan toi so nghiem k nguyn thoaman.
2 2 2
- S vn sng, ti gia hai im MN cch trung tm ln lt x M, xN (xM<xN):
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng V Sng nh sng

xM k.i xN Sovan sang so nghiem k nguyn thoaman.



1
x
M ( k ).i xN Sovan toi so nghiem k nguyn thoaman.
2
Lu : + M, N nm cng pha: xM > 0, xN > 0; M, N khc pha: xM < 0, xN > 0.
MN
+ Nu 2 u MN l hai vn sng: S vn sng trn MN l 1
i
MN
+ Nu 2 u MN l hai vn ti: S vn sng trn MN l
i
MN
+ Nu u M l vn sng, N l vn ti: S vn sng trn MN l 0,5
i
6. Giao thoa bng nh sng trng
- Trung tm l vn sng trng, xen k hai bn l cc di mu cu vng, ngn cch nhau = 1 khong ti.
.D .D
- B rng quang ph bc k: x xdo xtim k do k min
a a
- S bc x c vn sng, vn ti trng nhau ti v tr x:
D x.a
Vansang : x k
a k.D

1 D x.a
Vantoi : x (k ) 1
2 a (k ).D
2
0,38m(tim) 0,76m(do) So buc xa so nghiem k nguyen thoaman

7. S dch chuyn h vn giao thoa do ngun, 2 khe chuyn ng:


- Nguyn tc chung: Lun dch chuyn v pha ngun tr pha, khng lm khong vn thay i.
- Dch chuyn vn do bn mng: Vn trung tm dch chuyn v pha khe t bn mng 1 khong
e.D
x0 (n 1)
a
- Dch chuyn vn do ngun S chuyn ng // mt phng cha 2 khe: Vn trung tm dch chuyn
D
ngc chiu chuyn ng ngun 1 khong x0 .SS '
d
- Dch chuyn vn do ngun S chuyn ng // mt phng cha 2 khe: Vn trung tm dch chuyn
Dd
cng chiu chuyn ng 2 khe 1 khong x0 .II '
d
8. Giao thoa bng nhiu nh sng n sc
1 .D .D k i A A.n
- Vn sng trng nhau: x1 x2 k1 . k2 . 2 1 2 2 k1 A.n
a a k 2 1 i1 B B.n
.D .D
- V tr vn sng trng nhau: x1 x2 k1 . 1 A.n 1
a a
L L
x
- S vn trng nhau: 2i 2i
xM x xN
1 .D
- Khong cch ngn nht gia hai vn trng mu vn trung tm: xmin A (n=1)
a
Ngoi ra: - S vn sng quan st c: Nquansat = N1 + N2 - Ntrungnhau.
- S vn sng n sc gia hai vn lin tip trng mu vn trung tm: (A-1) 1 + (B-1)2
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng V Sng nh sng
k1 2

k 2 1
k 2 3
- Chiu 3 bc x: Biu din ln lt k1, k2, k3.
k 3 2
k1 3

k3 1
1 .D .D 2k 1 2 i2 A A.(2n 1)
- Vn ti trng nhau: x1 x2 (2k1 1). (2k 2 1). 2 1
2a 2a 2k 2 1 1 i1 B B.(2n 1)
.D .D
2k1 + 1 = A.(2n+1) V tr vn ti trng nhau: x = x1 = (2k1+1) 1 =A.(2n+1) 1
2a 2a
1 .D .D k1 i A A.(2n 1)
+ Vn sng 1 trng ti 2: x1 x2 k1 . (2k 2 1). 2 2 2
a 2a 2k 2 1 21 2i1 B B.(2n 1)
.D .D
k1=A.(2n+1) V tr vn ti trng nhau: x = x1 = k1 1 =A.(2n+1) 1
a a
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng V Sng nh sng
TIA HNG NGOI, T NGOI, RN-GHEN V THANG SNG IN T
1. Cc c im
Tia hng ngoi Tia t ngoi Tia X
- L sng in t c bc - L sng in t c bc sng - L sng in t c bc
sng di hn 0,76m () di hn 0,38m (tm) sng t 10-8m 10-11m
nh - L bc x khng nhn - L bc x khng nhn thy nm (ngn hn bc sng tia t
ngha thy nm ngoi vng ngoi vng tm ngoi)
- L bc x khng nhn thy
nm ngoi vng tm
- Mi vt nhit >00K - Cc vt nhit >20000C - ng rownghen, ng cu-lt-
- iu kin pht vo mi - H quang in, n hi thy gi
trng: Nhit vt > ngn, cc vt c nhit ln hn - Khi cho chm tia e c vn
Ngun
nhit mi trng. 30000C l nhng ngun pht tia tc ln p vo mt i m
pht
t ngoi mnh. Mt tri l ngun cc bng kim loi kh nng
pht ra tia t ngoi rt mnh (9% chy nh vonfam hoc
nng lng nh sng mt tri) platin.
- Tc dng nhit mnh - B nc, thy tinh,hp th - C kh nng m xuyn
(Tnh cht ni bc-c mnh. mnh nhng b lp ch (kim
trng). - Tc dng rt mnh ln knh nh loi nng) vi mm cn li.
- B hi nc, kh CO2 - C th lm mt s cht pht - Tc dng rt mnh ln
hp th mnh. quang knh nh.
- Gy ra phn ng ha - C tc dng ion ha khng kh. - Lm pht quang nhiu
hc. - C tc dng gy ra mt s phn cht.
Tnh
- Tc dng ln phim v ng quang ha, quang hp. - C kh nng ion ha cc
cht
knh nh hng ngoi. (k - C mt s tc dng sinh l: dit cht kh.
tc dng ln phim, knh khun, hy dit t bo. - C tc dng sinh l mnh.
nh thng)
- Gy ra hin tng quang
in. (quang in trong)
- C th bin iu nh
sng in t.
- Sy kh, si m - Kh trng nc ung, thc - Chiu in, chp in
- Quay phim v chp nh phm dng trong y t chn
hng ngoi - Cha bnh ci xng on bnh.
- iu khin t xa - Xc nh vt nc trn b mt - Cha bnh ung th
ng - Chp nh b mt tri t kim loi - Kim tra vt c, d bt
dng t v tinh kh, vt nc trong kim loi.
- Qun s(tn la t ng - Kim tra hnh l hnh
tm mc tiu, camera khch i my bay.
hng ngoi, ng nhm
hng ngoi)
Dng c h tn sc v cp nhit in
pht
hin
hc
Lu : + Bc sng nh nht ca ph tia Ronghen (tia X) e.U AK hf max e.U AK
min

