IPASJ International Journal of Computer Science (IIJCS)

Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJCS/IIJCS.htm

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Volume 5, Issue 10, October 2017 ISSN 2321-5992

Hybrid AODV algorithm for path establishment

in MANET using bio inspired techniques
Er. Jatinder Kaur 1 Er.Gurpreet Singh2
1
CSE (Computer Science and Engineering)1
SBBSU1(Sant Baba Bhag Singh University)
Jalandhar, India1
2
Assistant Professor,Deptt. of CSE2
SBBSU2(Sant Baba Bhag Singh University)
Jalandhar, India2

ABSTRACT
The mobile ad-hoc network is the self configuring type of network in which mobile nodes can join or leave the network when
they want. In this work, AODV, DSR and DSDV routing protocol is compared under various parameters like delay, packetloss
and throughput. The improvement in the AODV protocol will be proposed for path establishment from source to destination.
The proposed improvement will be based on bio-inspired techniques. These bio-inspired techniques are cuckoo search and bee
colony algorithm. The cuckoo search and bee colony algorithm will search optimal path from source to destination. The
searched path will be compared with the AODV protocol and nodes which are common in the path are selected as the best
nodes for the path. The protocol technique is implemented in NS2 and it is been analyzed that it performs well in terms of
throughput, delay and packetloss than AODV protocol.
Keywords:-Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,AODV, DSDV, DSR,Bee Colony Optimization,Cuckoo Search Algorithm.

I. INTRODUCTION

In day-to-day communication, wireless networks play a prominent role. There are many applications where it is
broadly utilized like military applications, industrial applications and in personal area networks. Due to its simplicity
of installation, scalability, flexibility it is very popular in other applications also. Wireless network has further two
categories: Infrastructure and Infrastructure less.In Infrastructure remote systems, the base stations are settled, the
mobile node can move while communicating [1]. Moreover when nodes go out of the range of one base station it comes
to the range of other base stations. In infrastructure less network or an adhoc network, base station is not fixed and
router moves in any direction during communication [2]. So, this network makes its own route for flu using routing
protocol. MANET is a self-designing system, in which topology is dynamic. These hubs are attempting to adapt to the
typical impact of radio correspondence channels, multi-client impedance, multi-way blurring and so on. The plan of an
ideal steering convention for MANET is profoundly troublesome. To decide the availability of system associations,
there is a need of an effective calculation connect planning, and directing in such powerful situations, turns out to be
vital [3]. In such type of network mobile node configure with random topology. In the random topology each node are
aware of the nodes which are their adjacent nodes or in their direct range. The nodes in MANETs are interrelated using
the multi-hop communication paths. Simply, it mentions that all the nodes in the hop must be prepared to contribute in
the procedure of delivering a packet by forwarding it from source to destination. Packets are travel through multiple
paths [4]. A single file is divided into several data packets, and then these packets are forwarded through different
paths. The destination nodes and all the packets are combined in sequence to generate the original file. There are
various routing protocols that plan to make an ideal pathway with negligible number of mediator hubs amongst source
and goal. The course ought to have less overhead and sensible data transmission utilization for transmitted the message
on time [5].The protocol should be able to perform in an effective & efficient manner throughout the networking
environment consisting of heterogeneous ad hoc networks i.e., from small to large Multi-hop networks.There are
three categories of these routing protocols, which include proactive routing protocols, the reactive and hybrid routing

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 IPASJ International Journal of Computer Science (IIJCS)
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Volume 5, Issue 10, October 2017 ISSN 2321-5992

protocols with respect to the routing topology which is changed during MANET used in MANET [6]. Proactive
routing protocols constantly retain the updated state of the network topology and are typically called as a table-driven.
The Proactive routing protocols includes DSDV, OLSR routing protocols. The second category includes reactive
routing protocols also known as source-started on-request directing conventions, these are request driven receptive
conventions. Therefore, they do not follow the procedure creating & updating routing tables with routing information at
regular intervals. As they are on demand routing protocols, so they start route discovery only when the wants to
communicate [7]. DSR & AODV are example of these types of routing protocols. Hybrid protocols are the one which
utilizes the advantages of both reactive and proactive approaches. It includes Zone Routing Protocol. Optimization
techniques are those which give the best fit solution. It is used to solve complex computational solutions. It finds out the
best result from the given feasible solutions. There are several techniques which are based upon the natural phenomena.

