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ABSTRACT
This work describes selective H2O2 hydrogenation in the exit stream of the
(HPPO) process. Pd/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3 catalysts were employed for this
purpose. The effect of the reaction temperature, catalyst amount and hydrogen
the Pt catalyst is much more active than its Pd counterpart. Under optimized
reaction conditions, the hydrogen peroxide present in the exit stream can be
propylene oxide.
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Introduction
Propylene glycol ethers. Propene oxide is currently produced using two different
process. In 1999, the production capacity was distributed evenly between these
chlorohydrin process, the most recently built plants are all using hydroperoxide
process [1].
peroxide. This epoxidation process produces PO with very high selectivity (95%
The alternative proposed is the integration of the for H2O2 synthesis with the
hydrogen peroxide still remain when the reaction mixture exits the epoxidation
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reactor. Hydrogen peroxide cannot be introduced into the PO purification step,
the residual hydrogen peroxide at the exit of the epoxidation reactor once
peroxide decomposition can then simply be removed with an inert gas flow;
risk.
reaction that produces only water without the formation of possible flammable
metals in their metal forms are capable of hydrogenating H2O2 [8, 19, 21-23]
because they are more catalytically active. The presence of different halide
anions (F-, Cl-, Br- and I-) in the medium or in the catalyst, depending upon the
destruction. The cations associated with halide anions have, however, little or
hydrogenation [21].
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The rate of hydrogen peroxide hydrogenation is nearly independent of the
reaction time, and consequently, the rate is also independent of the H2O2
The reaction rate is, however, strongly influenced by the reaction temperature;
Some theoretical studies showed that Pd and Pt are the most selective metals
for the complete reduction of oxygen to water because they can efficiently
The aim of this work was to study the selective catalytic hydrogenation of
Experimental Methods
Catalysts
work. Pd/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3 (0.5 wt.% metal loading) shaped as cylindrical
pellets (3.2 x 3.2 mm) were purchased from Johnson Matthey. These catalysts
purposes, cylindrical pellets (3.2 x 3.2 mm) of bare -alumina were also
employed.
Catalyst Characterization
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was calculated by applying the BET method to the range of relative pressures
(P/P0) of the isotherms between 0.03 and 0.3 and taking a value of 0.162 nm 2
Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded in the 0.510 2 range
using a step mode (0.05, 5 s) with a Seifert 3000 XRD diffractometer equipped
into the instruments ultra-high vacuum analysis chamber. The Si2p, O1s, S2p
obtain good signal-to-noise ratios and good resolution. The binding energies
(BE) were referenced to the BE of the C1s line at 284.9 eV. The invariance of
the peak shapes and widths at the beginning and end of the analyses indicated
linear least squares fitting routine using a properly weighted sum of the
hydrogen peroxide. The catalytic tests were performed in a high pressure stirred
the catalyst (H2O2/metal = 400/1 by weight) was put into a basket without
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contact with the liquid phase (300 g). The effluent of the epoxidation reactor in
(600 ppm acetaldehyde, 12.74 wt.% propylene oxide, 72.7 wt.% methanol, 0.49
The reactor was pressurized to 1.5 MPa and purged with N2 and hydrogen was
then fed until the addition of the desired amount (0.5-0.2 mol). Finally, the
pressure was increased up to 3.0 MPa with nitrogen, and the reaction mixture
was heated up to the reaction temperature. To start the reaction, the basket that
contained the catalyst was lowered until it was in contact with the reaction
mixture.
volatility of PO. The reactor is under pressure and between 313 and 333 K, if
we take directly sample from the reactor the PO is loss without control. For this
pressure, and then we cool down the sample in an ice bath. When it is cold, we
depressurize slowly and take the sample. This procedure takes some time and
we are not able to take samples with a frequency lower than 5 minutes. The
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Results and Discussion
both catalyst samples (Table 1). XRD analysis (not shown here) showed
diffraction peaks for -alumina without any diffraction line originating from the
metal species. This result confirms the high dispersion of platinum, most
probably as very small clusters with a size of less than 3 nm supported on the
alumina substrate.
The chemical state of the platinum and palladium was determined from the X-
ray photoelectron spectra. The Pd3d and Pt4d core-levels showed the
characteristic spinorbit splitting of these levels. The most intense (Pd3d5/2 and
Pt4f7/2) components of the doublet were located at lower binding energies and
the least intense (Pd3d3/2 and Pt4f5/2) at higher binding energies. Chemical
information can be extracted from each of these components, but attention was
only paid to the most intense ones (Pd3d5/2 and Pt4f7/2). Fresh and used
dispersed metallic species on alumina (Pd3d5/2 at 336.0 eV, and Pt4f7/2 at 314.0
eV).