+ Tia X cng: Bc sng ngn, m xuyn tt.


+ Tia X mm: Bc sng di, m xuyn yu.
2. Thang sng in t:
- Sng v tuyn, tia hng ngoi, nh sng nhn thy, tia t ngoi, tia Roghen, tia gamma u c cng bn
cht l sng in t, ch khc nhau v tn s (hay bc sng). Cc sng ny to thnh mt ph lin tc
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng V Sng nh sng

votuyendien hongngoai nh int hay tungoai Ronghen gamma


gi l thang sng in t.
f votuyendien f hongngoai f nh int hay f tungoai f Ronghen f gamma

-Sp xp thang sng in t theo th t bc sng tng dn (hay tn s gim dn):

10-11 10-8 3,810-7 7,610-7 10-2

: gim

:tng
f: gim
ngoi
Tia hng
Tia

Tia X

ngoi
Tia t


nh sng

Radio
Sng
nh sng tm

- Cc tia c bc sng cng ngn th c tnh am xuyn cng mnh, d tc dng ln knh nh, d lm
pht quang cc cht v d ion ha cht kh. Cc tia c bc sng cng di, ta cng d quan st hin
tng giao thoa nhiu x.
- Mi lin h tnh cht in t v tnh cht quang
c
- Chit sut: n
V
- in mi ph thuc tn s: =F(f)
Ngoi ra: Cc tia c bn cht khc vi cc bc x in t nu trn
- Tia m cc - Tia catot: l dng cc electron chuyn ng tc ln, mang in tch m.
- Tia : l dng cc ht nhn heeli (ht anpha- 24 He ) mang in tch (+)
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng VI Lng t nh sng

LNG T NH SNG
HIN TNG QUANG IN NGOI. THUYT LNG T NH SNG
1. Hin tng quang in ngoi
- Th nghim Hez: Dng ngun sng h quang in giu tia t ngoi chiu vo tm km tch in m.
- Quang in ngoi: l hin tng chiu bc x (nh sng) c bc sng thch hp lm cc e bt ra khi
b mt kim loi. Cc e bt ra gi l cc quang electron.
2. Cc nh lut quang in.
- nh lut gii hn quang in: 0
- nh lut dng quang in bo ha: cng d dng quang in bo ha t l thun vi cng chm
sng.
- nh lut ng nng ban u cc i: ng nng ph thuc vo bc sng, bn cht kim loi l
khng ph thuc vo cng chm sng.
3. Lng t nng lng (Gi thuyt plng): Lng nng lng m mi ln nguyn t, phn t,pht
hc
x hay hp th c gi tr xc nh gi l lng t nng lng: = hf = .

Trong : h = 6,625.10-34J.s hng s Plng
Lu : S pht x hay hp th ca nguyn t, phn t,c tnh gin on, khng lin tc.
4. Lng t nh sng
- Chm sng l mt chm cc ht phtn - lng t nh sng.
hc
- Mi phtn c nng lng: =hf =

- Cng chm sng t l vi s phtn pht ra trong 1s.
- Nguyn t, phn t,pht x hay hp th nh sng cng l pht x hay hp th phtn
- Cc ph tn ch tn ti trong trng thi chuyn ng, chng bay dc theo tia sng, trong chn khng
chuyn ng vn tc: v = c = 3.108 m/s.
Nhn xt:
- Hin tng quang in chng t nh sng c tnh cht ht.
- nh sng va c tnh cht sng va c tnh cht ht Gi l lng tnh sng ht. Trong mi hin
tng nh sng th hin r nt 1 trong hai tnh cht trn.
+ nh sng bc sng cng ln: tnh sng r nt, th hin kh nng giao thoa, nhiu x, khc x...
+ nh sng bc sng cng ngn: tnh ht cng r nt, th hin kh nng m xuyn, ion ha,
5. Cng thc bi tp
hc
- Cng thot: A= (J), 1eV = 1,6.10-19J
0

