.

2009

!"#
$ % & ' (
)$, , $ ,, - , , () + *) )
/ $ . $ $ )% (. / 0 1 )2 (
$ (# ( ( 4 )2 7 4 5 .6. / '
$ $ (8# ) . 4 )2 7(Photovoltaic Cells) + 6" "
0 2 " 4 )2 5 7(Wind Turbines) - "
5/$ 9 / ) ) + , ) (
.(Hybrid System)
$ + #" / 9 : - #
./

. !" # ! 1

149
 & ' % ! ' ( % $

: ,
% )! ' ( % * $ &' + , $# - '
).. / . % ' . ( ) & '
%) )* -) ' ! & 0 1! 2- .. (
)( -) ' - 7 4 - ' 6 4 5 3 , ' .
4 ) 2 6(Photovoltaic Cells) 3 ' % ! '
Wind ) ) / )9 ') ) % )! ' ( -8
) % . ' ( -& ' 0 2 7 4 2 5 6(Turbines
:.(Hybrid System) & ' 5 # ' ( '
;) < - &) )# # !" ' ( &' 7 0
5 .= $ 5 % . ' ' * ; <5 < "'
) 2 ,) $# ? * ( $ % $ &' 0 >
B ' : 2 B3" - ! @ ' A$ &'
/ )9 3 ' !" ' ( - 2
) ) / B3" 5 . (
. E A$ $# % 9' D
"$ ) $ $ )% < -1
: + 6"
)( % - ' ' * A$ F 4 -!
0 ) ' G )* ' ) )D ) 3 ' !" '
[4][3][2][1]
: 'H

150
 . 2009

) ). ! G 9& < :(PV) 5 (Photovoltaic cell) + #"

) ) 5 L &' ; < % . ( J K) -! 0&5
. ' - '/ ' '
:Module (
B ) "' ) 5 ) 2 9& - ;< * ' 3 < #
.- ' ;< J & - &
: Model <
.- ' ; < J* * 1 J & /D < #
: Array ? + 5 0
1) )& "' ) 5 2 9& - ; < /D < #
. ? 9' - ' ;< *
Equivalent Circuit ) $ + $ #"# )% < 2 1*1
[7][6][5]
: (and mathematical model of PV
)& % 56 & < % - ' J <
.
: & 2 % * A$ 1-1-1
. & 2 % (1.1) -

. " + #"# 2 (1.1) ( +

151
 & ' % ! ' ( % $

I pv = I p ID I sh (1.1)

(
q V pv + Rs I pv )
V pv + Rs I pv
I pv = I p I 0 e NKT
1 (1.2 )
Rsh

:M$N:
.[A] 2 ' :Ip
[A] A ':Ipv
.[V] A ' ' :Vpv
. [A] ' :Id
.[A] ? E ' :Io
.[A] < 9' . 2 ' :Ish
. - < :N
. ' D :q
. ' / :K
. % :T
.[Ohm] ' . :Rs
.[Ohm] < 9' . :Rsh
: & < 2 % * A$ 2 1 1
. & < 2 % (1.2) -

152
 . 2009

. @ + #"# 2 (1.2) ( +

I pv = I p ID I sh

(
q V pv + Rs I pv )
I pv = I p I 0 e NKT
1 ( 1 .3 )

2 % 2 < 9' . # '2 ' 9

D . Q$# ! 5 '< & < 2 % 2 5. &
.% M/S2N$R
: + #"# - 2-1
6 # ' / ' ' ' ' '# ;< 4
% ' % &. % ' # 2 / Q$# ; < ' ' $9 ' M$N:
Standard Test )) 0 ) ' ) ) ! ) ( " < =$ 6 '9
% 25 ) % '" Q$# 2 .Condition(STC)
) '9 % ) % &. % ' ' T ' . 1000W/m2 B ? E
(1.3) - 2

153
 & ' % ! ' ( % $

. , A (1.3)( +
: @ B , 3*1
< "') D ) # )< " ' ' ". # C ". U ' (3.1) - ;<
-) ) . B = ' : V/ K Q$# - ". 1! : .; (
. = $ G* (1.4) - . A ;: - &

