NOTES

Profiling of overconsolidation ratio in clays by field vane

PAULW. MAYNE'
Law Engineering, P.O. Box QQ, McLean, VA 22101, U.S.A.
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AND

JAMESK. MITCHELL
Department of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A.
Received May 20, 1987
Accepted August 21, 1987

The field vane (FV) has traditionally been utilized to obtain profiles of undrained shear strength in soft to medium clays.
After some 40 years of experience with FV results, it has been suggested that empirical correction factors be applied to the FV
data to account for the effects of strain rate, anisotropy, and disturbance on measured shear strengths. As an additional use of
the device, the FV may be calibrated at each site to develop profiles of overconsolidation ratio (OCR) with depth. A data base
of oedometer test results and FV strengths from 96 different clays has been compiled to use as a basis for this calibration.
Key words: field vane, undrained strength, clay, overconsolidation ratio, preconsolidation pressure, shear strength, vane
shear.

La resistance au scissomktre (FV) a traditionnellement CtC utilisCe pour dCterminer les profils de la rksistance au cisaillement
non drainCe dans les argiles moyennes i molles. Aprks quelque 40 ans d'expCrience avec les rksultats de scissomktre, des
facteurs de correction empiriques ont CtC suggCrCs pour tenir compte des effets de vitesse de cisaillement, d'anisotropie, et de
For personal use only.

remaniement sur les rksistances mesurCes. Comme utilisation additionnelle de cet outil, la rksistance au scissombtre peut &tre
calibrke sur chaque site pour Ctablir des profils du rapport de surconsolidation (OCR) en fonction de la profondeur. Des
donnCes de rksultats d'essais oedomktriques et de rksistances au scissomktre pour 96 argiles diffirentes ont CtC compilkes pour
servir de base i cette calibration.
Mots clis : scissombtre de chantier, rksistance non drainCe, argile, rapport de surconsolidation, pression de prCconsolidation,
rksistance au cisaillement, resistance au scissomktre.
[Traduit par la revue]

Can. Geotech. J. 25, 150-157 (1988)

Introduction occurred after having been indicated to be stable using CuFV.

The field vane (FV) is perhaps the most popular tool for the
direct in situ measurement of undrained shear strength (C,) in
soft to medium clays. In addition to its simplicity, the vane
shear test (VST) can also be used to provide an in situ measure
of clay sensitivity. Various sizes and shapes of vanes have
been developed, including some for the study of strength
anisotropy (Richardson et al. 1975). Generally, commercial
vanes are square and have four blades and a height-to-diameter
ratio (HID) of 2. Details concerning the geometry, test proce-
dures, and calculations of C, from torque may be found in
Schmertmann (1975) and Aas et al. (1986). In practice, the test
is usually performed according to ASTM D-2573 (American
Society for Testing and Materials 1986). Effects of shearing
rates have been studied by Perlow and Richards (1977).
Much experience using FV data led to recommendations by
Bjermm (1972) for empirical corrections to CuFvvalues before
their direct application to geotechnical problems involving
stability (Bjermm 1973). These correction factors are in the
form of reduction coefficients, and are generally based upon
the results of back analyses of many failures of embank-
ments, foundations, and excavations in clays observed to have
'Present address: Department of Civil Engineering, Cornell Uni-
versity, Hollister Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.
Printed in Canada 1 Imprim6 au Canada
For routine use, these correction factors were then cross-
correlated with plasticity index (Bjermm 1972, 1973) and (or)
liquid limit (Larsson 1980). Later, the correction coefficients
were related to the normalized undrained strength to over-
burden ratios (Aas et al. 1986).
The original correlation proposed by Bjermm for estimating
the correction factor (denoted p ) is shown in Fig. 1. Larsson
(1980) modified this relationship based on a larger and more
recent number of back-calculated failures. A correction rela-
ting the liquid limit was also proposed (Fig. la). Since routine
studies utilize a two-dimensional stability model, Azzouz et a/.
(1983) reexamined the original cases of Bjermm to include end
effects using a three-dimensional analysis. The revised correla-
tion with plasticity index is shown in Fig. lb. The most recent
evaluation of the field vane correction factors (Aas et al. 1986)
considers the effects of preconsolidation on the results
(Fig. lc).
The uncertainty in correcting the FV data, with reduction
coefficients based on plasticity indices (I,), led some
researchers to question the continued use of the FV in practice
(Schmertmann 1975). Indeed, the practicing engineer must
also investigate the variation of I, with depth in order to correct
the FV strength profile.
The purpose of this paper is to show that CuFVvalues can
 NOTES 151