- Hiu in th hm: L hiu in th ngc (m) t vo hai cc A-K sao cho trit tiu hon ton
1
dng quang in (mi e bt ra u quay tr li catot): mv02(max) e.U h . Trong : Uh = -UAK.
2
hc 1 hc
- Cng thc Anh-xtanh: A mv02(max) A e.U h .
2
Lu : Nu chiu ng thi nhiu bc x th ch cn xt cho bc x c bc sng nh nht(hoc tn s
ln nht)
- Dng quang in bo ha: Cng ln nht, mi e bt ra u i n c anot.
q Ne.e
I Ne
Ne t t
- Hiu sut quang in: H trong :
N
P W N .
N
nguonsang t t
6. Chuyn ng ca quang e trong t trng.
- Chuyn ng dc ng sc: quang electron chuyn ng thng u theo phng, vn tc ban u.
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng VI Lng t nh sng
mv
- Chuyn ng vung gc ng sc: quang electron chuyn ng trn u vi bn knh R e B
m.v.sin
R eB

2.R
- Chuyn ng xin gc : quang electron chuyn ng theo ng inh c vi: T
v. sin
h v. cos .T


7. Chuyn ng quang electron trong in trng.
1
- ng nng, vn tc khi n anot: W - W0(max)= e .U AK W d e .U AK m.v02(max)
2
U AK
F e .E e .
d

F e .U AK
- Gia tc, thi gian, qung ng: a
m m.d
v v 0 a.t
2 2
v v 0 2.a.s (quangduong di)den khi dung : v 0)
Lu : - iu kin quang e chuyn ng thng trong in - t trng: Fdien f lorenxo e .E e .v.B

