Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2016
1
2017
.
- .
. ,
. ,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.-
.
.
,
.
: 279 : 46, ,
ISSN:2226-9185 4 , /15160/,
1,
. 5 .
: +(976)-11-315735
: 315735
: www.legalinstitute.mn
: lawjournal@legalinstitute.mn
3
EDITORIAL BOARD
B.Bayarsaikhan (Ph.D)
D.Gangabaatar (LL.D)
D.Zumberellkham (Ph.D)
J.Oyuntungalag (LL.D)
D.Sunjid (Dr.jur)
Z.Sukhbaatar (Ph.D)
Kh.Erdem-Undrakh (Dr.jur)
Executive Editorin-Chief
Director, National Legal Institute
S.Enkhtsetseg
Designed by
Designer, National Legal Institute
Z.Erdenetugs
4
/ , /
9
,
.
27
-
33
, .
42
- .
: ,
4
48
-
, .
54
, .
CEDAW 61
.
71
- .
84
, .
5
92
- , ,
.
97
-
, .-
107
, .
113
,
.
, ,
, , -
117
, , .
130
-
, .
137
- ,
.
144
, .
160
6
CONTENT
Law Firm 33
Sukhbaatar.Z (Ph.D), Advocate
7
Issue of Replacement Configuration and Usage of The Civil Law
Regulations in an Administrative Agreement 97
Munkh-Erdene.T, (LL.M), Lecturer of the Public Law Department, School of law,
National University of Mongolia
LEGAL DESCRIPTIONS
8
/ , /
.
,
.
1.
,
,
.
,
.
:
-
, ,
,
, , .
, ,
, , ,
. ,
, ,
:
,
,
, ,
, .
.
- 25-
,
.
25- ,
.
,
, ,
. .
, ,
,
9
2017 1 (61)
.
.
1789
- 16 ,
:
,
(
1 . - )
.
.
.
.
1924,1940, 1960
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
1
Declaration of the Rights and Man.1789, st .XVI. .
10
/ , /
33.2 .
,
2
39.2 ,
3 ,
.
.
33.3
( ) ( )
.
,
, ,
43.3
,
(
)
. .
,
.
,
.
.
, ,
, -
2
, , -
; , ,
, ;
4
, ,
,
,
.
\
2 . 4
,
3
,
, -
, -
. 45
\\ . \\ 2
2 . .
11
2017 1 (61)
.
, ,
. ,
, ,
:
51.2 , 5
6
.
.
. 48.1
66.2.1, 66.2.3 , ,
, , ,
, , ... .
. - ,
. ,
.
.
.
7 .
,
, ,
,
.
48.1
5.
, -
.
92
, ,
.
, -
118
, , ,
.
, 6
.
.
119 , , ., 2007 ,
, 27 .
, , , , 7
.
.
5
- 92 1 , , .,
. 2007 , 405 .
12
/ , /
,
.
,
, ,
,
.
.
,
.
8, 9
. ,
48.1 ,
,
, .
.
,
.11
10
,
:
.
, (
, )-
. , - ,
, ,
, , .
, ,
8
, 73 .
9
.. ,
, ..
. 11
, , .,
2007 , 91, 318 . 64
10
. \ . ..
. ?
, , .,
2007 , 411 . . . , 2008 .
13
2017 1 (61)
,
,
.
,
12 ,
.
, .
, ,
,
,
,
. ,
.
,
. .
XX
(, , ,
, )
.
:
, , , ,
, 13
. ,
,
,
, ,
,
.
.
2.
. ,
14,
,
, 15
,
16
. .
XVIII, XIX ,
(, ,
, , , ) 13
64,65,
104, 122
.
14
12
7.4, 7.5
15
- 98
. 16
98
14
/ , /
3.
.
,
(, , , , ,
) ,
,
, 17, .
18 ,
, ,
. .
, , 48.1
,
.
.
,
.
, .
,
: (1) ,
, (2)
, (3) .
, (4) , (5)
, (6)
. 19
,
,
.
,
.
,
, ,
. ,
. 48.1
17
, : ,
, , , , ,
.
,
18
. 19
, .
15
2017 1 (61)
... -
,
. ,
10 ?
,
( ),
, ( .
), , ,
( )- .
,
. , ,
, , 20
20
..
//
. 2003. 1. . .
. , - ,
4 III :
//
(2)- . ., 2006.
, . .
. , 1963. . . .
. ., 1999. .
, // . 1996.
9 N 11. . . .
, , 1990 - 1996
. ., 1997. . .
//
.
. ., 2004. . .
, //
28 . 2003. N 1. .
. . 2. ., 1956. . .
. ., 2004. .
, .
1991
// . 2001. N 12.
. // .
, 1999. N 8. . . ? //
. 1994. N 8 - 9. . . .
. :
. , 1999. . .
. // . 2000.
23 . . .
. ., 2003. . ., .
., . .
. . - . .,
. 1994. . . //
. 1991. N 1. . .
. . ,
. 1997.
. ., 2006.
. . . . ., 1999.
. . ., 2003. . 2004.
. . .
// :
. . ., 2002. . .
: //
: . ., 2001.
. .
. . , 1997.
. .
. /., 1999.
. .1
16
/ , /
,
, . .
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, .
;
, .
,
, .
;
,
, ,
; .
- 10
21
.
,
; .
, , ,
,
,
, , .
.
.
22,
23,
.
.
,
.
, ,
- .
. ,
48 (49.1)
48.3
21
Eliny Skaar. Judicial Indepedence and Human Rights in
Latin America (2011)
, 22
- 28.2 .
, 23
,
10.9.7 .
17
2017 1 (61)
.24 27 .
49.2
...
(Institutional Independence)25
(Personal Independence)26
,
, 22, 38
. 20
.
: (1)
. , (2)
. , (3)
, ,
. , (4)
, (5)
. , , (6)
,
(7) , ,
(8) ,
, 28.
24
, 29
, ,
,
,
, .30 ,
.
, ,
,
. ,
. . ,
. , . . 2004 .
.
25
(Institutional Inde-
pendence of Judges) - ,
, ,
.
, ,
. .
.
49
2 : , , ,
, , ,
,
.
27
Barak A. The Judge in a Democracy, Princeton University
. Press, Princeton and Oxford, 2006, p.80.
.
28
. .
26
(Personal Indepen-
29
dence)- . (.,
. , , ., .) ., 2010 .
, , 30
. 2 .
18
/ , /
.
,
, ,
.
1787
3 ,
1 : ...
.
.
.
230 51.2
.
-
.
,
. ,
. ,
. ,
.
,
.
49 49.3, 49.4,
49.5 ,
, , ,
.
,
2012
. .
,
31
.
.
,
31
61 :
16, 15, ,
26,
4 .
19
2017 1 (61)
, .
. , .
...
.
,
.
,
32, .
...
,
.
33
- 37.
34
- ,
,
, . .
35 .
R (94) , ,
12- 19
(, ,
-.) ,
.
36. ,
.
32
..
\\
(, ) .,
2007 , 410-411 . .
33
.
34
..
\\
(, ) .,
2007 , 417 . ,
35
.
\\ .
(,
) ., 2007 , 387 . 37
36
.. , \\
\\ (, ) ., 2007 ,
. ., 2015 , 67-80 . 337-338 .
20
/ , /
(Due ,
process of law)
- 5, .
14 .
13
, ... ,
, ,
, , ,
. ..-
,
. ,
38
.
, ,
,
, , ,
, , ,
,
. ,
,
14 .
. ,
.
104
, 2
, ,
. .
. - .
103 3
.
, - V , 3
, 39
,
,
38
, ,
,
,
, , .
, , -
, .
21
2017 1 (61)
XIV .
,
, , ,
,
, , .
4.
,
,
, 40
.
,
,
, 41, ,
,
,
.
:
, ,
, (1)
(. Probable cause)
42,
.
.
,
39,
43
.
,
(case), ,
,
40
.
41
Opinion 1 (2001) of Consultative Council of European
Judges (CCJE) for the attention of the committee of minis-
39
16 4 ... ters of the council of europe on standards concerning the in-
dependence of the judiciary and the irremovability of judges
(recommendation No. R (94) 12 on the independence effi-
... ciency and role of judges and the relevance of its standards
, and any other international standards to current problems
. in these fields).
,
42
Opinion no 2 (2001) of the Consultative Council of Eu-
ropean Judges (CCJE) for the attention of the Committee
of Ministers of the Council of Europe on the funding and
, , management of courts with reference to the efficiency of
the judiciary and to article 6 of the European Convention on
, , Human Rights.
43
Opinion 1 (2001) of Consultative Council of European
. ( Judges (CCJE) for the attention of the committee of minis-
. . ., 2011 . 29 ters of the council of europe on standards concerning the in-
) dependence of the judiciary and the irremovability of judges
, (recommendation No. R (94) 12 on the independence effi-
, ciency and role of judges and the relevance of its standards
, and any other international standards to current problems
. in these fields).
22
/ , /
47 -
.
(2) , .48
, .
(Single Appointing
(Consultative Council of European Mechanism)-
Judges)- 44,
45 ,
, .
, ,
, , , ,
,
,
.
. , ,
.
.49
47
(1) (Professional appointments):
,
,
, .
,
. (2)
, (Cooperative Appointing Mechanism):
, . , ,
, , .
,
, . ,
(political conflict)
. (3)
, , (Representative Appointing Mechanism):
46 . , ,
.
(pure agency of the
appointers) .
,
.
48
Tom Ginsburg, Judicial Review in New Democracies:
Constitutional Courts in Asian Cases, Cambridge University
Press, 2003, p.43.
44
.
49
.
,
45
.
46
. .
23
2017 1 (61)
52.
(4) ,
.
.
,
.
. .
, , .
,
,
,
. . ,
53 (
),
54,
55
.
(lower quality), ,
(Internally fragmented)
. . ,
.
, .
.
.
(5)
50 .
(3)
- , .
,
,
, 52
Opinion 1 (2001) of Consultative Council of European
Judges (CCJE) for the attention of the committee of minis-
ters of the council of europe on standards concerning the in-
, dependence of the judiciary and the irremovability of judges
51, (recommendation No. R (94) 12 on the independence effi-
ciency and role of judges and the relevance of its standards
and any other international standards to current problems
in these fields).
53
28 .
50
. 54
- 4 3
51
105 2- .
. 55
28 .
24
/ , /
57. , 1939
-
,
/Administrative Office
, , of the United States Courts/
.58
,
,
,
.
, (Consultative Council of European
, , Judges)
.59
56.
, . , ,
57
, /1994/ 151
,
/1958/ 64
,
,
/1947/ 104, 105, 106, 107
.
(6) ,
/1992/ 112
2 ,
,
/1997/ 186
, /1976/
217, 218
,
/1991/ 133, 134
, ,
141 /2001/
,
131 /1991/
, /1978/ 122
,
/1982/ 152 ,
.
58
Anja Seibert-Fohr (ed.) Judicial Independence in Transi-
tion (2012), p.523.
59
Opinion 10 (2007) of the Consultative Council of Euro-
pean Judges (CCJE) to the attention of the Committee of
56
Shapiro M. Courts: a comparative and political analysis. Ministers of the Council of Europe on the Council for the
Chicago, 1981, p.32-35. Judiciary at the service of society.
25
2017 1 (61)
,
60 ,
. , .
