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d & f-Block
Block ElEMENTS 3. Most of the transition metal
tal ions exhibit characteristic colours in
aqueous solution. (Delhi 2012, Foreign 2012, Delhi 2011)
4. Many of the transition elements are known to form interstitial
compounds. (Delhi 2012, AI 2012)
5. Transition elements and their compounds are known to act as
catalysts. (Foreign 2012)
6. The enthalpies of atomisation of transition metals are high.
7. Transition elements tend to be unreactive with increasing atomic
number in the series.
8. Transition metals and their compounds generally exhibit a
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By: Er. Purushottam Pal d & f-Block ElEMENTS
44. Manganese exhibits the highest oxidation state of +7 among the Solutions:
3d series of transition elements. (Delhi 2011) 1. Due to decrease in atomic size and increase in atomic mass,
45. With the same d-orbital configuration (d4), Cr2+ is a reducing Density increases from Ti to Cu.
agent while Mn3+ is an oxidising agent.(Delhi 2012m AI 2012) 2. It is because effective nuclear charge does not increase
46. La3+ (Z = 57) and Lu3+ (Z = 71) do not show any colour in appreciably as pairing of electrons in d-orbitals takes place which
solution. causes repulsion after Mn (Z = 25).
47. The oxidising power of oxoanions are in the order : 3. Most of the transition metal ions have unpaired electrons, which
2+ 2
VO < Cr2O7 < MnO4 . Undergo d d transition by absorbing visible light and then radiate
48. The third ionization enthalpy of Mn (Z = 25) is exceptionally complementary colour.
high. 4. Transition elements have voids of suitable size in which small
49. The E0 value for the Mn3+/Mn2+ couple is much more positive atoms like H, C, B, etc. can fit into forming interstitial compounds.
than that for Cr3+/Cr2+ or Fe3+/Fe2+ couple. 5. It is because they show variable oxidation states and can form
50. Among the divalent cations in the first series of transition unstable intermediates.
elements, Mn exhibits maximum paramagnetism. 6. High enthalpies of atomisation of transition elements are attributed
51 Lanthanoids form primarily +3 ions, while the actinoids usually to the involvement of (n l)d electrons in addition to ns electrons
have higher oxidation states in their compounds, +4 or even +6 in the MM bonding.
being typical. (Delhi 2012) 7. Reactivity decreases with increase in atomic number due to
52 The actinoids exhibit a large number of oxidation states than the decrease in size and increase in I.E.
corresponding members in the lanthanoid series. 8. Most of the transition metals contain a certain number of unpaired
(Delhi 2012, AI 2012, Delhi 2011) electrons in d-orbitals.
53. Chemistry of actinoids is much more complicated than that of the 9. Transition elements are smaller in size and have vacant d orbitals
lanthanoids. of suitable energy which can accept lone pair of electrons from
CO.
10. Transition metals / ions have empty d-orbitals which can easily
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By: Er. Purushottam Pal d & f-Block
Block ElEMENTS
accept electron pair donated by ligands containing p electrons, 20. La is larger in size than Lu.
viz. CH2 = CH2, C6H6 etc. 21. Ce4+ readily gains one electron
ectron and changed to more stable
11. ns and (n 1)d orbitals
tals have nearly similar energy. Ce+3 ion.
12. Transition elements have smaller size and higher charge causing 22
high hydration enthalpy.
13. This is because electrons are added to inner d-orbitals and
effective nuclear charge does not change appreciably. 23. Na2Cr2O7 absorbs moisture from the atmosphere.
14. Neither these elements nor their ions have incomplete d-orbitals. 24. KMnO4 oxidises HCl to chlorine.
15. A middle member of transition series has maximum ((d 5) number 25. It forms unstable intermediates with the reactants which readily
of unpaired d electrons. change to stable products.
16. Lanthanoids show +3 oxidation state mostly as 2 electrons from 26. Cr3+ is smaller in size and has higher charge than Cr2+ which
outer 6s orbital and 1 electron from 5d
5 orbital take part in bond leads to greater hydration enthalpy.
formation. However, +2 and +4 oxidation states are also sometimes 27. Number of unpaired electrons in Cu2+ (d 9) is 1, while Co2+
observed due to half filled and completely filled 4 f orbital. (dd7) has 3 unpaired electrons, thus Cu2+ will be less paramagnetic.
17. 4d and 5d series transition metals have greater enthalpis of 28. Cu2+ ion has incomplete d-orbital (d9).
atomisation, hence there are strong MM interaction between 29. Pt4+ is more stable than Ni4+. Energy required to remove 4
them, and thus they do not form stable cationic species. electrons in Pt is less than that in Ni.
18. Same as above. 30. Effective nuclear charge in Fe2+ is more than that of Mn2+.
19. This is due to intervention of 4f
4 orbitals which are filled before 31. Oxidation state of Mn in MnO4 is +7 and energetically it is not
filling of 5d orbitals begins. This results in a regular decrease in possible to lose 7 electrons to give ionic species. Hence Mn7+
atomic size (lanthanoid
thanoid contraction
contraction), and compensates for the forms covalent bonds by sharing of electrons.
expected increase in atomic size with increasing atomic number. 32. Fe3+ has stable half-filled (d 5) d-orbital
orbital and high hydration
The net result is that the second and third d series exhibit similar energy.
atomic radii. 33. Due to small size and higher charge, Cu2+ ion has higher
35. Zn2+ does not have unpaired electrons, hence d-d transition is
not possible, whereas Cu2+ has unpaired electrons which can
42. Cr2+ (d4-configuration)
configuration) after losing one electron changes to
undergo d-d transition on absorption of visible light.
Cr3+ (d
( 3) and d 3 configuration is more stable than d4 because the
36. In scandium salts, scandium has +3 oxidation state and Sc3+
three electrons are accommodated in lower t2g
2g orbitals. On the
does not have any unpaired d-electron
electron (d-orbitals
( are empty).
other hand, Fe2+(d
Fe2+( 6) on losing one electron changes to Fe3+(d
Fe3+( 5)
37. Due to poor shielding effect of 55d and 4f electrons, effective
which although half-filled,
half filled, is comparatively less stable than the d 3
nuclear charge increases, hence IE of 5d
5 transition elements is
of Cr3+.
more than that of 3d and 4d transition elements in respective
43. Cu (I) ion does not have a sufficient negative value of enthalpy
groups.
of hydration and the ions disproportionate in aqueous solution.
38 Lanthanoids have similar properties due to their similar ionic size.
39. Due to lanthanoid contraction, Zr and Hf have similar ionic size.
40. Reaction of KMnO4 with conc. H2SO4 leads to formation of
o 44. The outer electronic configuration, 3d54s22 of Mn allows it to
Mn2O7 which is an explosive compound. exhibit oxidation states from +2 to +7.
41. Co2+ has three unpaired electrons in d-orbital, thus in presence 45. The d-orbital configuration of Cr2+ is 3d44 and easily attains
of strong ligands which cause pairing only two electrons get more stable 3d3 (half-filled t2g
2g orbitals) configuration by donating
paired, leaving one unpaired. Co3+ ion has 4 unpaired electrons an electron to form Cr3+. Thus Cr2+ is a reducing agent. On the
all of which can undergo
go pairing in presence of strong ligand other hand, Mn3+ having 3d44 configuration attains the more stable
leaving no unpaired electron in Co3+, thus Co2+ is less stable than 3dd5 (half-filled d-orbitals) configuration by gaining
ining one electron.
Co3+. Thus it acts as an oxidising agent.
46. La3+ and Lu3+ do not have f-electrons,
electrons, hence there is no
possibility of f-f transition.
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