2.m.d 2 Uh
- Bn knh ln nht trn b mt catot: R v0 2d
q.U AK U AK
Chng minh: Bn knh ln nht khi e bay l l mt catot
Chuyn ng chia lm 2 thnh phn.
OX: chuyn ng u x = v0.t
OY: Nhanh dn u vi gia tc:
E U
F = q.E = m.a a q. q.
m m.d
1
V y a.t 2 . Khi n anot y = d v x = R
2
2d 2d 2d 2 m
t R v0 Hay R v0
a a qU
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng VI Lng t nh sng
QUANG IN TRONG. QUANG PHT QUANG V LAZE
1. Quang in trong.
- L hin tng gii phng cc e v l trng nm trong khi bn dn khi c chiu sng thch hp.
- iu kin xy ra quang in trong: 0 (0 c nm trong vng hng ngoi).
2. Quang dn
- Quang dn: L hin tng gim mnh in tr (tng dn in) khi c chiu sng thch hp.
Ch : in tr ca quang in tr c th thay i t vi megam khi khng c chiu sng xung
n vi chc m khi c chiu sng.
- Quang in tr:
- Nguyn tc hot ng: da vo quang in trong - quang dn.
- Cu to: Lp bn dn trn gn cc in cc.
- Hot ng: Khi cha chiu sng in tr ln khng cho dng chy qua, khi chiu sng in tr gim
mnh cho dng chy qua Tc dng nh mt kha in iu khin bng as.
- ng dng: Trong cc thit b khuch i v iu khin bng nh sng.
- Pin quang quang:
- L thit b dng bin i trc tip quang nng (bc x in t) thnh in nng.
- Nguyn tc hot ng: da vo quang in trong - quang dn.
- Cu to: L lp chuyn tip p-n trn gn in cc. Mt tm bn dn loi n, bn trn c ph lp
mng bn dn loi p. Mt trn cng l mt lp kim loiaj mng, trong sut vi nh sng v di cng l
mt kim loi. Gia n, p hnh thnh lp tip xc p-n, lp ny ngn khng cho e khuch tn t n sang p
v l trng khuch tn t p sang n (lp chn)
- Sut in ng: 0,5 - 0,8V
- Hiu sut: di 10%.
- ng dng: cung cp in sinh hot, cc thit b vin thng, v tinh, tu thm d,
3. Quang pht quang
- Quang pht quang: L hin tng cc cht hp th bc x ny pht ra bc x khc. Bc sng
pht quang > bc sng kch thch (nh l stc). Mi cht pht quang c mt ph c trng.
- Hunh quang: hin tng pht quang gn nh tt ngay sau khi ngng chiu nh sng kch thch (di
10-8 (s). Hunh quang thng l cht kh hoc lng.
-Ln quang: Hin tng pht quang cn c th ko di sau khi ngng chiu nh sng kch thch. Ln
quang thng l cht rn.
-ng dng: n ng pht sng, sn pht quang,
4. S lc v laze
- Laze l mt ngun sng c cng ln, hot ng da trn vic ng dng hin tng pht x cm
ng.
- Cch to laze: bng vic to ra s o mt (to mi trng hot ha) v da vo tc dng hp cng
hng quang hc.
- Phn loi: Laze rn, laze kh, laze bn dn.
- c im Laze:
f 15
- Tnh n sc rt cao, sai lch tng i: f 10
- L mt chm sng kt hp.
- L chm tia song song, tnh nh hng rt cao.
- C cng rt ln.
- Mt vi ng dng ca laze
+ Trong y t: dao m, cha bnh ngoi da,
+ Trong thng tin lin lc: s dng trong v tuyn nh v, lin lc v tinh, truyn tin bng cp quang
+ Trong cng nghip: khoan, ct,..kim loi
+ Trong trc a: o khong cch, ngm ng thng
+ Trong gii tr: Cng ngh biu din nh sng laze, trong cc u c CD, bt ch bng
5. Hin tng pht x cm ng
- Nu mt nguyn t ang trng thi kch thch sn sng pht ra photon c nng lng = hf bt gp
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng VI Lng t nh sng
mt photon c nng lng ' = bay lt qua th lp tc nguyn t pht ra photon c cng nng lng,
bay cng phng
- Hai sng in t hon ton ng pha, dao ng trong 2 mt phng song song.
6. Hin tng hp th nh sng (Chng trnh NC)
- Hp th nh sng: L hin tng mi trng vt cht lm gim cng sng truyn qua n.
- nh lut v s hp th nh sng: Cng I ca chm sng n sc khi truyn qua mi trng hp
th, gim theo nh lut hm m ca di d ca ng i tia sng I = I 0e-d.
Trong : I0 l cng ca chm sng ti mi trng, l h s hp th ca mi trng.
- Hp th nh sng ca mi trng c tnh cht lc la, h s hp th ca mi trng ph thuc vo
bc sng ca nh sng.
- Chm sng chiu vo mt vt, gy ra phn x, tn x lc la nh sng. Mu sc cc vt l kt qu ca
s hp th v phn x, tn x lc la nh sng chiu vo vt.
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng VI Lng t nh sng
MU NGUYN T BOR
1. Mu hnh tinh nguyn t Ro-do-pho
- Tm nguyn t: l ht nhn mang in tch dng, kch thc b nhng chim phn ln khi lng
nguyn t.
- V nguyn t: Gm cc electron chuyn ng trn cc qu o trn quanh ht nhn(ging nh cc
hnh tinh chuyn ng quanh mt tri).
- Tng in tch ht nhn c ln = ln in tch lp v nguyn t trung ha in.
Hn ch: Khng gii thch c tnh bn vng ca nguyn t v s to thnh quang ph vch nguyn
t.
2. Mu nguyn t ca Bo
- Tin v trng thi dng: Nguyn t ch tn ti trong mt s trng thi c nng lng xc nh E n,
gi l cc trng thi dng. Khi trng thi dng nguyn t khng bc x, electron chuyn ng quanh
ht nhn trn nhng qu o c bn knh hon ton xc nh gi l qu o dng.
H qu: - Bn knh dng ca nguyn t Hir: r n = n2r0 vi n l s nguyn r 0 = 5,3.10-11m, gi l bn
knh Bo.
- Quy c tn gi qu:
N 1 2 3 4 5 6
Tn gi K L M N O P
- Bnh thng nguyn t tn ti trng thi c bn n = 1(nng lng thp nht, chuyn ng gn
ht nhn nht), trng thi kch thch 1: n = 2, kch thch th 2: n = 3,
- Nng lng trng thi dng: Gm ng nng ca e v th nng tng tc ca e v ht nhn
13,6
En (eV )
n2
- Ion ha nguyn t hiro: lm mt e(a e ra xa v cng), nng lng ion ha
13,6
W W Wn (eV )
n2
- Tin v s bc x v hp th nng lng ca nguyn t:
+ Khi nguyn t chuyn t trng thi dng c nng lng En sang trng thi dng c nng lng Em
nh hn th nguyn t pht ra mt phtn c nng lng: e = hf nm = En - Em.
+ Ngc li, nu nguyn t ang trng thi dng c nng lng E m m hp th c mt phtn c
nng lng hf ng bng hiu En - Em th n chuyn sang trng thi dng c nng lng En ln hn.
Lu : + Nguyn t c kh nng hp th bc x no th c kh nng pht x ng bc x (Hin
tng o vch quang ph).
+ So snh mu Rowdopho (Rutherford) v mu Bo: Ging nhau v m hnh (c ht nhn, kiu
hnh tinh), khc nhau c bn v trng thi dng (tnh lng t).
+ Mu nguyn t Bor ch gii thch chnh xc cho nguyn t Hidro v cc ion tng t, khng
ng cho mi nguyn t.
3. Quang ph vch ca nguyn t hidro
- Quang ph vch pht x ca nguyn t hidro sp xp thnh cc dy khc nhau (Gm nhiu
dy nhng chng trnh ph thng ch xt 3 dy)
+ Dy Lai-man ng vi s chuyn electron t qu o xa v qu o K (n=1), cc vch quang ph
trong dy ny thuc vng t ngoi.
+ Dy Ban-me ng vi s chuyn electron t qu o xa v qu o L (n=2), cc vch quang ph
trong dy ny thuc vng t ngoi v 4 vch nm trong vng nh sng nhn thy l: vch H , vch
lam H, vch chm H, vch tm H
+ Dy Pa-sen ng vi s chuyn electron t qu o xa ht nhn v qu o M (n=3), cc vch quang
ph trong dy ny thuc vng hng ngoi.
- S chuyn mc nng lng ca nguyn t hidro to thnh cc dy quang ph.
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng VI Lng t nh sng