. , ,
,
,
60
ENCJ, European network of
. , Councils for the Judiciary,
. : (1) , ,
(2) , (3) , (4)
, , (5) , (6)
, , , (7)
, (8)
, (9)
, (10)
. , (11)
, , (12)
.
.
---o0o---
- .
.
- .
. ,
.
,
, ,
.
26
/ , /
()
.
(Bar
Association) ?
?
()
.
-
. -
- .
,
,
- .
. ,
.
() ,
,
, .
.
, , ? ,
, . ?
. .
. .
?
1974
(junior lawyer) ,
. .
.
,
1977
27
2017 1 (61)
- -
. ,
. ()
? . ,
, (the Czech Bar Association)
. .
-
( ?
:
1-,
27
)
. 2-,
,
. 3-,
( ,
. 4-,
). - .
- ,
?
-
,
?
.
,
?
( ?
.) -
.
.
11
,
? - . -
? .
(Bar - ,
Association)
?
.
-
( ) .
.
1990 ,
.
, ,
. 1990 7 -
1- ,
28
/ , /
.
.
.
.
.
. 1990 -
,
. .
- - -
-
, , .
. ,
.
,
. -
. .
.
.
1990-
-
.
.
.
.
, .
.
, () .
. ,
.
?
,
. ?
.
.
, (: Kommanditgesellschaft)
? (: offene Handelsgesellschaft)
.
.
29
2017 1 (61)
. .
, ?
,
. ?
-
.
.
,
.
.
.
, - .
.
.
, .
.
. .
,
. .
.
() .
?
,
. , -
.
.
,
.
,
.
?
(the
.
German Bar Association)
,
,
.
. ,
30
/ , /
, -
.
.
.
,
.
.
?
. (junior lawyer)
-
? .
.
.
.
.
.
- .
,
?
,
.
(, , ,
, .
)
. 25
,
.
.
- . ,
. .
. ,
?
(
,
, , .
) .
(
,
, (Bar Association)
) .
. ( )
,
31
2017 1 (61)
.
( )
(Bar ,
Association) .
.
,
.
.
,
.
, .
. , ? : ( ),
,
,
. .
. :
,
---o0o---
. 9 , 36
.
:
200195,
2001066,
250003,
200195.
32
/ , /
,
, , ,
,
,
,
.
,
.
: , ,
, , ,
, .
, . , - 1970-
:
,
, , 1
. , , , , ,
,
.
,
,
. ,
,
, , , .
,
,
, ,
, ,
.
(Initial Public Offering)
,
, .
1
Pamela Everett Nollkamper. Fundamentals sof Law of-
. fice management: Systems, procedures, and ethics. USA.
2014., p.5-6.
33
2017 1 (61)
- 1990
,
. ,
2007
,
,
(Slater & Gordon) 2007 5 . 1993
2. 4
,
2009
1455 .
,
, ,
,
, , ,
. 2015 .
(Gateley)
50 . .
3.
,
.
, ,
. .
,
,
.
, (law firm,
)
.
,
.
,
,
4
..
, , , .
. 2016 02 10 (11)., 29 .
, , 5
2017 3 22-
. 2017 3 21-
.
2
http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=43408, 3520
https://www.slatergordon.com.au/firm/our-history. , 207
3
http://business.financialpost.com/legal-post/first-u-k-law- , 197
firm-ipo-raises-50-million. .
34
/ , /
,
, . 50
,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
. ,
,
,
. :
,
;
; ,
, 6.
,
;
.
;
,
, , .
;
. (sole
proprietorship)-
,
; .
.
;
.
,
;
-
, , 30
;
7. -
,
; ,
,
; , ,
, , .8
;
6
. .
?. . 2016 02
. 01 (08), 32-47 .
7
Pamela I. Everett. Fundamentals of Law Office Manage-
ment Systems, Procedures and Ethics. 1994., p.10.
8
p.13.
35
2017 1 (61)
, ,
.
.
;
;
, , ,
;
; ;
;
; (,
, , )
;
;
, ,
;
.
( , ,
) .
(office-sharing association).
.
, ,
.
(legal association) .
, ;
, ; ;
;
;
,
; .
;
;
,
.
(partnership).
.
.
.
.
, .
36
/ , /
.
(Limited liability partnership).
.
()-
, ,
. . ,
.
(Associate) -
. ,
. ,
. 1940 (
),
20
. 10 .
1970- 1980- 2000 , 2002
5-7
. 1990
. .
?
9
. . :
. -
.
,
,
;
; .
;
,
;
;
;
;
;
;
.
.
9
. p.14. 10
Elspeth Berry. Partnership and LLP law. 2010., p.6.
37
2017 1 (61)
.
.
. ,
.
.
( )
.
,
.
, ,
. .
.
.
,
,
.
. .
. -
( ),
,
11. 125 .
,
.
.
-
.
.
LLP
. (Limited liability
partnership) (, ,
)
. - - .
,
.
. ,
, (partner)-
. ,
, , .
,
, , ,
,
11
Elspeth Berry. Partnership and LLP law. Wildy, Simmonds Pamela I. Everett. Fundamentals of Law Office Manage-
12
and Hill Publishing. 2010., p.6. ment Systems, Procedures and Ethics. 1994., p.17
38
/ , /
109
;
; ;
.
;
. ;
,
. .
.
(limited liability company).
- 1990- .
-
()- . -
.
,
. -
- -
. - .
.
- .
.
,
, .
(Boutique)
, .
.
- .
. :
,
, 13.
,
.
. .
1980- ,
41 , ,
. . , ,
13
. Bryan A.Garner (editor in chief). Blacks law dictionary.
Eighth edition. 2004., p.223.
39
2017 1 (61)
, ;
. ;
; ;
;
,
,
, .
,
, ,
,
.
, .
I
.
. .
(legal clinic)
,
. ,
,
, ,
.
.
,
,
.
. .
.
, -
, ,
,
, , ,
,
. ,
, .
, , ,
,
, .
.
40
/ , /
.
, (
)
.
, , .
,
. .
,
.
. : ,
, , ,
1994 ,
,
2002
(, ),
2012 .
---o0o---
,
.
: : 5000
:
-200279 ( : 1800-1613)
2001065 ( : 7012-7027)
-250002 ( : 7011-5015)
-200279 ( : 7012-1294)
: lawjournal@leqalinstitute.mn
: 11-315734
41
2017 1 (61)
,
,
.
-
.
(1748)
: 12.
, ,
, ,
. .
: ,
,
2016 5
13- , . ,
2016 5
19- , ,
, ,
2016 5 ,
20- . 3-
.
2016 9
1-
,
26 , ,
.
1992 1
Baron de Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat (Stan-
ford Encyclopedia of Philosophy).
Plato.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2008-10-29.
2
lawiki.org law Separation of Powers: the reality. lawiki.
, , , org. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
? 3
.1992 . .
2 . , , ,
. , ,
.
42
/ , /
, .,
., ., .,
. , ., .,
, .
, .
( , )-
4
. ,
. ,
.
2015 5 29-
5
, 2017 1 1-
.
.
2016
, ,
,
,
.
,
, 2012 ,
.
,
..
,
,
, , ,
,
,
2016
.
2016
26 . . 2008
, ,
, ,
.
,
.
, ,
.
// ,
, , ,
.
;
4
..
.., 2016 , 15 . 5
.. . ., 2007 .
43
2017 1 (61)
;
;
/,
/
.
6.
,
,
.
1992, 1997
2001 53
,
, . 2
,
.
. 2 ,
. 24.4.
24.3-
2006
.
( ) .
.
,
. ,
.
, . ,
2001 ,
( ) .
.
2007
,
2016 5 13- ,
2016 5 19- , ,
2016 5 20-
2016 9
1- .
. . ,
2016 ...
,
, ,
.
,
, .
,
7.
.
,
.
.
, ,
6
.. . ., 2008 .186
.
7
.., .. ..,
.
2005 .
44
/ , /
/,
/-
,
2016 5 .
13- ,
2016 5
19- ,
, 9,
2016 5
20- .
2016 9
1- .
2016
... ,
10 -
, .
, ,
, ,
,
. ,
.
, ,
.
11
8
2016 8 .
29- 26
, .
. ,
, ,
, .
-
, .
, / /,
9
8
, 53 53.4 .
,
, ,
10
43
43.1 .
11
.. .., 2008 . 184
, . .
45
2017 1 (61)
, . ,
,
12. ,
, ,
, ,
.
.
1-
,
, . 26-
,
.
.
. .
1 .
.
.
,
13
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
26
, ,
, ,
,
. .
14
, 2016
8 29-
:
. ... 1 1 1
. , .
,
. ,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
. 13
.. . ., 2008 . 191
.
. ,
,
,
13 15
.
.
,
,
. 16.
, 14
..
. ., 2016 . 6 .
15
http://www.supremecourt.mn/news/228
12
, 200 . 16
13
, 191 . 24 24.4 .
46
/ , /
3- , -
;
;
.
.
. ,
.
.
, ,
. :
, - ,
;
.
---o0o---
, .
1
11-315789, 11-312686
.
47
2017 1 (61)
:
. XXI
,
,
,
,
.
- -
,
. ,
, ,
: .
,
, ,
, ,
, .
,
: ,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
, .:
... 4
, ... ....
,
,
. ,
, , , ...
,
48
: ,
... .
,
, .
. 1
, .: ,
...
...
,
.
.
.
Corpus delicti
.2
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
/Ph.D/ . 2011
.
,
...
...
.4
XVII
, .
...3 .
Corpus delicti
,
1
., .5
,
, 2014, 4 /54/, 33 36 . 4
Buckland A. Text of Roman law from Augustus to Justini-
2
. , , ; 2016 , 40, 107, on Cambridge 1972, Schulz Classical Roman law, Oxford,
163 . 1951, .. , , 2000 .
3
., , 5
; 2010 3.
; 2011 , 10 . 27-28 .
49
2017 1 (61)
XVIII XIX .9
/., ., 50- ,
./
- /
/ /., .,
6 ., .. /
. .
. ..
: ) C
, ) ; 1951, ..
,
) ;
1957
.7
,
, . .
.
1960- ,
)
.
, )
. -
; 1969, . -
.8
; 1973
XIX , XX .
1)
,
, 2) , 3) ,
Corpus delicit-
4)
,
.
/.., ../ ,
.
.
.. ,
.. , ..
,
.
Nullum crimen sine lege
,
6
., . ;
2001, C.48.
7
.. . 8 . 9
.. . -1 ; 1994.
8
.. , .366, .. ,
;2004, C.112. ; 1875.
50
: ,
.
,
.
.
. ,
.
.
,
. .
: ...
,
. ...13
.
Nulla poena sina
culpa
...
,
, ,
.10
,
,
, //
.14
,
, ,
,
.
, -
.11
, ,
,
.15
.12
13
., ..
10
Criminal law: Wayne R la Fave. West.2010. p.21-22. . . 2015 , 29 .
11
Norman M.Garland, Criminal Law. M.G.H. 2013. p.83-84. 14
.. 107 .
.. , .. -
12 15
...
, ; 2003. .91. , ; 2009. C.137.
51
2017 1 (61)
I. -
:
1) Mens Rea,
2) Actus Reus
. Actus Reus
Mens Rea
.
50 .
,
. .
.16
,
40- II.
,
/ /
1) ,
2) ,
3) 3
, /
.
Non bis idem/ ,
/Tatbestand/
.
.
.
.
2002 , , ,
,
, , ,
/ .
/ ,
.
/Rechswidrigket/
.