also be used to profile the in situ overconsolidation ratio 1.2

(a)
(OCR) equal to (c$/u:,) of a clay deposit. As much as 30 years 1.0
ago, Hansbo (1957) suggested a correlation between o; and
CuFV,based on the liquid limit. This provides an alternative 0.8
means for determining the undrained strength for stability
analyses using an observed relationship between direct simple 0.6
shear (DSS) strengths and OCR (Jamiolkowski et al. 1985): 0.4
0 40 80 120 160
[I.] (C,,/U:,)~~~= 0.23 0CR0.' LIQUID LIMIT
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The actual effective stress path followed by a FV test is not a.

truly known and probably not directly relevant to stability
problems (Wroth 1984). However, the results of DSS tests
have been shown to provide a good average value of mobilized
strength along a potential failure surface (Kinner and Ladd
1973; Larsson 1980; Trak et al. 1980). Equally important is
the fact that knowledge of the OCR provides a basis for estima-
tion of the horizontal at-rest earth pressure coefficient, KO
(Ladd et al. 1977). This parameter is required for most
stress-deformation analyses.
Determination of OCR
0
Critical-state soil mechanics (Wroth 1984; Mayne 1980) and PLASTICITY INDEX
SHANSEP methods (Ladd et al. 1977) have shown that the
normalized undrained shear strength increases with overcon-
solidation ratio according to the general expression
For personal use only.

where (C,/a:,,) is shear strength to consolidation pressure ratio

for normally consolidated clay, A is plastic volumetric strain
ratio, and the overconsolidation ratio is defined in terms of
effective vertical stress (OCR = a;/a:,). The vertical precon-
solidation stress (ah) can be defined by the intersection of the
KO-stresspath with the yield envelope. Most commonly, ah is
determined from oedometer tests run on undisturbed tube or
block samples.
Rearranging [2], the OCR may be expressed as
= NORMALIZED
(Chvd)
[3] OCR =[ ]
(cu/a:o> 'IA
(cu/u:nc)
STRENGTH
FY

