aTonis literaturul-saRvTismetyvelo skola

dasavleTSi qarTuli savaneebis aRmoceneba, bizantiaSi qarTvelTa samonastro kolonizacia IX saukunidan

iwyeba. mis saTaveebTan dgas wm. ilarion qarTveli, romelmac mcire aziaSi, olimpze _ `mTasa ulumboisasa~
864 wlis axlo xanebSi daafuZna qarTuli monasteri. ilarionis gardacvalebis Semdeg mis pativsacemad 876 wels
daarsda kidev erTi qarTuli savane konstantinopolis axlos _ romana//hromana. mogvianebiT qarTveli
moRvaweni gamoCndnen sxva monastrebSic, romelTagan gamorCeuli iyo udidesi qarTuli samecniero-
saganmanaTleblo da mwignobrul-literaturuli kera aTonis mTaze saberZneTSi, qalkedonis naxevarkunZulis
aRmosavleT Sverilze, aion-orosis (mTawmindis) anu aTonis naxevarkunZulze.
aTonis mTaze berZen ber-monazonTa dasaxleba adreuli xanidan - VIII-IX saukuneebidan daiwyo; Semdeg
iq sxva erovnebis bermonazvnebic damkvidrdnen, X saukuneSi ki ramdenime monasteri daarsda. qarTveli
moRvaweebi aTonze X saukunis 50-60-iani wlebidan Canan, male maT sakuTriv qarTuli monasteric daafuZnes
jer iovane maxareblis saxelobisa, Semdeg RvTismSoblisa, mTel kompleqss ki ivironi ewoda. misi daarsebis
istoria da pirvelmoRvaweTa Tavgadasavali aRwerilia wm. giorgi mTawmidelis (1009-1065) TxzulebaSi `wm.
iovanesa da efTvimes cxorebaSi~. masSi moTxrobilia, rom qarTvelma didebulma iovanem, `mnem da
axovanma da ganTqmulma wyobaTa Sina~, xeli aiRo amqveyniur cxovrebaze, berad Sedgoma gadawyvita,
`ucxoeba aRirCia da mwirobiT da siglaxakiT cxoreba~, jer `lavrasa didebulsa oTxTa eklesiaTasa~, xolo
Semdeg olimpis mTaze, aTanase mTawmindelis (daaxl. 925/930-1000) monasterSi daido bina. X saukunis 60-
ian wlebSi `berZenTa mefeman zemoni queyanani daviT kurapalatsa miscna~ da sanacvlod mZevlebi, aznaurTa
Svilebi, mosTxova. iovanes simamrma da colisZmebma, sxva mZevlebTan erTad, konstantinepolSi Caiyvanes
iovanes mcirewlovani vaJiSvili efTvime (955-1028) - Semdgom aTonis qarTuli literaturuli skolis damaarsebeli
da mesveuri. aRSfoTebulma iovanem sataxto qalaqs miaSura, ewvia samefo kars, sadac mas icnobdnen da pativs
scemdnen, mkacrad usayvedura Tavis simamrs abuharbs Cemi Svili, `viTarca oboli, mZevlad gaswireTo~,
xelisufalTa nebarTviT Svili daixsna da olimpze waiyvana. mogvianebiT, 965 wels, aTanases mibaZviT, mama-
Svili aTonis mTaze gadavida. 70-iani wlebis damdegs maT SeuerTda CordvanelTa didi feodaluri saxlis
saxelovani warmomadgeneli Tornike, romelic Tavis samSobloSi ukve iyo Semonazvnebuli da romelmac
kurTxeva ioanes xeliT miiRo, igi iovanes saxeliT berad aRikveca. vinaidan maTi ambavi gaxmaurda da
qarTvelTa sadgoms bevrma miaSura, iovanem da misma TanamoRvaweebma aTanases lavridan daSorebiT
iovane maxareblis saxelze aaSenes eklesia da senakebi, sadac didxans cxovrobdnen da moRvaweobdnen. im
dros aTonze moRvawe qarTvelebs ar SeeZloT didi eklesiis mSeneblobis wamowyeba, radgan maT ar hqondaT
saTanado xelsayreli pirobebi, arc materialuri SesaZlebloba, magram male viTareba Seicvala.
70-iani wlebis miwuruls, _ bizantiis imperiis Znelbedobis Jams, _ aTonel qarTvelebs politikur da samxedro
saqmeebSi Careva mouxdaT. rodesac konstantinepoli safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda, mcireazielma didebulma
barda skliarosma taxtis xelSi Cagdeba moiwadina da mcirewlovani ufliswulebis winaaRmdeg laSqroba
wamoiwyo, Tavzardacemul saimperatoro ojaxsa da saerTod centralur xelisuflebas Seutia, - bizantielTa Txovnisa
da aTonel qarTvelTa aqtiuri Carevis sapasuxod qarTvelTa laSqarma daviT kurapalatis brZanebiTa da didi
mxedarTmTavris Tornikes, iovane Tornikyofilis sardlobiT daxmarebis xeli gauwoda, meamboxeni daamarcxa
da 979 wlis 24 marts gamarjveba moipova. Tornikes laSqarma didZali davla igdo xelT. gamarjvebulma sardalma
nadavlis nawili Tavis mebrZolebs gadasca, nawili ki aTonze miitana. qarTvelebs gauCndaT materialuri
SesaZlebloba, maT didi taZris ageba gadawyvites da 980-983 wlebSi am safasiT SeZles monastris ageba. ase
daarsda aTonze qarTvelTa _ iverTa monasteri ivironi, romelic qarTul wyaroebSi ixsenieba, rogorc `lavra
didebuli da yovliTa SuenierebiTa Semkuli~ (wm. giorgi mTawmideli), `didi lavra~ (giorgi mcire), `didi lavra
qarTvelTa~ (ezra mTawmideli), `lavra didebuli~ (zosime monazoni) da sxv.
aToneli qarTveli wmida mamebis saxels ukavSirdeba aTonis ivironis monastris erT-erTi udidesi siwmidis _
portaitis anu karibWis RvTismSoblis xatis SemobrZanebis istoria, romlis Sesaxeb detalurad mogviTxrobs wm.
giorgi mTawmideli da kardinal pitras mier aRmoCenili berZnuli xelnaweri. es xelnaweri kidev imiTaa
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sayuradRebo, rom xatis Sesaxeb gadmocemas mosdevda sagalobeli, romelSic pitram bizantiuri leqsTwyobis
sistemaTa gasaRebi aRmoaCina. qarTuli da bizantiuri wyaroebi mogviTxroben, rom VIII saukuneSi
xatmebrZolobis periodSi erT qvriv dedakac zRvaSi gadaugdia RvTismSoblis xati, raTa xelSi ar CavardnodaT
xatTmebrZolebs. xati wyalSi ar CaiZira, haerSi gaCerda da mere sadRac gadaikarga. xatismebrZolTa da arabTa
mier devnilma monazvnebma aTonis mTas Seafares Tavi. qarTuli monastris daarsebis Semdeg aTonis mTasTan
gamoCnda moxetiale xati. berebma scades misi gamobrZaneba zRvidan, magram xatma aravin gaikara. iverTa
monastris berma gabrielma sizmrad naxa, rom mxolod mas xelewifeboda RvTivmovlenili xatis gamotana
zRvidan; man gamoabrZana igi zRvidan da daabrZana yovladwmida RvTismSoblis taZarSi. smajer zedized
berebma RvTismSoblis xati naxes taZris karibWesTan, xatma maT auwya, rom es iqneboda misi adgili, ris
Semdegac igi moaTavses monastris karibWis Tavze. amitom ewoda mas portaitisa, anu karis RvTismSoblis xati.
qarTvel moRvaweebs erTxans moralurad mxars uWerdnen da materialuradac exmarebodnen bizantiis
imperatorebi. axal qarTul monasters saTaveSi wm. ioane Caudga. man ikisra winamZRvris mZime tvirTi _
wamoiwyo mravalmxrivi saeklesio-samonastro Tu sameurneo-administraciuli saqmianoba, ris Sedegad ivironi
ganmtkicda da gaZlierda. aTonze qarTvel bermonazonTa mizani iyo safuZvlis Cayra samwerlo-
saganmanaTleblo kerisaTvis, romelsac xeli unda Seewyo qarTul-bizantiuri SemoqmedebiTi kavSiris
ganmtkicebisaTvis, qarTuli literaturis axali TxzulebebiT gamdidrebisaTvis, Cveni erovnuli kulturis
aRmavlobisaTvis.
mwignobruli saqmianoba aTonze qarTvel moRvaweebs jer kidev ivironis daarsebamde, aTonis qarTuli
samwerlo keris Camoyalibebamde hqondaT dawyebuli. iovanes iniciativiT aTonze gaCaRda ara mxolod
Targmna, rac mamam, wm. ioanem upiratesad eqvTimes daavala, aramed xelnawerTa gamravlebac.
bunebrivia, aTonis qarTuli savanis wignadi fondis Seqmnaze, xelnawerTa biblioTekis Camoyalibebaze
adreve, jer kidev ivironis daarsebamde, zrunavda Tornikec. mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli damzadeba iseTi
Zvirfasi xelnawerebisa, rogoricaa `samoTxe~ 977 wels, oSkis//aTonis biblia 978 wels, `ioane oqropiris
cxovreba~ 978-979 wlebSi, `ganZi~ 981 wels; cnobilia, rom qarTvelTaTvis daarsebul savaneSi, romelic Tavidan
CordvanelTa saxlis sakuTar monastrad ivaraudeboda, Tornikem Tavi mouyara ganswavlul sasuliero
moRvaweebs da safuZveli Cauyara ivironis wignTsacavs.
iovanesa da Tornikes iniciativiT aTonis mTaze adreve gaiSala mwignobrul-saganmanaTleblo muSaoba
xelnawerTa gamravleba, axali nusxebis damzadeba. ase rom, pirvel aTonel qarTvel mamaTa damsaxureba ara
mxolod samonastro mSenebloba iyo, aramed literaturuli saqmianobis wamowyebac. yovelive amis gamo
STamomavloba maT didad afasebda da Sesaferis pativsac miagebda; wm. giorgi mTawmidelma Tavis
hagiografiul TxzulebaSi warmoaCina maTi Rvawli, asaxa ivironis daarsebis istoria, daaxasiaTa da Seafasa wm.
efvTime mTawmidlis samonastro Tu samwignobro-mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba.
wm. efTvimem berZnulidan qarTulad Targmna bibliologiuri, apokrifuli, epistolografiuli, asketikuri,
homiletikuri, liturgikuli, hagiografiuli, himnografiuli Txzulebebi. misi mTargmnelobiTi meTodi qarTvelis eris
sulier da inteleqtualur dones iTvaliswinebda, ris gamoc igi ar iyo sityvasityviTi Targmani. igi saWiroebisamebr
CaurTavda xolme komentars saTargmn teqstSi, raTa mkiTxvelisaTvis ufro gasagebi da misawvdomi gaexada
igi. misi gza gaagrZela wm. giorgi mTawmidelma, oRond misi mTargmnelobiTi meTodi gansxvavdeboda
efTvimes meTodisagan. giorgim qarTuli teqsti dauaxlova saTargmns, sityvasityviT Targmnida da Tan qarTuli
enis normebs iTvaliswinebda, ris gamoc wm. giorgi mTawmidlis Targmanebma sapatio adgili daikaves.1001
wels aTonis didi lavris winamZRvris, aTanase didis anderZis Tanaxmad, ivironis xelmZRvanelobasTan erTad,
efvTime aTonis didi lavris `sulier epitropad~, anu mzrunvelad iqna arCeuli. wm. aTanasesave anderZiT,
efvTimemde es Tanamdeboba mamamiss ioanes epyra.
1005 wels gardaicvala wm. ioane mTawmideli, ris Semdegac wm. efTvimes daawva winamZRvrobis
simZime. igi dRisiT aTonis monastrebs ganagebda, xolo RamiT Targmnida. 1019 wels igi gadadga
winamZRvrobidan da es sapatio misia mamis anderZisamebr giorgi maSenebels, Tavisave naTesavs gadaabara.
miuxedavad amisa, ioanes gardacvalebidan mokidebuli, winamZRvrobidan gadadgomis Semdegac, efvTime
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aTonis didi lavris epitropis Tanamdebobaze sikvdilamde darCa. efvTime aTonis didi lavris formaluri `sulieri
epitropi~ ar yofila. hagiografis sityviT, `arca proti, arca sxvani mamasaxlisni Tvinier misisa brZanebisa araras
iqmodes da iSviaTi dRe gardaxdis, romelsa aTi anu TxuTmeti mamasaxlisi ara movida maT winaSe. da kvalad
zrunva didisa lavrisa, saqme mZime da mravalferi, mis zedve iyo, rameTu didsa aTanasis misda miendo
sauravi da daxedva da gangeba misi~. marTlac, rogorc elguja xinTibiZe miuTiTebs, aTonis mTis Cvenamde
moRweul berZnul aqtebs efvTime xels awerda berZenTa didi lavris ikonomosis tituliTac da masze sikvdilamde
zrunavda.
winamZRvrobidan efvTimes gadadgomis Semdeg ivironSi areuloba daiwyo. imperatorma konstantinem wm.
efTvime dedaqalaqSi miiwvia. wm. efTvimes gardacvalebis Semdeg ivironSi berZnebma daiwyes gamravleba
da qarTvelTa gaZevebac undodaT. berZnebi ZiriTadad giorgi maSeneblis winamZRvrobisas momravldnen.
magram berZnebma verc giorgi igues, mas cili daswames da 1028 wels kunZul monovatze gadaasaxles, sadac
momdevno wels gardaicvala kidec. aTonis mTaze areuloba kvlav gagrZelda, winamZRvrebi xSirad icvlebodnen,
berZeni berebi Tu adre teritoriul pretenziebs acxadebdnen da ivironis xelSi Cagdebas cdilobdnen, Semdeg maT
qarTvelTa aRmsareblobaSic eWvi Seitanes da saRvTismetyvelo literaturis qarTuli Targmanebis, kerZod,
efvTimes Targmanebis, Rirsebis sakiTxic wamoWres. saWiro gaxda am Rirsebis dacva da warmoCena. am
saqmes saTaveSi Caudgnen winamZRvari grigol mTawmideli da cnobili mRvdel-mTavari da mwignobari
zaqaria baneli. maT Camoayalibes jgufi, basili etrata, kaligrafi isaki da sxvebi, romelTac daavales efvTimes
Targmanebis xelnawerebis gamravleba da gavrceleba. amis Sedegad kidev ufro ganmtkicda azri, rom wm.
efvTime `mTargmneli sulisa wmidisa madliTa savse iyo da brZen da friad mecnier~ da, amdenad, misi
Targmanebis xelyofa da daknineba yovlad gaumarTlebeli iyo. wm. efvTimes gandidebiTa da misi saxelis
popularizaciiT qarTveli moRvaweni ivironis gadarCenasac imedovnebdnen. viTareba mainc iZabeboda, arc
bizantiis saimperatoro karis daxmareba iyo sakmarisi. aTonis mTis qarTvelma bermonazvnebma gadawyvites
sakuTari uflebebis dacva. amitom wm. giorgi mTawmidlis winamZRvrobamde aTonze daiwyes mosaxsenebeli
wignis Sedgena, romelSic mokled asaxuli iyo ivironis daarsebis istoria, wm. ioane da wm. efTvime
mTawmidelebis damsaxureba. bizantielTa ieriSis mogeriebisa da momavali Tavdasxmebisagan Tavis dazRvevis
mizniT svimeon winamZRvris dros (1041-1042 ww.) maT Seqmnes `mosasenebeli~, uZvirfasesi dokumenti,
romlisTvisac gamoiyenes Zveli sabuTebi, isargebles tradiciuli cnobebiT, aRweres ivironis monastris daarsebisa
da Semdgomi xanis ganviTarebis istoria, asaxes aTonze moRvawe pirvel qarTvel bermonazonTa saqmianoba,
amxiles berZen berTa veraguli ganzraxva, daasabuTes ivironis qarTvelTadmi kuTvnileba. berZenTa
pretenziebsa da usindiso qcevebs sabolood wm. giorgi mTawmidelis iq misvlam da winamZRvrad misma
arCevam mouRo bolo. dekanozobisas wm. giorgi mTawmidelma aRwera aTonis qarTvelTa monastris istoria
imisaTvis, raTa aravis daviwyeboda, rom monasteri qarTvelebs ekuTvnodaT da amis gamo SfoTi aRar
amtydariyo. wm. giorgi mTawmidlis Txzulebis safuZvelze Seiqmna aTonis mTis berZnuli xelnawerebiT
Cvenamde moRweuli ori hagiografiuli naSromi: `cxovreba wmidisa mamisa Cvenisa eqvTime berisa~ da XVIII
saukunis xelnaweriT cnobili hagiografiuli Txzuleba `cxovreba da moqalaqeoba wmidaTa da RmerTSemosilTa
mamaTa CvenTa iovanesi, eqvTimesi da giorgisi, wmidisa da didisa iverTa lavris maSenebelTa~. es ukanaskneli
gamokvleviTurT 1982 wels gamosca manana maCxanelma. wm. ioane da efvTime mTawmidelebi wmidanad
Seracxes qarTulma da berZnulma eklesiebma.
pirveli, vinc wm. efTvime mTawmidelis Rvawlis, damsaxurebisa da cxovrebis ZiriTadi cnobebis Sesaxeb
Txzulebis dawera ganizraxa, iyo basili bagratis Ze, romlis mizani yofila `samaxsovro wignis~ Seqmna aTonis
qarTvelTa monastrisa da misi winamZRvrebis Sesaxeb. wm. efTvime mTawmidelis umcrosi Tanamedrove, misi
saRvTismetyvelo-literaturuli skolis warmomadgeneli, basili giorgi mciris sityviT, `moZRuari da ganmanaTlebeli
queyanisa Cuenisa~, bagrat mesamis Zedaa miCneuli samecniero literaturaSi. igi erTxans xaxulis monasterSi
moRvaweobda da wm. giorgi mTawmidlis aRzrdaSi monawileobda, bolos man aTons miaSura da iqaur
literaturul saqmianobaSi Caeba. rogorc Cans, basili aTonis qarTvelTa lavraSi wm. efTvimes moRvaweobis bolo