,
: .
16
Norman M, Garland. . p.90.
52
: ,
.
.
/Schuld/
,
,
,
,
,
, ,
.17
III. , , .
/,
, , , , /
. /Mental and
Physical elements/
- 2007
.
18
:
. , ,
,
. ,
.
,
. : 1)
,
; 2)
.
;
3) ,
18 ..
, , ,
, ,
.
.
---o0o---
17
., .. , 27-29
.
18
J.Wigmore. Evidence: Corpus delict. W.2006. p.59.
53
2017 1 (61)
,
.
,
.
// -
,
.
, . , ,
.
:
, ,
,
,
.
,
, ,
.
:
1992
1
/
/-
, ,
,
,
.
,
,
. 1
1991 //
.
, , , ,
, , ,
,
.
.
: . 1,2 75
- . , 200 .
//
, , 420
60
.
54
: ,
. ,
:
1/ .
:
/ ,
/2,
3,
2/ :
/
: - ,
/ /4,
/ ,
/5, , , ,
, , ,
, ,
, ;
/ 6 .
7: ,
, ,
; , , , ,
/ ,
: -
,
,
/ /- 7
.
.
1992 ,
2
, 1994
, 2010 . 1994, 2010 ,
3
. 1994 2001
2011 . - ,
4
, ,
2001 12 27- .
.
5
1992 13-
,
, 1- ,
10
. 1990
6
..
1992 5 ,
29 - , 2011 , 53, 35 .
7
:
. ,
, , ,
, . 2002 . 190.
55
2017 1 (61)
.
1994-2001 ,
...
, ,
,
8
... - .
9 ,
,
//
. - ,
,
.
:
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
. ,
,
,
,
, ,
,
,
.
,
,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
,
.
1994 .
, ,
2010 ,
.
8
.
1 . 2010 .
9
. 3 .
. 2011 .
56
: ,
:
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
, , ,
,
/ 1.2.2/
.
, ,
, ,
,
,
, ,
:
.
// .
, 10 .
,
-
,
.
,
,
.
- 11.
:
.
?
,
?
. . -
// - 10
2
,
,
.
, , . 1992 .
. 11
3 4
. 1992 .
57
2017 1 (61)
, ,
,
.
, , ,
, ,
,
:
, , ,
,
, . ,
. ,
,
, . ,
.
.
, ,
,
.
12 ,
.
,
.
.
/
, / .
.
,
. , ,
. ,
.
, :
.
, , :
,
, ,
. ,
,
,
,
12
,
1
,
,
,
. 1992 / ,
.
58
: ,
, , ,
, , .
-
/
: - ,
.
, / /
, /,
, -
/ -
.
: /
. , /
-
,
. /
,
.
- ,
/
,
,
, /
/ , ,
,
, .
,
.
,
,
.
.
, ,
,
,
, , ,
.
, ,
.
.
59
2017 1 (61)
,
. -
. .
---o0o---
- , ,
() 1995 23-
.
100 , ,
.
- ,
,
.
60
: ,
CEDAW
.
5
8 9
: 1.2.1
.
DAW, , ,
, ,
, , ,
, .
:
CEDAW
-
.
.
14
. , ,
.
, ,
, 1940-
sex gender
, .
. ,
sex
,
gender
, .
,
CEDAW-
.
.
,
61
2017 1 (61)
, ,
,
,
.
,
18
1. .
20 .
, , 1874
State v. Oliver
(North Carolina Reports, Vol.
. , , 70, Sec. 60, p. 44):
, 1960-
, ,
.
. 2.
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
, 13
.
, 1679
, 1789
, - 1791
.
,
. .3
, 2
North Carolina-Violance women. <http://www.europrofem.
, . org/contri/2_04_en/en-viol/28en_vio.htm>
3
. : !
!. H: ?.
, ! !
, .
2
1
Feminist theories. pdf. https://www. . :
sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/38628_7.pdf ?
Dorothy E. Smith Feminism and Marxism.1977
. . ?
62
: ,
,
20
(
1944 )
.
, ,
,
.
, , ,
,
.
1940-1980
.
, ,
.
.
- 1981
CEDAW
(
)
1.
. CEDAW-
. 1782
,
2. . CEDAW-
. ,
1944
13
.
63
2017 1 (61)
Gender
. 1980-
.
,
,
.
,
, .
.
,
.
,
6.
,
.
,
, , , .
,
4.
.
,
.
.
2000
5. , -
2003
,
(
)
4
R. W. Connell Change among the Gatekeepers: Men, . ,
Masculinities, and Gender Equality in the Global Arena
from Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, Vol.
30, no. 3, p. 18011826.
5
Feminist and gender theories. pdf. <https://www.sagepub. 6
R.W.Connell. <http://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/
com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/38628_7.pdf> upm-binaries/38628_7.pdf >page 316
64
: ,
, , , , .
.
( 2 -
)
,
.
(
) 1981
.
.
T
,
.
.
.
,
. 1980 7
64
1981 9
20
. .
CEDAW -
, ,
.
7.
.
1948
,
,
.
,
. -
1975-1985 10
7
United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empow-
. erment of Women. Short history of CEDAW convention.
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/history.htm
65
2017 1 (61)
8.
,
.10
Relevant human rights treaties
,
Article 18 African Charter on Human and Peoples
Right,
Article 10 African Charter on the Rights and
Welfare of the Child
. Article 11 American Convention on Human Rights
Articles 8 and 12 and Protocol 7 to the European
Convention for the
. Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental
- . Freedoms
. 9 Articles 17 and 23 International Covenant on Civil
and Political Rights
Articles 10 and 16 Convention on the Rights of
the Child
. Article 14 Convention on the Protection of the
Rights of Migrant Workers and Members of their
, Families
Other relevant instruments
Articles 12 and 16 Universal Declaration of
, Human Rights
Article 5 American Declaration of the Rights and
- Duties of Man
11 CEDAW-
(the right of self-determination)
.
.
,
. -
CEDAW-
-
.
,
. , ,
.
. .
.
8
, ,
,
2 (f) ,
, , 10
-
,
.
9
(Janice&Wendey ,2010) Makia. G. A. Himat. Sociological .
Approach to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms 11
Icelandic Human Rights Centre. <http://www.humanrights.
of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (Critical Com- is/en/human-rights-education-project/comparative-analy-
parative - Study). International Journal of Gender and Wom- sis-of-selected-case-law-achpr-iachr-echr-hrc/the-right-to-
ens Studies December 2015, Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 120-137. respect-for-private-and-family-life>
66
: ,
12. .
,
2, 9, 11,15, 16, 29 .
(reservation) .
2 16
(
)
, .
, .
.
5
. .
5 . ,
: ()
, ,
, .
5
,
,
, ;
(b)
,
, , ,
, .
.
Makia. G. A. Hima, Janice
Wendey13 5 ,
, .
1992
12
Makia. G. A. Himat. Sociological Approach to the Conven- .
tion on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against
Women (CEDAW) (Critical Comparative - Study). Interna-
tional Journal of Gender and Womens Studies December 16.11 ,
2015, Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 120-137. , ,
MUSAWAH: CEDAW and MUSLIM FAMILY LAWS In
Search of Common Ground. <http://www.peacewomen. ,
org/assets/file/Resources/NGO/wps_cedawandmuslimfam- .
ilylaws_march2011.pdf > ,
13
Makia. G. A. Himat. Sociological Approach to the Conven- ,
tion on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against
Women (CEDAW) (Critical Comparative - Study). Interna-
. , ,
tional Journal of Gender and Womens Studies December
2015, Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 120-137.; MUSAWAH: CEDAW and
MUSLIM FAMILY LAWS In Search of Common Ground.
<http://www.peacewomen.org/assets/file/Resources/NGO/
,
wps_cedawandmuslimfamilylaws_march2011.pdf >
67
2017 1 (61)
,
. ,
. .
,
.
?
.14
, ?
, . ,
,
. ,
8 9
.
15.
1.2.1- .
, , ,
, ,
,
,
.
,
(
)-
/ .
,
,
, ,
, ,
.
14
: .
- .
,
. 2014 .
15
.
- ,
8 9
c . 2015 . <http://tbinternet.ohchr.
org/Treaties/CEDAW/Shared%20Documents/MNG/INT_
CEDAW_NGO_MNG_23100_O.pdf>
68
: ,
. ,
,
.
, 1924
. ,
, .
. ,
,
(
, , .
)
(
, , ,
,
,
, , .
)- .
. .
.
( ),
,
. ,
,
.
.
. ,
, ?
. .
70
.
, 20
, 10 .
.
?
.
-
?16 .
,
16
.. . ,
<https://ganaa.mn/2016/11/23/sldlkhgjfkduf/>
69
2017 1 (61)
,
,
. ,
,
,
.
, ,
.
, , ,
.
,
,
.
.
,
. CEDAW ,
.
CEDAW-
. ,
.
,
---o0o---
,
2016. ., 2017.-231 .
,
2016
.
70
: ,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
: , , ,
, ,
1
:
.
.
.
.
,
. .2
,
...
I. 1
II. 18 4 .
1997 06 .
III. 2
:
* (,
, ), (), (, , ),
IV. ( , , )
.
,
V. , ,
. :
01/1993.01.13., 1993 02
1993 1
I. 13 01 ,
1993 02
. 03/1998.03.27., 1998 05;
02/2005.03.31., 2005 14
. .
71
2017 1 (61)
.8
.3 .
II.
.9
. , .
, ,
.
.10
.
. .
4
. ,
.11
. 12
.
.
.13
5
14,
15
.6
*
.
actio popularis(
) 8
. ( ) ,
.7 , 1999 , 145 .
9
.
, , 2008 , 52 .
<< 10
. -
>> << , 1988 , 67 .
11
, (
>> ) , 2016 , 73 77 .
12
, .
, 1980, .285.
3
. (
13
) . 2012 , 247 . 107108 ( ) , 1978 , 5
.
4
. () , 2014
, 63 .
14
(,
) 2007 , 374 , .
5
( ) , 2014,
239 , . , , , (
1999, 107108 , ( )
) , 1998 , 56 . , 2008 , 129 .
6
, 2005 , 01(08), 15
, ( )
54 . , 2014 , 181 ,
7
. , 2004
, 159 . ( ) , 2008 , 3738 .
72
: ,
( 22
) (1)
, ;
, ,
; ; (2)
.16
(. ,
Dispositivus)
.17 ; (3)
, ;
.
, ,
.18
.
,
dispositive 23
.19
24
. .
( Dispositionsmaxime,
Verfuegungsgrundsatz; 25,
Disposition) , , ,
. .26
.20 .
.21
16
107108 ( ) , 1978 , 51
.
17
. (
) , 2015 , 669 .
18
. ,
1966 , 278 . 22
.
19
, , ( ) , 2015 , 178 .
2013 , 80 . 23
, (
20
, ,
2013 , 80 , ) , 2016 , 35 .
, , 2011 , 262 ,
Compact English Russian and Russian English law dic-
24
. , 2010 , 120-
tionary printed in Moscow, 2009, p.78, Compact English 121 .
Russian and Russian English law dictionary printed in 25
. , 2010 , 146
Moscow, 2009, p.62. .
21
Strouds Judicial Dictionary of words and phrases (Fifth 26
.
edition) Volume 2, DH, printed in London, 1986, p.740742. , 2008 , 30 .
73
2017 1 (61)
.27 (dusposutivus-
,
)
.28
,
*
.29 .35
.30
jus dispositivum (.