A. Bee Colony Optimization:Bee Colony Optimization is nature inspired technique. It is based upon the swarm
intelligence technique [8]. It is meta-heuristic technique which is concern with memory based searching. Bee
colony optimization technique is used to find the best path from the number of the solutions. It is decentralized
and self organizing technique. There are two types of bee which are present in the bee hive. These are in
hundred and thousand in numbers which work together.
B. Ant Colony Optimization: Ant Colony Optimization is a probalistic and meta-heuristic technique. It is also
known as natural insipid technique which is used to solve complex combinational problems. It uses the
previous results to find out the best optimal paths. It is dynamic in nature. It gives the idea for team
coordination, their behavior and functionality. It is also based upon swarm intelligence. Ant starts from nest to
reach to destination and follow different paths. Each ant secretes pheromone trails to attract other ants
following that path. The path which has the highest pheromone trails are the optimal paths compared to
others. So the path is depending upon the trails. It is also upgradeable technique according to the secrete
pheromone trails.
C. Cuckoo Search Algorithm:Cuckoo search is one of the optimization algorithms which is used in various fields
of image Processing, networking, artificial intelligence [9]. This search carries concept from various cuckoo
spices. Earlier this algorithm is used for complex computational problems. Later on this research is applied
with PSO and Genetic algorithm and finds out that it achieves better results than PSO and Genetic algorithms.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Arma Amir Mehdi et.al (Feb 2016) [16] defined Topology-based routing protocols; both proactive (DSDV) and
reactive protocols (AODV, DSR) have been considered for the study. The objective of this work is to assess the
capability of these protocols in different mobile traffic scenarios. Performance metrics such as packet delivery ratio,
throughput, are simulated through Qualnet 5-0 simulator. AODV has poorest performance amongst the three protocols
examined. ZRP which is hybrid protocol has moderate performance so it is concluded that OLSR (On Demand Routing
Protocol) show high performance than all other type of protocols.
CH. V. Raghavendran et.al (2013) [10] introduced Swam intelligence algorithms for routing purposes. SI adopts
natural behaviors of fish, ants, bees and many insects. Although each individual has little knowledge and simply follow
basic rules using local information obtained from the environments. Ants routing follows basic mechanism of swam
intelligence and gives interesting solution to the problems. Ants routing is dynamic and adaptive in nature which is
more popular algorithms based upon researchers. At the end, various bio-inspired algorithms have been discussed.

Jagdeep Kaur, et.al, (2014) [11] described that MANET is a network in which nodes can freely join and leave the
network. MANET has some properties like infrastructure less, dynamic in nature and decentralized control. Due to the
frequently changes in network topology the performance candecreases. Cuckoo search optimization algorithm is a good
technique for developing efficient path searching routing protocols for MANETs. CSO is beneficial to find out best
optimal path with the shortest routing to send data from source to destination in MANET. In this paper, the AODV and
DYMO routing protocol with CSO algorithm is further implemented CSO algorithm on AODV & DYMO protocols
using NS2 simulator and compared its simulator results with simple AODV & DYMO protocols.

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 IPASJ International Journal of Computer Science (IIJCS)
Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJCS/IIJCS.htm
A Publisher for Research Motivation ........ Email:editoriijcs@ipasj.org
Volume 5, Issue 10, October 2017 ISSN 2321-5992

Ajay Prakash Rai et.al. (April 2013) [12] analyzed the execution of AODV and DSDV is utilizing variable speed and
delay time .The reenactment can be completed by utilizing NS-2. PARAMETERS: PAUSE TIME - 10, 20,30,40,50
(SEC.) NODE - 10 SPEED - 10 M/S SEND RATE - 0.25performance parameter such as Packet delivery Fraction, end
to end delay and packet loss.In reenactment once they shift delay time as of now speed steady. PDF for AODV is higher
than DSDV. What's more, Delay of AODV is higher than DSDV, Packet loss of AODV is not as much as DSDV
.Again in recreation, and they shift speed while stop time is steady.Delay of AODV is higher than DSDV. With the
variety in speed again execution of AODV is superior to DSDV. For an extensive remote system execution of AODV is
greatly improved than DSDV.
Dr. Arvinder Kaur et.al (2011) [13]in this paper proposed the method ofan Average Percentage Fault Detection
(APFD) there are a few measurements and outlines have been utilized to think about the viability of the calculations.
This has been finished by concentrate the characteristic sustenance rummaging conduct of honey bees. A compelling
utilization of the way investigation and way abuse marvel of Scout honey bees and Forager honey bees for the
prioritization of the blame scope test suite of the adjusted code is clarified through BCO calculation. The proposed BCO
calculation has been clarified with illustrations.
Charu Sharma et.al,(2015) [14] explained that MANET is a network which can be easily deployed. MANET has no
central controller so topology changes dynamically. Topology change is a challenging issue in MANET. In this paper
the whole network strategy with performance metrics which are to be used in the OPNET simulation for the analysis
has been described. The performance metrics used are throughput, packet queue size, transmitted packet rate and
received packet rate and the simulator tool used is OPNET Modeler 14.0.
Prof. B.N. Jagdale et.al (2012) [15]in this paper described that routing protocol performs an important role in
MANET for communication and established path from source to destination. In this paper it is concluded that AODV
is better than DSDV. DSDV consumes more bandwidth as compared to AODV due periodically broadcast packets. On
the other hand, AODV has no need for table maintenance contains less bandwidth and less overhead. Indeed, even the
throughput is less in DSDV as it ceaselessly communicate course data, however if there should arise an occurrence of
AODV throughput is steady as it don't expected to keep up any course data.