FIG.1. Empirical strength correction factors for FV based on corre-

If the specific reference values of (Cu/o:,,) and A are known
for a given clay, then the (CU/u{,) determined from FV tests
could be used to index the profile of OCR with depth for the
deposit. A review of nine well-documented clays summarized
by Jamiolkowski et al. (1985) indicates typical values of
C,/a{,, range from 0.16 to 0.74 (mean = 0.28) and the param-
eter A varies from 0.77 to 1.51 (mean = 1.03) for field vane
shear conditions.
Often, however, the specific reference values of C,/a:,, for
a particular clay deposit are not known prior to the geotechni-
cal investigation and little guidance is available for their esti-
mation. In the present study, a data base of FV strengths has
been developed to define general relationships that can be used
to estimate the OCR.
The undrained strength of clay is not a unique soil property
but a behavioral response to a particular type of load. Boun-
dary conditions, strain rate, and direction of loading affect the
response. The consequence is that every clay has a variety of
undrained shear strengths corresponding to different loading
conditions, and each of the common laboratory test types, i.e.,
triaxial compression and extension, simple shear, plane strain
active and passive conditions, gives a different value. In addi-
tion to unique values of CU/u{,, that are associated with each
laboratory mode of testing, it should also be expected that each
lation with (a) liquid limit, (b) plasticity index, and (c) normalized
undrained strength to overburden ratio.
field test (field vane, cone penetrometer, pressuremeter, etc.)
should exhibit separate relationships between undrained
strength and OCR (Mayne 1986).
Field vane data base
Laboratory consolidation test data, index property values,
and field vane strengths from 96 clays were compiled for this
study. The sites, data point symbols, and references are shown
in Table 1. The soil deposits included normally consolidated
(OCR = 1) to heavily overconsolidated clays (OCR's up to
40). Plasticity indices varied from as low as 3 (Emmentad) to
as high as 300 (Mexico). The measured vane strengths ranged
from 1.6 kPa (Gullberg River) to 380 kPa (Corcoran). Sensi-
tivities measured by FV tests varied from 2 to indeterminately
high owing to remolded strength values too low to measure.
At each of these sites, companion series of one-dimensional
consolidation tests were also performed, generally on tube
samples extracted from above or below the individual vane
tests or, alternatively, from adjacent borings. The values of a;
and (or) OCR were reported in each of the references cited. It
should be noted that the determination of from oedometer
 152 CAN. GEOTECH. J. VOL. 25, 1988
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For personal use only.

( ) = NORMALIZED
STRENGTH
FIELD VANE

FIG.2. Observed trend between OCR and normalized field vane strength to overburden ratio.