)
. Jus cogens (vs. .36
jus dispositivum)
.31 37,
//38
. .
,
,
, .39
40
.
.32 principum
,
, 35
( ) ,
2007 , 37 .
36
( ) , 2012 , 62
.33 .
.34 37
(
) , 2004 , 156
27
. , , , .
2004 , 234 , . ( )
, 2010 , 191 , . , , 2005 , 97 ,
, 1998 , 139 , ( ) 10,
. , , 2007 , 9 .
2001 , 79 , ... . 38
.
28
. , 2010 , 230 ( ) , 1999 , 4-5
. , .
29
. ( ) , 2004 , 5-6
, 2004 , 91 , . , .
, ( ) ,
2012 , 29 , ... . , 2008 , 6 , .
30
: , ( )
, 2004 , 146 . , , 2011 , 6 , .
(
31
. ) , 2012 , 20 .
( 4) 1999 , 90 . 39
.
32
, ,3, 2006,759 ( ) , 2009
33
, , , , 105 .
4, 2008, 661. 40
.
, , 3, 2009,78
34
(
. ) , 2009 .
74
: ,
, 41
. *
.45
,
,
.46
.
III. .47
,
.
. ,
,
,
:
,
(Dispositionsmaxime). .48
,
,
. .49
, .50
,
.
,
.42
(1)
; (2) .51
; (3)
.43
, 45
.
( ) , 2010 ,
16 .
.44 46
.
( ) , 2010 ,
17 .
41
, , 2000, C.362. 47
, 2010, 12, 30 .
42
.
( ) , 2004 , 91 .
48
: ,
, 2004 , 140 .
43
,
( ) 4, , 2005 , 33 ,
49
,
. ( ( ) 4, , 2005 , 36 .
) , 2013 , 18 , 50
: , ( ) , 2014 , 97 ( ) , 2004 , 162
, . .
44
( 51
) 6, , 2005 , 13 . ( ) , 2012 , 60 .
75
2017 1 (61)
.56
, ,
.52 , , ,
, ,
,
.
,
, ,
.53
.57
.54
, .58
;
,
, , ,
,
.
.55
.59
. .60
(Popularklage) ,
, ,
(Verletztenklage) . , ,
. .61
56
( ) , 2012 , 62 .
57
,
( ) 4, , 2005 , 34 .
52
58
:
( ) 10, , 2007 , 15 . (
53
) , 2015 , 121 .
( ) , 59
:
2004 , 100 . ( )
54
, 2006 , 59 .
( ) 10, , 2007 , 16 . 60
.
55
( ) , 2012 , 29 .
( ) , 2004 , 48 61
. (
. ) , 2013 , 19 .
76
: ,
.62
:
.
.63
.
, .
,
,
,
.
,
.64 ,
, , ,
, ,
.70
.65
,
, .
,
,
.66
,
,
.67
.
.68
.71
,
3
,
.
.69
62
.
(
) , 2009 ,
, 2010 , 12, 31 .
63
. .72
( ) , 2008 , 34
.
64
( ,
,
) , 2004 , 156
.
65
.73
( ) , 70
.
2007 , 92 .
66
, 2002, 89, 111 . , ( )
, ( )
67 , 2011 , 7 .
, 2000 , 343 . 71
.
68
. ( ) , 2007, 52 .
, , 2011 , 43 72
.
. , 2013,
69
. 62 .
( ) , 2009 73
( ) ,
, 105 . 2014, 97 102 .
77
2017 1 (61)
.77
.74
,
. ,
.75 .
76 ,
,
, ,
.
,
,
.78
.
, ,
, ,
() ,
.
.
.
, .79
:
, ,
dispositionsmaxime (,
, )
, ,
.80
.
, (1)
; (2) ; (3)
,
.
, , , 9, 2013, 107108
77
74
. .
, 2004 , , , , 2011, 280
78
, 52 . .
75
( , 79
, , , 7, 2008,
369.
) , 2004, 157 80
, 2010 , 12, 30 ,
.
76
,, , 2006, 264265. () , 2004 , 100 .
78
: ,
(
.86
)81 .
.
.
.
.82 :
,
,
,
.
*
.
.
.83
.
,
1)
; 2)
; 3)
.
;
4)
,
; 5) , ,
; 6) ,
; 7)
18
.84
.87
, ,
.85
88 25
81
01(33), , 2016 , 164 .
.
82
( ) , 2016 .
83
.
, ,
(
) , 2008 .
84
. :
86
(,
, , 2005 , 163 ) , 2007 , 374 .
. 87
, 2007
85
. , 143 .
( ) , 2011 , 53 . 88
2002 05 .
79
2017 1 (61)
.89 90 70
.93
. ,
.91
.94
- 25.1
)
,
; )
, , ,
.
,
,
,
; )
,
, .95
,
, ,
,
, .
; )
,
, ,
.
,
. ,
.92 ,
.96
,
, 93
89
. ( ) , 2010 , 30 .
94
.
( (
) , 2016 , 46 . ) , 2015 , 16 .
90
2002 03 . 95
91
( ) , 2010 , 50 .
( ) , 2010 , 29 . 96
92
( ) , 2010 , 104106
( ) , 2003 , 29 . .
80
: ,
(
)
, . :
; - ,
;
,
- ,
;
-
, .
; ,
.102
.103
.97 104 ()
,
98
.
.99 IV.
,
(. Subjective right; .
.
)
,
.105
.100
.101
.106
97
.
102
, 2008 , 144145 , . (
( ) , 2009 .
) , 2004 , 122 ... . 105
. (
100
) , 2011 , 408 .
( ) , 2010 , 109 . , , .
106
101
( ) , 2010 , 204
, 1987 , 3940 . .
81
2017 1 (61)
: ) ,
. ) .
()
.
.
)
. .
.
,
. )
.109
.
V.
.107
,
,
. :
. .
,
, . .
( )
.
, .
.108
,
()
.
ex hihil
.
.
.
, , .
107
( ) , 2010 , 205 ,
.
108
. 109
.
(.., .) , 2013 , 138 (. ., .) , 2013 , 139
. .
82
: ,
, .
,
. , ,
,
. ,
.
()
.
. .
() .
.
.
---o0o---
14
, ,
,
.
,
,
.
,
3 4
.
( : http://nli.gov.mn/?p=435)
: lawjournal@leqalinstitute.mn
: 11-315734
83
2017 1 (61)
,
.
1998
:
, ,
, , . 1999
,
.
, ,
:
, ,
, ,
.
.
.
,
,
,
. , ,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
111
84
,
1 (1958 ) . ,
,
,
.
, , ,
- , ,
,
, ,
(1992 )- , ,
, , , , ,
, ,
, ,
,
.
.
7 7.2- .
7.5
,
,
(, , .
, ) ,
, .
.
,
,
. ,
111
,
, ,
.
.
,
,
2-
.
,
,
,
,
(
)-
,
,
.
.
2
1
1969 . . .,2012 . 48-51 .
85
2017 1 (61)
,
111 ,
, , , ,
,
.
,
.
,
. ,
4 (1980 )- 4
, ,
, ,
,
. , , ,
(1992 )- 5 .
, 7
7
. .
(1947 ,
)- 1 3, 4 : ,
, ,
, , , ,
, , ,
,
, ,
.3 ,
, ,
, , .
(1970 )- 15
4
...
. . ., - .
1999. C.685.
5
...
3
Labor Laws of Japan. 1995. Ministry of Labour Japan . . ., - .
p.726. 1999. C.688.
86
,
, ,
.6
.
,
, ,
,
. . .
,
, ,
.
,
,
, .
, ,
,
, .
. ,
,
.
. -
,
,
, 40 40.1.1
,
, .
, :
, , ,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
6
, . .,2012 .
475 .
87
2017 1 (61)
.
,
,
7 7.3 .8
.
,
(, )
-
.
7 .
.
. ,
40 40.1.1 ,
,
7 ,
, ,
.
.
, , ,
.
- -
,
.
-
,
. ,
-
7
2015 5764 . 8
2012 281 .
www.shuukh.mn www.skuukh.mn
88
,
10 .
. 40 40.1.1
,
, ,
.
, ,
-
.
. 1
40 40.1.1 1.1 : ...
.
, .
7
.
.
:
,
(
. .)-
,
,
-
9
,
.
.
, ,
-
)
.
, ,
9
2015 1122 . 10
2015 20
www.skuukh.mn . www.skuukh.mn
89
2017 1 (61)
(
, )- ,
, , ,
, , ,
,
, ,
,
.
.
,
,
, )
7
. -
,
. ,
, , -
.
. )
( )-
, .
. , ,
,
.
,
.
,
,
1. 7
, )
, ,
,
. ,
,
90
,
4.
.
2. .
7
, ,
,
.
.
,
,
, , ,
( ,
) ,
, ,
.
3. , ,
,
, ,
,
.
.
---o0o---
-
, (
). ., 2016.-356.
. ,
, ,
,
,
.
, , , ,
.
91
2017 1 (61)
.1
100
20-30
,
,
.
30
60
- , (
, )- 21
. 7-30
.
3-4
:
,
, , ,
,
, .2
.
15,2
:
.
.3
. .
.
1
, . 2014 .
2
. . 2007 /
. /.
, 3
, .
, . 2005 .
92
,
,
,
,
,
22 1
,
.
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
, . , ,
,
,
, ,
.
,
.
300 ,
. , 4
80 .
.
7-30
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
/ /
300 ,
2 1-
, ,
80
. ,
.4 .
- 4
221
. ,
.
/5 /
,
,
,
4Homicide ., . . . 2008 .
, , 16-56
.
.
.
7-30
. 2
,
/ /
2 1- .
, ,
.
,
.
,
4
Homicide ., . . 2008
.
3
93
2017 1 (61)
, .
:
1.
/
3.6/,
2. ,
/ , ,
3.7/, ,
, ,
/ ,
3.8/ .
.
- 21
1201
,
- 221 3
.
, , :
. , , ,
, ,
, , ,
,
;
, ,
,
, , ,
, , , , ;
. , , ,
,
.
,
,
, , .
,
2016 12 .
22- ,
.
, - 99, 181
, .
100 .
1201
,
- 72
94
,
, , 76
.
17
17.2
. -
, ,
, . ,
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
,
, , .
,
.
. ,
- 76 - 23
76.2 . , 24 .
, 25 .
, 26 .
, , 28 .
, , , , 29
, . , 30 .
, ,
. 32 .,
, , 46 .
,
. .
- 76
76.8 .
, , ,
,
76.1
17
.
,
.
1201 ,
,
,
,
95
2017 1 (61)
,
,
. ,
.
, , ,
, ,
.
---o0o---
, ,
2008 4 1-
.
,
, , , ,
.
5 , 1+1 , 25 1500
5
.
80-110 , ,
, .
: 11-323317, 99057342
: -46, , 4 ,
/15160/, 1,
96
,
,
,
, ,
.
-
,
.- ,
:
,
, , ,
, - ,
,
, . ,
,
:
.
2015
6 19-
( 1.
)-
.
2015 6 19-
. (
)-
- .
, 11
-
, -
, , 11
-
,
97
2017 1 (61)
,
.3
,
, 4,
, , ,
,
.
,
,
(, ,
,
.),
,
,
, .
,
.
- 19
1
.5
2 -
, ,
- , Loening, Stengel 1884-
, 1886
(=),
, , Laband
1
Otto Mayer. 1846 3 29-
, 1924 8
8- . ,
,
, - . 1864
,
1868 .