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periodSia misuli, vinaidan mas wm. giorgi mTawmideli ar axsenebs Tavis hagiografiul cxovrebaSi. giorgi
mxolod efTvimes Tanamedrove TanamoRvaweebze gvesaubreba.
basili bagratis Zis dawerilia `wm. efTvime aTonelis cxovrebis~ svinaqsaruli redaqcia, e. metrevelisa da e.
gabiZaSvilis SexedulebiT, efTvimes gardacvalebis umal, 1028-1029 wlebSi; amas adasturebs is faqti, rom giorgi
mTawmidelis hagiografiuli Txzuleba, dawerili 1042-1044 wlebSi, wyarod iyenebs basilis svinaqsarul cxovrebas,
kerZod, sargeblobs faqtobrivi masaliT, frazeologiiT, gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebiT. hagiografma
Camoayaliba is argumentebi, Tu ras da rogor emsaxurebodnen wm. efTvimes sicocxleSi Sedgenili `samaxsovro
wignebi~. aqedan gamomdinare, wm. efTvimes svinaqsaruli `cxovreba~ miznad isaxavda wm. iovanesa da wm.
efTvimes mravalmxrivi moRvaweobis Sejamebas da Sefasebas, maTi pirovnuli Tvisebebis warmoCenas. igi
dawerilia svinaqsarebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli informaciuli simdidriT, lakoniuri stiliT. Txzuleba cnobebs
gvawvdis ara mxolod wm. iovanesa da wm. efTvimes moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, aramed gvacnobs bizantiis
imperiaSi mimdinare politikur da ideologiur procesebs. e. metrevelma svinaqsaruli `cxovrebis~ monacemebis
safuZvelze daazusta, rom wm. efTvime mTawmidelma qarTulidan berZnulad Targmna daiwyo mamis, iovanes
gardacvalebis Semdeg. basili bagratis Zes dauweria efTvime aTonelisadmi miZRvnil sagalobelTagan uZvelesi,
romelic mdidaria cnobebis siuxviT da gamoirCeva mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis gamoyenebiT.
basili bagratis Zem erT-erTma pirvelma ganWvrita wm. efTvime mTawmidelis roli da mniSvneloba, erTi mxriv,
aTonis qarTvelTa monastrisaTvis, meore mxriv, zogadad qarTuli kulturisaTvis da mis samaxsovrod Seqmna
Tavisi Txzulebebi.
wm. giorgi mTawmidels gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRoda liturgikisa da himnografiis ganviTarebis saqmeSi.
man aTonis qarTvelTa monasterSi Seqmna iadgarTa bunebrivi gagrZeleba, magram maTgan Tvisebrivad
gansxvavebuli himnografiuli krebuli `Tvenis~ saxeliT. Tvenis pirveli redaqcia wm. efTvime mTawmidelis
saxels ukavSirdeba, xolo srulyofili `Tveni~ qarTul enaze wm. giorgi mTawmidelma Seqmna. rogorc aRvniSneT,
iadgarSi sagaloblebi wlis yovel dReze ar iyo warmodgenili, yoveldRiuri liturgikuli RvTismsaxureba ki
moiTxovda iseTi krebulis Seqmnas, romelSic Tavmoyrili iqneboda mTeli liturgikuli wlis ganmavlobaSi
yoveldRiurad Sesasrulebeli sagaloblebi. axal himnografiul krebuls unda daekmayofilebina samonastro
cxovrebisa da RvTismsaxurebis gazrdili moTxovnebi. aTonelma qarTvelma moRvaweebma miznad daisaxes
konstantinepolis eklesiis praqtikisaTvis daeaxlovebinaT qarTuli eklesiis RvTismsaxureba. aTonis
saRvTismetyvelo-samwignobro skolam liturgikaSi damkvidrebuli axali moTxovnebis mixedviT gadaamuSava
palestinur-sinuri, anu winaaTonuri redaqciis krebulebi. isini palestinis monastrebSi SeWrili konstantinopoluri
saRvTismsaxuro praqtikis Sesabamisad palestinisa da aTonis qarTvelma mwignobrebma, _ ioane minCxma,
wm. efTvime mTawmindelma, wm. giorgi mTawmindelma, _ gadaamuSaves da axali tipis liturgiul-
himnografiuli krebulebi Seqmnes. wm. giorgi mTawmidelma am TvalsazrisiT udidesi Sroma gaswia. mis mier
Targmnili da Sedgenili himnografiuli krebulebi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli XI-XII ss. sinis mTis qarTvelTa
samwerlobo kerebSi.
wm. giorgi mTawmindelis `Tvenma~ liturgikuli praqtikidan faqtobrivad gandevna manamde arsebuli
himnografiuli krebulebi da igi, XII saukunis I meoTxedSi arsen beris mier Sesworebuli, darCa erTaderT
moqmed krebulad.
wm. giorgi mTawmidelma TvalsaCino da umniSvnelovanesi wvlili Seitana qarTuli eklesiis organizaciasa da
saRvTismsaxuro wesebis SemuSaveba-damkvidrebaSi. am kuTxiT warmarTa man Tavisi praqtikuli da
samwerlo-mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba.
giorgi Tavis TargmanebSi iTvaliswinebda da icavda qarTul saeklesio tradicias. rogorc mTargmnelma da re-
daqtorma, didi Rvawli dasdo qarTul mwerlobas. man Seaswora da axali aRTqmis saboloo redaqcia SeimuSava.
aTonis ivironis monasterSi moRvaweobdnen cnobili qarTveli himnografebi: basili mTawmideli bagratis Ze,
zosime mTawmideli, ezra mTawmideli. XI saukunis II naxevris aTonel qarTvel moRvaweTa Soris
gamorCeulebi arian ezra da zosime aTonelebi, romelsac SeuTxzavT wm. ioane da wm. efTvime
mTawmidelebis, agreTve, wm. ilarion qarTvelisadmi miZRvnil sagalobelTa cikli. isini moTavsebulia `aTonis
4
krebulSi~. aq moRvaweobdnen miqael daRalisoneli, ioane TaflaisZe, romelTa wvlili didia aTonis krebulis
Sedgenis saqmeSi.
konstantinepolsa da aTonze XI saukunis meore naxevarsa da XII saukunis damdegs moRvaweobda Teofile
xucesmonazoni, romelmac Targmna metafrasuli redaqciebi hagiografiuli Txzulebebisa, Seqmna saxismetyve-
lebiT sakmaod datvirTuli araliturgikuli sagaloblebi.
XII saukunis meore naxevarSi aTonze ramdenime weli imyofeboda da mis winamZRvars mama pavles
mxarSi edga saqarTvelos gadamdgari kaTolikosi nikoloz gulaberisZe, romelmac monawileoba miiRo
gadamwvari keliebis aRdgenaSi. XIII-XIV saukuneebidan aTonze qarTvel bermonazonTa ricxvi klebulobs, xolo
XX saukunis damdegs iq ukve aRarc erTi qarTveli beri aRar imyofeboda.

wm. efTvime mTawmideli

wm. efTvime mTawmideli qarTveli warCinebuli feodaluri ojaxis warmomadgenelia. igi X saukunis qarTveli
mxedarTmTavris ioane-abulheriTis Svilia, dediT igi enaTesaveboda saxelganTqmul qarTvel sardals,
mxedarTmTavars Tornike erisTavs, romelic CordvanelTa sagvareulos ekuTvnoda. wm. efTvimes deda ioane-
Tornikes biZaSvili iyo. papamisi, didgvarovani feodali abuharbi, ioane-Tornikes biZa iyo. cxoreba da
uwyeba, saxarebis msgavsad, gvamcnobs wm. ioane mTawmidelis vinaobas da saqmianobas: ese netari
mama Cueni iovane iyo naTesaviT qarTveli, mSobelTa da papaTgan didebuli da warCinebuli da saCino
mTavarTa Soris daviT kurapalatisaTa, mxne da axovani da ganTqmuli wyobaTa Sina, maRali da Suenieri
hasakiTa da agebulebiTa guamisaTa da brZeni da gonieri gonebiTa da gulismisyofiTa, da savse SiSiTa
RmrTisaTa da yovliTave keTilisa saqmiTa, da friad sayuareli da sakuTari keTilad senebulisa daviT
kurapalatisa. ioane mTawmideli umaRlesi aristokratiuli fenis warmomadgenelia. wm. giorgi mTawmideli ar
gvauwyebs mis saero saxelsa da gvars. k. kekeliZes igi ioane-varazvaCed miaCnda. m. berZniSvilma gaarkvia,
rom ioane-varazvaCe da ioane-abulheriTi ori sxvadasxva piria. manve daadgina maTi urTierTnaTesaobac.
misive moZiebulia cnoba, romelic iovanes mxedarTmTavrobas miuTiTebs, agreTve, manve moiZia svinaqsris
mosaxsenebelic, sadac misi saero saxelicaa damowmebuli da ukve cnobili xdeba, rom mas abulheriTi rqmevia.
meore cnobac aris Semonaxuli xelnawerSiAA-134 (gv. 424), sadac iovane isev abulheriTad moixsenieba
erismTavrobisas. wm. ioane mTawmideli ixsenieba, agreTve, ivironis berZnul aqtebSi. X saukunis 70-80-ian
wlebSi gadawerili xelnawerebis anderZ-minawerebis urTierTSejerebiT dgindeba, rom iovane-varazvaCe da
iovane-Tornike arian Zmebi, Cordvanelis Camomavalni, romelTac hyavT biZa abuharbi; es swored is abuharbia,
romelic wm. iovane mTawmidelis, igive iovane-abulheriTis simamri iyo. amitom wm. giorgi mTawmidlis mier
mowodebuli cnoba wm. iovane mTawmidlisa da iovane-Tornikes Tvisobis Sesaxeb unda gaviazroT maT
naTesaobad, wm. iovane mTawmideli iovane-Tornikes biZaSvilis qmari iyo, xolo efTvimes ioane-Tornike biZad
moxvdeboda. el. metrevelis SexedulebiT ki, giorgi I maSenebeli, romelic, giorgi mTawmidlis sityviT, iovane da
efTvime mTawmidelebis Tvisi iyo, aris is miqael varazvaCes Ze, romelmac oSkis//aTonis bibliis gadaweraSi
miiRo monawileoba; igi iovane-Tornikes Zmiswulia, iovane-abulheriTis colis biZaSvilis Svili, xolo efTvime da
giorgi I maSenebeli biZaSvilebis Svilebi arian.
wm. giorgi mTawmideliseul daxasiaTebaSi wm. iovane mTawmideli warmoCenilia wmidanisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli zogadi TvisebebiT, romliTac hagiografiis idealuri gmiri unda iyos Semkuli. misi garegnuli da
Sinagani Tvisebebi Sezavebulia, igi uTuod mogvagonebs wmida grigol xanZTelis freskis darad warmosaxul
saxes da kidev erTxel gvafiqrebinebs imas, rom wmidanis amgvarad warmoCena hagiografiis specifika da
Suasaukuneobrivi saxismetyvelebis gamovlinebaa. Tavis mxriv, es qmnis personaJis esTeturi xedvis safuZvels,
vinaidan wmindanTa saxeebSi gauTiSavadaa mocemuli religiuri da mxatvruli fenomeni, orive erTobliobaSi
warmoidgineba, oRond religiuris dominireba sruliad naTeli da ueWvelia.