curves may be difficult in some cases, especially in very stiff
to hard clays. In addition, sample disturbance tends to reduce
the apparent value of a; (Ladd et al. 1977).
A direct comparison between the laboratory-measured OCR
and the normalized field vane strength (Cu/a{o)Fvis presented
as Fig. 2. The "average" trend may be found from regression
analyses on 262 data points, assuming a log-log relationship
(r = 0.80):
which yields mean values of Cu/a{,, = 0.146 and A = 1.52
for the FV test. These are quite different from typical param-
eters derived from triaxial and simple shear data bases (Mayne
1985). For example, isotropically consolidated triaxial com-
pression tests tend to have mean values of 0.33 and 0.71,
respectively.
It is observed that [4] tends to underestimate OCR's in very
quick and sensitive clays. It could be that sampling disturb-
ances caused reduction in a;, especially in lean clays.
If a forced value of the exponent term 11A = 1 is assumed
and a direct relationship between OCR and normalized strength
is sought, the regression analyses give a best-fit line with no
intercept (r = 0.81):
[5] OCR = 4.3 1(CuFv/a{,)
It should be noted that many important factors were not
investigated during this study, primarily because incomplete
information was provided by the sources of data. Some of
these factors were size of vane, mineralogy, sand content, clay
fraction, anisotropy, and geological origins. Were they taken
into account appropriately, then the data scatter in Fig. 2 might
be reduced.
Indexing of preconsolidation stress
Hansbo (1957) proposed that a; may be directly linked to
CuFV.Using the data base shown in Table 1, this hypothesis
has been investigated and indicates the general trend shown in
Fig. 3. Regression analyses on 343 data points assuming a
log -log relationship (r = 0.89) give
[6] a; = 7 .@t(cuFv)0.83
or, by assuming that a direct arithmetic relation exists between
a; and CuFV,regression analyses give a best-fit line with no
intercept (r = 0.88):
[7] a;=3.45cUFv
If for simplicity a value of A = 1 is assumed, then [5] may
be generalized to
[81 OCR = ~FV(CUFV/~~O)
A similar formulation for [7] yields
 NOTES
TABLE1. Field vane
Data
point
symbol Site and reference
@ Saint Alban (Roy et al. 1981)
0 Porto Tolle (Jamiolkowski et al. 1982)
@ Trieste (Battaglio et al. 1981)
@ Boston blue (D'Appolonia et al. 1971)
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83 Khor Al-Zubair (Hanzawa 1977)
CIl Daikoku-Cho (Hanzawa 1983)
(> San Francisco (Duncan and Buchignani 1973)
0 Sermide (Colombo et al. 1979)
8 Gullbergvass (Hansbo 1984)
A Olskroken (Hansbo 1984)
a Asrum, Oslo (Hoeg et al. 1969)
D Launceston (Pany 1970)
b Rang du Fleuve (Trak et al. 1980)
4 Rupert-7 (Trak et al. 1980)
B New Liskeard (Trak et al. 1980)
B Matagami (Trak et al. 1980)
A Ottawa (Bauer 1984)
A Portsmouth (Ladd 1972)
v Vankleek (Bozozuk 1972)
r Heron Road (Mitchell et al. 1972)
m Kalix (Holtz and Holm 1979)
n Rangsit (Moh et al. 1972)
A Gloucester (Bozozuk and Leonards 1972)
v Lanester (Pilot et al. 1982)
For personal use only.
V Cubzac (Pilot et al. 1982)
P Natsushima (Hanzawa 1979)
O Kimola (Leonards 1982)
Roorkee (Mohan et al. 1978)
0 Pisa (Mitchell et al. 1977)
0 Manhattan (Parsons 1976)
0 Brunnsbo (Onje and Broms 1967)
8 Newport News (Mayne and Jones 1982)
Corcoran (Bara and Hill 1967)
8 Gullberg (Orrje and Broms 1967)
$ Lilla Mellosa (Larsson 1977)
$ Joliette (Morin et al. 1983)
Berthierville (Morin et al. 1983)
0 St. Cesaire (Leroueil et al. 1983)
A Varennes (Leroueil et al. 1983)
A Mascouche (Leroueil et al. 1983)
@ Fort Lennox (Leroueil et al. 1983)
Louiseville (Leroueil et al. 1983)
B Batiscan (Leroueil et al. 1983)
V Belfast (Davies and Humpheson 1982)
@ Maine (Ladd and Foott 1974)
@ Empire (Azzouz and Lutz 1986)
a Saugus (Jamiolkowski et al. 1985)
D Connecticut (Jamiolkowski et al. 1985)
The parameter aFvwas calculated for 263 individual data
points from the 96 sites according to
OCR
[lo1 u w =
(CU/~:O)FV
Values of a ~ inv the data base generally range from 1.8 to 20,
although data on Backa clay reported by 0j e and Broms
(1967) indicated values as high as 33. Furthermore, as shown
by Fig. 4, aw decreases with increasing plasticity index of the
clay. Assuming a log - log relationship, regression analyses of
the data in Fig. 4 indicated (r = -0.75)
- a; data base
Data
point
symbol Site and reference
0 Rio de Janeiro (Ramalho-OrtigC et al. 1983)
$ Thunder Bay (Ng et al. 1986)
@ Silty Holocene (Koutsoftas and Fischer 1976)
@ Plastic Holocene (Koutsoftas and Fischer 1976)
0 Aby (Hansbo 1984)
8 Rissa (Gregersen 1980)
0 Louisiana I (Quiros et al. 1983)
Louisiana 2 (Quiros et al. 1983)
$ Louisiana 3 (Quiros et al. 1983)
(SI Fao, Iraq (Hanzawa 1983)
Yorktown (Mayne et al. 1986)
@ Shellhaven (Skempton and Hankel 1953)
@ Sea Island (Konrad et al. 1985)
@ Soft Bangkok (Eide and Holmberg 1972)
O Drammen (Lacasse et al. 1981)
0 Haga (Lunne et al. 1986)
8 Kars (Raymond 1972)
B Emmerstad (Lacasse et al. 1985)
Z Ellingsrud (Lacasse et al. 1985)
f3 Onsoy (Lacasse et al. 1985)
4 Ska-Edeby (Massarsch et al. 1975)
4 Jarva-Krog (Massarsch et al. 1975)
b Ursvik (Massarsch et al. 1975)
P Backebol (Massarsch et al. 1975)
Trinidad (Watson el al. 1984)
8 Kars (Law et al. 1977)
@ Boundary Road (Law et al. 1977)
E Coode lsland (Walker and Morgan 1977)
m Helsinki (Broms and Boman 1977)
Fiumincino (Burghnigoli and Calabresi 1977)
0 Backa (Onje and Broms 1967)
O Rang Est (Silvestri 1980)
O Rang Ouest (Silvestri 1980)
@ Sundland (Berre and Bjermm 1973)
Vaterland (Berre and Bjermm 1973)
Studenterlunden (Berre and Bjermm 1973)
East Bangkok (Berre and Bjermm 1973)
NRCC (Eden and Law 1980)
A Kent (Nicholson and Jardine 1982)
'L Ste. Catherine (Morin et al. 1983)
r;7 Rigaud (Morin et al. 1983)
Q Wallaceburg (Lo and Becker 1979)
A Contrecoeur (Bozozuk et al. 1978)
h New York (Leathers and Ladd 1978)
V Mexico (Marsal 1959)
\ Sumatra (Trenter 1980)
o Omaha (Jamiolkowski et al. 1985)
James Bay (Jamiolkowski et al. 1975)
[i 11 aFv = 22(1,)-0.~~
The original correlation proposed by Hansbo (1957) for
Swedish clays related IXFV to the liquid limit (wL in percent):
[12] (YFV = 222/wL
This relation was reviewed by Larsson (1980) to include
Scandinavian clays, in general, and was alternatively expressed
in terms of plasticity index (I, in percent):
1
[13] C Y =~
(0.08 + 0.00551,)
 CAN. GEOTECH. J. VOL. 25. 1988
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For personal use only.