1869 ,
. 1872
,
1882
, 1902-1903
3
Hartmut Maurer, Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht, 16. Auf,
, 1903 Verlag .H.Beck, Muenchen, 2006, S.378.
, 1913-1914 4
., , 3
. , , 2016 , 272 .
2
, 5
Hartmut Maurer, Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht, 16. Auf,
6 , .. Verlag C.H.Beck, Muenchen, 2006, S.378.
98
,
.6 10
.
,
, 11
- .
1976 5 ,
25- Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz
( )-
7
.
- -
. .
, -
, ,
.8
- , 12 .
,
- 52-57 ,
.
,
,
.9
, ,
. .
- 58
58.1
10
,
.
6
.
7
- . ..
4
54-62 11
-
- . 62
8
Winfried Schwabe, Bastian Finkel, Allgemeines Verwal- 54-61
tungsrecht und Verwaltungsprozessrecht, 2. Auf, Achso
Verlag, Frankfurt a.M, S.241. .
9
., , 3 .
, , 2016 , 272 . 12
, ..
99
2017 1 (61)
.
.15
,
.16
,
,
. .
,
17 17.3
2.
.
. : 1.
1. ; 2.
; 3.
; 4.
; 5.
.
; 6.
189 ; 7.
189.1 ;
8.
, ; 9.
; 10.
.
; 11.
189 189.1 ; 12.
.
,
.
,
,
.13 2016 6 15-
5717
...
,
, 15
., , 3
.14 , , 2016 , 266 .
- 52 Hartmut Maurer, Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht, 16. Auf,
16
100
,
, - 56
56.1
,
,
,
. , 56.2
2. ,
189 189.5
,
,
, .
.
.
.
56
56.1.1-56.1.10
. ,
.
, - 55
55.1.1-55.1.14
.
. .
3.
.
220 .
.
, , 220
220.1
, ,
, .
. ,
,
, 220.4
.18
, ,
,
. 18
., ., . ,
, , 2010 , 33 .
101
2017 1 (61)
.24
.
,
.
, 225
.19
204, 205
, . ,
.20
(=
)
,
,
.
.
,
40
.
40.1, 40.2 21
.
195 195.1
22 .23
.
.25
.
1.
?
, .
.
, ,
.26
19
., ., . ,
, , 2010 , 64 .
20
., ., . , 204, 205, 221, 227
, , 2010 , 69 .
21
40.1.
. 24
: , 2006
22
195.1. , 884-886 , .,
II, , 2013 , 144 , Hans-Joachim
Musielak, Grundkurs BGB, 10. Auf, Verlag C.H.Beck,
, Muenchen, 2007, S.108.
. 25
., II, ,
23
- 2013 , 146 , Hans-Joachim Musielak, Grundkurs
Winfried Schwabe, Bastian BGB, 10. Auf, Verlag C.H.Beck, Muenchen, 2007, S.116.
Finkel, Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht und 26
.,
Verwaltungsprozessrecht, 2. Auf, Achso Verlag, Frankfurt II, , 2013 , 146 .
a.M, S.242, Hartmut Maurer, Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht, , 221
16. Auf, Verlag .H.Beck, Muenchen, 2006, S.384. -
. , ..
102
,
. -
58 ...
. ,
24 24.4
.
,
, ,
,
,
,
. 12 12.5
12.1
,
11.2.9
.
, ,
, ,
24 24.2 ,
.
, 24.3 2. - 56 56.2,
56.3
, .
- 56 56.2
12 ,
12.1
. , 56.3
,
,
.
- 56 56.2
56.1
.
. ,
() :
,
103
2017 1 (61)
.
. .
,
.
.27 .
- 56
56.3
56 56.1.1-
56.1.10
.
28
.
56 56.5, 56.6
492
( )-
.
.
, ,
, 58-
60
.29
( 55.1.11-55.1.12 )
221, 227
,
(
, ,
.
.)-
, 58 ,
- 59 ,
11
60
.
.
.30
.
27
.,
, 3 , , 2016 , 276
.
28
.
29
., 219 .31
, 3 , , 2016 , 278 .
30
.,
, 3 , , 2016 , 276-277 ,
Hartmut Maurer, Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht, 16. Auf,
Verlag .H.Beck, Muenchen, 2006, S.402.
. ,
31
Maurer, Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht, 16.
, Auf, Verlag .H.Beck, Muenchen, 2006, S.401
. .
104
,
(= ) ,
,
, (=) .
, 5.
.
.
4.
.
: 6.
189 189.5
1.
.
19 7.
220
, .
8. 56
, 56.1.1-56.1.10
- .
1976 5 9.
25- Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz 40
40.1, 40.2
( )- 195 195.1
.
10.
.
204, 205, 221, 227
2. -
- . -
58 ...
. ,
,
.
3. 11.
.
, .
,
12.
.
4. - 56 56.5, 56.6
105
2017 1 (61)
492
( )-
.
13. 219 .
---o0o---
2017 3 15-
.
, , ,
, ,
,
, , , ,
,
.
-
, -
.
, .
15
.
106
,
2016 7
1-
.
,
,
.
,
.
:
,
,
, ,
,
,
.
:
, , ,
2
, .
,
,
3,
2
. .
. (1959-2010). ., 2012 . 84, 535,
610 .
3
- 32.1 ,
, , 3
,
, , - 16.1
, ,
, .
, 1 32.2 ,
. ,
1
2016
5500 ,
350
. .
107
2017 1 (61)
- 82
4, ,
74 - 32.2
5-
.
- 74.3
, ,
,
,
.
74.1.3
-
74
6
.
, .
,
,
.
.
4
- 82
.
5
-
74 -
,
,
,
, ,
3 , , ,
3
.
6
52 .
3
:
. - 74
74.1.3
25
.
108
,
25 25.2 , ,
,
7,
8
.
12 .
, ,
-
13-
.
, ,
14
.
: 15
.
. -53.2
, ,
.
,
9-
10- , . , ,
.
, , 12
- 72.1
11 . , ,
,
, .
13
, , , ,
7
- 25 25.2.2, , .
25.2.3, 25.2.8- . , . .,
2015. 3, 113-118 .
8
- 25
25.2.1, 25.2.4, 25.2.5, 25.2.6, 25.2.7 c
14
- 72.2
. ,
9
- 25 . , 72.1
10
.
15
- 12.7
,
2015 . .
11
- 2016 02 18- 08
- 2016 06
2.1.1 16- 47
...
1-
.
,
. .
109
2017 1 (61)
16 . -
3 1963
- - 299 305
2002 -
289 ...
, ...
.
- 72.4 .
-
. :
- - 128.4, 128.5
//
. - 78.4
,
30
17 ...
,
.
,
.
: ,
31.5 ;
,
- - 88.1
, ,
,
, , ,
... ,
.
,
2002 - ,
,
16
3
,
.
.
1 1 1
, 5 2
.
-
17
. .
(1959-2010). ., 2012 . 660 .
.
110
,
-
1984 36 18 .
- 2007 64
20 ,
. , ,
2014
. ,
, :
. ,
: ,
2013-2016 , ,
19
1 2013 6169 4888 1281 35308 34713 601 1106 817 236
2 2014 6375 5055 1320 33996*1 33301 695 1187 1015 172
3 2015 6756 5554 1202 40674 40034 640 1439 1293 146
4 2016 5762*2 4618 1144 46173 45327 846 1780 1636*3 144
, , , , ,
,
,
.
.
2013
.
. ,
, ,
18
. 296 .
19
, , ,
2013, 2014, 2015, , ,
2016 .
*1
2014
.
*2
2016 .
.
*3
2016
- 74.2 74.1
20
/
. -2/. ., 2008 . 352 .
111
2017 1 (61)
, , ,
,
,
, ,
,
.
. ,
,
21
/
/22,
.
,
, .
- - 72.4 ,
- 78.4
23
-
. .
- - 88.1, 128.4
32.2
.
---o0o---
.
22
10
,
. -
,
.
. -
74.1.3
- ,
.
. 23
,
/1
21
/-
. .
112
.
.
2.
()-
1990 5 10-
-
,
,
m , . ,
,
:
()- .
, , ,
:
41
1 43
2 .
1993 , 1990
,
1993
.
1.
,
1
,
.1
.,
2
,
,
. 1
- -
-
4 . .
, ., 2006 , 48
.
113
2017 1 (61)
,
. , , ,
.
,
. .
2005 01
, 27-
,
( 4- 3 6
) 2
30 2
.
.
,
,
, . , 6
, 30 3
1 .
, , 2004
. . 2004
,
,
, ( ) .
- ,
, / / 9
, 18
. / /-
3. 5 .
,
1993 5 06-
3 30
2, 3
.
,
,
,
4
2005 5 (386)
2
., : https:// .
www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbjpmWLO7M0 (7:12 7:40) 5
2004 5 (370)
3
1993 3 (12) 2004 -
. .
114
. 2004
-
. , -
,
.7
.
.
,
.
...
, 18
16
2004
. .
. ,
, .8
, ,
. ,
1993
,
, .
( )
, ,
. ,
- ,
9
,
7
. .,
- 2006 , 77 .
.6, 8
. : http://www.
( news.mn/r/300865, http://today.mn/p/17877, http://www.
) newscom.mn/10009758
1993 9
.
., 2006, 76
6
. , , . 76
, ., 2008 , 31-32 . : http://
. www.news.mn/r/222202
115
2017 1 (61)
, ,
,
, () .
()
(
, )
.10
3) (
. )
4.
( )
.11
,
,
( )
:
,
1) ,
,
. ,
2)
, .
,
.
---o0o---
10
()
. :
,
.
, .
. ,
. (, ,
, ., 2008 , 168
.) 2015 11
, 2015 09
.
11
. .,
2006 , 48 .
116
, ,
, , -
2016 3
,
.
, , 1.
,
,
. 2. -
:
, ,
, . 3.
: ,
,
,
, -
, ,
,
,
. 4.
,
, - , ,
1
.
. 0.02%
, , 2016 2 . 2016.03
http://ncsc.gov.mn/?id=132
2
..
, . .
. 2015 . 13 .
, 3
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Transnation-
al organized crime: the globalized illegal economy https://
www.unodc.org/toc/en/crimes/organized-crime.html
4
(2010)- 3.6.1.12
,
,
.
.
117
2017 1 (61)
(Cyberspace) ,
, ,
,
,
, 7. , , ,
. , , ,
1. ,
; 8. , -
2. , , -
2011
5
,
;
3.
, , - . ,
,
- ;
.
-
.
;
1990- , -
-
.
;
,
- 9.
5. ,
, ,
,
,
.
, Cyber Space
7
. Cyber Definitions. CCDOE. https://ccd-
, coe.org/cyber-definitions.html;
Tim Maurer & Robert Morgus. Compilation of Existing Cy-
, bersecurity and Information Security Related
Definitions. Report. 2014.10. p.18 https://static.newamerica.
6. org/attachments/175-compilation-of-existing- cybersecuri-
ty-and-information-security-related definitions/OTI_Compi-
5
Derek S. Reveron. An Introduction to National Security lation_of_Existing_Cybersecurity_and_Information_Securi-
and Cyberspace. p. 3-20. Cyberspace and National Se- ty_Related_Definitions_Updated122015.pdf
curity: threats, opportunities, and power in a virtual world 8
Derek S. Reveron. An Introduction to National Security
/ Derek S. Reveron, editor. Georgetown University Press. and Cyberspace. p. 3-20. Cyberspace and National Se-
Washington DC. 2012. p.6. curity: threats, opportunities, and power in a virtual world
6
/ Derek S. Reveron, editor. Georgetown University Press.