Bc sng di nht

H
E P
6 H
E 5 O
H
E 4 N
H
E 3 M
Pa sen
Vng hng ngoi
E 2 L
B an m e
Bc Vng kh kin v mt phn
sng vng t ngoi
ngn
E 1 K
nht Lai m an
Vng t ngoi

- Bc sng bc x:
hc
+ Cng thc Bo: En Em vi En>Em. En
min

1 1 1
+ Cng thc lin h: hoc fnm = fnk +
nm nk km
Ek
fkm. Trong : n>k>m nk
1 1 1
- Cng thc Ribet: R.( m 2 n 2 ) . Trong :
nm

m<n v R = 1,097.107.
Lu : - Bc sng nh nht: Nhy xa nht v Em
nm km
Laiman : min nn1

Banme : min nn2


Pasen :
min n n 3

Laiman : max n2n1



- Bc sng ln nht: Nhy gn nht v Banme : max n3n 2
Pasen :
max n 4n3
- S bc x ti a to ra khi trng thi kch thch n: N Cn2 (T hp chp 2 ca n).
- ng nng, vn tc chuyn ng e trn qu o:
e 2 mv 2 1 2 1 e2 1 e2
Fien Fht K mv K K
r2 r 2 2 r 2 r0 .n 2
13,6
Th nng: W=W+Wt Wt . Trong : W= (eV )
n2
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng VII Vt l ht nhn

HT NHN NGUYN T
CU TO HT NHN. NNG LNG LIN KT
1. Cu to ht nhn:
- Cu to: c kch thc rt nh (khong 10 -14 m n 10-15 m) c cu to t cc ht nh hn gi l
nuclon. C 2 loi nuclon:
+ Proton: k hiu p mang in tch nguyn t +e, mp = 1,0073u
+ Ntron: k hiu n, khng mang in tch, mn = 1,0087u.
+ S proton =Nguyn t s Z, tng s proton v ntron = S khi A ca nguyn t S ntron = A-Z
- K hiu ht nhn:
+ Ht nhn ca nguyn t X c k hiu: ZA X
+ K hiu ny vn c dng cho cc ht s cp: Proton: 11 p , ntron: 0 n , electron: 10 e ,
1

- Kch thc ht nhn: R=1,2.10-15A1/3 (fm) (1fm=10-15 m)


Trong : R : bn knh ht nhn, n v: m; A: s khi
Lu : - Xc nh s ht nhn nguyn t:
m
+ S ht nhn nguyn t: N nmol .N A .N A vi NA = 6,023.1023
M
+ S proton: N, Z, s Notron: N.(A-Z).
m A.u
- Xc nh mt khi lng ht nhn:
V V
q Z.e
- Xc nh mt in tch ht nhn: q
V V
2. ng v
- ng v l cc nguyn t m ht nhn c cng s proton Z nhng c s ntron N khc nhau
- Phn loi: ng v bn, ng v khng bn.
- Cc ng v c cng s electron lp v nn chng c cng tnh cht ha hc.
VD: Hidro c ba ng v:
+ Hidro thng 11 H chim 99,99% hidro thin nhin
+ Hidro nng 12 H cn gi l tri 12 D chim 0,015% hidro thin nhin
+ Hidro siu nng 13 H cn gi l triti 31T
Lu : Xc nh thnh phn ng v nguyn t: Gi a l % ca ng v X 1 c khi lng m1, b l % ca
ng v X2 c khi lng m2, m l khi lng trung bnh nguyn t, khi :

a b 100% 1
a, b
a.m1 b.m2 m
3. n v khi lng nguyn t:
- n v khi lng nguyn t bng 1/12 khi lng nguyn t ca ng v cacbon 12
K hiu u, 1u=1,66055.10-27(kg)
- H thc Anh-xtanh v khi lng v nng lng ht nhn: E=mc2.
Trong : + c: vn tc nh sng trong chn khng (c=3.10 8m/s)
+ m: khi lng ngh ca vt, n v: kg
Lu : + khi lng ht nhn: m A.u
+ Nng lng ngh ca mt n v khi lng nguyn t: 1uc2 = 931,5MeV1u=931,5MeV/c2.
MeV/c2, eV/c2 l 1 n v khi lng. Vi 1eV = 1,6.10-19 J; 1MeV = 1,6.10-13 J
+ Khi lng tng i tnh, ng nng.
- Nng lng ngh: E0 = m0.c2.
- Khi lng ca vt chuy ng vi tc v (khi lng tng i tnh) l:
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng VII Vt l ht nhn
m0
m m0
v2 , vi m0 l khi lng ngh (khi lng khi v=0)
1 2
c
- Nng lng ton phn (nng lng ngh + ng nng ca ht):

m0 c 2
E mc 2 m0 c 2 W E0 W
v 2
ng nng: W = E - E0.
1 2
c
4. Lc ht nhn: l lc tng tc gia cc nuclon trong ht nhn, l lc ht v c tc dng lin kt cc
nuclon.
- Khng ph thuc in tch, khng phi l lc tnh in.
- C bn knh tc dng ngn c 10-15 m
- C tnh bo ha: 1 nuclon ch lin kt vi nhng nuclon lin k.
- Lc ht nhn l lc trao i: Cc nuclon lin kt vi nhau thng qua trao i ht mezn
5. Nng lng lin kt ca ht nhn
- ht khi: Khi lng ca mt ht nhn lun lun nh hn tng khi lng ca cc nuclon to
thnh ht nhn . ht khi ca ht nhn: m = Zmp + (A-Z)mn - m( Z X )
A