III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In this work, improvement will be proposed in AODV routing protocol using bio-inspired techniques. The bio-inspired
techniques are Ant colony and bee colony. In this work, ant colony and bee colony are combined together and used with
AODV routing protocol to establish path to destination. In the proposed technique lest suppose path will be established
from source to destination using AODV protocol. In the established path hop are 1,3,5,7. The hybrid ant and bee
colony algorithm are applied for path establishment and path which is established are having hops 1,3,8,7. The source
node selects nodes which are common in the paths and select nodes which are node common on the basis of distance
from the source node. The node which has minimum distance will be selected as the hop node from source to
destination.

Algorithm
Set M Mobile Nodes
Set S sender and R receiver
Node Routing = AODV
Set Route
{ If (route from S to R found)
{ Check number of route;
If (route => 1) //means alternative route exist in network
{
Find (hop count and sequence number)
Select only 1 routes as a best route //shortest path
Send route acknowledge through all exist path }
}
Else {route is not common} } {
Source send (adjacent nodes distance)
{
Adjacent nodes revert back to source which distance

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 IPASJ International Journal of Computer Science (IIJCS)
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Check( Node which has least distance from source node )

{
Increment-Q;
Store incoming data;
} Receiver receives data from I
node;
Send ACK to sender S; } } }

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of these routing protocols AODV, DSR, DSDV can be shown by using the simulation. The simulation can
vary node to node. In this firstly we compare the these routing protocols in terms of delay.

Fig 1: Delay graph

Fig 2: Delay graph

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As shown in figure 1, the AODV, DSR, DSDV and hybrid routing protocols are compared in terms of delay. It is been
analyzed that hybrid routing protocol has least delay as compared to other routing protocols.

Fig 3: Packet loss graph

Fig 4: Packet loss graph

As shown in figure 2, the AODV, DSR, DSDV and hybrid routing protocols are compared in terms of Packetloss. It is
been analyzed that hybrid routing protocol has least packetloss as compared to other routing protocols.

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 IPASJ International Journal of Computer Science (IIJCS)
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Fig 5: Throughput graph

Fig 6: Throughput graph

As shown in figure 3, the AODV, DSR, DSDV and hybrid routing protocols are compared in terms of throughput. It is
been analyzed that hybrid routing protocol has maximum throughput as compared to and also the results can also be
calculated by node changes.

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 IPASJ International Journal of Computer Science (IIJCS)
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Fig 7: Delay graph

Fig 8: Packet lost graph

Fig 9: Throughput graph

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Table 1: Delay
No AO DS DS EAO PAO
de no. DV R DV DV DV
24 3 4 12 2 1.5
30 5 6 14 3 2
35 4 7 10 5 3

Table 2: Packet loss

No AO DS DS EAO PAO
de no. DV R DV DV DV
24 3 4 8 2 1
30 5 8 11 4 3
35 7 9 13 3 4

Table 3: Throughput
No AO DS DS EAO PAO
de no. DV R DV DV DV
24 8 4 3 28 32
30 11 6 4 32 36
35 9 8 9 38 44
V. CONCLUSION

In this work, this is concluded that due to self configuring nature of mobile adhoc network routing is the major issue of
MANETs. Due decentralized nature three type of routing protocols are used which are reactive, proactive and hybrid
type of protocols. These protocols are compared in terms of throughput, delay and packetloss. It is been analyzed that
AODV routing protocols performs well as compared to other protocols. In this work, improvement will be proposed in
AODV routing protocols for path establishment from source to destination. The proposed improvement will be based
on bio-inspired techniques. These bio-inspired techniques are cuckoo search and bee colony. The proposed technique is
implemented in NS2. It has been analyzed that proposed hybrid technique performs good as compared of AODV
routing protocol in terms parameters of throughput, delay and packetloss.
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Volume 5, Issue 10, October 2017 ISSN 2321-5992

[9] S.S. Tyagi, R.K. Chauhan, Performance analysis of ProActive and ReActive routing protocols for ad hoc
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