(2010)- 1.1.1 Washington DC. 2012. p.4.
9
U.S. International Strategy for Cyberspace. 2011.05. p.25
, https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/
international_strategy_for_cyberspace.pdf
.
118
, ,
10. 76
(NATO)-
(2010)
(CCDCOE)-
, (2010)-
, -
, (CCDCOE)-
11. ,
,
, .
,
. , ,
- - : , CIA
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
12.
, , ,
, , , ,
, , , , , (confidentiality),
, , . (integrity),
(availability)
- - :
,
: , 13.
-, ,
, , , ,
, , , , ,
.
, :
, ,
, , ,
, , , , ,
, , ,
, , ,
:
, , , , ,
, , , ,
, , , .
,
: , , ,
, , -,
. 12
Anthony Henderson. The CIA Triad: Confidentiality, Integ-
rity, Availability. Panmore Institute. 2015.07
10
Derek S. Reveron. An Introduction to National Security http://panmore.com/the-cia-triad-confidentiality-integri-
and Cyberspace. p. 3-20. Cyberspace and National Se- ty-availability
curity: threats, opportunities, and power in a virtual world 13
/ Derek S. Reveron, editor. Georgetown University Press. 3.6.2, 3.6.3, 3.6.4 .
Washington DC. 2012. p.3. 2010 48
11
Cyber Security Strategy Documents. NATO Cooperative
Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence. 2016.04 https://ccd- . http://legalinfo.mn/annex/details/3350?law-
coe.org/cyber-security-strategy-documents.html id=6163
119
2017 1 (61)
1 .
,
,
, -
.
2010 48
,
- /3.6/
, , ,
.
,
,
,
,
, .
. 1994
-15 7
, ,
, ,
, .
,
- .
,
,
,
,
.
. , , - 16.
, 2010 141
1
, - , 2
,
17. 2010-
. 2015
, 2016
,
, 15
1994 6 30-
56 1 .
, 2010 2010 7 15- 48
, .
16
.:
14.
. 2010.10.21
http://www.president.mn/content/1229
14
National Security Concept of Mongolia. 2010. 17
http://www.nsc.gov.mn/sites/default/files/images/Nation- ( ) 2010
al%20Security%20Concept%20of%20Mongolia% 20EN.pdf 141 . http://legalinfo.mn/law/details/4716
120
, ,
- - (2014)21;
. - -
(2013)22;
-
2009-2020 (2008)23;
,
- -
(2000)24;
,
, - -
, (2000)25;
18. -
, -
, 2016.02.05-
(2013)26;
- -
(2011)27;
, - -
2016.04.05-
(2014.01)28.
, -
,
19. 21
/
./ http://static.
kremlin.ru/media/events/files/41d527556bec8deb3530.pdf
, 22
/
, .. 12 2013 ./ http://archive.mid.ru//
brp_4.nsf/0/6D84DDEDEDBF7DA644257B160051BF7F
23
National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation to
. 2020 /Approved by Decree of the President
Of the Russian Federation 12 May 2009 No. 537/ http://
rustrans.wikidot.com/russia-s-national-security-strate-
gy- to-2020
, 2020
24
National Security Concept of the Russian Federation /Ap-
. proved by Presidential Decree No. 24 of 10 January2000/
http://archive.mid.ru//bdomp/nsosndoc.nsf/1e5f0de28fe77f-
- , dcc32575d900298676/36aba64ac09f737fc32575d9002bb-
f31!OpenDocument
25
Information Security Doctrine of the Russian Fed-
- eration /Approved by President of the Russian Fed-
eration Vladimir Putin on September 9, 2000/ http://
. : archive.mid.ru//bdomp/nsosndoc.nsf/1e5f0de28fe77fdc-
c32575d900298676/2deaa9ee15ddd24bc32575d9002c-
- - 442b!OpenDocument
(2015)20; 26
2020 (
18
IT Expert underlines the need for firm cyber security mea- .24
sures and public awareness. The UB Post. 2013 ., -1753) http://www.scrf.gov.ru/docu-
2016.03.14 http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=18801 ments/6/114.html
19
. 27
Conceptual Views Regarding the Activities of the Armed
. 2016.04.05. Forces of the Russian Federation in the InformationSpace
http://www.parliament.mn/laws/projects/814 (Unofficial translation by NATO CCDCOE) https://ccdcoe.
20
org/strategies/Russian_Federation_unofficial_translation.
/ pdf
31 2015 . 683 28
http://static.kremlin.ru/media/events/files/ru/l8iXkR8XLAtx- (). http://council.gov.ru/media/
eilX7JK3XXy6Y0AsHD5v.pdf files/41d4b3dfbdb25cea8a73.pdf
121
2017 1 (61)
2000 ,
-
(2015);
- (2014)30.
-
, -
2014
, ,
.
2015.01.23- -
,
. , , -
1) ,
, 31.
, ;
2)
, ,
,
; .
,
3)
32.
;
4)
, , -
; , -
2015.05.26-
5)
.
,
33. ,
;
1.
6)
;
,
, 2.
, ;
29.
- ,
30
Document: Chinas Military Strategy. USNI News. May
26, 2015. https://news.usni.org/2015/05/26/document-chi-
nas-military-strategy
- 31
. 201501
2318:05 http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2015-01-
23/180531437149.shtml
(CCDCOE)- - 32
Chinas National Security Strategy - The Politburo, head-
ed by Xi Jinping, emphasized the severity of threats facing
, Chinas national security By Shannon Tiezzi. January 24,
2015 http://thediplomat.com/2015/01/chinas-national-secu-
, . rity-strategy/
29
VI. 33
Full text: Chinas Military Strategy (Xinhua). BEIJING
. - The Information Office of the State Council on Tues-
(). day published a white paper on Chinas military strategy.
http://council.gov.ru/media/files/41d4b3dfbdb25cea8a73. 2015.05.26 http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2015-05/26/
pdf content_20820628.htm
122
, ,
3. 2)
; ;
4. 3)
, ; ;
5. ; 4)
6.
. ;
- 5)
1 , ;
6)
;
. 7) ,
;
8) ,
.
35.
34.
, .
, , ,
- ,
.
, - ,
, ,
, ,
. . , -
4 ,
,
,
. , 36. -
,
,
. ,
, 37.
,
. 35
IV. Building and Development of Chinas Armed Forc-
es. Full text: Chinas Military Strategy (Xinhua). 2015.05.26
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2015-05/26/con-
tent_20820628_4.htm
36
Nikolas K. Gvosdev. The Bear goes Digital: Russia and
. Its Cyber Capabilities. pp. 173-190. Cyberspace and Na-
tional Security: threats, opportunities, and power in a virtual
world / Derek S. Reveron, editor. Georgetown University
Press. Washington DC. 2012. p.175, 177.
. : 37
Brandon Valeriano, Ryan Maness. Persistent Enemies
and Cyberwar: Rivalry Relations in an Age of Information
1) ; Warfare. pp. 139-158. Cyberspace and National Security:
threats, opportunities, and power in a virtual world / Derek S.
34
, Cyber war/ Cyber Warfare Reveron, editor. Georgetown University Press. Washington
. .. DC. 2012. p.148.
123
2017 1 (61)
-
, ,
,
, 5 4 6 15
7 5 4 16
9 2 4 15
. 4 5 3 12
8 3 4 15
2 9 7 18
,
2
,
, 2010 Richard
A.Clarke, Robert K.Knake
38.
:
,
5
? .
, , ,
, 3
10 ,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
39.
,
.
,
,
.
,
, ,
,
40.
.
-,
2 . ,
,
- 2010
Richard A.Clarke
40
Richard A.Clarke, Robert Knake. Cyber War: The Next
38
Nigel Inkster. China in Cyberspace. pp. 191-206. Cyber- Threat to National Security and What to Do about It. Harp-
space and National Security: threats, opportunities, and erCollins Publishers. 2010. p.148, ,
power in a virtual world / Derek S. Reveron, editor. George- : Georgetown Secu-
town University Press. Washington DC. 2012. p.203. rity Studies Review. Vol. 1 Issue 1. 2013.12.10. Richard
39
.. A.Clarke and Robert K Knakes Cyber War: The Next
, Threat to National Security and What to Do About It
.2015.04.20 https://lawschool.academia.edu/Gal- (Harper Collins, 2010) By David Vanca. http://georgetown-
baatar/ICT-Law securitystudiesreview.org/2013/12/10/richard-a-clarke-and-
https://www.academia.edu/12012730/Mongolian_Law_ robert-k-knakes-cyber-war-the-next-threat-to-national-secu-
Regulation_and_Enforcement_in_Digital_Environment rity-and-what-to-do-about-it-harper-collins-2010/
124
, ,
43.
,
44.
,
, ,
,
,
. .
,
,
, - 45.
, ,
,
( )
, .
46. ,
,
-
.41
.
; ;
; ;
. .
2014 3
0.412 ,
16-
0.50 12-,
0.441 14- , , , , ,
.42 , 2009
,
43
Borujigin-Fusure. ,
. . 2015.01.14. (
, , .).
,
, , 2, 2015 . . 2015. 19 .
, 44
Gabriel Dominguez. ,
. 2014.10.05.
, - , , 2, .
2015 .15-16 .
45
..
, .
41
Global Cybersecurity Index http://www.itu.int/en/ITUD/ 2014.10.31. ,
Cybersecurity/Documents/Global_Cybersecurity_Index_ , 1, 2015 . .11 .
DM365_Signed.pdf; http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Cybersecu- 46
D.Myagmar. New Geopolitical Situation and Defense Pol-
rity/Documents/GCI.pdf icy of Mongolia. 2012. pp. 15-20. The Institute for Geopolit-
42
Global 2014 results http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Cyberse- ical Studies, The Mongolian Journal of Geopolitical Stud-
curity/Documents/GCI_Global_2014_results.pdf ies, 1, 2015. Ulaanbaatar. 2015.p.15.
125
2017 1 (61)
,
.
3 .