- Nng lng lin kt: WLK = m.C2 (MeV) (Thay u = 931,5MeV/c2)


- Nng lng lin kt ring: l NL lin kt tnh cho 1 nuclon.
W
- Cng thc: WR LK (MeV/nuclon).
A
- Nng lng lin kt ring c trng cho mc bn vng ca ht nhn, nng lng lin kt ring
cng ln th ht nhn nguyn t cng bn vng.
- Nhng ht c khi lng trung bnh, nm trong khong gia h tun hon (t 50-70) l bn nht.
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng VII Vt l ht nhn
PHN NG HT NHN. PHN NG PHN HCH V NHIT HCH
1. Phn ng ht nhn
- Khi nim: Phn ng ht nhn l mi qu trnh dn n s bin i ht nhn.
- Phn loi:
+ Phn ng ht nhn t pht: qu trnh t phn r ca mt ht nhn khng bn vng thnh cc ht
nhn khc (phng x)
+ Phn ng ht nhn kch thch: qu trnh cc ht nhn tng tc vi nhau to ra cc ht nhn khc.
Lu : S phng x l trng hp ring ca phn ng ht nhn l qu trnh bin i ht nhn nguyn
t ny thnh ht nhn nguy t khc.
2. Cc nh lut bo ton trong phn ng ht nhn: Xt phn ng ht nhn Z 1 A Z 2 B Z3 C ZA44 D
A A A
1 2 3

- nh lut bo ton s nuclon (s khi A): Atruoc Asau A1 A2 A3 A4


- nh lut bo ton in tch: Z truoc Z sau Z1 Z 2 Z 3 Z 4
- nh lut bo ton nng lng: Wtruoc Wsau

- nh lut bo ton vecto ng lng: Ptruoc Psau PA PB PC PD
Lu : + Khng c nh lut bo ton khi lng, bo ton proton, bo ton notron, bo ton electron.
+ Nng lng ton phn trong phn ng ht nhn:
- Nu phn ng khng c bc x in t gama: Wtoanphan = mc2 + Wd.
- Nu phn ng c bc x in t gama: Wtoanphan = mc2 + Wd+hf
3. Nng lng phn ng ht nhn:
- Nng lng 1 phn ng: W = (mtruoc - msau)c2 (thay u = 931,5MeV/c2)
+ Nu W > 0 phn ng ta nng lng
+ Nu W < 0 phn ng thu nng lng
Ngoi ra:
- Qu trnh phng x, phn ng nhit hch, phn hch: l cc phn ng ta nng lng.
- Tnh nng lng phn ng theo nng lng lin kt, nng lng lin kt ring, ht khi:
+ Nng lng phn ng theo nng lng lin kt:
W = (WLK(C) + WLK(D)) - (WLK(A)+WLK(B))
+ Nng lng phn ng theo nng lng lin kt ring:
W = (WR(C) .AC+ WR(D).A(D)) - (WR(A).AA+WR(B).AB)
+ Nng lng phn ng theo ht khi:
W = [(mC+mD) - (mA+mB)]c2
Trong : cc ht e, proton, notron c ht khi = 0, Nng lng lin kt ring = 0.
- Nng lng do m (gam) phn ng:
m
+ S ht nhn tham gia phn ng: N H .nhan nmol .N A .N A Trong :NA = 6,023.1023
M
+ Nng lng: W N hatnhan .W1. phanung
- ng nng, vn tc:
+ L bo ton NL ton phn: mT.c2+Wd(Truoc) = ms.c2+Wd(sau) (mT - ms)c2+Wd(Truoc) = Wd(sau)
+ L bo ton ng lng: Biu din vecto ng lng, p dng quy tc hnh bnh hnh.

p p1 p 2 bit = ( p1 , p 2 )
p 2 p12 p 22 2p1p 2 cos
hay (mv)2=(m1v1)2+(m2v2)2+2m1m2v1v2cos
hay mK = m1K1+ m2K2+2 m1m 2 K 1K 2 cos

Tng t khi bit 1 = ( p1 , p) hoc 2 = ( p 2 , p)

