Soils, Ecosystem Processes, and Agricultural

Development
Shinya Funakawa
Editor

Soils, Ecosystem Processes,

and Agricultural
Development
Tropical Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa
Editor
Shinya Funakawa
Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Kyoto University
Kyoto, Japan

ISBN 978-4-431-56482-9 ISBN 978-4-431-56484-3 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-56484-3

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Springer Japan KK 2017

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Preface

The negative impacts of agricultural development on our environment are rapidly

growing, yet we are increasingly dependent on the agricultural sector for food and
energy. The situation is similar in the tropics, where subsistence agriculture with
lowinput management has long comprised most agricultural systems. The main
objective of this book, therefore, is to integrate environmental knowledge observed
in local agriculture, based on the understanding of soil science and ecology, and to
propose possible technical solutions and a more integrated approach to tropical
agriculture.
We first start with a rather classical pedological issue, i.e., an investigation of
weathering processes of soil minerals under different geological and bioclimatic
conditions, which could be regarded as the cumulative result of biological activities
and, in turn, may control natural biological processes. Traditional agricultural
practices with different resource management strategies are then analyzed in
terms of their modification of natural biological processes. The goal of this section
is to compile and describe local knowledge accumulated in traditional agriculture
under different natural constraints for resource utilization. Finally, we focus on the
present situation of tropical agriculture, that is, resource utilization in modern
agriculture after application of technical innovation (increased application of
chemical fertilizers as well as agricultural chemicals). Here, possible technical
approaches to resource management that reasonably support agricultural produc-
tion while mitigating environmental degradation are discussed.
In summary, we will describe and analyze the ecological and technical counter-
measures available for mitigating environmental degradation due to the increasing
agricultural activities by humans, based on our scientific understanding of tradi-
tional agriculture in the tropics. This is an effective approach, as such ecological
and technical tools previously involved in traditional activities are expected to be
easily incorporated into present agricultural systems.

Kyoto, Japan Shinya Funakawa

v
Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Shinya Funakawa

Part I Distribution of Clay Minerals in Tropical Asia and Africa

with Special Reference to Parent Materials (Geology) and
Climatic Conditions
2 Parent Materials and Climate Control Secondary Mineral
Distributions in Soils of Kalimantan, Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Tetsuhiro Watanabe and Supiandi Sabiham
3 Influence of Climatic Factor on Clay Mineralogy in Humid
Asia: Significance of Vermiculitization of Mica Minerals
Under a Udic Soil Moisture Regime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Shinya Funakawa and Tetsuhiro Watanabe
4 Soil-Forming Factors Determining the Distribution Patterns
of Different Soils in Tanzania with Special Reference
to Clay Mineralogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Shinya Funakawa and Method Kilasara
5 Soil Fertility Status in Equatorial Africa: A Comparison
of the Great Rift Valley Regions and Central/Western Africa . . . . 85
Shinya Funakawa and Takashi Kosaki
6 Significance of Active Aluminum and Iron on Organic
Carbon Preservation and Phosphate Sorption/Release
in Tropical Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Tetsuhiro Watanabe

vii
viii Contents

Part II Ecosystem Processes in Forest-Soil Systems Under Different

Geological, Climatic, and Soil Conditions
7 Soil Acidification Patterns Under Different Geological
and Climatic Conditions in Tropical Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Kazumichi Fujii and Arief Hartono
8 Savannazation of African Tropical Forest Critically
Changed the Soil Nutrient Dynamics in East Cameroon . . . . . . . . . 165
Soh Sugihara
9 Ecosystem Processes of Ferralsols and Acrisols in Forest-Soil
Systems of Cameroon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Makoto Shibata

Part III Human Adaptation of Agricultural Practices in Upland

Soils Under Different Bio-climatic Conditions in Tropical
Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa
10 Changes in Elemental Dynamics After Reclamation of Forest
and Savanna in Cameroon and Comparison with the Case
in Southeast Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Makoto Shibata
11 Shifting Cultivation in Northern Thailand with Special
Reference to the Function of the Fallow Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Shinya Funakawa
12 Slash-and-Burn Agriculture in Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Kaori Ando and Hitoshi Shinjo
13 Comparison of Nutrient Utilization Strategies of Traditional
Shifting Agriculture Under Different Climatic and Soil Conditions
in Zambia, Thailand, Indonesia, and Cameroon: Examples
of Temporal Redistribution of Ecosystem Resources . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Shinya Funakawa
14 Interactions Between Agricultural and Pastoral Activities
in the Sahel with Emphasis on Management of Livestock
Excreta: A Case Study in Southwestern Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Hitoshi Shinjo

Part IV Possible Strategies for Controlling Nutrient Dynamics

in Future Agricultural Activities in the Tropics
15 Control of Wind Erosion, Loss of Soils, and Organic Matter
Using the Fallow Band System in Semiarid Sandy Soils
of the Sahel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Kenta Ikazaki
Contents ix

16 Process of Runoff Generation at Different Cultivated Sloping

Sites in North and Northeast Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Shinya Funakawa
17 Control of Water Erosion Loss of Soils Using Appropriate
Surface Management in Tanzania and Cameroon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Tomohiro Nishigaki
18 Utilization of Soil Microbes as a Temporal Nutrient Pool
to Synchronize Nutrient Supply and Uptake: A Trial
in the Dry Tropical Croplands of Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Soh Sugihara and Method Kilasara
19 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Shinya Funakawa