5
 wm. iovane gaurboda nacnob garemos, ojaxs, Tavs aridebs soflur interesebs, kacTa yofisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel SfoTs da eZiebs martoobas; avtori gviambobs, rom mas eriskacobaSive mZafrad waekida
cecxli igi qristes siyuarulisa, yoveli dideba ama soflisa Seuracxyo da nagevad Sehracxa da monagebi da
simdidre da gansueneba da meuRle da Svilni da naTesavni... sityvisaebr uflisa, aRiRo juari marTa TsTa
zeda da farulad yovelTagan sivltola iumia da ijmna yovelTagan da mxolo lavrasa didebulsa oTxTa
eklesiaTasa Sevida. sulieri simSvide mainc ver moipova, vinaidan male gacxadda misi vinaoba bermonazonTa
winaSe, xolo adgil-samyofeli _ saero pirTaTvis. man kurTxeva miiRo Tavis xeldamsxmelTagan, mama mosesa
da mama gelasisagan da ulumbos miaSura, sadac aw ukve samSoblos moSorebulma berma monastersa erTsa
Sina daivana da simSvideSi yofnas miaRwia. sulieri simSvidis Ziebis gzaze myofma JamTa aramciredTa
jorTa msaxurebisa Ruawli aovnad Tavs idva, simdabliT aRasrulebda Seuracx da undo msaxurebas. magram
olimpze misi amgvari sulierad netari yofna droebiTi aRmoCnda.
wm. giorgi mTawmideli mogviTxrobs, rom imJamad berZenTa imperatorma daviT kurapalats
dauTmo zemoni queyanani, sanacvlod misgan ufliswulebi da didgvarovan feodalTa (aznaurTa) Svilebi
moiTxova mZevlad. mefemac misca. mZevalTa Soris iyo iovanes mcirewlovani vaJi efTvime, romelic papam,
iovanes simamrma, abuharbma, da misma colisZmebma mihgvares mefes. rogorc ki gaigo iovanem simamrisa
da colisZmebisagan mcirewlovani Svilis gamZevlebis ambavi, iZulebuli gaxda konstantinepols
gamgzavrebuliyo, bizantiis imperators xleboda, sakuTari Tavi gaemJRavnebina da Svilis interesebi daecva. man
mkacrad usayvedura simamrs, romelsac ara eneba micema misi. da friad abrala mas iovanem, viTarmed: ra
ars ese? nuukue Svil ara gesnesa Tquen? garna ese cxad ars, romel maT swyalobdiT, viTarca TsTa SvilTa da
Ze Cemi, viTarca oboli, mZevlad gaswireT! garna ufalma Segindven Tquen! RvTis gangebiTa da mefeTa
TanxmobiT Svili waiyvana da kvlav ulumbos miaSura. wm. iovane mTawmidlis pirovnebis srulyofilad
warmosadgenad Zalze mniSvnelovania mis mier simamrisaTvis codvis Sendoba, _`garna ufalma Segindven
Tquen! _ es qristianuli cnobierebis umaRlesi gamovlinebaa.
es epizodi aCvenebs, Tu rogor ebrZoda erTmaneTs zesTasofluri da sofluri sawyisebi iovanes pirovnebaSi.
realobasTan amgvari Widili nekresis qarebiT loginad Cavardnamde Tan sdevda iovanes. igi SvilTan erTad
ulumbodan aTonze gadavida da wm. aTanases lavraSi damkvidrda. ulumbos monasterSi yofnisas kidev erTi
gansacdeli mouvlina RmerTma iovanes, siyrmisas efTvime mZimed daavadda, mama mis gadarCenas aRarc
eloda, mRvdlis mosayvanad wavida, raTa uziareblad ar warmdgariyo RvTis winaSe; magram yovladwmida
RvTismSoblis SemweobiT efTvime gadarCa. iovane, rogorc mSobeli, zrunavs Tavisi xorcieli da sulieri Svilis
momavalze; wm. efTvimec mamis daavadebis Semdeg mas Tavad uvlida da tkivilebs umsubuqebda. mama-
Svilis amgvari urTierToba, siyvaruli da urTierTmzrunveloba TxzulebaSi iSviaTi sifaqiziTa da sisadaviTaa
gadmocemuli, rac evangeluri madlmosilebiTa da mSoblis winaSe pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT aris Stagonebuli,
ris hipodigma evangeluria. jvarze gakrulma macxovarma izruna Tavis xorciel dedaze _ yovladwmida
RvTismSobelze da igi wm. ioane maxarebels Caabara: `xolo iesu viTarca ixila deda Tsi da mowafe igi,
romeli uyuarda, winaSe mdgomareni, hrqua dedasa Tssa: dedakaco, aha Ze Seni! da merme mowafesa mas
hrqua: aha deda Seni! da mieriTgan wariyvana igi mowafeman man TsTa Tana~ (iovane, 19, 26-27).
wm. iovanem adreve SeigrZno da Seicno, rom efTvimes RvTivmimadlebuli niWi hqonda da misi rCeviT igi
Seudga mTargmnelobiT saqmianobas. misi sityvebi: qarTlisa queyana didad naklulevan ars wignTagan da
mravalni wignni aklan, da vxedav, romel RmerTsa moumadlebia Senda, aw iRuawe, raTa ganamravlo
sasyideli Seni RvTisagan _ WeSmaritad erovnuli interesebiT gamsWvaluli adamianis, Rirseuli mamuliSvilis
naTqvamia, romelmac icis, ra sWirdeba mis qveyanas. mamam efTvimes miznad dausaxa eris ganaTleba, sulieri
aRzrda misi sulieri siCvilis periodSi, rogorc es wm. efrem mcirem Seafasa. mama-Svilis saxeebSi evangeluri
hipodigmur-paradigmuli xatmetyveleba ikiTxeba: rogorc iovane naTlismcemelma moamzada macxovris
amqveynad mosvlis winapirobebi, ise moamzada wm. iovane mTawmidelma wm. efTvime qarTveli eris
momavali saganmanaTleblo saqmianobisaTvis. misi sabero saxeli RvTis madls gulisxmobs da, marTlac, RvTis
madliT ganaTda misi saqmianoba ulumbozec da aTonzec. iovanes saxelis simbolika imaSic ikiTxeba, rom
6
pirveli qarTuli eklesia aTonis mTaze wm. ioane maxareblis saxelze aaSenes, xolo Semdeg iovane-Tornikes
qtitorobiT adgilsa Sueniersa Sua mTawmidisa aRaSenes ori monasteri: yovladwmida RvTismSoblisa da
iovane naTlismcemlis saxelze.
wm. iovane mTawmideli Tavad aRiarebs, rom saamqveyno gansacdeli mas TiTqmis ar tovebs. oSkis
monasterSi Semonazvnebulma iovane-Tornikem, Cordvanelis STamomavalma, iovanes meuRlis naTesavma, jer
ulumbos mTaze moikiTxa igi, xolo Semdeg, raki iq ver pova da gaigo misi adgilsamyofeli, aTonis mTas
miaSura. swored iovane-Tornikes mxridan Cavarda wm. iovane mTawmideli SfoTsa da gansacdelSi. amitom
gadawyvita espaneTis iberiaSi gamgzavreba SvilTan erTad, magram bizantiis imperatorma mas amis neba ar
darTo da avidosidan kvlav aTonze dabrunda. ratom iltvoda iovane aTonidan, nawarmoebSi dazustebuli araa,
Tumca is ki aris naTqvami, rom wm. iovane sulier simSvidesa da simartoves eZiebda, mas es mizani
miuRweveli darCa.
wm. iovane mTawmideli avtors abrahamTan hyavs Sedarebuli, riTac miniSnebulia, rom iovanes
udidesi sulieri misia akisria: abraham mravalTa mamaa, wm. iovane mraval wmida mamaTa sulieri mSobeli
unda gaxdes, gaamravlos wmida mamebi aTonis mTaze, ucxoobaSi, mwirobasa da siglaxakiT cxovrebaSi unda
SeZlos qarTveli eris sulier aRorZinebaze zrunva, risTvisac RmerTma, viTarca abrahams isaaki, yovlad sanatreli
da saTnoebiT gamorCeuli Svili _ efTvime mianiWa. magram mxolod es ar iyo sakmarisi, amisTvis aucilebeli
iyo didi lavris Seqmna da Camoyalibeba, raTa qarTul enaze gadmoTargmniliyo mTeli is uzarmazari
saRvTismetyvelo literatura, romelic berZnulad arsebobda da gamdidrebuliyo qarTuli mwerloba, kultura;
yovelive amaSi udidesi wvlili miuZRvis wm. iovane mTawmidels da mis naTesavs, Tviss iovane-Tornikes.
Tornike erT-erTi udidesi da cnobili mTavarsardali iyo daviT kurapalatis magistrosobisas. igi taoeli
didgvarovani feodalis Cordvanelis Camomavali iyo, enaTesaveboda wm. iovane mTawmidels, eriskacobaSi _
abulheriTs. am personaJis saxec wm. iovane mTawmidelis msgavsad aris warmoCenili. isic codvebiT
damZimebuli tovebs saero cxovrebas. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom igi hagiografiuli gmirisagan, wmindanisagan
gansxvavebuli xat-saxiTaa warmosaxuli. wm. giorgi mTawmidelis hagiografiul TxzulebaSi iovane-TornikesTan
dakavSirebuli ramdenime epizodia moTxrobili: misi berad aRkvecisa da aTonis qarTvelTa monasterSi wasvlis
ambavi, ioane-Tornikes adgili da roli barda skliarosis ajanyebis CaxSobaSi, ioane-Tornikes cxovrebis bolo wlebi
ivironis monasterSi.
el. metreveli varaudobda, rom Tornike `Tssa queyanasa~ unda Semonazvnebuliyo oSkis monasterSi,
romelTanac aris misi saxeli dakavSirebuli. Tumca wm. giorgi mTawmidelis Txzuleba sxvas gvamcnobs. iovane
mTawmidelis msgavsad, arc mas surda samSobloSi darCena, manac ucxoobaSi mwirad da glaxakad yofna
aRirCia, risTvisac ulumbos mTas miaSura. aq eguleboda Tavisi sulieri megobari da naTesavi, samxedro
saqmeSi Tavisi winamorbedi mTavarsardali iovane mTawmindeli, romelic am droisaTvis ukve aTonze iyo
SvilTan efTvimesTan erTad. iovane-Tornikec, `Tnier cnobisa mefeTasa, idumal mTawmidas movida da
kurTxeva monazonebisa elTagan iovanesTa miiRo~, rac imas niSnavs, rom igi aTonze Semonazvnda da
berad aRkvecis kurTxeva iovanesagan miiRo. Tornikes aTanasec, aTonis monasterTa winamZRvaric, icnobda.
igi didi pativiT miiRes aTonze. swored misi misvlis Semdeg aages qarTvelebma iovane maxareblis saxelobis
eklesia da TavianTi sadgomi senakebi, sadac cxovrobdnen, `viTarca angelozni RmrTisani~.
wm. giorgi mTawmidelma mogviTxro imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor momzadda safuZveli aTonis didebuli qarTuli
lavris mSeneblobisaTvis. am istoriul faqts udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs; avtori detalurad gviambobs istoriuli
Rirebulebis mqone movlenas, raTa srulyofilad warmoaCinos qarTvelTa siZliere da avtoriteti X saukunis 70-ian
wlebSi. iovane-TornikesTan dakavSirebuli erT-erTi epizodi swored aqaa moTxrobili. aRmosavleT bizantiis
mmarTveli barda skliarosi aujanyda imperators da `meliT kerZi yoveli daipyra da mefeni da dedofali
Sewyudeulad iyvnes qalaqsa Sina didiTa WiriTa da iwroebiTa~. mZime mdgomareobaSi myofma berZnebma
ganizraxes, daxmareba daviT kurapalatisaTvis eTxovaT: `Cueni Semwe daviT kurapalatisagan kide aravin ars~.
giorgi mTawmideli aCvenebs im mizezs, ris gamoc uSualod daviT kurapalats ver mimarTa bizantiis
saimperatoro karma, _ taosken mimavali yvela gza barda skliaross epyra. aTonze, qarTvelTa monasterSi,
7
 waravlines sevastofori, `kaci warCinebuli maT JamTa Sina mTavarTa Soris dedoflisaTa~ da maTTvis kargad
nacnob wm. aTanases, wm. iovane mTawmidelsa da iovane-Tornikes sTxoves daxmareba; wm. aTanase da wm.
iovane evedrebodnen iovane-Tornikes, raTa `aRvides mefeTa winaSe~ da aRasrulos is udidesi misia, romelic
mas unda dakisreboda barda skliarosis ajanyebis CaxSobis saqmeSi. iovane-Tornikes daTanxmeba advili ar iyo,
radgan codvaTa Sesananeblad mosuls kvlav SfoTsa da omSi CarTva ar surda, miaCnda, rom omSi Cabma da
brZola bermonazvnuri cxovrebis wessa da zneobas ewinaaRmdegeboda. soflis SfoTs ganridebul Tornikes wmida
mamebi aTanase da iovane aiZulebdnen, wasuliyo saimperatoro karze, vinaidan `ukueTu urC veqmneT mefeTa,
didsa risxvasa movawevT Cuen zeda da monastersa amas zeda~. bolos mainc gaWra erTi kviris mudaram da
Tornike mefeTa winaSe wardga. mcirewlovani oboli ufliswulebi basili da konstantine fexT Cauvardnen iovane-
Tornikes dedoflis brZanebiT. iovane-Tornikem `Sina-gamoRebiT mravalferTa saqmeTaTs amxila dedofalsa~,
romelic evedra daviT kurapalatTan Suamdgomlobas. iovane-Tornikes mxedarTmTavrobiT qarTvelTa laSqarma
aota skliarosi, sparseTamde misdia mas1 da gadaarCina bizantia sparsTa TareSs. iovane-Tornikem moipova
`natyuenavi didZali~, romlis nawili jars gaunawila, xolo nawili Tavad waiRo aTonze ivironis monastrisaTvis
Sesawirad. wmida mamebma didi pativiT miiRes aTonze dabrunebuli iovane-Tornike da hmadlobdnen RmerTs,
rom mSvidobiT daabruna igi wmida mTaze. iovane-Tornikem aTonze `mravalni fiCosanni da saxelovanni
monazonni~ waiyvana, vinaidan surda, rom qarTvelTa lavraSi mxolod qarTvelebi yofiliyvnen damkvidrebulni,
Tumca es SeuZlebeli iyo da iZulebulni gaxdnen berZnebic SemoeyvanaT sameurneo samuSaoebis
Sesasruleblad. aTonis qarTveloba gaizarda, ris gamoc mxolod iovane maxareblis eklesia maT moTxovnebs ver
akmayofilebda, amitom `aqa yofa Cueni SeuZlebel ars, kacni varT saxelovanni da qarTvelni mogumarTeben~.
amitom gadawyda kidev erTi monastris aSeneba. Tumca wm. iovane mTawmidels umZimda es saqme, magram
`qarTvelTa gansuenebisaTs da ufros xolo Tornikis aSenebisaTs Tavs-idva amisi el-yofa~.
skliarosze gamarjvebis Sedegad mopovebuli ganZiT qarTvelma berebma aTonis mTaze Seisyides `adgilni
mravalni~ da aages yovladwmida RvTismSoblisa da iovane naTlismcemlis saxelobis eklesiebi. daviT kurapalats
ki mis sicocxleSi sagamgeblod ergo `zemoni queyanani saberZneTisani~, kurapalatobis xarisxic amasTan
dakavSirebiT eboZa.
wm. giorgi mTawmindelma detalurad aRwera yovelive, rac iovane-TornikesTan iyo dakavSirebuli, vinaidan
swored misi qtitorobiT, misi mopovebuli ganZeuliT aigo aTonis qarTuli monasteri: `lavra ese didebuli da
yovliTa SuenierebiTa Semkuli da yovliTa samkauliTa ganSuenebuli, romeli-ese mravliTa SromiTa da ofliTa
aRaSenes maT netarTa gansasuenebelad sulTa mravalTa, romelsa Sina aRhmarTnes eklesiani, caTa mobaZavni,
da aRavsnes igini wignTa mier RmrTiv-sulierTa da ganabrwyinvnes igini xatTa mier patiosanTa~. wm. iovane
mTawmidelma, wm. efTvimem da iovane-Tornikem `mougnes dabani da sofelni da monasterni da
dasayudebuloni da ganuwesnes wesni da kanonni didebulni da yolad Suenierni da dausxnes simtkiceni da eliT-
werilni da oqro-beWedni RmrTis-msaxurTa mefeTani~. nawarmoebis dasawyisSive warmodgenili `caTa
mobaZavni eklesiani~ is adgilia, saidanac saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba unda warmarTos wm. efTvimem.
sagangebodaa moTxrobili iovane-Tornikes mier barda skliarosis damarcxebis ambavi, romelic nawarmoebis erT-
erTi centraluri epizodia da romelsac udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs, rogorc saqarTvelosa da bizantiis istoriebisaTvis
cal-calke, ise saqarTvelo-bizantiis saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri da ideologiuri urTierTobisaTvis, religiuri
cxovrebis mowesrigebisaTvis. faqtobrivad, am ambavma gansazRvra qarTvelTa monastris, ivironis didi lavris
daarseba aTonze.
wm. iovane mTawmideli, iovane-Tornike, wm. efTvime, gabrieli da sxvani, _ cxovrobs monasterSi, xolo
mTeli monasteri aRasrulebs tipikoniT gansazRvrul gangebas. monasterSi mcxovrebi, lavruli cxovrebis
mimdevari berebi, marTalia, tipikonis kanonebs asruleben, magram aqve cxovroben gamorCeuli pirovnebebi,
romelTac aqvT TavianTi damoukidebeli individualuri cxovreba. amgvaria iovane-Tornike, romlis Sesaxeb wm.