Trng hp c bit: (p1 , p 2 ) = 900 (tc p1 p 2 ) p 2 p12 p22

Tng t khi p1 p hoc p 2 p
K 1 v1 m 2 A 2
v = 0 (p = 0) p1 = p2
K 2 v 2 m1 A 1
Lu : + p2 = 2mWd.
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng VII Vt l ht nhn
+ Khi tnh vn tc: i ng nng ra n v J, khi lng ra Kg.
+ Ht notrino (v phn notrino): Khng mang in, khi lng rt nh (gn bng 0), momen t =
0, spin = 1/2, chuyn ng tc gn = tc nh sng.
4. Phn ng phn hch.
- Phn hch l hin tng mt ht nhn nng hp th mt ntron chm ri v thnh hai ht nhn nh
hn.
- Phn loi: + Phn ng phn hch t pht (xc sut b - t xy ra).
+ Phn ng phn hch kch thch.
- Phn ng phn hch kch thch:
+ Nng lng kch hot: Nng lng ti thiu cn cung cp cho ht nhn c th xy ra phn ng
phn hch, c gi tr khong vi MeV.
+ Phng php: Dng nowtron chn (notron nhit) bn vo ht nhn
1n+X X*Y+Z+Kn Vi K=2, 3, 4,.
- c im ca s phn hch: mi phn ng phn hch sinh ra t 2 n 3 ntron v ta ra mt nng
lng khong vi trm MeV gi l nng lng ht nhn.
- Phn ng dy chuyn
+ Sau mi phn hch to ra k ntron, sau n phn ng to ra K n ntron v kch thch Kn phn ng phn
hch.
+ Nu K<1: Kn0 Phn ng dy truyn tt nhanh, khng t duy tr.
+ Nu K=1: Kn = 1 Phn ng dy truyn t duy tr, kim sot c. Nng lng pht ra khng thay i
theo thi gian.
+ Nu K>1: Kn Phn ng dy truyn t duy tr, khng kim sot c. Nng lng pht ra tng
nhanh v c th gy ra bng n.
Lu : + Khi lng ti hn l khi lng cn thit b nht phn ng dy truyn c th xy ra.
+ Nh my in nguyn t: Nhin liu ca nh my in nguyn t l cc thanh Urani lm
giu, hot ng ch k = 1, ngi ta dt vo l cc thanh cha Bo, Cadimi,hp th bt cc ntron.
Nng lng do phn hch ta ra di dng ng nng ca cc ht c chuyn thnh nhit nng ca l
v truyn n ni sinh hi cha nc. Hi nc c a vo lm quay tua bin my pht in.
W H .W
- Cng sut l phn ng ht nhn: P i
t t
Trong : + W l nng lng do m (gam) cht phn ng sinh ra:
m
W=N.Wtoa= .NA.W1-phan-ung (i ra J vi 1MeV = 106.1,6.10-19J)
M
+ H: Hiu sut l phn ng (i ra h s)
+ Wi: Nng lng c ch
5. Phn ng nhit hch
- Phn ng nhit hch l phn ng kt hp hai hay nhiu ht nhn nh thnh mt ht nhn nng hn.
- iu kin xy ra phn ng:
+ iu kin nhit : nhit hn hp 10-7K108K
+ iu kin lo_sn: n.t 1014 1016s/cm3
Trong : + n: Mt ht nhn
+ t: Thi gian duy tr nhit cao
- Nng lng phn ng:
+ L phn ng ta nng lng khong vi n vi chc MeV.
+ Xt trn khi lng so snh, phn ng nhit hch ta nng lng gp 10 ln phn ng phn hch.
- Trong v tr: phn ng nhit hch xy ra trn cc ngi sao. V d: trong lng Mt Tri
- Trn tri t: + Con ngi thc hin c phn ng nhit hch di dng khng kim sot c,
v d s n ca bom khinh kh (bom H)
+ Con ngi cha thc hin c phn ng nhit hch kim sot.
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng VII Vt l ht nhn
PHNG X. CC DNG PHNG X
1. Hin tng phng x
- Phng x l hin tng phn hy t pht (t xy ra) ca ht nhn khng bn to ra cc tia phng x v
bin i thnh ht nhn khc.
- Cc tia phng x khng nhn thy c nhng c th pht hin ra chng do c kh nng lm en knh
nh, ion ha cc cht, b lch trong in trng v t trng
- c im ca hin tng phng x:
+ C bn cht l qu trnh bin i ht nhn.
+ C tnh t pht, khng th iu khin c.
+ Khng chu tc ng ca cc yu t bn ngoi: p sut, nhit ,
+ L mt qu trnh ngu nhin.
2. Cc dng phng x.
- Tia alpha : + Bn cht l ht nhn 2 He , mang in tch +2e.
4