,
,
,
2013.6.17 2013
*1
, ,
2014.10.21*2 , ,
2014
2015.10.13*3
*4
2015.4.28*5 2013*6 , , ,
*7
,
2015.5.08*8 2009*9
*10
,
2015.5.08*11 2009*12
*13
46
D.Myagmar. New Geopolitical Situation and Defense Poli- pan-and-the-united-states-to-deepen-cybersecurity-cooper-
cy of Mongolia. 2012. p. 15-20. The Institute for Geopolitical ation/
Studies, The Mongolian Journal of Geopolitical Studies, *7
James Andrew Lewis. U.S.-Japan Cooperation in Cyber-
1, 2015. Ulaanbaatar. 2015.p.15. security (A Report of the CSIS Strategic Program). Novem-
*1
The New Norms: Global Cyber-Security Agreements ber 2015. p. 17 http://csis.org/files/publication/151105_Lew-
Face Challenges By Tim Maurer, February 5, 2016IHS is_USJapanCyber_Web.pdf
Janes Intelligence Review http://carnegieendowment. *8
The Next Level for Russia-China Cyberspace Coopera-
org/2016/02/05/new-norms-global-cyber-security-protocols- tion? ByElaine Korzak, August 20, 2015 http://blogs.cfr.
face-challenges/iv53 org/cyber/2015/08/20/the-next-level-for-russia-china-cyber-
*2
China, Japan, ROK hold cyber security meeting in Bei- space-cooperation/
jing (Xinhua) 2014.10.22 http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/ *9
world/2014-10/22/content_18786642.htm
*3
S. Korea, Japan, China to hold cyber policy talks, 2009.06.16
2015.10.13 http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2015/10 (2012.01.05- ) https://
/13/0200000000AEN20151013004800315.html?b1e08f30 ccdcoe.org/sites/default/files/documents/SCO-090616-IIS-
AgreementRussian.pdf
*4
(ITU),
*10
(ASEAN), (, , ,
, 5 ),
,
2015.04.30 http://government.ru/media/files/5AMAccs7mSl
Xgbff1Ua785WwMWcABDJw.pdf
. China, Japan, ROK hold cyber security meet-
*11
The Next Level for Russia-China Cyberspace Cooper-
ing in Beijing (Xinhua) 2014.10.22 http://www.chinadaily. ation? ByElaine Korzak, August 20, 2015 http://blogs.cfr.
org/cyber/2015/08/20/the-next-level-for-russia-china-cyber-
com.cn/world/2014-10/22/content_18786642.htm China,
space-cooperation/
Japan, South Korea Talk Cyber Issues, By Emilio Iasiello,
2015.11.23, DarkMatters-Superior Attack Intelligence. http://
*12
darkmatters.norsecorp.com/2015/11/23/cyber-issues-chi-
na-japan-south- korea-talk/
2009.06.16 (2012.01.05-
*5
White House unveils cyber pact with Japan, ByCory ) https://ccdcoe.org/sites/default/files/documents/
Bennett Arpil 28 2015, Th Hill http://thehill.com/policy/cyber- SCO-090616-IISAgreementRussian.pdf
security/240283-white-house-unveils-unprecedented-cy-
ber-partnership-with-japan
*13
*6
Joint Statement of the U.S.-Japan Cyber Defense Poli-
cy Working Group, May 30, 2015 http://www.mod.go.jp/j/ ,
press/news/2015/05/30a_1.pdf Japan and the United 2015.04.30 http://government.ru/media/files/5AMAccs7mSl
States to Deepen Cybersecurity Cooperation: The growing Xgbff1Ua785WwMWcABDJw.pdf
threat of digital attacks moves Washington and Tokyo clos-
er together in trying to secure cyberspace ByFranz-Stefan
Gady, June 02, 2015 http://thediplomat.com/2015/06/ja-
126
, ,
,
2015.9.11*14 2013*15
,
*16
,
;*18
2015.9.25*17 2015
*19;
,
*20
2015.10.16*21 2013*22
, ,
, ;
2016.04.08*23 2015
2020
.
*14
Australia-Republic of Korea Foreign and Defence Minis- ,
ters 2+2 Meeting, Joint statement. 11 September 2015 http:// ,
foreignminister.gov.au/releases/Pages/2015/jb_mr_150911. .
aspx?w=tb1CaGpkPX%2FlS0K%2Bg9ZKEg% 3D%3D , -
*20
*15
Australia and South Korea to Deepen Defense Ties: The
defense and foreign ministers of both countries agreed ,
to a new defense and security cooperation blueprint. By , , ,
Franz-Stefan Gady. September 17, 2015 http://thediplo- .
mat.com/2015/09/australia-and-south-korea-to-deepen-de- -
fense-ties/ ,
*16
, , -
.
, (KrCERT/CC; CERT ,
Australia), ,
,
.
, .
Fact Sheet: President Xi Jinpings State Visit to the
*17
,
United States, September 25, 2015 https://www.white- .
house.gov/the-press-office/2015/09/25/fact-sheet-presi- 2015
dent-xi-jinpings-state-visit-united-states ,
*18
.
, *21
Remarks by President Obama and President Park of
, the Republic of Korea in Joint Press Conference. The
, White House, Oct 16, 2015 https://www.whitehouse.gov/
, the-press-office/2015/10/16/remarks-president-obama-and-
, president-park-republic-korea-joint-press
*22
US, South Korea join forces to prevent cyberattacks by
,
North Korea By Jennifer Chang, IDG News Service, Apr 3,
,
2013 1:25 PM http://www.pcworld.com/article/2032918/us-
.
south-korea-join-forces-to-prevent-cyberattacks-by-north-
*19
korea.html
, *23
Japan, Estonia vow to strengthen cybersecurity coop-
-
eration. The Japan Times, April 8, 2016 http://www.japan-
2015 7
times.co.jp/news/2016/04/08/national/politics-diplomacy/
japan-estonia-vow-strengthen cybersecurity-cooperation/#.
Vwg0IqQrLNN
127
2017 1 (61)
,
-
- 49.
, James Andrew 2011
Lewis ...
2015
,
47. ,
1) ,
;
2) ,
50. 2015
-
;
3)
51.
, .
, , ,
, ,
-
-
,
2011; 2015
, ,
.
-
, 2016 5
48.
, 2011
(WSIS)- ,
-
, ... , 52.
(, , , )
, , https://ccdcoe.org/sites/default/files/documents/
UN-110912-CodeOfConduct_0.pdf
http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol-
47
James Andrew Lewis. U.S.-Japan Cooperation in Cyber- =A%2F66%2F359&Submit=Search&Lang=E
security (A Report of the CSIS Strategic Program). Novem- 49
Will China and Russias Updated Code of Conduct Get
ber 2015. p.3 http://csis.org/files/publication/151105_Lew- More Traction in a Post-Snowden Era? ByAlex Grigsby,
is_USJapanCyber_Web.pdf January 28, 2015 http://blogs.cfr.org/cyber/2015/01/28/will-
48
International code of conduct for information security (An- china-and-russias-updated-code-of-conduct-get- more-trac-
nex to the letter dated 9 January 2015 from the Permanent tion-in-a-post-snowden-era/
Representatives of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the 50
An Analysis of the International Code of Conduct for In-
Russian Federation, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan to the Unit- formation Security. By Sarah McKune September 28, 2015
ed Nations addressed to the Secretary-General [Original: https://citizenlab.org/2015/09/international-code-of-conduct/
Chinese and Russian]) https://ccdcoe.org/sites/default/files/
documents/UN-150113-CodeOfConduct.pdf
51
Dmitry Medvedev attends the opening ceremony of the
https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/ 2nd World Internet Conference. From Dmitry Medvedevs
N15/014/02/PDF/N1501402.pdf?OpenElement Internation- address, 16 Dec 2015, Wuzhen, Peoples Republic of China
al code of conduct for information security (Annex to the let- http://government.ru/en/news/21075/
ter dated 12 September 2011 from the Permanent Repre- 52
WSIS Forum 2016, Draft Agenda (As of 7 April 2016)
sentatives of China, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan and https://www.itu.int/net4/wsis/forum/2016/Content/docu-
Uzbekistan to the United Nations addressed to the Secre- ments/agenda/WSISForum_2016_DraftAgenda_ 2016-04-
tary-General [Original: Chinese, English and Russian]) 07.pdf
128
, ,
(ITU)-
,
53. , , ,
, .
-
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
, ,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
-
.
,
.
, ,
, ,
,
-
.
.
---o0o---
53
The ITU National Cybersecurity Strategy Guide. Dr. Fred-
erick Wamala (Ph.D.), CISSP. Geneva, 2012
http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/cyb/cybersecurity/docs/ITUNation-
alCybersecurityStrategyGuide.pdf
129
2017 1 (61)
, ,
, ,
.
-
, .
, , ,
,
: ,
, , ,
, ,
, , . -
: .
. .
.
, ,
.
, ,
,
, ,
,
. ,
,
,
.1
,
, ,
1
.
, http://tsbatbayar.blogmn.net/102593/main.php
130
, ,
,
,
5
.
,
.
,
,
. 2
, , , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
,
, .
, ,
, , , ,
, , ,
,
, ,
, ,
. ,
.
.3
. :
,
// 6
?
,
/
, ../
.
,
, ,
.
,
.4
,
2
-
, .,2013 , 71 . .
3
, ,
, , :
- ,
, 1. .
.
4
( 1)
5
26 .
., .,2006 . 13 . 6
https://teachingcommons.stanford.edu/gallery/seminar
131
2017 1 (61)
(course ,
preparation handbook), ,
(course
design aids)- .
. ,
,
/critically/
7: , ,
a.
? .
1-5
b.
, 3-5
,
(, ) ?
c.
. -
? ( , , ,
, , , .
.) .
2. -
. 9.
.
, . ,
/ .
/ :
a. , .
, ; ,
b. , , .
; ,
c. , ;
.
d. , ; .
e. , ,
;
f. .
; -, .
g. . . , ,
3. . .
,
8: .
- . .
.
. ,
.
7
https://teachingcommons.stanford.edu/resources/ ,
course-preparation-resources/course-preparation-hand-
book .
8
Barkley, Elizabeth F. Student Engagement Techniques: A 9
Brookfield, Stephen D. and Stephen Preskill. Discussion
Handbook for College Faculty. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, as a Way of Teaching: Tools and Techniques for Democratic
2010. Classrooms. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2005.
132
, ,
- .
10. .
, .
. .
:
. ?11
.
- .
.
.
:
.
.
.
. ,
.
.
.
-
,
.
.
-. , , .
. ,
, .
, 20 .
.
- .
.
, , ,
.
: .
- : ,
. ,
. ? ?
. .
. : ,
- : .
, .
,
,
.
. , -
, , , ,
. ,
. .
- .
.
, . 5-10
//.
.
11
Millis, B. J., and Cottell, P. G., Jr. (1998). Cooperative
10
Christine M, David M. Donahue, and Associates. Demo- Learning for Higher Education Faculty, American Council
cratic Dilemmas of Teaching Service-Learning: Curricular onEducation, Series on Higher Education. The Oryx Press,
Strategies for Success. Sterling, VA: Stylus, 2011. Phoenix, AZ.
133
2017 1 (61)
. .
. .
,
2-3 . .
-
.
,
.
. ,
.
.
. :
- : ?,
. ?,
?,
, ?..
.
- :
- ?,
. ? ..
.
- :
?,
.
? ..
,
. -:
,
. .
. .
- :
.
.
:
. .
:
.
- 12 .
- . .
,
.
, , :
.
1.
:
.
, ,
,
12
William H. Bergquist and Steven R. Phillips, A Handbook
,
for Faculty Development, Volume 2. Washington, D.C.: ,
Council for the Advancement of Small Colleges, 1977, p.
207.
134
, ,
.13 3. :
, ,
,
.15
. ,
,
.
,
,
,
, ,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
, ,
,
.
. 14 4. :
, , ,
, ,
, ,
.
, , ,
2. :
.
, ,
,
, ,
.
,
, ,
,
. ,
, ,
13
-
, .,2013 , 142 .
14
,
. ., 2015 , 7 . 15
17 .
135
2017 1 (61)
, ,
, .
, 2.
, ,
.
. ,
,
, ,
,
.
. 3.
,
.
, .
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
, , 4.
,
. ,
,
,
,
,
.
, ,
, ,
.
,
,
,
, . :
1.
.
---o0o---
136
- -
, (Ass. Juri) . ( )-
,
:
, , , ( ),
,
,
:
.
-
, , 1994
-
, (-
)
-
.
.
,
,
- -
,
,
-
.