1
bizantiis omis Sesaxeb barda skliarosis winaaRmdeg mogviTxrobs bizantieli istorikosi giorgi kedrene Tavis istoriul TxzulebaSi
`istoriuli mimoxilva~ (georgika V, 1963).
8
giorgi mTawmideli gvauwyebs, rom igi cdilobda Tavisi individualobis daZlevas. amitomac gadasca mTeli ganZi
Tavis sulier mamas, wm. iovane mTawmidels, da `Tavi Tsi sruliad uar-yo da arca YTu mciredi rame dauteva
elmwifebasa queSe Tssa, aramed egeviTarman man ganTqumulman da saCinoman kacman yovelive neba
Tsi moikueTa da srulebiT Seudga morCilebasa missa~. `neba Tsi moikueTa~ gulisxmobs neba-survilTa
daTmenas, rac, evangeluri swavlebiT, saTnoebaTa yovelTa Tavad aris miCneuli morCilebasTan erTad. iovane-
Tornike aRiWurva yovelive saTnoebiT, simdabliT, siwrfoebiT, umankoebiT da mTlianad gadasca sakuTar sulze
mzrunveloba did iovanes Semdegi sityvebiT: `mamao, TT ici, romel didad codvil var da sikudili moaxloebul
ars da unebeli siwmidisa Tquenisa ara var, aramed neba Cemi da Tavi Cemi Semdgomad RmrTisa Senda
momicemia, viTarca gnebavs, acxovne suli Cemi~. wm. mama iovane mTawmideli pativiscemiT epyroboda mis
siberes da zrunavda mis sulier momavalze.
sagulisxmoa iovane-TornikesTan dakavSirebuli erT-erTi epizodi, romelsac, agreTve, religiur-
aRmsareblobiTTan erTad, didi mxatvrul-esTetikuri funqcia ekisreba. avtori mogviTxrobs: `xolo vinaTgan didi
Tornik wyobaTa Sina aRzrdil iyo da salaSqroTa saqmeTa, amaT eseviTarTa pirTaTs ubnoba da hambavi
uyuarda~. monasterSi myofs mainc ar asvenebs Tavisi didi warsuli, ganuwyvetliv exmianeba mas, vinaidan mis
pirovnebaSi istoriul movlenaTa xsovna Zlieria; am TvalsazrisiT ioane-Tornike hagiografiuli gmirisagan
gansxvavebulia; miuxedavad imisa, rom ficxeli monazvnuri cxovrebiT, morCilebiT da Tavmdablad zrunavda
sulze, mainc warsulis tyveobaSi moeqca; hagiografis sityviT, omebSi gamobrZmedili da daberebuli iovane-
Tornike gars Semoisxamda ber-monazvnebs da maT iSviaTi enawylianobiT, gatacebiT uyveboda gancdilisa da
nanaxis Sesaxeb. cxadia, es bermonazvnur eTikas, tipikalur kanonebs ewinaaRmdegeboda. misi sulieri
moZRvari wm. iovane mTawmideli amCnevda Tvisianis sisustes, berisaTvis Seuferebels. wm. giorgi
mTawmideli WeSmariti sulieri moZRvris TvisebebiT amkobs mas, rogorc Tavis dakargul cxovarTa Rirseul
mwyemss, da warmoaCens, rogorc udidesi taqtis mqones da adamianuri damokidebulebebis Rrmad mcodnes.
marTalia, man gaugo mravlis momswre moxuc bers, romelsac Tavisi didi warsuli, gadatanili omebis eqo
monastris myudro wiaRSic ar asvenebda. es imas niSnavs, rom iovane-Tornikes, didi survilis miuxedavad,
gauWirda `nebisa Tsisa gankveTa~, rasac Tavadac grZnobda. wm. iovane mTawmideli erideboda mas, raTa
ar ewyeninebina. igi iSviaTi fsiqologic aRmoCnda, vinaidan grZnobda, rom mTlianad akrZalva sasurvel Sedegs
ver gamoiRebda, magram bolos iZulebuli gaxda, gaefrTxilebina, rom sxva berebisaTvis es sulis saziano
iqneboda da amitom neba darTo mxolod gabriel berTan saubrisa, romlisgan `msoflio sityua ara gamovidoda,
aramed yovelive saRmrTo da sulieri~. mwerlis utyuarma alRom SeniSna, Tu rogor unda ganecada moxuc
ioane-Tornikes es delikaturi sayveduri, miTiTeba, ris Semdegac iSviaTad, mxolod axalmosulebTan Tu
waicdenda oriode sityvas da `eseviTarsa suliersa cxorebasa Sina aRasrulna dReni Tsni da RmrTisa mivida~.
am epizodis mxatvruli funqciis gansazRvra nawarmoebs hagiografiuli tradiciebis gagrZelebad aRgvaqmevinebs,
magram amave dros, paralelurad, masSi axali literaturuli mimdinareobis Canasaxebsac dagvanaxebs.
hagiografiis erT-erTi personaJis sulieri moZraobis Cveneba ki TviT mwerals iSviaTi samwerlo Rirsebebis
mqoned, mxatvruli azrovnebis gamomxatvelad migvaCnevinebs.
wm. giorgi mTawmidelma araerTgzis aRniSna, rom iovane-Tornikes gamo ivironis mkvidrT bevri
usiamovneba da ukmayofileba SexvedriaT, magram konkretuls arafers ambobs. wm. iovane mTawmidelis
sityvebidan gamomdinare, espaneTis iberiaSi gamgzavrebac iovane-Tornikes gamo amtydarma SuRlma da
SfoTma gadaawyvetina. man bizantiis mefeTa winaSe Tavad ganacxada `spaniad~ wasvlis survilis mizezi:
`RmrTis-msaxurno da TviTmpyrobelno mefeno! glaxaki ese eriskaci viyav sofelsa Sina myofi da Tanamdebi
yovlisa bralisa da meneba, raTa ucxoebasa same warvide da suli Cemi vicxovno da glaxakebiT viyofebodi.
da Tu viTa mohxda, ara uwyi; movida Tsi Cemi Tornik da misiTa gziTa didTa SuRlTa STavvardi da eris-
krebasa da mnebavs, raTa amis yovlisagan Tavisufal viqmna da sulisa Cemisa zrunvasa Seudge~. am
epizodTan dakavSirebiT al. janeliZem aseTi azri gamoTqva: iovane `gaudga gzas ukeTesi samSoblos
saZieblado~.

9
 miuxedavad amisa, wm. iovane mTawmidelma iovane-Tornikes jerovani pativi miago. swored iovane-
Tornikes saxelze daiwera pirveli aRapi, mosaxsenebeli aTonis qarTvelTa monastris saaRape wignSi. TiTqos
iovane-Tornike akavebda mas aTonze, vinaidan misi gardacvalebis Semdgom maleve ganizraxa espaneTs
wasvla, rac uSedegod damTavrda, avidosidan moabrunes. igi kvlav aTons daubrunda da amieridan aRarsad
wasvla aRar ucdia. igi RvTivboZebuli samSoblos sulieri aRorZinebisaTvis zrunvas Seudga da yovelmxriv xels
uwyobda efTvimes mTargmnelobiT saqmianobaSi, man Tavisi arsebobis azri erovnuli idealebis samsaxurSi
pova, qarTuli mwerlobis gamdidrebaze, qarTuli kulturis aRorZinebaze fiqrobda. TviT ioane-Tornike qarTuli
kulturis erT-erTi udidesi moamagea, romlis iniciativiT, aTonur xelnawerTa kolofonebis mixedviT, momzadda
bibliis pirveli sruli xelnaweri, oSkis monasterSi gadawerili, oSkuri `samoTxe~, `ganZi~, romlebic Semdeg
aTonze gadaitana; igi mudmivad zrunavda ivironis monastris biblioTekis gamdidrebaze.
Zalian didia ioane-Tornikes Rvawli ivironis istoriaSi, radgan 980-983 wlebSi mis mier 979 wels bizantiis
imperiisaTvis gaweuli daxmarebis wilad miRebuli saganZuriT aSenda yovladwminda RvTismSoblis saxelobis
taZari, karis RvTismSoblis taZris saxeliT cnobili, sadac dabrZanebulia karis RvTismSoblis xati.
wm. efTvime mTawmideli mTawmindaze mamasTan erTad mivida da sakmaod xangrZlivi drois
ganmavlobaSi udidesi wvlili Seitana qarTuli mwerlobis, qarTuli kulturis, agreTve, bizantiuri kulturis, bizantiuri
mwerlobis istoriaSi. mama-Svilis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs wm. giorgi mTawmidlis hagiografiuli Txzuleba
`cxoreba da moqalaqoba wm. iovanesi da wm. efTvimisa~.
wm. efTvime mTawmideli wm. giorgi mTawmidlis hagiografiuli Txzulebis umTavresi personaJia, rasac
misive saxelwodeba adasturebs. saTaurSivea gansazRvruli efTvime mTawmidlis ramdenime pirovnuli Rirseba:
1. igi ganmanaTlebelia, riTac, faqtobrivad, mociqulebrivi misia aqvs dakisrebuli; 2. igi qarTvelia, rac mas
avaldebulebs qarTuli samociqulo eklesiis Rirseulad msaxurebas, qarTveli eris sulieri da inteleqtualuri donis
amaRlebas; 3. igi axali oqropiria, romelmac `gananaTla qarTvelTa ena da queyana~; man qarTulidan
berZnulad Targmna `balahvari~ da `abukura~. igi Sedarebulia im pirvel mTargmnelebTan, romelTac bibliuri
wignebi uTargmniaT qarTulad, da misi Rvawli maTs RvawlTanaa Sedarebuli da gaTanabrebuli. mamam adreve
SeniSna Svilis RvTivmimadlebuli niWi da urCia: `Svilo Cemo, qarTlisa qveyana didad naklulevan ars
wignTagan da mravalni wignni aklan, da vxedav, romel RmerTsa moumadlebia Senda. aw iRvawe, raTa
ganamravlo sasyideli Seni RmrTisagan~, riTac udidesi erovnul-saganmanaTleblo da eris sulier-intileqtualuri
aRzrdis misia daakisra. Tavis mxriv, wm. giorgi mTawmidelma wm. efTvimes damsaxurebas mTargmnelobiT
saqmianobaSi umaRlesi Sefaseba misca: `yovelnive ganakvirvna, rameTu egeviTari Targmani, gareSe maT
pirvelTasa, arRara gamoCinebul ars enasa Cvensa da, vhgoneb, arcaRa gamoCinebad ars~. basili mTawmidelma
Tavis sagaloblebSi igi `axal mociqulad~ moixsenia da, apostoluri sametyvelo enis kvalobaze, `sveti da simtkice~
uwoda. garegnulad isevea daxasiaTebuli, rogorc Cveulebriv wmida mamebi. esaa wm. efTvimes saxis
idealizebulad warmoCena TxzulebaSi, rac wm. efTvimes saxes esTeturad aRaqmevinebs mkiTxvels.
cxadia, wm. efTvime RvTis rCeulia, vinaidan masze gadadis madli RvTisa da erT pirovnebas akisrebs
TiTqmis erTi monastris ber-monazvnebis aRsasrulebel saqmes. misi rCeuloba araerTgzisaa naCvenebi
TxzulebaSi. upirveles yovlisa, unda gavixsenoT wmida efTvimes bavSvoba, igi gamZevlebul iqna bizantiis
saimperatoro karze, saidanac RvTis nebiT mamam wm. iovane mTawmidelma gamoixsna igi da jer ulumbos
mTaze, Semdeg aTonze waiyvana da gawvrTna, ganswavla qarTul da berZnul enebze. aqedan daiwyo misi
mzadeba axali oqropirobisaTvis. meore SemTxveva winaswarmetyveluri da cxovrebis gzis ganmsazRvrelia.
moulodnelad efTvime avad gamxdara, mogviTxrobs hagiografi, xmac waerTva da sityvis Tqmis Zalac
gamoecala. mamas, imedgadawuruls, mRvdlis miyvana da Svilis ziarebaRa darCenoda, yovladwmida
RvTismSoblis xats Seavedra Tavisi Svili da senakSi mobrunebuls igi gamomjobinebuli, loginSi wamomjdari,
dauxvda. efTvimem uambo xilvis Sesaxeb, romelmac gansazRvra misi momavali. yovladwmida RvTismSoblis
naTqvami: `arara ars vneba Sen Tana, aRdeg, nu geSinin da qarTulad xsnilad ubnobdi~, ar aris oden
qarTulad Tavisuflad metyvelebis mimaniSnebeli, mas Rrma da faruli Sinaarsi aqvs miniWebuli. RvTismSoblis
meoxebiT RmerTma efTvimes mianiWa sulieri xedva, mihmadla ena, RvTis sityva. aq yovladwmida
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RvTismSobelia gzis mimTiTebeli. am TvalsazrisiT r. siraZem igi Seadara yovladwmida RvTismSoblis odigitriis
xats. misi sityviT, `warmodgenilia Suasaukuneobrivi odigitriis (gzis maCvenebeli RvTismSoblis) msgavsi
suraTi. odigitriis kompoziciebs TavianTi Sinaarsi aqvT. dedoba gaazrebulia, rogorc yrmisaTvis cxovrebis gzis
Cveneba. yrma aris qriste, anu `sityva RmrTisa~, logosi. odigitriis kompoziciebze RvTismSobeli mas xels
SeaSvelebs da amiTaa gamoxatuli gzaze dayeneba. asea aqac: RvTismSobelma `upyra xeli~ eqvTimes da gzaze
daayena, logosur gzaze. es moaswavebda, rom eqvTimeSi daisadgura sityva-logosma. amave epizodSi
imdroindeli saxismetyvelebiTi aspeqtia warmoCenili: `adamianSi misi wilxvedri logosi arsebobs mSobliuri enis
wyalobiT, rom ena mxolod sulieri Zala ki araa, aramed xorcieli bunebis masuldgmulebelicaa, e.i. adamianis
suliT-xorcieli simrTelis safuZvelia~ (r. siraZe).
sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom imperatoris mZevlobidan wayvanil mcirewlovan efTvimes berZnuli ukeT scodnia,
vidre qarTuli; mamam xelmeored aswavla qarTuli. magram es ar iyo sakmarisi, aucilebeli iyo gansacdelis
gadatana, raTa RvTis Zala, madli, gangeba ufro naTlad gamovleniliyo; mSobliuri enis daviwyebam gaxada
efTvime avad, yovladwmida RvTismSoblis meoxebiT auwya RvTis gangeba da `ena damarxuli da kurTxeuli~
(ioane-zosime) aRudgina. samecniero literaturaSi am xilvasTan dakavSirebiT naTqvamia, rom hagiografi
`evangeluri lazares aRdginebis msgavsad aRwers am ambebs. lazare aRadgina qristem, eqvTime
RvTismSobelma. magram TviT lazares aRdgineba qristes aRdgomas moaswavebda. eqvTimes aRdgineba
simbolurad sityva-logosis aRdginebas emsgavseba~ (r. siraZe).
wm. iovane mTawmidelmaUuCvena gza efTvimes, daariga da urCia, ezruna qarTul mwerlobaze,
literaturaze: `Svilo Cemo, qarTlisa queyana didad naklulevan ars wignTagan da mravalni wignni aklan, da
vxedav, romel RmerTsa moumadlebia Senda. aw iRuawe, raTa ganamravlo sasyideli Seni RmrTisagan~, ris
Semdegac efTvime `moswrafed Seudga brZanebasa missa da iwyo Targmnad da yovelni ganakrvna~.
amieridan wm. efTvimes moRvaweoba samwerlo-mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobiT ganisazRvra, rac
qarTvelTaTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo. Tavad wm. efTvime `ara scemda gansuenebasa Tavsa Tssa,
aramed dRe da Rame tkbilsa mas Taflsa wignTa saRmrToTasa Sureboda, romlisa mier daatkbo ena Cueni da
eklesia~. mxolod amiT ar Semofarglula efTvime, igi dasneulebul, nikrisis qarebisagan loginad Cavardnil
mamas emsaxureboda da, amave dros, uZRveboda ara mxolod qarTvelta lavris Zmobas, aramed aTonis didi
lavris epitropobasac eweoda. ToTxmeti weli winamZRvrobda aTonis qarTvelTa monasters, mouclelobisa da
sazrunavTa simravlis gamo ZiriTadad RamiT Targmnida.
wm. efTvimes saxe misi saqmianobis gaTvaliswinebiT ori mimarTulebiT warimarTa: 1. praqtikuli
sawinamZRvro saqmeTa gaZRoliT da 2. sulieri da inteleqtualuri, anu samwerlo-mTargmnelobiTi
moRvaweobiT. efTvimes, viTarca WeSmarit wmindans, ar izidavda pativi da dideba, orjer SesTavazes mas
episkoposoba, magram uari ganacxada, rac wmida grigol xanZTelis sulier memkvidred gvagulvebinebs mas.
wm. efTvime `evltoda didebasa kacTasa da SfoTsa soflisasa da simdablesa Seitkbobda~.
ioanes anderZis Tanaxmad ki, efvTimes Semdeg, qarTvelTa monastris winamZRvari maTive Tanamoazre
mama giorgi varazvaCes Ze unda yofiliyo; xolo Semdeg is, visac Rirseulad CaTvlidnen qarTveli berebi, oRond
es unda yofiliyo CordvanelTa sagvareulos warmomadgeneli. arCevis es wesi tradiciad unda qceuliyo. wm. ioane
da wm. efTvime sxvebsac xels uwyobdnen eklesiaTa mSeneblobasa da kulturul-saganmanaTleblo saqmianobis
gaSlaSi. saamisod sakmarisi iqneba imis gaxseneba, ioanes sicocxleSi Tu rogor movida romidan veneventos
dukis Zma leoni Tavisi mowafeebiT. maT iq laTinTa monasteri daaarses. aTonze dResac aris hromTa monasteri,
sadac berebi benediqtelTa wes-gangebiT cxovroben.
efvTimes paeqroba mouxda ebraelebTan, romlebic man RvTis rwmeniT daamarcxa. agreTve, unda
aRiniSnos is mravali saswauli, qarTvelTa monastris berebTan erTad rom aRasrulebda. dajildoebuli iyo
winaswarmetyveluri niWiT. gamoirCeoda TavmdablobiT, rasac adasturebs uaris Tqma bizantiis keisris, basilis
SemoTavazebaze, gamxdariyo wm. epifane kviprelis saydris axlad aRsrulebuli mTavarepiskoposis Semcvleli.