, ) #@ @ B , 1 C (1.4) ( +
.
: " 4-1
' )' )' B ) / 9& * - ' 2
Z4 ) & < 2 % * A$ W N X'Y<N ( < "' D = $

154
 . 2009

3 - ' < "' D ' B N/W [ R& @ <

.(1.5) -

. + 6" ( / @ B D " (1.5) ( +

155
 & ' % ! ' ( % $

:M$N:
.25C % :Tref
. H % :Tc
.1000w/m ? E % :Gref
. H ? E % :G
.% &. % % - :\ish
. '9 % % - :\voc
. '9 % 'T ' $ ] ' ' :Vmpref
)" )3 < :Ns M$N: m = NsnI : !3 - < :m
. - < :nI 6- ' ;<
. ' / :k M$N: 6Vt=K*Tc/q ) @' ! ' ' :Vt
:A 5 -1
# ' ' ' - B . 2 C++ > T M/W N'X
. ' < "' D
:), , < 6-1
)3 A$ W N X'Y<N % * $ ! & ' D
(1.6) - 5 ;< B

156
 . 2009

.) 5 #@ + 6" < (1.6) ( +

- 2 J9& 32 ; < < - ' ;< & JD 192 A$ '
' 2 ' 2 36 ' - -. 45 - ' /D 6 0&
. (1.7) - 2 - 9 / 9& .

( # - (1.7) ( +

157
 & ' % ! ' ( % $

- ! ) <- 4 G" ; < ? :% . WB^ R = $ < J3*2

M$N: 6 % ) ) . 5= #B .J * 5 45 # .
;) < % )" ." - " % ! ;< $ 2 '<
@) ). . A$ $ - & ' "" .( / ' D )
.(1.8) -

PV Model System

Inverter1
((1822DC)/230Ac)4
6 Kw

DC
Inverter2
((1822DC)/230Ac)4 Measurement
6 Kw Instruments

Inverter3
((1222DC)/230Ac)2
2 Kw

AC
Inverter4
((1222DC)/230Ac)2 Measurement
2 Kw Instruments

PM
Grid 230 V AC LOADS
AC

. + 6" < ) ( " (1.8) ( +

158
 . 2009

- @ -4 1 ), , < # % A , 7-1
:), , <
% % $ " < "' D ' ' ' B T ' . '
: 'H T ' / @ 9 A$ . .. . 1 3 A$

: ' 5

5
Current [A]

0
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49
T i m e [m in ]

C a lc u la te d C u rre n t M e a s u re d C u rre n t

.), , < / E, / D + C (1.9) ( +

: ' ' B

400
Voltage [V]

300
200
100
0
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49
Time [min]
Calculated Voltage Measured Voltage

), , ( / E, / D C (1.10) ( +

159
 & ' % ! ' ( % $

: < "' D A

25

20

15
Power [KW]

10

0
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49
T im e [m in ]
C a lc u la t e d P o w e r M e a s u re d P o w e r

), , < / , / @ B C (1.11) ( +
) 5 ;) < 2 ( 3 .(1.10)> (1.9)
T' 9 . . .. . ;< 4 ; %
: #5 B 5 <
;< B ? E . _76 ? D % ! 2B ' D -
. 3 A$ < J ' 30 ' 2
/) )! ;) < % 2 '< ! 6% ! 2B ' D -
.( / ' E ) %$ + " %
/) (Data Accuestion Cards) / ) - &) ' / < -
. . /4 ! ' && B ;<
: - " -2
: , :1-2
: 'H 4 7 /9 ' % . ' ( '
.F -

160
 . 2009

: 9 -
: 'H 4 7 9 ''
.< < / 9 -
. 5 -
.% . ' / -
. . A <
./ "
.A . <
. 5- 1 " /
[11]
/9 ' % ! ' ( ` (2.1)-
.

