bc 621.887.6 :621.824:001.4:003.62:6201 _ DEUTSCHE NORM September 1981 Circlips (retaining rings) for shafts Normal type and heavy type ‘Sicherungsringe (Halteringe) fur Wellen; Regelausfihrung ‘Supersedes Und schwere Ausfahrung DIN 471 Part 1/03.65 and DIN 471 Part 2/03.65 and partially supersedes DIN 998/01.70 As itis current practice in standards published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the comma has been used throughout as a decimal marker. Dimensions in mm Contents Concept . eee Dimension letters, symbols Dimensions, designation, design data Material . Finish Testing Load-bearing capacity Detachment speed Shape of groove Fitting the circlip 1 Concept Cirelips within the meaning of this standard are retaining rings for holding structural components (e.g. rolling bearings) fon shafts. They are given an eccentric shape, are fitted with spring retention in grooves and are suitable for the trans- mission of axial forces (see in this respect clause 7). 2 Dimension letters, symbols radial width of the lug ‘beam (radial width of circip opposite the aperture) distance between measuring plates for testing spiral flatness shaft diameter groove diameter internal diameter of circlip not under tension maximum symmetrical diameter of bore during fitting? diameter of the lug holes modulus of elasticity load-bearing capacity of groove at a yield point of the grooved materia! of 200 N/mm? (see subclause 7.1) load-bearing capacity of circlip with sharp-edged abutment of the pressing part (see subelause 7.2) load-bearing capacity of circlip for abutment with edge chamfering distance (see subclause 7.2) vield point edge chamfering distance of the abutment surface to the circlip distance between the plates when testing conical deformation groove width edge margin detachment speed of the circlip (see clause 8) curvature in the groove base or test jaws thickness of the circlip groove depth with nominal sizes of dy and d2 Continued on pages 2 to 12 DIN-Merkblatt 3. Ziff. 1 Spggre ons ot Gerarstoaics OW Nomen ee wih Beuhvaray OnON Bonn DIN 471 Engl. Price group 9 Sales No. 0108Page 2 DIN 471 3. Dimensions, designation, design data ‘The circlips do net need to conform to the illustration; only the dimensions specified must be adhered to. unloaded shape of ring at manufacturer's discretion External clearance _ws Figure 1 Figure 2 Detail of X 49mm d, > 9€ 300mm 4, Tom ‘at manufacturer's diseretion Si Bes lal wish AAOASE | A of QS) * L{002+] A} 4|_01t| A} Values for peak-to-valley height for groove base and loaded edge must be specified in each case. Designation of a circlip for shaft diameter (nominal dimension) dy = 40 mm and circlip thickness s = 1,75 mm Circlip DIN 471 — 40 x 1,75DIN 471 Page 3 Table 1. Normal type cat | cp Groove ‘Supplementary data) od cn T T wow a 4 00 py : freee | aan [mo] ef | dee | te || Poe) ma |e, nia a ir] scebraina ‘anor 1 few | ‘o 2 [oa oar | 28 fey oe 0% 10a, 7 | ase ear[oe) 0x7 oma clea] [ar beelaa tea ti [oom [a8 Stor faa) ae] 020) om(as, 020/zn0m [as [ples lor ox [aa toa o26 100/08) 090" 54000 74 [:9¢t)32 [15 [12] 0188 | 76] 2,, (09 02 06 147 081 300/05, 200) 96000 aa] (0.200 | a6 io [11 102 06 16 09? 