+ B lch v bn m ca in trng.
+ C kh nng gy ra s ion ha cht kh.
+ Vn tc chm tia: 2.107 m/s, trong khng kh i c vi cm.
+ So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con v tr li 2 trong bng tun hon v c s khi nh
hn 4 n v.
- Tia beeta -: + Chm electron mang in tch m.
+ B lch v bn dng ca t in.
+ C kh nng ion ha cht kh yu hn tia nhng kh nng m xuyn mnh hn tia
+ Vn tc chm tia c vn tc nh sng, trong khng kh i c vi mt, trong kim loi
vi mm
+ So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con v tr tin 1 v c cng s khi.
Lu : Trong phng x - cn sinh ra ht phn ht ntrin: l ht khng mang in, s khi A=0,
chuyn ng vi vn tc nh sng, sinh ra khi 1 ntron (n)1 prton (p)+1 electron (e-) v phn ntrin
0
1
0 n 11 p 01 e 0
- Tia bta +: + L chm ht positron c khi lng nh electron nhng in tch +e
+ B lch v bn m ca t in.
+ C kh nng ion ha cht kh yu hn tia nhng kh nng m xuyn mnh hn tia
+ Vn tc chm tia c vn tc nh sng, trong khng kh i c vi mt, trong kim loi vi mm
+ So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con v tr li 1 v c cng s khi.
Lu : Trong phng x + cn sinh ra ht ntrin: l ht khng mang in, s khi A = 0, chuyn ng
vi vn tc nh sng, sinh ra khi 1 prton (p) thnh neutron (n)+ vi 1 poriton (e +) v 1 ntrin
1
1 p 01 n 01 e 00
- Tia gamma: + bn cht l sng in t c bc sng rt ngn (di 0,01nm)
+ Khng b lch trong in trng v t trng.
+ y l chm photon c nng lng cao, c kh nng m xuyn ln v nghuy him cho
ngi.
+ Tia gamma bn cht l sng in t (photon) c A = 0, Z = 0 nn khi phng x khng c
bin i ht nhn ca nguyn t ny thnh ht nhn ca nguyn t kia m ch c gim nng lng ca
ht nhn mt lng bng hf.
3. nh lut phng x:
- Chu k bn r: Mi cht phng x c c trng bi mt thi gian T gi l chu k bn r. C sau
mi chu k th 1/2 s nguyn t ca cht y bin i thnh cht khc.
ln 2
Trong : T l chu k bn r, l hng s phng x
T
Lu : v T khng ph thuc vo cc tc ng bn ngoi m ch ph thuc bn cht bn trong ca
cht phng x
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng VII Vt l ht nhn
ln 2
.t N0
- S nguyn t cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t: N N 0 .e
T
t
2T
ln 2
.t m0
- Khi lng cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t: m m0 .e
T
t
2 T

Trong : N0, m0 l s nguyn t, khi lng cht phng x ban u


Lu : + S ht sn phm = s ht phn r: NSP = N H = N0 - N
Asanpham
+ Khi lng sn phm: msanpham = .mme
Ame
m
+ % cn li theo khi lng: m 100% ?
0

m
+ % phn r theo s ht nhn: m 100% ?
0

- phng x: L i lng c trng cho tnh phng x mnh hay yu ca mt lng cht phng x,
o bng s phn r trong 1 giy:
ln 2
+ H N H e T t
0

+ H0 = N0 l phng x ban u, n v: phn r/s = Bq (Becoren)


Lu : + n v khc 1Ci = 3,7.1010Bq (Xp x phng x ca 1gam Radi)
+ phng x ph thuc vo bn cht v lng cht phng x
N1 N 2
+ Cn bng phng x: H1 = H2
T1 T2
4. Bng quy lut phn r
t= T 2T 3T 4T 5T
S ht cn li N0/2 N0/4 N0/8 N0/16 N0/32
S ht phn r N0/2 3N0/4 7N0/8 15N0/16 31N0/32
T l % r 50% 75% 87,5% 93,75% 96,875%
T l r & cn li 1 3 7 15 31

5. Trong s phng x , xc nh th tch (khi lng) kh Heli to thnh sau thi gian t phng x.
t

N ' He N N 0 N N 0 (1 e .t ) N 0 (1 2 T )
N He
- Khi lng kh Heeli to thnh sau thi gian t phng x: mHe 4
NA
N He
- Th tch kh Heeli c to thnh (ktc) sau thi gian t: V 22,4
NA
6. Xc nh tui mu vt
N m H
ln(
) ln( ) ln( )
- nh lut phng x: N0 m0 H0
t T. T. T.
ln 2 ln 2 ln 2
N N
ln( 1 . 02 )
N 2 N 01
- Theo t l lng cht phng x: t
ln 2 ln 2

T1 T2
Trong : + N01, N1: S ht nhn (nguyn t) ban u v sau thi gian t ca cht phng x 1
+ N02, N2: S ht nhn (nguyn t) ban u v sau thi gian t ca cht phng x 2
Cm nang luyn thi i hc im 10 L Trng Duy Chng VII Vt l ht nhn
mC

( B) m .W ( C)
W
B

mB
7. ng nng ht con: AB+C W ( C) .W ( B)
m C
W W ( m m )c 2 W
( B) (C) truoc sau toa


mC mB
- ng nng cc ht B, C: K B E K C E
mC mB mB mC
- Thnh phn % nng lng ta ra chuyn thnh ng nng ca cc ht B, C
K mB
% K C C .100% 100%
E mB mC
%KB = 100% - %KC
8. Mn hunh quang, my m xung
- S chm sng trn din tch S ca bnh cu bn knh R:
ln 2
t ln 2
N N (1 e T
) t
n S 0 S K.N 0 (1 e T
) Trong : K: h s my o
4R 2
4R 2
1 X m
- Chu k bn r: m' Gii PT tm X, Chu k bn r T
1 X
ln 2
Trong : + X= e T
t
, K: X>0
t2
+ m vi t1 thi gian ln o th nht, t2 thi gian ln o th hai
t1
n2
+ m' vi n1 s xung m c ln o th nht, n2 s xung m c ln o th hai
n1

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