. - " # (2.1)( +
: - " :2-2
) "%) /9 ' % ! ' ( $ + U ''
: 'H " Q$# . $ < B " 0 B
: L & 5

161
 & ' % ! ' ( % $

< ) A$ ) $# - _76 * A$ &' B Q$# 2

. B " / ' @ G
. ' ( "' $ 1 ' 2 B
".2 *' , A . < * A$ 1* 9 Q$# 2
$)# '< 6 ' D ' ' < "' D @ D / '
. A$ 1 J" $>' 1 A$
: % % . B F !" L & A
) % % . B F !" L & U '
/9 ' % ! ' ( &' + - 2- #5
/$ # F9. # ' F < / & :- ' 2 ' , 6
:( +
: , )2 " . G @ -1
&) : - ; < Z4 ." 2" ' 7 F < R _ W X'
< ) Q$# ! ' .% % -3 ." Q$ F /<
) (2.2) - .[11]F "' ' % . B 2 ' ! ''
.J ' 7 < ! E ""
: 'H /D ' N/W N M X'Y N "" 2
.F /< / ! <:N
- & . F /< .' ' F /< / ' < :M
. % -3 . F < '/ < ;<
. . F /< 2 9& :W[i]
.J 7 /< 2 9& :S[l]
.S[l] < '/ < 2 9& :T[l]

162
 . 2009

. (6" , )2 JK . -@ I " (2.2) ( +

:G )2 2. ? D -2
) (Weibull) ) ! , ? * $# ' $ 4 5
) )< * F 2 !" $# .[14] [13]
(Rayleigh)
) )' ) !" < "' D ! B ' ' * / !3

163
 & ' % ! ' ( % $

'< , $# 2 . * < 1". G" / $ F <- &

) "" 1* @ < "4 * A$ &' 2 / !3 Q$# ; <
- ) .% *F 2 !" < "' D B
.F 2 !" B "" (2.3)

.G )2 D ) " " (2.3) ( +

164
 . 2009

:M$N:
.Kg/m3 4 2 :r
.- 3 < :K,c
.m/s F < :V
.m/s " < - :Vm
Cut-in wind velocity of )4 ' 9 # <5 ' ' F < :VI
.(the turbine
.m/s 9 < - :VR
Cut-out wind ).4 ' < 9 # < 0! '' ' F :VO <
.(velocity of the turbine, m/s
.m/s ." 2 ! " (<5 = ' ' ' ; ( F < :VE
.m/s (; <7 ' / $) J 7 F < :VF
.m/s ) .' z ? 9' D ; < F < :V(Z)
. ? 9' D ; < F < :V(ZR)
.m ? 9' :ZO
.w/m2 < "' D 2 :P
.Kwh/m2 % % -3 ' !" 2 :ES
? ' 5 B ' / .C++ > T WBN'X Q$# ; < Z4
. 40 w/m # ." 2 < "' D
) !" < "' D ? ' F /< ' / Q$# ; < Z4
)' @ 9 ; 0. ; < / 61 Kw D '< "' 9< / '
. 3 @' ;< /

165
 & ' % ! ' ( % $

@ L @/ 6@ (# -3
:G
9< % !" !3 $ ; (2.4) - `
.F
[16],[15]
<

.G @ L @/ 6 ) (2.4) ( +
;< )' ) . Q$# .F < % ! 5 ' 5- ( 3
: F % ( '1 D < 'D 9 5 Cut in 1". ".
". :.F < /< < 9! ' 5 < 09 ' G = #
[18][17].1 &) -! ;" 9 ; $# : .Cut out ; ' 9 G
>& $ + <% < #; $# < $ * 1 ' :
: 'H
P = a1 * V + a 2 * V 2 + a3 * V 3 + a 4 * V 4 (2 1)
.2 * " ' ' a1,a2,a3 / ! ' ` : M$N:
: "" ` (2.5) -

166
 . 2009

.G )2 D ) " " (2.5) ( +

2 !" B C++ > T WBN'X * A$ $# ; < Z4
.F
:), , < 3-2
0.) ;) < ) 1Kw ) D '< "') 9< # .. A$
. (2.6)-
[19]
b

167
 & ' % ! ' ( % $

.1Kw @ @ (2.6)( +
( / F G @ 1 / M (2.7) ( +
. +

)2 " # G @ 1 (2.7) ( +
.D
.(2.8) - 2 9 Q$ - & ' "" :

