Types of Immune Cells

Tissue
- Macrophage/mast celll: sentinels
o Detect pathogens
o Quickly secrete cytokines and chemokines
- Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs):
- Dendritic cells (DCs):
- Neutrophils: take up and destroy microbes
o Most numerous cells in immune system

Blood
- Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
o Granulocytes (+): have specialized secretory lysosomes
o Neutrophils (n)
Phagocytes: reside in blood until tissue is inflamed
o Eosinophils: acidic
o Basophils: basic
- Mononuclear cells
o NK Cells
o Lymphocytes (T+B cells)
o Plasmacytoid DCs: pump out IFN-1 to initiate anti-viral state

Various
- B Cells: secrete antibodies (bone marrow)
- T Cells: recognize protein fragment regardless of origin (thymus)
- Natural killer (NK) cells: recognize antibodies bound to viral antigens and kill infected
cell
- Nave lymphocytes: WBCs that have never seen an antigen and must find the one for
which they are specific in the lymph nodes
o Require two signals to mature
Antigen signal
Constimulation if antigen is dangerous
- Effector lymphocytes: go to the site of infection
o Most die when infection is cleared
o Some become memory cells

Innate Immunity
Signal Sequence
- Responds to generic structures (e.g. flagellum, mannose) to launch an immediate
immune response
 - Four signs of inflammation
o Heat: dilation and increased permeability of blood vessels
o Redness: dilation and increased permeability of blood vessels
o Swelling: dilation and increased permeability of blood vessels
o Pain: migration and explosion of inflammatory cells
1. Detection: macrophages/mast cells engulf microbe
2. Signal: macrophages secrete cytokines to make blood vessels sticky and induce
vasodilation to increase blood flow and recruit WBCs
3. Rolling: neutrophils stick to blood vessel vascular endothelium in rolling
4. Integrin activation: chemokines detection and activate integrins, which mediate firm
adhesion by the integrin arm
5. Extravasation: neutrophils migrate to compromised tissue by following chemokines
6. Neutrophil action: eat up microbes, die, and release intracellular contents to form pus

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns

- Types of pathogens
o Viruses (~20-300 nm)
o Bacteria (~1 m)
o Parasites
Protozoa (~10 m, single celled eukaryotes)
Worms (multicellular, millimeters to feet)
o Fungi
- PAMPS: highly conserved molecular structures
o Peptidoglycan (PGN): Cell wall component of gram+ bacteria
o Lipopolysaccharide (LPS): Membrane component of gram- bacteria
TLR4 - extracellular
o Flagellin: motility projection
TLR5
o Double stranded RNA (dsRNA): viral replication product
o Unmethylated CpG DNA: multiple repeats of C and G on the same strand not
common in mammalian genome
TLR 9 endosome
o Mannose: sugar that we mostly get rid of in biosynthetic pathways
o N-formyl methionine: modification in bacterial proteins

Adaptive Immunity
- Responds over several days and creates immunological memory
- Central tolerance: self-recognizing lymphocytes destroyed

Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity

 - Limited diversity - Almost infinite diversity
- Immediate - Slow
- Limited specificity - High specificity
- Limited memory - Memory
- Amplified by adaptive immunity - Requires innate immune signal

Antibodies
- functions:
o neutralization: bind to virus and inhibit ability to interact with other cells
o complement activation: binds to bacterium and recruits/activates proteins to
lyse the bacterium
o opsonization: tag antigens for macrophages