11
 rogorc wm. grigol xancTels ramdenjerme moevlina gansacdeli, aseve ramdenjerme scada wm. efvTimes
mokvla eSmakisgan cdunebulma monazonma da Semdeg monastris mebostnem, magram RvTis SewevniT wm.
mama gadarCa.
efTvimeSi ori ram aris erTmaneTTan Sezavebuli: kanoni da madli. amitomac gvevlineba aTonis lavris
sjulmdeblad da qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebel oqropir Targmanad. kanoni Zveli aRTqmis safuZvelia, madli _ axali
aRTqmisa. efTvime aTonis qarTvelTa lavris kanonmdebelia, man Seqmna tibikoni, romlis didi nawili wmida
giorgi mTawmidelma CarTo Tavis hagiografiul TxzulebaSi. gansakuTrebuli simkacriTa da, amave dros,
saTnoebiT iyo Sedgenili ber-monazonTa qcevis wesebi, rac erTmaneTze zrunviT, urTierTis TanadgomiTa da
uflisadmi rwmenaSi ganmtkicebiT gamoixateboda. mxolod uZlurebaSi myof Zmebs eZleodaT ufleba, taZarSi
skamze Camomsxdariyvnen; kedelze miyrdnobis uflebac ki aravis hqonda. sagangebo dro iyo SerCeuli
ZmaTaTvis wmida werilis saswavleblad. efvTimes brZanebiT, berebi Tavad eweodnen meurneobas, amitomac
sanimuSod uvlidnen monastris bostans, venaxs, sxvadasxva xilis bars, hqondaT wisqvili, sajore, samWedlo,
sadurglo. TiToeul bers Tavisi movaleoba hqonda dakisrebuli, Tumca, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, erTmaneTs
exmarebodnen.
wm. efTvimes moRvaweobas warmarTavs evangeluri madli, romelic idealuri pirovnebis, idealuri gmiris
qmedebas udevs safuZvlad. swored RvTis madliT aRvsili Targmnis uzarmazar saRvTismetyvelo literaturas,
romlis nusxac, Tumca arasruli, moaqvs wm. giorgi aTonels. es nusxa mxolod bibliografiuli Rirebulebisa ar aris,
igi efTvimes sulier interesebs, sulier raobas, inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebs gvamcnobs. CamonaTvalze
dakvirveba aCvenebs, rom wm. efTvimes umetesad asketuri Txzulebebi uTargmnia, rac imas mowmobs, rom
efTvimes qarTveli mkiTxvelis upirveles sulier sazrdod qristianuli eTikur-zneobrivi kodeqsebis miwodeba surda.
man didi gavlena moaxdina qarTulenovan asketur literaturaze, romelic wm. efTvimes Semdeg Seiqmna. wm.
efTvimes asketuri interesebi upirvelesad maSin warmoCnda, rodesac mamis, wm. iovane mTawmidelis,
TaosnobiT gadawyvita espaneTis iberiaSi wasvla. misi asketuri interesebis gamovlineba iyo tipikonis, anu
aTonis wes-gangebis Seqmna, romelic, wm. giorgi mTawmidelis TqmiT, did svinaqsars emyareboda. varaudi
gamoiTqva, rom mas kavSiri unda hqonoda konstantinepolis studieris monasterTan, radgan ivironic, studieris
msgavsad, ZiriTadad mwignobrul-saganmanaTleblo mizniT iyo daarsebuli. qarTul enaze tipikonis Seqmnis
Sesaxeb cnoba adrec gvxvdeba qarTul hagiografiaSi, kerZod, giorgi merCulis cnobiT, wm. grigol xanZTelma
Seqmna sibrZniT gansazRvrebuli da mecnierebiT gabrwyinebuli wes-gangeba, romlis debulebaTa nawili
Tavis TxzulebaSi Seitana giorgi merCulem. wmida efTvimes mier tipikonis Sedgena ufro naTlad gamokveTs
mis saxes, rogorc winamZRvrisa da rogorc mTargmnelisa. wm. efTvime mTawmidelis madlmosil saxes win
uZRvis wmida grigol xanZTelis ukvdavi saxe, romlis sulier memkvidredac SeiZleba igi miviCnioT.
wm. giorgi mTawmidelma hagiografiul TxzulebaSi wes-gangebidan 42 muxli Seitana da es ise aqvs
warmodgenili, rom igi Txzulebis organul nawilad gvevlineba, TiToeuli muxli ki wm. efTvimesTan aris
dakavSirebuli, vinaidan TiToeulis Semotanisas wm. efTvimes axasiaTebs, monasterSi mis qcevas aCvenebs, rac
kidev ufro gamokveTs wm. efTvimes idealur saxes. hagiografiuli Txzulebis principebTan tipikaluri kanonebis
Sexameba-Sezaveba TviT hagiografiul nawarmoebsa da mis personaJebs siaxlis elferiT mosavs. aseTi iyo giorgi
merCulis hagiografiuli Txzulebac. es kanonebi metwilad akrZalvebs Seicavs, romelic adamianis bunebis Rrma
codnas efuZneba. Tavad wm. efTvime iZleoda magaliTs imisa, Tu rogori qceva hmarTebdaT ber-monazvnebs
taZarSi yofnisas. hagiografi aRniSnavs: rameTu iginica mas netarsa hbaZvides msgavsad Zalisa. nimuSad
SeiZleba erTi debulebis damowmeba, kerZod pirveli debuleba exeba imas, Tu rodis unda mivides beri taZarSi,
an rogor unda idges, gansazRvrulia aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi gasvlis wesic. yovelive amis magaliTs TviT wm.
efTvime aZlevs: da maradis evedrebin ZmaTa, raTa moswrafe iyvnen mislvad eklesiad da wesierad dgomad
da murvaled locvad. da TviT mis netarisa sayofeli simaRlesa iyo, godolsa zeda maRalsa, da vervin ver
miuswris ciskrisa locvasa, da Tnier kuerTxisa da kedelsa miyrdnobisa dgan igi eklesias yovliTa moswrafebiTa
da krZalulebiTa. da odes mcire rame saqme arn, mowafesa Tssa saidumlod ubrZanis, da igi warvidis...
eklesiasa kula Sina yoladve ubnobasa vervin ikadrebda. wesdeba sakmaod mkacri iyo, igi berebis dasjasac
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iTvaliswinebda saWiroebisas. wmida mamas win veravin gauvlida ise, rom mis winaSe muxli ar moeyara,
vinaidan Tavad amas akeTebda da yvelas ase xvdeboda. wirvis mitovebas veravin gabedavda, aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi epitiritiss afrTxilebda da ase gadioda. lavris ezoSi berebis jguf-jgufad dgoma da saubari reca
gancxromiT akrZaluli iyo, trapezisas saubari, zrunva piris gemosTvis da sakuTrad kerZis momzadeba,
erTmaneTisaTvis silaRiT xelis miyofa dauSvebeli iyo. efTvime tkbili da hamo sityviT daelaparakeboda yvelas
da afrTxilebda, rom mas evaleboda maTs sulze zrunva.
efTvime zrunavda Tavisi monastris ber-monazonTa sulier da xorciel sazrdoze. Tu mzareulTa naxelavi ar
daakmayofilebda, SeniSvnas miscemda. wm. efTvime iTvaliswinebda beris asaks, xandazmulobas, uZlurebas da
Sesaferisad epyroboda, ganuwesebda gansxvavebul wesebs. k. kekeliZis TqmiT, efTvimes msgavsi humanisti
bizantiur asketikur praqtikaSi ar yofila. didi aTanases lavris sxva winamZRvrebi xSirad, TiTqmis yoveldRe
eaxlebodnen wm. efTvimes mravalfer saqmeTa gansasjelad, TviT aTanases miendo misTvis sauravi da
daxedva da gangeba misi. yoveli wes-gangebis aRsruleba yvelas evaleboda, raTa angelosuri cxovrebiT
ecxovraT, suli da xorci ewvrTnaT, sulieri sawyisi aRezevebinaT da xorcieli ndomani daeTrgunaT.
TxzulebaSi wm. efTvimes wes-gangeba warmodgenilia, rogorc evangelur-apostoluri swavlebiT gajerebuli
da qristianuli saxismetyvelebiT nasazrdoebi.
wmida efTvimes mravali saswaulebrivi epizodi ukavSirdeba, sxvagvarad wmidanis saxe srulyofili ver
iqneba. nawarmoebSi yuradReba eqceva wm. efTvimes feriscvalebas. epizodi evangeluri saxismetyvelebiTaa
nasazrdoebi. ambavi feriscvalebis, mowafeTa winaSe uflis gancxadebis dRes moxda. aTonelTa wesis mixedviT,
qarTveli berebi RamisTevis locviT mTaze avidnen. cxadia, aq iyo wm. efTvime. Ramis gaTenebis Semdeg,
diliT yvelam ixila igi, viTarca cecxli mgzebare. yvela iq myofi SiSis zarma Seipyro, Tavad wm. efTvimem
daamSvida isini. aq aris pirdapiri analogia saxarebiseul monaTxrobTan, Taboris mTaze naTliT
warmosaxvasTan. amave dros, SeiZleba Zveli aRTqmiseuli aluziis danaxvac, vinaidan mose winaswarmetyvelis
mier almodebuli mayvlis xilvaSi macxovris movlineba moiazreba, cecxli macxovris simboloa. qarTul
hagiografiaSi mas winasaxed wmida grigol xanZTeli hyavs. gavixsenoT xanZTeli beris monaTxrobi wmida
grigolis senakidan gamomavali naTlis Sesaxeb, romelic mas cecxli egona.
wm. efTvimes cxovreba gansacdeliT aRsavse Cans, rac misi sulieri sifxizlisaTvis aucilebel komponentad
miaCnia hagiografs. bavSvobaSi gadatanil ramdenime gansacdels (gamZevleba, mZime sneuleba) aTonze
moRvaweobisas kidev ramdenime daemata, kerZod, misi sicocxlis xelyofis cda. marTalia, es mcdeloba wm.
efTvimes gamarjvebiT dasrulda, magram ori beris sicocxle Seiwira, romlebic grgniTa wamebisaTa
Semkulni miicvalnes winaSe RmrTisa. RmerTi ifaravda wm. efTvimes maSinac, rodesac monastris mebostnem
aRmarTa masze xeli mosaklavad, magram xeli meyseulad uqm iqmna da daSTa viTarca SeSa ganxmeli.
aRiarebis Semdeg igi wm. efTvimes locviT ganikurna, rac RvTisagan mitevebis gamoxatuleba iyo. yovelive
amiT wm. efTvimes Sedareba SeiZleba wmida grigol xanZTelTan, romelsac sarkinozTa erTguli cqiri ebrZoda.
wmida efTvime iyo yovelTa saTnoebaTa Sesakrebeli, romelSic garegnuli niSnebi da Sinagani sulieri samyaro
erTi mTlianoba iyo, wmidanisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli. rodesac wmida giorgi mTawmideli wm. efTvimes
garegnobasa da sulier samyaros gadmogvcems, yovelive saxismetyvelebiTadaa gasaazrebeli. piri da Tualni
misni iyvnian queyanad mimarT mxedvel, rac mis yovlismxilvelobas adasturebs, xolo samoslad ZaZebis da
masze mZime jaWvis tareba RvTaebrivi naTliT mosavs efTvimes, viTarca wmidanis, saxes. siwmide, Seuxebeli
qalwuleba, ubiwoeba amSvenebs mas, viTarca angelozsa RmrTisasa da caTa Sina myofsa. yoveli saTnoebis
gvirgvini ki misi mTargmneloba iyo, riTac ganmanaTleblad moevlina Cvens qveyanas. wm. efTvime
mTawmidelma Targmna sasuliero mwerlobis yoveli dargis saukeTeso nimuSebi, riTac qarTuli mwerloba
gaamdidra da qarTvel sazogadoebas mdidari sulieri sazrdo miawoda. misi mTargmnelobiTi meTodi efrem
mcirem Seafasa, rogorc `Semateba-klebis~ meTodi, rac misi moRvaweobis dros sulier siCvileSi myof qarTvel
ers rZesaviT sWirdeboda da ara mtkice sazrdelad. igi qarTveli eris sulier-inteleqtualur moTxovnaTa
Sesabamisad Targmnida da sulieri TvalsazrisiT zrdida mas. wm. efTvime mTawmideli mTargmnelobiT
saqmianobas xandazmulobaSi ufro met dros uTmobda, monastris winamZRvrobidan 1019 wels gadadga da
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wmida wignebis saTargmnelad moicala. winamZRvroba, mamis anderZisamebr, Tavis naTesavs giorgis,
maSeneblad wodebuls, gadaabara.
wmida efTvime aToneli aTonis qarTvelTa monastris, ivironis erT-erTi sulieri xatia, romelmac siwmidiT,
ficxeli SromiT, mSvidobismoyvareobiT, saTnoebiT da, rac mTavaria, rwmeniT, sasoebiTa da siyvaruliT
ganavrco ena Cueni, Tavisi Rirsad moqalaqobiT aaRorZina da ganaviTara qarTuli mwerloba. wm. efTvime
mTawmidels udides pativs miagebdnen qarTveli da bizantieli mefeebi.
wm. efTvimes gardacvaleba, miuxedavad misi xandazmulobisa, mainc moulodneli iyo. igi tragikulad
gardaicvala konstantinepolSi maSin, rodesac bizantiis imperatoris karze stumrobda. qalaqis quCaSi mimavals
CamoZonZili maTxovris araadamianurma saxem saxedari daufrTxo, gadmovarda da gardaicvala. qarTvelTaTvis
es udidesi ubedureba iyo, rasac wm. giorgi mTawmideli gulSi Camwvdomi sityvebiT gadmogvcems:
qarTvelTaTs kula ra vin Tquas? rameTu yoladve ganuSorebel iyvnes angelosTa mobaZavsa mas guamsa
missa da tyebiTa friadiTa eglovdes sioblesa Tssa.
wm. giorgi mTawmidlis mier warmodgenili wmida efTvime mTawmideli msoflio mniSvnelobis angelosTa
mobaZav im qristian mamaTa saxiTaa naCvenebi, romelTa Sesaxeb Txzulebis dasawyisSive, Teoriul nawilSi
gvesaubreba.

`sibrZne balahvarisi~ _ `balavariani~

`sibrZne balavarisi~ Sua saukuneebSi uaRresad popularuli hagiografiul-moralisturi da asketikur-dogmatikuri

Txzulebis qarTuli redaqciaa, romelic arabulidan iTargmna. igi budas cxovrebis legendad qceuli ambis mixedviT
Seqmnili qristianizebuli Txzulebis qarTuli versiaa, romelic ori redaqciiTaa moRweuli: 1. erTi vrcelia, IX-X
saukuneebisa, meore mokle, X-XI saukuneebisa. am redaqciaTa urTierTmimarTeba, Targmnis, damuSavebis,
Caweris sakiTxebi mecnierTa Soris kamaTs iwvevs. zogi meore, mokle redaqcias pirvelis Semoklebad
miiCnevs, zogs sapirispiro azri aqvs, zogic orives saerTo dednidan momdinared miiCnevs. qarTuli redaqciis
avtoris vinaoba ucnobia, xolo qarTulidan berZnulad mTargmnelad wyaroebi wm. efvTime mTawmidels
miiCneven, rasac ara mxolod wm. giorgi mTawmidlis hagiografiul TxzulebaSi daculi cnoba mowmobs, aramed
berZnuli da laTinuri Targmanebis Semcvel xelnawerTa Cvenebanic. sagulisxmoa, rom Txzulebis berZnuli
versiis gamoCenisa da gavrcelebis adgilad aTonis mTaa miCneuli. tradiciulad, Txzulebas hagiografiul Janrs
akuTvneben, zogierTi ki mas `sasuliero romans~ uwodebs.

qarTuli teqstis istoria aseTia: budizmis, rogorc religiis fuZemdeblis, budas cxovrebis ambavi, romelmac
legendis saxe miiRo, VI saukuneSi jer falaur, anu saSualo sparsul, enaze gadamuSavda, saidanac VIII saukuneSi
igi arabulad iTargmna saxelwodebiT `wigni bilauharisa da budasfisa~. falauri versia ar Semonaxula, magram
mis arsebobas arabuli redaqciis arseboba mowmobs. arabulad kidev oTxi redaqcia Seiqmna. zogi varaudobda,
rom arabulidan siriulad iTargmna da siriulidan Sesrulda qarTuli Targmani. magram siriuli teqstis arseboba ar
dadasturda, ramac mecnierebs afiqrebina, rom qarTuli Targmani Sesrulebulia arabuli teqstis mixedviT. magram
qarTul-arabuli teqstebis Sejerebis safuZvelze gairkva, rom qarTulSi iseTi detalebia Sesuli, romlebic arabulSi ar
aris da gamoyenebuli unda yofiliyo induri pirvewyaroebi da falauri versiebi; amitom gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom
qarTuli versia sxvadasxva wyaroTi sargeblobs, an iseTi versiidan iTargmna, romelsac Cvenamde ar mouRwevia.
gamoiTqva Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviT qarTuli Txzulebis wyaro falauri versiaa. `isic gairkva, rom qarTuli
versiis ZiriTadi nawili, marTalia, TiTqmis sityvasityviTs Targmans warmoadgens, magram, garda amisa,
qarTuli versia Seicavs agreTve mozrdil teqsts (Txzulebis daskvniTi nawili), romelic sruliad ucnobi iyo adrindeli,
Tundac qarTulis wyarod sagulvebeli versiebisTvis. xolo am teqsts, Txzulebis ZiriTadi nawilis qarTul TargmanSi
Setanil sxva cvlilebebTan erTad, ekisreba umniSvnelovanesi funqcia _ budas cxovrebis ambis gardaTqma

14
prozeliti qristianis, Semdeg ki ukve gamoCenili qristiani moRvawis, wmindanis cxovrebis ambad, ris
meoxebiTac iqmneba swored Zeglis pirveli qristianuli versia. am qarTuli qristianuli versiidan iRebs dasabams
berZnuli (da misi meSveobiT _ yvela evropuli) Txzuleba~ (qarTuli mwerloba).