168
 . 2009

. # ) ( " (2.8) ( +
:A : 4*2
: A : 1*4*2
6

4
wind speed[m/s]

0
1 3 5 7 9 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 2 1 2 3
T im e [ h o u r ]

./ 1 G @ (2.9) ( +

169
 & ' % ! ' ( % $

./ 1 @ B (2.10) ( +
: .. A$ T ' :2-4-2
: 'H # .. A$ T ' :

./ 1 G @ (2.11)( +

170
 . 2009

./ 1 < "/ , @ B (2.12)( +

: .. A$ / < /4 ! 1 % ' . : 5-2
: (2.13) - @ * .. A$ ' 1 % ' . _:

.), , < 1 , (1.13) ( +

) ! -) < $ < "' D ! 5 ( 3 (1.13) FGHIJK

)9 $)# . . . A$ . %4 . < "' D ! F <
: #5 B 5 %

171
 & ' % ! ' ( % $

$ 2@ < '< $ & -! ;" ' 5 -

/ # 'D - (' F < 2 ' B ' ; < J4
' ' 9 / 9 ; < . " % . c2 _ S 6 ' F
4) 5 2 ." F < - < 9 ; < J' J J <
K ' ) !" '; Q$# ' D 0 ( T' ' . ' D
)' F " ; < 1! 2 2. (2.7)- / 9! D 1".'
) 0 "7 J& & / & ;: J ( &<: 5 F
F ) / 9) ; < . " % . ' K #F 5 5
;: ] / K 9 ;< < _S 6 ' K 9
.(2.12)- / 9! - ; < ' K < "' D '; 5
/) (Data Accuesition Card)/ ) - &) ' / < -
./ % E '
: , -3
: , 1-3
)! " 3 !" ' ( " WFN NX'M!N , $# 2
.(3.1) - & ' % ! ' ( - ' F

. (3.1) ( +

172
 . 2009

*! ; < " - 7 $>' ' J ( = ' - G* #

. 230 V1 '
. (3.2) - @ * & ' ( ' ; :
18
16
14
12
Power [Kw]

10
8
6
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Time [h]

.) ) + (3.2) ( +
_ : M$N: ) ) 5 ' ( % < "' D c2 ( 3 #
% $) < "' 2 . 14.4KW # ( $ % $ < < "' D
G )* ' 0 ) . ' 2 9 $# ( 3 = $ 6".2 1KW # (
( ) < ) /9 < B ' F '. ( 9
2 G* 5 ; , ? * 9 ' /9< <
. ( 3 .3 ) -
18
16
14
Power [Kw]

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Time [h]
Farm of wind turbines PV Model

. @ @ ) ) + (3.3) ( +

173
 & ' % ! ' ( % $

- ) ( '; ; < -& ' ( & $ +

.(3.4)
Power [Kw] of Hybrid System
25

20
Power [Kw]

15

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Time [h]

. (4.3) ( +
A -4
: 'H " . : ', $# 2
)3 ') ) )! " ' ( % * A$ &'
.
. ' ( .. A$ % T ' - ' .
< ) ' ." 2F /< & : '
.J ' 7
. ." 2F 2 < "' D ? ' B
. 9 < "' '
/ )9 ') ) % ! ' ( % * A$ &'
.
. ' ( .. A$ % T ' - ' .

174
 . 2009

)' 5 ) # ) !" ' ( ;< - & ' ( T

. &
. ( T ' - '
) ;) : . ! % ' ( % $ T ' :
2= # # ( ;< - & ( $# " < 6
) ) ' )( (14.4Kw) ' ( D < "' D 2
( ' '; : < 2J d_ 5 $ 7 (1Kw)
1)! @)* 2 $)# . ( % < "' D
./ ' D @ </ 5 $ .. A$

175
 & ' % ! ' ( % $

1
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177