CUFV = FIELD VANE STRENGTH (kPa) b

FIG. 3. Observed relationship between apparent preconsolidation pressure from laboratory oedometer and FV strength.

I p = PLASTICITY INDEX (%)

FIG.4. Apparent trend between a! factor and plasticity index.
 NOTES
OCR OCR
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For personal use only.
FIG.5 . Measured OCR profiles at six sites as determined from oedometer tests (individual points) and estimated profiles from FV data (dashed
lines).
Essentially, [13] and [I 11 give identical results for I, > 5.
An application of the proposed method in estimating the pro-
files of OCR in six different clay deposits is shown in Fig. 5 .
The values of I, range from 8 to 100. It may be seen that the
values of OCR, calculated using [8], agree well with those
determined from the results of oedometer tests. In these
examples, aFvwas estimated from [ll.]. In practice, it is
recommended that vane strengths actually be calibrated with
the results of consolidation data obtained from undisturbed
samples.
An interesting similarity also exists between the OCR adjust-
ment coefficient (aFv) and the empirical vane strength correc-
tion factor (y) proposed by Bjerrum (1973). Both decrease with
Ip at approximately the same rate. By comparing Fig. l b with
Fig. 4, it appears that, in general,
possibly allowing y to be determined from oedometer tests
rather than Ip.
Conclusions
Based On a review data and vane
strengths from 96 different clays, it is shown that a general COr-
relation exists between OCR and normalized undrained
strength to overburden ratio. This relationship is different than
OCR
that observed between OCR and normalized shear strength
determined by laboratory shear test methods. This difference
can be explained by the different normalized shear strength
ratios obtained from different test types. The preconsolidation
pressure (a;) and the measured field vane strength (CuFV)also
correlate within definable limits, and appear to be partially
dependent on the index properties of the clay. Calibration
and verification of these trends are recommended for each spe-
cific site.
In their simplest form, the proposed expressions adopted are
in which aFvranges from - 2 to 20 and is related to the plas-
ticitv index.
Acknowledgements
Anne Bethoun and Ken Ellis are thanked for preparation of
the manuscript and figures.
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