`sibrZne balahvarisi~ qarTulad ori redaqciiT, mokle da vrceli redaqciiTaa moRweuli, isini erTmaneTisgan
sakmaod gansxvavdebian moculobiT, calkeuli epizodiT, saxismetyvelebiT. simon yauxCiSvili da Salva
nucubiZe fiqrobdnen, rom pirveladi teqsti unda yofiliyo indoeTidan zepiri gziT motanili monaTxrobis Caweris
Sedegad ioane mosxis mier VII saukuneSi Seqmnili mokle redaqcia, vrceli ki XI saukuneSi misi gavrcoba-
gadamuSavebis Sedegad miRebuli teqstia. berZnuli teqsti mokle qarTuli redaqciidanaa Targmnili. korneli
kekeliZis, ilia abulaZis, devid lengis azriT ki piriqiT, pirveladi teqstia IX-X saukuneebSi arabulidan Targmnili
vrceli redaqcia, xolo mokle redaqcia vrcelis Semoklebis saSualebiT Seiqmna XI saukuneSi. berZnuli versia
vrcelidanaa Targmnili. revaz TvaraZis TvalsazrisiT, arc vrceli momdinareobs mokle redaqciidan da arc piriqiT,
mokle _ vrceli redaqciidan. orive damoukidebeli gziTaa miRebuli dakarguli dednidan, pirveli qarTuli versiidan,
romelic falauridan unda Targmniliyo qarTulSi.

XI saukunis aTonis qarTvelTa monastris erT-erTi udidesi moRvawis wm. giorgi mTawmidlis hagiografiul
TxzulebaSi daculia cnoba wm. efTvime mTawmidlis mier `balavarianis~ berZnulad Targmnis Sesaxeb:
`qarTulisagan berZulad Targmna balahvari~. es Tvalsazrisi dasavlur samecniero literaturaSi erTxans sacilobeli
gaxda. elguja xinTibiZem detalurad Seiswavla qarTul-berZnuli teqstebis urTierTmimarTebani, xelnawerebs
darTuli minawerebi da moipova is damadasturebeli sabuTebi, romelTa mixedviT Txzuleba qarTulidan
berZnulad wm. efTvimem Targmna; amas mowmobs berZnuli teqstis Semcvel xelnawers darTuli lema, romelSic
mTargmnelad wm. efTvime iveri, e. i. qarTvelia moxseniebuli. `balavarianis~ wm. efvTimeseuli berZnuli
Targmanis, bizantiuri literaturis brwyinvale Zeglis, teqsti `varlaami da ioasafi~ male, XI saukuneSive, iTargmna
laTinurad, xolo Semdeg msoflios xalxTa mraval enaze da Tavisi RrmaideurobiTa da mxatvruli RirsebiT (igav-
arakebiT, romanuli epizodebiT, brZnuli SegonebebiT...) saukuneebis manZilze xiblavda mkiTxvelTa Taobebs.
eqvTimeseuli berZnuli ramdenadme gadametafrasebuli Targmani, bizantinologiis gamoCenili mkvlevris anri
greguaris azriT, `msoflio literaturis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro saxelganTqmuli wignia~ da `ueWvelad imsaxurebs
msoflio literaturisaTvis gankuTvnil nobelis pirvel premias~.

qarTuli teqstis mixedviT, mefe abeness didxans Svili ar hyavda. Semdeg mas SeeZina vaJi, romlis
gansakuTrebul pirobebSi aRzrda gadawyvita da brZaneba gasca aRezardaT igi daxurul sivrceSi ise, rom mas ar
hqonoda cnoba sikvdilis arsebobis Sesaxeb, mefiswuls ar unda enaxa moxuci, gaWirvebuli, davrdomili, raTa
Sewuxebis safuZveli ar hqonoda. mefiswuli ise unda aRzrdiliyo, rom mas ar unda scodnoda raime qristianuli
religiis Sesaxeb. magram, mefis mcdelobis miuxedavad, es SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda, radgan mefesac ar ZaluZs
win aRudges amqveyniuri cxovrebis msvlelobis kanonzomierebas. qarTul redaqciaSi mefiswuls iodasafi hqvia,
berZnulSi _ ioasafi an iosafati. mis moZRvars qarTulSi balahvari hqvia, xolo berZnulSi _ varlaami. igi ixilavs
berikacs, sneuls, davrdomils, gardacvlilis gvams, igi mZafrad SeigrZnobs sikvdilis garduvalobas, rasac
sasowarkveTilebamde mihyavs. am dros mas moevlina qristianobis mqadagebeli balahvari, romelic mas
moZRvrobas uwevs. asketma berma ganumarta, rom amqveynad yvelaferi warmavalia, adamianis sicocxlec
xanmoklea da igi unda Seecados sulierebis mopovebas, raTa daimkvidros sasufeveli. ufliswulma mamiseuli
sasaxle, fufunebiTi cxovreba, samefo gvirgvini datova da meudabnoeobas Seudga. balahvaris swavlebiT man
mravali wlis daucxromeli Rvwis, sulieri cxovrebis Sedegad RvTaebrivi sibrZne moipova da Tavad iqca Tavis
samefoSi ganmanaTleblad, imgvar pirovnebad, romelTa msgavsebs mamamisi ebrZoda da Tavis qveyanaSi
Sesvlas ukrZalavda. sabolood man SeZlo mamisa da Tavisi samefos gaqristianeba, WeSmaritebis wvdoma,
ramac sabolood aTqmevina uari samefo taxtze.

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 am ambavSi Cadebuli iyo idea, romlis mixedviT amqveyniuri dideba arafrad miiCneoda da adamianis
amqveyniuri cxovrebis mizani mxolod sulier faseulobaTa Zieba unda gamxdariyo, rac yvela religiisaTvis
mimzidveli aRmoCnda. amitomac dainteresdnen am TxzulebiT qristianebic da mahmadianebic. magram, unda
aRiniSnos, rom qarTul TxzulebaSi arsad SeiniSneba sxva religiiT daintereseba. budizmi, rogorc
msoflmxedveloba, qarTul teqstSi arsad igrZnoba, rac safuZveli gaxda ufliswulisa da misi maswavleblis, brZeni
balahvaris wmindanebad aRiarebisa. qristianuli versiis avtori xSirad mimarTavs bibliur wignebs da patristikul
literaturas. amaTTan erTad nawarmoebis wyaroebia areopagituli Txzulebebi, aristides `apologia~, agreTve,
masSi SeiniSneba antikuri filosofiis msoflmxedvelobrivi Sexedulebebis kvali, kerZod, Cans platonis
`saxelmwifos~ codna, saidanac avtors is aqvs Sewynarebuli, rac qristianobisaTvis misaRebia. TxzulebaSi
moxmobili bibliur-evangeluri epizodebi da igavebi saxismetyvelebiTi funqciiTaa datvirTuli da
mizandasaxulebiTia. Semecnebis gzad dasaxulia msjeloba, romelsac udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs avtori.

sayuradReboa Txzulebis saxelwodeba, romelic bibliur tradicias emyareba da agrZelebs, bibliis Semadgeneli
wignebia `sibrZne solomonisi~, `sibrZne iso ziraqis Zisa~. saukuneebis Semdeg sulxan-saba orbelianma Tavis
igav-arakTa krebuls `sibrZne sicruisa~ uwoda. es sibrZne RvTaebrivi sibrZnea. `sibrZne balahvarisi~ da
`sibrZne sicruisa~ erTmaneTs msoflmxedvelobrivad, siuJeturad, kompoziciurad erTmaneTs enaTesavebian, rac
maTi qristianuli bunebidan momdinareobs.

wm. giorgi mTawmideli

wm. giorgi mTawmidlis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs giorgi mcire hagiografiul TxzulebaSi `cxoreba da
moRuaweba wmidisa giorgi mTawmidelisa~, romelic dawerilia wm. giorgi mTawmidlis gardacvalebidan
Zalian male, 1066-1068 wlebSi.
aTonis saRvTismetyvelo-literaturuli skolis erT-erTi udidesi warmomadgeneli wm. giorgi mTawmideli iyo
mwerali, mTargmneli, saeklesio moRvawe, romlis saxelTan dakavSirebulia aTonis qarTvelTa monastris
aRorZineba, liturgikuli cxovrebis mowesrigeba, qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis dacva antioqiis patriarqis winaSe da
saqarTvelos eklesiis reformebi. man gaagrZela wm. efTme mTawmidlis mier dawyebuli mTargmnelobiTi
saqmianoba aTonis monasterSi.
wm. giorgi mTawmideli daibada TrialeTSi 1009 wels; dedamisma, mariamma, fexmZimobisas naxa
Cveneba, romlis mixedviT axaldabadebuli bavSvi taZarSi unda mieyvanaT da sasuliero pirad aRezardaT.
mamam es RvTis nebad miiCnia da 1016 wels Svidi wlis asakSi aRsazrdelad miabara samcxeSi, taZrisSi,
`sadedo~ monasterSi, sadac giorgis debi izrdebodnen. aTi wlisa ki (1019 w.) xaxulSi gadaiyvanes, sadac
biZebisa _ giorgi mwerali, saba _ da gamoCenil moRvaweTa _ ilarion Tualeli, romelic `viTarca mTiebi,
brwyinvida krebulsa Soris mamaTasa~, himnografi basili bagratis Ze _ xelmZRvanelobiT Seiswavla
`saRmrToni werilni Zuelisa da axlisa Sjulisani~, sagalobelni da sxv. Semdeg didebul feris jojikisZis ojaxSi axlda
Tavis biZas giorgi mwerals, romelic iq ferisis Svilebis maswavleblad iyo miwveuli - `friad emareboda
zepiriT kananaxobasa da wignis kiTxvasa da missa msaxurebasa, rameTu moxucebul iyo~. 1022 wels, rodesac
feriss bizantiis imperatoris gandgomileba daswames, `risxviTa basili mefisaTa~ Tavi mohkveTes da misi ojaxi
bizantiaSi gadaasaxles, giorgic konstantinopolSi waiyvanes. iq, bizantiis imperiis dedaqalaqSi, konstantinepolSi,
saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri da mecnierul-inteleqtualuri cxovrebis umTavres centrSi, sadac giorgim 12 weli
gaatara, is miabares `kacTa filosofosTa da ritorTa, oriTave cxorebiTa SemkobilTa, ara eriskacTa, aramed

