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Fill to +8.5mPD
p (kPa)
Fill to +5.5mPD
Fill to +2.5mPD
Time (Months)
1. Residual Settlement due to primary consolidation The creep settlement of granular fill is modelled as a linear relationship with log time by the following
formula (Sowers et al, 1965):
As the effective stress increment in the marine deposit (MD) and alluvium silt/clay is greater than that due to s c = H log(t 2-t c)/(t 1-t c)]
future loading, the MD and alluvium silt/clay are considered over-consolidated. A rebound will occur after where t 2 = Time for residual settlement calculation = 50 yr
removal of surcharge loading. The change in settlement will then follow recompression curve when the t 1 = time at site handover = 2 yr
future imposed load (20kPa) is applied on the reclamation. t c = Time for completing fill placement or the construction period = 0.83 yr
Effective stress due to fill Settlement within reclamation fill (Type A untreated fill)
= (5.5 - 1.2) x 19 + [1.2 - (-3) + 6.25] x (19 - 10.25) = 173.1 kPa = 5.5 x 0.0065 x log[(50-0.83)/(2-0.83)]
= 58 mm
Effective stress due to imposed load = 20 kPa
Settlement within reclamation fill (Type B/D treated fill)
Residual Settlement due to primary consolidation (MD) = 9.25 x 0.002 x log[(50-0.83)/(2-0.83)]
= 26 x 0.029 x log[(61.8+173.1+20)/(61.8+173.1)] = 30 mm
= 27 mm
4. Total Residual Settlement
Residual Settlement due to primary consolidation (Alluvium Silt/Clay)) = 27 + 3 + 233 + 75 + 58 + 30
= 10 x 0.011 x log[(167.3+173.1+20)/(167.3+173.1)] = 426 mm
= 3 mm
Seondary consolidation of a soil layer at a given time t is calculated using the following formula (Carter,
1996):
s s = C H olog[(t 2-t 0)/(t 1-t 0)]
where t 2 = Time for residual settlement calculation = 50 yr
t 1 = time at site handover = 2 yr
t 0 = Start of the time for secondary consolidation calculation = 0.42 yr