The activity of the Pt/Al2O3 catalyst was tested in the selective H2O2
hydrogenation and compared with that of Pd/Al2O3 under the same operative
conditions, and the results are shown in Figure 1. The thermal decomposition of
previous report [17]. Both catalysts were active; however, the Pt/Al2O3 catalyst
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90 min compared to its Pd counterpart, who reached only 64% conversion in
Quantitative XPS data (Table 2) revealed that the surface Pd(Pt)/Al ratio is
higher for Pd than for Pt in both the fresh and used catalysts. These results
counterpart, suggesting that the Pd is more highly dispersed. The Pt catalyst is,
however, clearly more active in the hydrogen peroxide hydrogenation than its
Pd counterpart. Thus, Pt has a higher intrinsic activity than palladium for this
reaction. It has been demonstrated that supported PdO catalysts have lower
catalysts [18], and this effect is attributed to the higher propensity of H2O2 to
adsorb onto the Pd0 surface compared to the PdO surface [18]. Similar studies
The Pt/Al surface atomic ratio of the Pt catalyst (Table 2) does not change after
use in the reaction at different temperatures and is very close to the value
determined for the fresh catalyst. This result indicates that the Pt catalyst is a
robust system and is particularly well suited for the target reaction under the
network, which plays a major role in driving the reaction towards high selectivity
K did not lead to a corresponding further increase in the conversion (Figure 2).
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This behavior can be attributed to mass transfer limitations. At this temperature,
the reaction rate is very high and conversion of hydrogen peroxide is limited by
Hydrogen peroxide is not the only molecule that can be hydrogenated under
No variation was observed in the rest of the compounds present in the reaction
function of the temperature employed. The best results were obtained at 323 K,
but the outlet of the epoxidation reactor in the HPPO process is usually at 333 K
[15, 16]. To avoid the need to introduce a heat exchange unit, a reaction
temperature of 333 K, which gave quite good but not the best results, was
After the selection of the reaction temperature, the effect of the quantity of
hydrogen in the gas phase was studied. The amount of hydrogen was varied
are shown in Figure 3. Hydrogen peroxide conversion did not depend on the
amount of hydrogen fed. Different behavior was observed for the hydrogenation
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of PO and acetaldehyde, however. The hydrogenation of PO and acetaldehyde
increased as the amount of hydrogen in the reactor increased. This effect may
in the reactor did not change with the amount of hydrogen fed.
Next, the effect of the amount of catalyst employed was studied. The
H2O2/metal weight ratio was varied between 200/1 to 800/1. The results
obtained for weight ratios of 200/1 and 400/1 were nearly the same, indicating
that the use of a catalyst amount greater than 400/1 implies the use of an
excess of catalyst.
shown in Figure 4. The hydrogen peroxide conversion rate decreases when the
acetaldehyde was also affected by the amount of catalyst used (Figure 4), but
the changes are less marked because the hydrogenation rate of these
compounds is slow, however the final amount converted is similar for both
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Conclusions
(333 K, 0.2 mol of H2, H2O2/metal = 400/1) and an appropriate catalyst, the
min or less.
phase, and the catalyst amount resulted in a greater H2O2 conversion rate, but
they also increased the formation of byproducts from PO. The loss of PO
process economy.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge financial support from Repsol (Spain) and the
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Table 1 Textural properties of the catalysts employed.
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100
90
80
70
% H2O2 Conversion
60
50
40
30
20 Pd/Al2O3
10 Pt/Al2O3
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time / min
18
100 3.5
90 313 K
3.0 323 K
80
333 K
70 2.5
% H2O2 Conversion
% PO Conversion
60
2.0
50
1.5
40
30 1.0
20
333K
323K 0.5
10 313K
0 0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
0.25
313 K
323 K
0.20 333 K
wt. % Acetaldehyde
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time / min
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100 3.5
0.2 mol H2
90
3.0 0.3 mol H2
80
0.4 mol H2
70 2.5
% H2O2 Conversion
0.5 mol H2
% PO Conversion
60
2.0
50
1.5
40
0.2 mol H2
30
0.3 mol H2 1.0
20 0.4 mol H2
0.5
10 0.5 mol H2
0 0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
0.12
0.10
wt. % Acetaldehyde
0.08
0.06
Time / min
20
100 0.5
H2O2:Pt = 400:1
90
H2O2:Pt = 800:1
80 0.4
70
% H2O2 Conversion
% PO Conversion
60 0.3
50
40 0.2
30
20
H2O2:Pt 0.1
400:1
10
800:1
0 0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0.10
H2O2:Pt = 400:1
0.09
H2O2:Pt = 800:1
0.08
wt. % Acetaldehyde
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time / min
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