16
monazonTa~. gulmodgine muSaobiTa da Tavdauzogavi mecadineobiT giorgim did warmatebebs miaRwia -
brwyinvaled Seiswavla berZnuli ena da bizantiuri literatura, siRrmiseulad daeufla RvTismetyvelebas.
wm. giorgi mTawmidelma Cinebuli saRvTismetyvelo ganaTleba miiRo, rasac gviambobs misi biografi
giorgi mcire. mas saukeTeso samgaloblo monacemebi hqonia da gamorCeuli yofila ymawvilobaSive: `umetes
yovelTa hasakis _ sworTa misTasa waremata. da sagalobelni igi saweliwdoni da Sewyobilebani igi galobaTani
meysa Sina zepiriT daiswavlna~ (Zeglebi 1967: 116), rac imas niSnavs, rom xmaTa Sewyobas advilad
imaxsovrebda da zepirad icoda mTeli wlis sagaloblebi xmaTa SewyobiT, riTac Tavis TanamgalobelT
aRemateboda da riTac saocrad hgavda Tavis did winamorbedebs wm. grigol xanZTels, romelic `wmidisa
kaTolike eklesiisa saqadagebelsa galobasa sruliad weliwadisa gangebiTa moZRuari iyo ganukiTxvelad~
(Zeglebi 1963/1964: 281-282), xolo Tavisi moRvaweobis gviandel etapze saweliwdo iadgari Seadgina, da
miqael modrekils, romelmac `iRuawa da yovliT kerZo Sroma aCuena uzeSTaes Zalisa misisa~ (S-425, 24r),
raTa qarTul enaze arsebuli yvela mexuri sagalobeli Seekriba da WeSmaritebiT Caewera. yovelive aman xeli
Seuwyo misi himnografiuli moRvaweobis warmarTvas.
1034 wels wm. giorgi mTawmideli saqarTveloSi dabrunda, kvlav xaxuls miaSura da iq berad aRikveca.
mcire xnis Semdeg ierusalims wasvla gadawyvita da gzas gaudga. im dros Sav mTaze, `mTasa sakrvelsa,
monastersa wmidisa smeonissa mkdr iyo~ da mwignobrul saqmianobas eweoda giorgi SavmTeli
(Seyenebuli, dayudebuli), romelic ganswavlulobiT gamoirCeoda da didi pativiT sargeblobda rogorc
TanamemamuleTa, ise ucxoelTa Sorisac. wm. giorgi mTawmideli mas daemowafa, jer masTan darCa
svimeonwmindaSi, Semdeg romanwmindaSi damkvidrda da iq sami weli dayo `didiTa SromiTa da
moRuawebiTa, marxviTa da mRZarebiTa da ufros xolo simdabliTa da morCilebiTa~. Sav mTaze, sadac man
1036-1039 wlebi gaatara, mogvianebiT, 1056 wels, kvlav gabrunda da saRvTismetyvelo-literaturul saqmianobas
mieca. wm. giorgi mTawmideli Savi mTis araerT monasterSi _ svimeonwmindaSi, romanwmindaSi, kaliposSi _
cxovrobda da moRvaweobda, umeteswilad giorgi Seyenebulis davalebiT Targmnida berZnul teqstebs, ris gamoc
yovelTvis madlierebiT ixseniebda sulier moZRvars. giorgi SavmTelma gadamwyveti roli Seasrula wm. giorgi
mTawmindlis aRzrdasa da sulier formirebaSi: man SeniSna misi talanti da adreve gauyena mwignobruli
saqmianobis, originaluri mwerlobisa da mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobis, urTules gzas, manve wargzavna aTonze
ivironis monasterSi, radgan iq mTargmnelobiTi muSaobisaTvis ukeTesi pirobebic iyo da TviT ivironis
imdroindeli mdgomareobac moiTxovda Zlier winamZRols. giorgi SavmTels aseTad swored wm. giorgi
mTawmideli miaCnda.
wm. giorgi mTawmidelma 30 wlisam moiloca ierusalimis wminda adgilebi da isev Sav mTaze dabrunda. am
xanebSi, kerZod, 1040 wlisaTvis, rodesac wm. giorgi mTawmideli misma moZRvarma giorgi Seyenebulma
aTonze gagzavna, aTonis qarTvelTa monasterSi, ivironSi, umZimesi mdgomareoba iyo, radgan qarTvelTa
monasters berZnebi daeuflnen da qarTveli bermonazvnebi Zalze Seviwroebulni iyvnen. giorgi Seyenebulma
sagangebod wargzavna wm. giorgi mTawmideli ivironSi iqauri saqmeebis mosawesrigeblad. miuxedavad
moZRvris davalebisa, giorgi erTxans, 1040-1042 wlebSi, ivironSi masze dakisrebul saqmes ar Sesdgomia, igi
Tavmdablad asrulebda Seuracxad samuSaoebs, rac maleve Seityo misma moZRvarma da sayveduri SeuTvala.
amis Semdeg giorgi Seudga monastris saqmeebze zrunvas, igi jer dekanozi gaxda (1042-1044 ww.), xolo 1044
wlidan _ monastris winamZRvari. wm. giorgi mTawmidelma dekanozobisas daiwyo saRvTismetyvelo-samwerlo
saqmianoba. amjerad wm. giorgi mTawmidelma aRasrula Tavisi moZRvris davaleba da dawera ivironis
monastris damaarsebelTa Sesaxeb hagiografiuli Txzuleba `cxoreba netarisa mamisa Cuenisa iovanesi da
efTvimesi~; es nawarmoebi miznad isaxavda, rom berZnebisaTvis SeexsenebinaT da ar daeviwyebinaT
qarTvelTa uflebebi ivironze, igi qarTvelTa mier iyo aSenebuli da maTi kuTvnileba iyo, berZnebs aq mxolod
Savi samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad Tu Seiyvandnen. es Txzuleba iyo Semadgeneli nawili samaxsovro wignisa,
romelic qarTvelTa monasterSi daido. igi mogviTxrobs mama-Svilis wm. ioane da efTvime mTawmidelebis,
ioane-Tornikes mier yovladwminda RvTismSoblis saxelze monastris agebisa (`msgavsi misi ara ipoeboda~) da
saRvTismetyvelo-literaturuli centris daarsebis Sesaxeb; aCvenebs saqarTvelos siZlieres X saukunis bolo
17
meoTxedSi, rodesac gaWirvebaSi Cavardnil bizantiis uzarmazar imperias daxmareba gauwies qarTvelebma
barda skliarosis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. man didi Rvawli dasdo samonastro da saeklesio cxovrebis mowesrigebas
rogorc aTonze, ise saqarTveloSi. aTonze man ganamtkica efTvime mTawmidlis moRvaweobis Semdgom
Seryeuli mdgomareoba da kontaqtebi daamyara bizantiis saimperatoro karTan, mWidro kavSirebi hqonda
saqarTvelos mefesTan, bagrat meoTxesTan. aTonze man SeakeTa qarTuli monastrebi, aRnusxa da Seqmna
qarTuli samonastro cxovrebis istoria, riTac qarTvelTa STamomavlobas Semounaxa uZvirfasesi cnobebi
qarTvelTa politikuri da kulturuli siZlieris Sesaxeb.
wm. giorgi mTawmidelma ivironSi moRvaweobisas Targmna mravali Txzuleba, maT Soris didi amagi
dasdo axali aRTqmis saboloo redaqciis Camoyalibebas, dResac qarTul eklesia-monastrebSi liturgikul
RvTismsaxurebaSi swored misi redaqcia gamoiyeneba. man Targmna jer mcire, xolo Semdeg didi svinaqsari,
romelTa mixedviT SemdegSi man Seadgina uzarmazari krebuli sagaloblebisa saxelwodebiT `Tveni~, rogorc
misi biografi gadmogvcems, misi msgavsi TviT berZnul eklesiasac ki ar hqonda im xanebSi. giorgi mcirem wm.
giorgi mTawmidelis Sedgenil Tuens uwoda `grgni kaTolike eklesiisa, Semkuli TualiTa da anTrakiTa~.
`Tveni~ Seicavs Tormet wigns, TiToeulSi TiTo Tvis sagaloblebia moTavsebuli. isini kalendaruladaa
ganlagebuli imis mixedviT, rodis ra sauflo dResaswauli modis, an rodis romeli wmindanis xsenebaa dawesebuli.
giorgiseul TvenSi erTiandebian qarTveli wmindanebic, romlebic man sagangebod Seitana masSi. amiT wm.
giorgi mTawmideli erTgvarad angariSs uwevs ierusalimur-sabawmidur tradicias. aqedan gamomdinare, k.
kekeliZe fiqrobda, rom `saqarTveloSi XII saukuneSic grZeldeboda ierusalimuri da konstantinopoluri
saRvTismsaxuro wesebis Tanaarseboba~.
giorgi mTawmidelma kargad icoda, rom saWiro iyo Zveli qarTuli himnografiuli memkvidreobis gaTva-
liswineba da axal krebulSi Zveli, saxismetyvelebiTad gamarTuli himnebis CarTvac. am mizniT man Seiswavla
qarTuli da berZnuli himnografiuli Zeglebi, romlebzec mas xeli miuwvdeboda da Seudga kalendaruli
TanmimdevrobiT seqtembridan agvistos CaTvliT yoveli Tvis sagalobelTa Targmnasa da redaqtirebas, rac Zalze
rTuli da Sromatevadi samuSao iyo. Zvel krebulebSi moTavsebuli sagaloblebidan man gamoarCia saukeTesoni,
Seudara berZnul dednebs da poeturad da musikalurad gaawyo. rac aklda, Tavad Targmna berZnulidan da ase
Seqmna sruli da unaklulo `Tveni~. giorgi mTawmidelma Tavad gansazRvra `Tvenis~ mniSvneloba qarTvelTaT-
vis: `da vidre aqamomde Cuengan dafaruli ca, mravalferiTa mTiebiTa mier aRsavse, saCinod yovelTa
qarTvelTa zeda ara Cuen, aramed RmerTsa gardaurTxams, raTa hnaTobdes kidiT kidemde queyanisa
naTesavsa Cuensa~.
aq moTavsebulia qarTuli eklesiis wmindanTa, kerZod, abo Tbilelis, konstanti kaxis saxelze Seqmnili
sagaloblebi, sagaloblebSi ixseniebian qarTuli eklesiis wmindanebi: wminda nino, romelic aRmosavleTis eklesiis
wmindanad iyo aRiarebuli, wminda SuSanik dedofali. gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa wm. ilarion qarTvelisa da
wm. efTvime mTawmidelisadmi miZRvnil sagalobelTa Setana TvenSi. es sagaloblebi TviT wm. giorgi
mTawmidelis SeTxzulia. wm. efTvimes saxelze Seqmnil sagalobelTa TvenSi Setana imiTac unda yofiliyo
ganpirobebuli, rom aTonis mTis qarTvelTa monastris kuTvnileba kidev erTxel dadasturebuliyo, efTvimes
Rvawli qarTuli kulturis winaSe kidev erTxel amiTac warmoCeniliyo. wm. giorgi mTawmidelis `Tvenma~
liturgikuli praqtikidan faqtobrivad gandevna manamde arsebuli himnografiuli krebulebi da igi, XII saukunis I
meoTxedSi arsen beris mier Sesworebuli, darCa erTaderT moqmed krebulad. wm. giorgi mTawmidelma didi dro
moandoma liturgikul-himnografiuli krebulis `paraklitonis~ berZnulidan qarTulad Targmnas. giorgisve
ekuTvnis, agreTve, sxva himnografiul-liturgikuli krebulebi, kerZod: `stiqaronni saweliwdoni dResaswaulisani,
romelni TTueTaca Tana swerian~, `stiqaronni TviTavajni uZlispironi, viTarca arian berZulad~; ZlispirTa
mixedviT gawyobili stiqaronebi; `zatikni mravalferiTa keTiliTa aRsavse~; `didni marxvani~, romelSic Seitana
andria kritelis `didi kanonis~ Targmani. man igi srulad Targmna, magram masSive datova eqvTimes
damatebebi, ris gamoc aucilebeli gaxda misi xelaxla Targmna arsen beris mier. giorgis dauweria iambikoebi,
romlebic daurTavs Tavisi naredaqcievi saxarebisa da samociqulos qarTuli TargmanebisaTvis.

18
 1056 wels wm. giorgi mTawmidelma monastris winamZRvroba sxvas gadaabara da antioqiaSi Sav mTaze
dabrunda, sadac saRvTismetyvelo-literaturul saqmianobas mihyo xeli. momdevno, 1057 wels mas mouxda
antioqiis patriarqis Teodosis winaSe wardgoma da saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalurobis (damoukideblobis)
dacva. wm. giorgi mTawmidelis polemika antioqiis patriarqTan adasturebs misi momzadebisa da sulieri siZlieris
dones; aTonis ivironis monastris erT-erTma udidesma moRvawem aRniSna qarTuli eklesiis samociqulo
wilxvedriloba da daasabuTa misi mravalsaukunovani damoukidebloba. giorgi mciris hagiografiuli Txzuleba
mogviTxrobs wm. giorgi mTawmidlisa da antioqiis patriarqis Tevdosis Sexvedris mizansa da Sedegze. msjeloba
Seexeboda qarTvelTa marTlmadideblobisa da qarTul eklesiaSi liturgiis aRsrulebis sakiTxs. sxva eklesiebis
warmomadgenlebi qarTuli eklesiisagan morCilebas moTxovdnen da acxadebdnen, rom qarTuli eklesia antioqiis
sapatriarqos unda damorCileboda. antioqiis patriarqma wm. giorgi mTawmidlisagan gamoikiTxa yoveli, rac mas
ainteresebda qarTul eklesiasTan dakavSirebiT, wm. giorgi mTawmidelis monaTxrobis safuZvelze `gulisma-yo
patriaqman, viTarmed madli RmrTisa damkdrebul ars mis Tana~ da bers mimarTa Semdegi sityvebiT:
`patiosano mamao, kurTxeul ars RmerTi, romel vixile siwmide Seni. da aha esera, gxedav mowyalebiTa
RmrTisaTa, daRacaTu naTesaviT qarTveli xar, sxTa kula yovliTa swavlulebiTa sruliad berZeni xar. xolo
miTxar naTesavisa SenisaTs, ars ra naklulevaneba marTlisa sarwmunoebisa maT Tana gina urTierTars
ganyofileba maT Soris da Cuen Soris?~ (Zeglebi, 1967: 151). wm. giorgi mTawmidelma moatanina wm.
andria pirvelwodebulis `mimoslvani~ da antioqiis patriarqs daudastura qarTuli eklesiis samociqulod miCnevis
safuZveli, daicva misi avtokefaluroba: ` wmidao meufeo, rasaTs-me esreT advilad el-hyav didisa amisa da
maRlisa saqmisa mogonebad da aRsrulebad, da vin-me arian ugunurni igi gamzraxni Senni, anu rad esreT
ugunurad Segiracxies naTesavi qarTvelTa, wrfeli da umanko? aha esera var me unarCevesi da umdablesi
yovelTa ZmaTa CemTa... wmidaTa mociqulTa ganaTlebulni varT da vinaTgan erTi RmerTi gcnobies,
arRara uar-gyofies da arca odes wvalebisa mimarT midrekil ars naTesavi Cueni. da yovelTa uaris-myofelTa
da mwvalebelTa SevaCuenebT da vswyevT. amas safuZvelsa zeda marTlmadideblobisasa da mcnebaTa da
qadagebaTa zeda wmidaTa maT mociqulTasa mtkice varT~ (Zeglebi, 1967: 153-154). man moatanina wm.
andria pirvelwodebulis `mimoslvani~ da miuTiTa, rom qarTuli eklesia dafuZnebulia wm. andria mociqulis mier,
xolo antioqiisa _ wm. petres mier, amitom umcross, anu antioqiis eklesias, hmarTebs ufrosis, anu qarTuli
eklesiis morCileba, viTarca pirvelwodebul andrias unda emorCilebodes wm. petre, Zmis iniciativiT Semdgari
qristes gzaze. wm. giorgi mTawmidlis polemika antioqiis patriarqTan eWvmiutanlad adasturebs qarTuli eklesiis
avtokefalurobas, rodesac aTonis ivironis monastris erT-erTma udidesma moRvawem aRniSna qarTuli eklesiis
saukuneobrivi damoukidebloba, samociqulo wilxvedriloba da marTlmadideblobis ganuxreli dacva ise, rom
arasodes midrekila romelime mwvalebluri mimdinareobisaken: `ese ars sarwmunoeba marTali naTesavisa
Cuenisa. da raJams erTgzis gcnobies, arRara midrekil varT arca marcxl, gina marjul da arca mivdrkebiT, Tu
RmerTsa undes~ (Zeglebi, 1967: 178). es vrceli amonaridebi `wm. giorgi mTawmidlis cxorebidan~ imisTvis
davimowmeT, rom gveCvenebina wm. giorgi mTawmidlis Seupovari brZola saqarTvelos eklesiis uflebebis
dasacavad. wm. giorgi mTawmidelsa da antioqiis patriarqs Soris kamaTi imasac mowmobs, rom am droisaTvis
qarTuli galobis mravalxmianoba saukuneebgamovlilia da igi kanonikuria; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi antioqiis
patriarqi amas uTuod gamoiyenebda wm. giorgi mTawmidelis sabuTebis winaaRmdeg.
giorgi mcire mogviTxrobs wm. giorgi mTawmidelis winaswarmetyvelur monacemebzec. bagrat meoTxis
deda, mariam dedofali diplomatiuri mizniT imyofeboda bizantiis imperatoris karze; axali gardacvlili iyo
imperatori Teodora, rodesac mariam dedofali SviliSvilTan, bagrat meoTxis asulTan marTasTan, SemdegSi
mariam dedofali, erTad saimperatoro darbazSi Sevida. am faqts eswreboda wm. giorgi mTawmideli, romelmac
winaswarmetyvelurad ganacxada: `dedofali ganvida da dedofali Semovida~, rac axda kidec 1068 wels, rodesac
marTa batoniSvili bizantiis momaval imperators, konstantine dukas, miaTxoves.
1060 wels wm. giorgi mTawmideli bagrat meoTxis mowveviT saqarTveloSi Camovida saeklesio saqmeebis
gansamarTad da xuTi weli darCa. pirveli zamTari Wyondidis eparqiaSi gaatara, bagrati mas am eparqiis
saepiskoposo kaTedrasac sTavazobda, magram giorgim uari ganacxada. momdevno zamTrebi neZvsa da
19
SatberdSi gautarebia. wm. giorgi mTawmideli Seecada qarTuli eklesiis saqmeTa mowesrigebas. misi iniciativiT
eklesiaSi uaryofil iqna wodebrivi upiratesoba maRal sasuliero ierarqiul safexurze daniSvna-arCevisa da
upirvelesi mniSvneloba mieniWa pirovnul Rirsebebsa da ganaTlebas. Tumca, am principis gatareba sakmaod
rTuli aRmoCnda, radgan korufcia TviT mefemde midioda da giorgim aTonze dabruneba gadawyvita.
1065 wels wm. giorgi mTawmideli aTonisaken gaeSura da Tan waiyvana 80 oboli bavSvi, romelTa
aRzrdasac fiqrobda aTonis monasterSi, raTa monasteri ganemtkicebina da qarTveli wmida mamebi
moemravlebina. giorgi mcire mogviTxrobs, rom wm. giorgi mTawmidelma bavSvebi bizantiis imperators
warudgina. bizantiis keisris winaSe mis mier gawvrTnilma oTxmocma obolma bavSvma qarTulad da berZnulad
igaloba; berZnuli galobis Sesrulebis Semdeg imperatorma qarTvel wmida mamas uTxra: `gangiswavlian
berZulsa guarsa zeda, keTilo bero, Senni obolni~ (Zeglebi 1967: 184); e. i. bizantiis imperatorma icoda, rom
qarTuli da berZnuli galobebis gvarebi sxvadasxva iyo; es sityvebi uciloblad amtkiceben qarTuli da berZnuli
galobis sxvadasxvaobas. ivane javaxiSvilis ganmartebiT: `aTonis qarTveli berebi TavianT monasterSi qarTulsa
`guarsa zeda~ galoben da is berZnuli gvari galoba, romelic wm. giorgi mTawmidelma moasmenina, piradad mis
saameblad iyo mowyobili~. es epizodi warmoaCens wm. giorgi mTawmidelis zrunvas qarTveli oboli bavSvebis
mimarT.
1065 wels konstantinepolSi myofi wm. giorgi mTawmideli sruliad moulodnelad gardaicvala 56 wlis asakSi.
myisve gavrcelda es samwuxaro ambavi, romelmac qarTvelebica da berZnebic Zalze Seawuxa. wm. giorgi
mTawmidelis neSti gadaasvenes aTonis mTaze, ivironis monasterSi da ormoci dRis Semdeg dakrZales wm.
ioane da wm. efTvime mTawmidelebis gverdiT. igi maleve Seiracxa wmindanad.
giorgis saRvTismetyvelo da saeklesio moRvaweobam Rrma kvali daamCnia qarTuli eklesiis
saRvTismsaxuro praqtikas.

giorgi mcire

aTonis saRvTismetyvelo-literaturuli skola qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi warsuli saukuneebis mdidar literaturul
tradiciebs agrZelebs. giorgi mcire, igive giorgi xucesmonazoni, aTonis skolis saRvTismetyvelo-literaturul stils
mihyveba da XI saukunis 60-ian wlebSi qmnis uzado, minarevebisagan aumRvrevel, daxvewili saliteraturo
qarTuliTa da esTetikuri gemovnebiT Sesrulebul hagiografiul Txzulebas _ `cxoreba da moqalaqoba wmidisa
da netarisa mamisa Cuenisa giorgi mTawmidelisa, romlis damkveTebi giorgi Seyenebuli da ioane Wyondideli
arian.
hagiografiaSi miRebuli wesis Tanaxmad, wm. giorgi mTawmidlis cxovrebis avtori ar amJRavnebs Tavis
saxels, vinaobas, rasac imiT xsnian, rom yoveli Txzuleba suliwmidis STagonebiT iqmneba da hagiografi mxolod
Camweria, gamtaria, suli wmidis meSveobiT wers Txzulebas. misi avtoris Sesaxeb warmodgena gveqmneba
teqstSi aRwerili ambebidan da im wyaroebidan, romlebSic am Txzulebis avtori moixsenieba. Tedo Jordaniam
1892 wels gamoaqveyna samociqulos teqsti, romelsac gadamweris giorgi monazonis anderZi axlavs. am
anderZis mixedviT, 1083 wels samociqulos gadamweri giorgi wm. giorgi mTawmidlis mowafe da biografi
iyo. saxelebi rom ar aRreuliyo, avtors xucesmonazoni uwodes, xolo 1914 wels ivane javaxiSvilma igi giorgi
mcired moixsenia. giorgi mcire TviTonve wers, rom wm. giorgi mTawmidlis TviTmxilveli da misi xeliT
msaxuri iyo. giorgi mciris xeliT gadaweril samociqulos anderZ-minaweri gvauwyebs, rom igi didi giorgis
msaxuri yofila JamTa maT Wirisa da iwroebisasa, odes sruliad aoxrda zegardamo samcxe. es is wlebia,
kerZod 1060-1065 wlebi, romlebic giorgi mcirem wm. giorgi mTawmidelTan erTad gaatara saqarTveloSi, sadac
Seeswrnen sulTnis laSqris Semosevas. mas Jamsa Sina viyveniT Cven axalqalaqs javaxeTisasa, _ wers giorgi
mcire Tavis nawarmoebSi.