30/08) 2.40] @5000|_ 93 0.340 | 96 woz| [aa {usfis| oat [os (fe [tao] "aso [17] 240| 70m) finn) faatua hist asf vets} ~s00[1 fia) [oat fiz) emo [re 22 200) 500/1 123 lieu 38 [23 [x7] _a6w” | 34 pee ais] e3s)i"| 240) e600] 10 [ae Tras) -f [1.1] 226] 68)” 690[1 | 240] 50000] 147 | [1s2/°"" ju los | x2| 238| 328] 740]: | 240) «5000 his7] 182] [ss joa | 42 25 | a6! goo|t | 240| 41000) 65 tr 1205 18 262| 458 120 113] 375) 0000 is) 18 1305 18 272 | 44179 [15| 260) 35000) ws) | 19 120515 ana" 500 171 Ins) 265) 22000 [os [333 20_|-810 1305 15 298 6.98/ 168 [ss] 975] 29000 205 | ai |? fa jos 18208 5.65) 169 [1| 260] 27000 2a [12 | Soo) 22.2 13 1085) 1.7 332 | 6.75) 161 [1.6] 368] 27000 13 055) 17382) 705) 162 [1,5| 3.70) 25000) “94, (18088) 17388) 234) 161 [18] 2.70) 2400) [aoe |") fhe or |21 37911000, 921 |1.5| 7.50] 21200] 19 “fae [is 7a [a1 703/037) aa [1s 745 20000 Toa 16 04s] 26743 |13@5| 91.2 [2 | 556] 16000] 6 as) fue [1 [3 asa r7801 3 ss 15500) Ts8 [4 [25| 5001 ae 1as[r | 3” [ana [108] aaa fo | 0.00) 14600) ‘se [sz [es| se ||, [is|r_jo [so2/vos0| «95 [2 | 9.70) 13600 Te [aa fas| ooo ars Ser |1as[i28] a0 sae [a [2 | 920 [esos ps|_ aso [as "” (xas|r2s| a9 [557 [2670] sno |2 | 94s) fer |arlesl—rs0ja2s | [r9s|nas] 0 ena [anon] aso /2 | ons ‘ea{s [2s] 700 [455] —[ras[sas] a8|oas|a070) asa (2 | 9: al] wxlfax| voter] suse leas sano] Gra|za] saa 7 [safest ma ao | [2isins [45] 657 |30,70) 731 [eats [rz [sa ias| v4 [ee | [218 1.845! 70214200) 714 [26/114 | 060] rales (es[ te [ss (2 t8 4848 716 e200 708 (25/1138) e670] «0 7a [6s |2s| 1297 [=r Bis[is <8 756 500 eo 26.113” 7620 75/6 (25 143 | 59/792 215/15 | 45 77.8 4750 603 2.5 1145) 724 26/6225] 159 | 60 2.18115 [45.78 4830) 702 [28 11.6 | 7060) eis) (as) |e losi3 [9s)1.5 )45) 94a 59.20 1959 [25 20. | 25123, | 6910) 72s) (655| [oi 68/3 [25.15 [4s] 87 [s390, 1342 |25| 230 | 6590) ") Dimension b shall not exceed dimension a max 2) See subciause 8.1 5) Seo eubelauee 92 6) The supplementary data apply onl to crcins in spring steel in accordance with DIN 17 222Page 4 DIN 471 Table 1. (continued) = e ae ci [ Groove Supplementary da) ml leecmal Tq T TT Nominal “ | a | i 1 nae | ote len) + | ae Je Jovan] Babe | fen) ele [ce fre [ean mu [28 “| [ee] [Be fm| = foe) [8 [eal fn wy | iow |_| a | mint | on Sas malas) | is| [ea] eas | ms | [roslis| 5) ea?) es00| sia [tas [7os) [alr 2 | 2s 72), [zos|is | 4s) 927) 5700) 1500] 78128 Bor) 735/roae! 85] 73/3 | 262 | 75 1-82, 45) 96.1, 6000] 1313) «0 90 [25 75)" [a6] 74/3 Tes 6 53) 981 73,60) 178. tes] [res] [optaels [are [vest fzeslr70] 631 i003] 7950/1280 = a) [es] fer) 7a, 176| 63/1093 7620/2158! 