-
. ,
-
, ,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
137
2017 1 (61)
. 3.
:
,
, .
.
.
1.
,
,
.
-
.
. ,
, 2 .
I.
4. :
1. :
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
. -
.
, , , .
2. : ,
3.
,
.
.
.
- 56.1.1,
, -
206, 193 .
.
2
.\ .:
1
: , , 2011 , 149 (154) .
(. ), 3
.: , 2014 , 2
2013 , 171 . , 36 .
138
II. . - 5
,
(315),
,
(242),
.
(138, 826),
(314) .
,
4.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
, 6.
.
- 1871
.
- ,
. -
.
. III.
?
.
,
.
,
. ,
- - 56.1.1, 206, 193 .
5
\ : - (
), , 2017 .
4
.: , 2010 , 350 6
J.W.Hedemann: Die Flucht in die Generalklauseln, Tbin-
. gen 1929, 4, S.1.
139
2017 1 (61)
;
,
.
.
.
7
.
.
,
. .
1790
,
.
,
. ,
,
.
IV.
.
,
,
,
.
, .
. .
,
,
8.
.
19
, ,
,
,
. ,
7
Mnchhausen-Trilemma
. () : Kurt Seel-
mann, Rechtsphilosophie, 2.Aufl., S.161-164.
, 8
Bockelmann: Festschrift fr Smend (1952). S.26.
140
10
.
,
(),
9, ,
( )
, .
.
,
I
, 11.
,
. ,
,
.
,
.
- 242-
, 12.
. ,
.
,
.
.
,
II .
,
, , ,
- 10
- .:
, : - , 2016 , 28
.
. .
12
Karl Engisch: Einfhrung in das juristische Denken he-
rausgegeben von Wrtenberger, Thomas\ Otto, Dirk, 11.
9
. Aufl., 2010, S.191.
141
2017 1 (61)
,
.
14.
,
.
. -
13 punitive damage
-
. 253- ,
,
, .
.
V.
,
.
-
.
,
Dsseldorfer Tabelle
-
,
56.1.1
,
,
,
.
.
,
-
242- .
.
- 230
- 511-
.
. ,
14
.: ,
, 2012 , 135-136 ; .:
13
.: ,
,
2011 1, 24 . , - , 2011 , 25 .
142
;
. -
230
,
,
.
. ,
,
,
, , ,
, , .
15.
VI.
,
15
.: , 2013 , 3 .
, 520 .
---o0o---
90
,
,
2017 03 30- .
, , ,
,
,
.
143
2017 1 (61)
,
.
.
, -
.
.
:
,
,
, , (
, ),
, ,
,
, ,
. .
: ,
.
,
.
, ,
.
.1 .
,
.
,
,
.
1
, ..,
.., 2008 , 94 .
144
. .4
,
, ,
, ,
1.1
,
,
, .
.
2
,
.5
.
1989 -
o
.
.
.
2008 .6
,
,
.
.
.
2006
.3
.
4
Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group
2
, .., ,
.., 2008 , 94 .
i
James D.Cox Managing and Monitoring Conflict of Interest:
. http://smth.jp/en/coi/index.html
Empowering the Outside Directors with Independent
Counsel., https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers. 5
http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Clo-
cfm?abstract_id=473264 Con/Conflict-of-Interest
3
http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Clo- 6
GC100: Companies act 2006- Directors conflict of interest
Con/Conflict-of-Interest http://uk.practicallaw.com/8-380-1895
145
2017 1 (61)
-
,
.
.
9
.
, :
.
: :
,
,
10:
.
7 .
, ,
.
,
11:
,
. .
1.2
8 :
,
:
, .
7
, ( 2014) 77
.
9
Usurping corporate opportunities. .
8
http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/busi-
10
Issue with gift, .
ness-conflict-of-interest. 11
utside employment conflict, .
146
.
. . -
12 13
. : (I)
,
(II)
.
1.
. 14
.
.
,
, ,
.
, .
.15
.
.
2. ,
.
.
,
-
.
16
. ,
3.
13
Safe harbor, .
12
Self dealing, 14
Gregory V.Varallo, Daniel A.Dreisbach, Black Rohrbacher
, , Fundamentals of Corporate Governance, p.30.
( )
15
Luca Inriques, The Law on Company Director Self Deal-
, ing: A Comparative Analysis https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/
papers.cfm?abstract_id=135674
. 16
Tunneling, .
147
2017 1 (61)
,
.
:
,
,
. : .
,
,
, ,
.
.
.17 ,
. .
1990-
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
. :
.
,
19
,18
.
17
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tunneling.asp#ix-
zz4QEU7xexH
.
18
.
:
19
, ( 1997) 19
.
148
20
,
21
.
.
, 24
:
. , ,
,
.
.
.
(, )
.
. .
,
,
.
.
-
.22
- .
.23
20
Insider trading, . ,
, (2014) 76
21
,
. .25 .
22
, ..,
., 2008 , 97 .
24
Insider, .
23
, (2011) 91 .
25
Wiliam J. Carney, Essentials Mergers and Acquisitions
Aspen Publishers; ( 2009) p.247.
149
2017 1 (61)
1.3 , -
,
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
. 29
2626
-
, ,
-
- ,
.
. ,
27 :
-
.
.28
,
- , - , :
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
. 29
,
,
:
,
,
27
:
.
.30
.
26 Duty of care, Duty of loyalty .,
, , ., 2012
.
27Umbrella phrase,
28
.
Klaus J.Hopt., Conflict of Interest, 28
Secrecy and Insider Information of Directors- G Comparative Analysis,
European Corporate Governance Institute https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2313697
29 Gregory V.Varallo, Daniel A.Dreisbach, Black Rohrbacher., Fundamentals of Corporate Governance.,
American Bar
Association; 2 edition (2011) p-30 -
.
26
Duty of care, Duty of loyalty
., , , 102 (b) (7)
, ., 2012
.
27
Umbrella phrase, . 29
Gregory V.Varallo, Daniel A.Dreisbach, Black Rohrbach-
28
Klaus J.Hopt., Conflict of Interest, Secrecy and Insider In- er., Fundamentals of Corporate Governance., American Bar
formation of Directors- G Comparative Analysis, European Association; 2 edition (2011) p.30.
Corporate Governance Institute https://papers.ssrn.com/ 30
., ,
sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2313697 , ., 2012 , 28 .
150
,
.31 -
. .
. 32
.
.
.
2.1
,
.
.
.
.
,
: .33
,
.34
,
-
. .
Dana M.Muir, Cindy A.Schipani, The Challenge f Compa-
31 33
, (2011) 84 p .
ny Stock Transactions for Directors Duties of Loyalty 34
Klaus J.Hopt, Eddy Wymeersch Capital Market and Com-
32
Japan, Companies act, article 355. pany Law pp.530-544.
151
2017 1 (61)
5%-
120,000 .
.37
,
.
, -
, . -
,
. 35 -
.36 -
(Aktiengesellschaft)
-
2014
22 ,
3
.
- 2015 2016 .
.
,
,
. 38
-
.
-
, - ,
.
35
(2014) 56
1 56 2.4
,
,
,
,
: .
36
, 2015.12.17,
443,
, 4.1
- Anatomy of Corporate Law, A comparative and Functional
37
152
.
84
. .
175 -
,
. .
-
,
,
- . .
,
- .
- ,
-
.
.41
. -
,
.
-
,
.
,
39
.
.42
41
Gregory V.Varallo, Daniel A.Dreisbach, Black Rohrbacher
.40 Fundamentals of Corporate Governance., American Bar As-
sociation; 2 edition (2011).
42
, Bianchi 2014, supra note 3, at 24, 25. See
also Corrado Malberti/Emiliano Sironi, The Mandatory Rep-
39
, (2011) 92 1 resentation of Minority Shareholders on the Board of Direc-
. tors of Italian Listed Corporations: An Empirical Analysis,
40
, (2002) 50 1 . available at http://www.sssn.com/abstract=965398, 2007
153
2017 1 (61)
,
:43
.
.
.
, -
45,
-
,
46
.
.
, ,
10%-
.
.47
.
-
. , ,
.
. :
.
. :
.
44- .
2.2
.
.
?
.
.
.
Restriction on short term trading, .
45
46
Direct ban, .
Zohar Goshent, The efficiency of controlling corporate self
43
47
Reinier Kraakman/John Armour/Paul Davies/Luca En-
dealing: Theory meets reality., https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/ riques/Henry Hansmann/Gerard Hertig/Klaus Hopt/Hideki
papers.cfm?abstract_id=2318668 Kanda/Edward Rock, The Anatomy Of Corporate Law, Ox-
44
Fairness test, . ford 2d ed. 2009, p. 170-172.
154
1880 -
.
,
, .
, 1910
,
,
.
.
,
.49
.
.
,
.
,
.50 :
.
-
-
,
-
, ,
,
. -
, - .
.
,
, ,
.51
49
James D.Cox Managing and Monitoring Conflict of Inter-
est: Empowering the Outside Directors with Independent
Counsel., https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?ab-
. stract_id=473264
50
, 144
.
.48
51
., ,
48
. , , ., 2012 , 33 .
, ., 2012 . 33 - 34 .
155
2017 1 (61)
. 56
, .
. 53
,
. ,
,
,
56.1.8
.
.52
(
,
, )
.
,
,
57.1
.
. : ?
- - .
.
- -
, ,
(:
. )
57.2
,
56.1.1 56.1.8
(: ,
52
Reinier Kraakman/John Armour/Paul Davies/Luca En- )
riques/Henry Hansmann/Gerard Hertig/Klaus Hopt/Hideki
Kanda/Edward Rock, The Anatomy Of Corporate Law, Ox- 53
. , ..,
ford 2d ed. 2009, p.173-174. 2010 , 116 .
156
?
. ?
.
2.3
.54 ,
57.2
ex
nunc
55.
,
,
,
:
.
. :
-
, (
)
-
:
.
.
-
.
-
:
. (
).56
.57
.
54
.., ., ..,
2010 , 117 .
55
.., ., .., ,
2010 , 131 . , ,
56
Ko ,(2011) 90 1
. http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/busi-
57
ness-conflict-of-interest.
157
2017 1 (61)
.
,
, 2.
,
. - 84
84.4.2, 84.4.3
. :
, , ,
, -
.
,
,
.58
1.
,
3.
,
, , -
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
, 4.
,
58
Andrew Lumsden., The business judgment defence in-
sights from ASIC v Rich, file:///C:/Users/HOME/Downloads/
SSRN-id1584652%20(1).pdf
158
. ,
,
,
(:
, )
.
.
5. .
---o0o---
. , ,
4.1.
. ,
.
4.2.
.
4.3. .
:
a) 1 (34 , 3 )
b) (:
)
c) , : /
,
\
d) , .
/ 100900012009, ,
/
4.4.
4.3- b, c, d-
.
4.5. 4.4- 4.3-
.
4.6. ,
.
4.7.
.
,
. ,
,
.
159
2017 1 (61)
: -
1900
.
,
.
,
,
(civil law system)
,
,
.
,
: - -
(
), .
, , ,
,
2017
.
: -
(
)
- 2016
.
:
, ,
.
.
160
2017
,
CMYK
2016
2016
2016
161
2017 1 (61)
2002
, ,
, , . , ,
3605 11028 . 2004-2006
,
Checkpoint .
,
facebook.com, twitter.com social media,
,
, ,
.
www.library.legalinstitute.mn
,
, .
162