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INTRODUCTION

A hydraulic jump is phenomenon in the science of hydraulics which is frequently


observed in open channel flow such as rivers and spillways. When liquid at high velocity
discharges into a zone of lower velocity, a rather abrupt rise occurs in the liquid surface. The
rapidly flowing liquid is abruptly slowed and increases in height, converting some of the flows
initial kinetic energy into an increase in potential energy, with some energy irreversibly lost
through turbulence to heat. In an open channel flow, this manifests as the fast flow rapidly
slowing and piling up on top of itself similar to how a shockwave forms.

The phenomenon is dependent upon the initial fluid speed. If the initial speed of the fluid
is below the critical speed, then no jump is possible. For initial flow speeds which are not
significantly above the critical speed, the transition appears as an undulating wave. As the initial
flow speed increases further, the transition becomes more abrupt, until at high enough speeds,
the transition front will break and curl back upon itself. When this happens, the jump can be
accompanied by violent turbulence, eddying, air entrainment and surface undulations or waves.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the characteristic of a hydraulic jump (standing wave) produced when water flows
beneath an undershot weir and to observe the flow patterns obtained.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

A hydraulic jump occurs when a supercritical flow changes to a subcritical flow. In such
cases, the elevation of the water surface increases suddenly in the direction of flow. The violent
motions of flow are accompanied by a significant loss of energy head through the jump. It is an
important phenomenon associated with the dissipation of energy in flows over dams, weirs, and
other hydraulic structure. The strength of the jump depends on the Froude Number of the flow
entering the jump. Figure 1 below shows an experiment set up which consist of a rectangular
flume and a sluice gate at the upstream part of hydraulic jump.
The type of jump is character is characterized by the Froude Number, at n sections of
rectangular flume which is defined as follows:


=
( )

It will be found that the jump is characterized by a strong dissipative action. The specific energy
(upstream and downstream of the jump) is calculated as follows:

2
E=h+
2

The energy dissipated in the jump is given by:

=1 -2
The power loss due to the jump in the rectangular flume can be estimated by:

= gQ

The conditions which generate hydraulic jump are:

1 1.7 or 2 0.6

Where 1 and 2 represent the Froude Number of the upstream and downstream flow
respectively.
PROBLEM STATEMENT

- Fix the sluice gate in the rectangular flume at the location to be identified by lecturer.
- Identify the differences between the upstream and downstream depths of flow from the
experiment.
- Calculate the specific energy located at upstream and downstream and the power loss due
to the jump.
- The head loss and power loss due to the hydraulic jump are calculated.
- The Froude Number obtained classify the types or categories for the particular hydraulic
jump.
- To ensure the behavior over a range of Froude Number.

APPARATUS

i. Glass walled flume with sluice gates and a spillway arrangement.


ii. Point gauges.
iii. Manometer and scales.
iv. Pump.
PROCEDURES

1. The flume should be adjusted to a horizontal position.


2. Start the pump and regulate the discharge valve in order to reach the required flow rate.
3. The discharge in the flume using the flow meter was measured.
4. Calculate the upstream and downstream velocities, v1 and v2 respectively.
5. Calculate the Froude Number and check that their values are within the given limits.
6. Calculate the energy dissipated in the jump.
7. Calculate the power loss.
8. Repeat step 2 to 7 by changing the discharge of water.
References

1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236154641_Experimental_Study_of_Hydra
ulic_Jump_Characteristics_in_Sloping_Prismatic_Channels
2. http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hydraulics-civil-engineering/55054-open-
channel-flow-basics-hydraulic-jump-calculations/
3. https://www.scribd.com/doc/315983949/Hydraulic-Jump-Experiment-Complete-
Report

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