3 [ms] [ee 175| 53| 1085 75007718 3 Sof 945) [ea] 175) 53| 108s e080) 2¥72|3 [344 3 wos] [oa 176) 53{ 1148) 5.50| 7127/38] 2925] «560 3 os] [8] 175| 53) 1202| s00n'206.4[25| 230 | 4160 | 95 «| oe [seal oafs) 2_| 6 |store |«71a|3s|e77 | 470 4) fo} foros x i @_ [4.2] 1120 |457.0[35)e89"| «040 re COI i jeee o-[1073|1187 [«s06|a\e55 | 2070 e «1 fre] [as Foalss! [ue | [aisi2 Te [was |raa5 [42a] «7 [ie] [ivalioala [900 [a2 [ass|2 6 [149 (1287 [ain «) faa}—[nehto7 s15[2 | 6 [15ea 1340 [055 nse sme) inal s|2 | 6 |1e56)1092 [ooo vole) fm (a [ua 15/2 | 6 | te52|1045 [3765 6: ve] als] 4215/2 | 6 [170896 [2670 150 o [a2] 13 [ne jaxs]28 | 7.81173) 1930 [3576 155 [4 |?" [146 |eoes|t3 [12 |a16/26 | 7.61823) 1906 | 529) 193 [122 75/188 706,10, sis fislas | 78] 25 360 2520 | iig]as | 75[rona cio laweals [eva | 200 sig |2e | 75 |amsa 2265 700 fas | 7s]210 2322 210 ia | 7.5|215 2396 {3367/5 | 2070 Tala [oes asaele [ate [1970 75] 225_|2518 (3254/5 390 | 1835 751290” [ase3 [3102] [389 | 1770 3 |aw0 |sa6.1_fesea|e [500 | 1605 9 [250 |e08 |s72.4]6 [573 | 1620_ e 3 [200 [3505 |see[6 [ono 140s | [270 3720 [s30a|6 |sa0 =| [nshrs 135 [128 135/129 142/138 142/138. 200 3883 [5043/6 [505 | 1180 12 [204 505.8 |s40.6/6 [546 | 1920 [12 [08/5566 /525.3/6 1525 | 1215, amos) 208 |.on| 182] 12 [314 [5766 |s0aa/6 1509 | 1100. mols) [25 |? [162/16 ta [24 [590.1 [aooe'6 (40,2 | 1005 soo [s | [za] _[tealie 12 {a4 [evar [ers0/6 [ars | 020 For.) and) #88 page 3DIN 471 Page S Sut tip Groove [ ‘Supplementary data welt T | T ] [zen conan] Baeee | ao mel Ln ae a] ne a ree | 2 [me| = foie] om wow fem || aa | mint | oa aa) [saad | 110 as) 1] 261 288] 165 71640) Sron0 [147 Jorg] 5 126 [2 | 139 os [12/2551 326] 165 |1 | 695] «000 ,, (52 eas's | 26 |2 1,39 Jo4 | 1.2| 27,5; 346) 18,0 |1 | 6,70 46000 18 [5 Bou silar'2 | 166 [7 | (16 las 115) 207” as0/ 250 [151 ses aars0 20 2] 210/10 |g, 1a 05715216” 606” 963 ‘18) 6.20” 30000 2 2 | aaa far” |i ss os "18" 34656895015) 8,10 2000] 2 2 | 276 [228,188 058"47” 3731-678” o4a 18) 760” 20200 2 350 1230) 8, 218.055 1.7 985708 450 18 103 2000 28 425. [36 jot (2507 "a1 «17,90 879 15/194 22200], 2 “gas_[me | (2s|07 21) «07 107 87.015 198 | 100 2 sa5_1303) [216|098' 26.457 138 | 582 "100 1oio0 a Te [0s Tas) (zes/ows! 26) 7.0147. w7.0 2 156 | 1700, 6 er}2{2s| 720 133 poslt 13 (aa i787 oso 2 154] 16800 a [es/a3fz5] aso [36 gost 73 Tsasyw3 i012 tas | 1400 7 [aa jas] —a00 [and 2,4 265,125 381 647 253101 2 1103 [14300] @ 28) Tans |i 26611257387 $7228 1022102 13m01 m5 rfasl aay [as] lagslias"ae{ enelsee ‘too Gy [ier tie] 7 = via ]4s8) —[aes/iasT ae] salany ila 195.’ 10000] so asl isa [a7 | ‘a15"18 a5" soalse0 ios [2 [az | v0s00| 32 fp szles| we tae | _niecug "ast sosloay {ior aatano | ao “ses sa) ausjis Tas? 720 20] se1jas|ase | cosa] 40 =f] ss) assis fas] ves aaa [seo [as/200 1 e000 [eof 5). 315]18 )45. 