20
 Tedo Jordania fiqrobda, rom giorgi mcire warmoSobiT tao-klarjeTidan unda yofiliyo; misive azriT, ruis-
urbnisis saeklesio krebis damswre `cnobili giorgi~ giorgi mcire unda yofiliyovo. Tumca, varaudoben, rom
sabuTi aramyaria da raimes gadaWriT mtkiceba SeuZlebelia.
Txzuleba mowmobs, rom giorgi mcire wm. giorgi mTawmidlis umcrosi Tanamedrove da TanamebrZoli iyo,
romelmac Tavisi cxovrebis mniSvnelovani wlebi, sakmaod xangrZlivi dro mis gverdiT gaatara, mudmivad mas
axlda saqarTvelosa Tu mis farglebs gareT, misi erTguli mowafe iyo, rac naTlad Cans mis hagiografiul Txzulebas
darTuli wm. giorgi Seyenebulisadmi miwerili werilidan. igi wers, rom mas sxvaTagan ki ar gaugia giorgis
ambavi, aramed misi piridan mousmenia: xolo me viwyo sityvad undosa Zalisa Cemisaebr da, raoden uZlo,
martivad da sul-mcired aRvswero, araTu sxvaTagan smenili, aramed umetes yovlisa, wmidisa da utyuvelisa
pirisa misisagan moTxrobili siyrmisa da siWabukisa misisa, romelsa-igi, viTarca erTgulsa Svilsa, ara
damifarvida sargeblisaTs Cemisa. aqedan Cans, rom giorgi mcire Tavis moZRvarze sakmaod umcrosi iyo.
maT erTmaneTTan Rrma sulieri kavSiri hqondaT.
teqstis analizis Sedegad gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom mwerals erTxans antioqiasa da Sav mTaze unda
emoRvawa, Tavisi Txzulebis personaJi ki antioqiaSi gaicno. amis miuxedavad, giorgi mcire ZiriTadad mainc
aTonis qarTvelTa savanis moRvawea, vinaidan iq dawera giorgi mTawmindelis cxovreba da iq eweoda
gadamnusxvel-gadamweris samuSaos.
Txzulebis dawera wm. giorgi mTawmidlis Sesaxeb mas daavala Savi mTis, anu sakvirveli mTis cnobilma
qarTvelma moRvawem, giorgis moZRvarma da maswavlebelma giorgi Seyenebulma. man orjer miswera
epistole giorgi mcires da sTxova giorgi mTawmidlis saqarTveloSi yofnis, konstantinepolSi dabrunebisa da
gardacvalebis dawvrilebiT aRwera. ioane Wyondidelma ki giorgi mcires giorgi mTawmidelis mTeli cxovrebis
aRwera mosTxova.
ratom daavales mas es saqme? am kiTxvas giorgi mcire Tavisi sityvebiT pasuxobs, is Tavis Tavs giorgi
mTawmidelis ,,TvaliT mxilvelsa da xeliT msaxurs uwodebs da aqedan naTeli xdeba, Tu ras emyareboda giorgi
Seyenebulisa da ioane Wyondidlis ganzraxva da davaleba. giorgi mcire Tavisi moZRvris uaxloesi adamiani da
sayvareli mowafe iyo. Tavisi cxovrebis Sesaxeb misTvis adre TviT giorgi mTawmidels uambnia. swored misi
monaTxrobiT isargebla mweralma Txzulebis im nawilis werisas, romelic giorgi mTawmidlis siyrmesa da
siWabukes Seexeba. 1060 wels giorgi mcire moZRvars gamohyva saqarTveloSi, masTan erTad gadaitana
daZabuli politikuri viTarebis Sedegad Seqmnili saxifaTo mgzavroba, xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi icxovra da
iRvawa saqarTveloSi da 1065 wels giorgi mTawmidelsve gahyva ukan. sakuTari TvaliT ixila da mZimed
ganicada giorgi mTawmidlis moulodneli gardacvalebac konstantinepolSi.
danamdvilebiT ar viciT, rodis gardaicvala giorgi mcire, vinaidan amis Sesaxeb literaturul da saistorio
wyaroebSi raime cnoba ar Semonaxula. mxolod isaa cnobili, rom 1083 wels giorgi mcire cocxalia, radgan mas
swored am wels gadauweria zemoT ukve naxsenebi samociqulos teqsti. Tavisi hagiografiuli nawarmoebi ki
aTonis mTaze dawera da Sav mTaze myof giorgi Seyenebuls gaugzavna, xolo garkveuli drois Semdeg
samSobloSi dabrunda da samcxeSi damkvidrda.
giorgi mciris giorgi mTawmidelis cxovreba qarTuli hagiografiuli mwerlobis brwyinvale nimuSia. igi
mravalmxriv aris saintereso, maT Soris, istoriuli da mxatvruli TvalsazrisiTac. giorgi xucesmonazoni, igive giorgi
mcire, rogorc misi Txzuleba mowmobs, daxelovnebuli mweralia, mxatvruli sityvis ostatia, Tavis Txzulebas
giorgi mTawmidlis moZRvris, giorgi Seyenebulis daJinebuli TxovniT wers; rogorc TviTonve ambobs, Zalian
uWirda weris dawyeba da mxolod da mxolod RvTismoSiSebam gaabedvina; naTlad Cans, rom igi, rogorc
Txrobis ostati da kargi moqarTule, erT-erTi saukeTeso hagiografi mweralia. hagiografiis specifikis kvalobaze,
igi kritikulad afasebs Tavis SesaZleblobebs da sakuTar Tavs uRirsad miiCnevs, rom aRweros didi mamis, wm.
giorgi mTawmidlis Rvawli da damsaxureba qarTuli eklesiis, qarTuli mwerlobis, sazogadod, qarTuli kulturis
winaSe.
giorgi mTawmidelis cxovreba dawerilia 1066-68 wlebSi. misi wera unda dawyebuliyo giorgi mTawmidlis
gardacvalebidan erTi wlis Semdeg, rasac gvafiqrebinebs avtoris naTqvami, rom misi gvami iyo vidre
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weliwdamde yovelTa wmidaTa eklesiasa. aqedan gamomdinare, Txzuleba dawerilia 1066 wlis pirveli naxevris
Semdeg da araugvianes 1068 wlisa, rodesac gardaicvala Txzulebis SemkveTi giorgi Seyenebuli, romelmac es
Txzuleba giorgi mcirisagan miiRo da gaecno. amas adasturebs Cvens saistorio wyaroebsa da uwinaresad TviT
giorgi mciris TxzulebaSi daculi yvela istoriuli monacemi.
marTalia, avtoris biografiis Sesaxeb sakmaod mwiri cnobebi mogvepoveba, magram nawarmoebis teqsti
cxadyofs, rom giorgi xucesmonazoni axlos yofila did aTonel moRvaweebTan, gansakuTrebiT wm. giorgi
mTawmidelTan, da maTTan erTad gauvlia cxovrebis rTuli gza. rac mTavaria, is yofila niWieri mwerali da
agiografiuli Txrobis saidumloTa saukeTeso mcodne.
Cvenamde moaRwia giorgi mTawmidelis cxovrebis 11 xelnawerma, romelTagan 9 daculia saqarTvelos
xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi, erTi inaxeba aTonis iverTa monastris biblioTekaSi, erTic _ sankt-peterburgSi,
aRmosavleTmcodneobis institutis qarTul xelnawerTa ganyofilebaSi.
Txzulebis pirveli beWduri gamocema (fragmentuli) ganxorcielda 1846 wels peterburgSi, sadac daviT
CubinaSvilma gamosca qarTuli qrestomaTia da masSi Seitana giorgi mTawmidelis cxovrebis fragmentebi.
1967 wels gamocemuli Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebis meore wignSi dabeWdilia giorgi
mTawmidelis cxovrebis akademiuri teqsti, romelic moamzades xelnawerTa institutis TanamSromlebma n.
goguaZem da c. qurcikiZem. teqsti dadgenilia 10 xelnaweris mixedviT da warmoadgens pirvel mecnierul-
kritikul gamocemas. Semdeg 1994 wels gamovida ivane lolaSvilis mier momzadebuli teqsti gamokvleviTa da
leqsikoniT. gamocemas safuZvlad udevs Txzulebis Semcvel xelnawerTagan uZvelesi.
pirvelsave TavSi giorgi mcirem aRniSna, rom RvTis madliT, drodadro yovelTvis Cndebodnen Rirseuli
adamanebi qarTvelobis ganmaZliereblad da gamamxneveblad. es azri avtorma daxvewili mxatvruli figurebiT
gamoxata, romliTac srulad warmoCnda misi daxvewili maRali stilis sidiade da akademizmi.
giorgi mcire, Tavisi Txzulebis mTavari personaJis, ioanesa da efTvimes cxorebis avtoris wm. giorgi
mTawmidlis msgavsad, Txzulebas kompoziciuri TvalsazrisiT mkvidrad Sekrulad warmogvidgens da mxatvrul-
esTetikur datvirTvas aniWebs. hagiografis ostatoba imiT ganisazRvreba, Tu ramdenad damajereblad iZleva
personaJis maxasiaTebel detalebs. swored aq warmoCndeba avtoris niWiereba da mwerluri SesaZleblobebi. igi
mTavari personaJis saxes imgvarad warmogvidgens, rom naTeli xdeba personaJis sulieri samyaros sidiade, rom
personaJi aris zecisa kaci da queyanisa angelozi.
giorgi mciris Txzulebis mxatvruli Taviseburebebisa da Rirsebebis warmoCenisas uTuod unda SevexoT
nawarmoebis yvelaze STambeWdav da yvelaze vrcel epizods _ avtoris mier wm. giorgi mTawmidlis datirebas,
romelSic srulad vlindeba avtoris samwerlo ostatoba, individualuri xelwera, SesaZleblobebi da is Sinagani
gancdebi, romlebic daeufla mas Txzulebis werisas.
giorgi mciris mier warmosaxuli wm. giorgi mTawmideli erTdroulad ganasaxierebs rogorc zogadqristianul
ideebs, ise erovnul-kulturuli TviTmyofadobis ideasac, vinaidan is agrZelebs wm. efTvime mTawmidlis
tradiciebs, xolo wm. efTvimem qarTuli cnobiereba mecnierebis SuqiT gaanaTla, erT dros barbarozad
wodebuli qarTvelebi civilizebul inteleqtualur samyaroSi Seiyvana da saerTaSoriso asparezze gasasvleli gza
gauxsna. esaa imis mizezi, rom giorgi mcire ase mkveTrad warmoaCens wm. giorgi mTawmidlis qarTvelobas,
xolo misi dabadeba saRvTo gamocxadebas daukavSira. misi sulieri misia saRvTo gamocxadebiT emcnoT jer
mSoblebs, Semdeg _ mis uaxloes adamianebs, romelTac wvlili miuZRvodaT mis aRzrdasa da ganaTlebis
miRebaSi.
giorgi mciris TxzulebaSi uaRresad mniSvnelovania antioqiis patriarqisa da qarTveli berebis
urTierTdamokidebulebis amsaxveli epizodi, romelic mravalmxrivaa sayuradRebo. antioqiis axlad aRsaydrebuli
patriarqis Tevdosis winaSe qarTvelebi daabezRes svimeonwmidis ucxotomelma berebma, romlebsac iq
qarTvelebis fexis amokveTa surdaT. giorgi mcirem am epizodiT wm. giorgi mTawmidlis Wkua-goneba da
simxneve warmoaCina. wm. giorgi mTawmidelis istoriuli fraza, romliTac man mimarTa antioqiis patriarqs mis
naTqvamze, qarTuli eklesia antioqias unda emorCilebodes, radgan Cven petre mociqulis ganaTlebulni varTo,
warmoTqmulia TiTqosda xumrobiT, rogorc giorgi mcire ambobs, giorgi mTawmidelma reca gancxromiT hrqua
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patriarqsa: wmidao meufeo, Svenis esreT, raTa wodebuli igi mwodebelsa mas daemorCilos, rameTu petresi jer
ars, raTa daemorCilos mwodebelsa Tvissa da Zmasa andreas, da raTa Tqven Cven dagvemorCilneT! aq frazas
`reca gancxromiT~ gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba, radgan hagiografiisaTvis uCveulo iumoris grZnobaa
gamoyenebuli antioqieli berebis sawinaaRmdegod da iumoriT maTi usamarTlo damokidebulebaa mxilebuli.
sainteresoa, rom amave frazas XIII saukunis pirveli naxevris hagiografi da qristianuli kulturis moamage
abuserisZe tbelic iyenebs Tavis hagiografiul TxzulebaSi `axalni saswaulni wmidisa mTavarmowamisa
giorgisni~, romelSic, revaz TvaraZis SeniSvniT, wm. giorgi eklesiis mSenebel enabrgvnil basils exumreba _
`reca gancxromiT~ eZaxis: `baCilo!~
giorgi mciris Txzuleba qarTuli hagiografiuli literaturis erT-erT gamorCeuli Zeglia, romelSic TvalsaCinodaa
areklili is kulturul-sarwmunoebrivi tradiciebi, rac aTonis mTaze moRvawe berebma Seqmnes X-XI
saukuneebSi. Txzuleba dawerilia hagiografiuli Janris specifikisa da stilis dacviT, rac adasturebs avtoris
erTgulebas tradiciul literaturul-saxismetyvelebiT RirebulebaTa mimarT. masSi specifikur mxatvrul fons qmnis
bibliuri nakadi _ Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignTa motivebi, saxismetyvelebiTi aspeqtebi, reminiscenciebi da
aluziebi, rac ara mxolod aTonis literaturuli skolis damaxasiaTebeli niSani iyo, aramed, sazogadod, hagiografiis
specifikur niSnad miiCneva.
bunebrivia, mTavari personaJis saxec tradiciuli hagiografiuli mxatvrul-esTetikuri principebis mixedviT aris
gaazrebuli _ wm. giorgi mTawmideli simbolurad ieso qristes cxovrebis gzas gadis, rogorc es hagiografiaSia
miRebuli; avtori, amave dros, aCvenebs erovnuli miznebis mniSvnelobas, rac ivironis qarTvel moRvaweTa
umTavres daniSnulebas, sulier misias warmoadgenda.
avtoris azriT, mTawmida is adgilia, is aRTqmuli qveyanaa, sadac wm. giorgi mTawmidels unda
moepovebina saukuno gansasvenebeli, radgan mTawmida aris adgili, romelic, rogorc sasufeveli, Tavis wiaRSi
ibrunebs zeciuri gangebulebiT amqveynad movlenil moRvaweebs. Txzulebis maRalmxatvrul dones
ganapirobebs is, rom avtori, erTi mxriv, hagiografiuli Txrobis tradiciul normebs icavs, meore mxriv, Sinagan
Tavisuflebas amJRavnebs, rac qarTuli enis, literaturul-esTetikuri xerxebisa da mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi
saSualebebis flobiT vlindeba.

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