70/40 | 156 /25]254 reo 0 oo sb sists 45) oe aaa 70 [er |""" aisle 4s 00 “saa a bf aa || ¢is'ts 45” salere | | m0 ie, a faa7 [765 __41s'175" 53 "toon 716 5 (4 _ Ins) 45 [e1s| , 4.18/1,75" 53 106 76.2 ce ole) fees |gzltoa) a2 fas] soa [ass 80 ‘shize” aa ing’ one | 30 eS woe) [os] hose fast us [oes |” jass|t.75] 52,1221 Jon0 | 368 For), 3) and) see page 3 Note: da calculated from: de * dy + 2,1.aPage 6 DIN 471 4 Material C67, C75 oF Ck 75 spring steel in accordance with DIN 17.222 (at manufacturer's discretion) Table 3 applies in respect of the hardness: Table 3, Nominal diameter of circlip Hardness over to z = 470 to 880 Vickers hardness (corresponding to 47 to 54 Rockwell C hardness) 435 to 530 Vickers hardness (corresponding to 44 to 51 Rockwell C hardness) 390 to 470 Vickers hardness og 00 (corresponding to 40 to 47 Rockwell C hardness) Hardness values converted in accordance with DIN 50 150 Other materials on agreement 5 Finish Circlips must be without burr Circlips are normally supplied corrosion-proot in accordance with table 4 (at manufacturer’s discretion). No special details ‘concerning this condition on delivery must be stated in the designation of a circlip. Table 4. Anticoronontrotment of cin Serial | rype of anti-corrosion reatment | Corrosion resistance Phosphatized and oiled 1 according to DIN 50942 No sign of coroion permis sible after 8 hours of exposure rmbol: Znph ¢ ...f sy i to salt spray according to 2 Blackened and oiled eS {thermally or chemically) Burnished and oiled Protection value 3 according to DIN 50938 according to DIN 50938 Process class A December 1973 edition, Symbol: br AT subelause 5.2 If a particular anti-corrosion treatment is required which is different from table 4, the designation of the circlip must be supplemented accordingly. For platings, the symbols according to DIN 267 Part 9 apply, €.9.: Circlip DIN 471 — 40 x 1,75 — ASK In the case of mass plating of circlips in a drum or bell, it is not possible to maintain closely toleranced plating thicknesses. ‘Attention is drawn to DIN 267 Part 9 regarding the danger of hydroger-induced delayed brittle fractures in the case of circlips with electroplated surface protection. ‘The upper limit of the circlip thickness s may be exceeded according to the film thickness of the plating required in the case of circlips with electroplated surface protection. This must be taken into account when designing the groove.DIN 471 Page 7 6 Testing 6.1. Testing the material Vickers hardness test in accordance with DIN 50 133 Part 1 Rockwell hardness test in accordance with DIN 50 103 Part 1 In cases of doubt, the Vickers hardness test applies. 6.2. Bend and fracture test ‘The testing of the circlip for ductility must be carried out in accordance with figure 4 Figure 4. Bend test One half of the circip is clamped between two jaws, of which one has 3 radius equal to the thickness of the circlip. The Circiip is bent through 30° by repeated light hammer biows or with a lever, following which there must be no fractures or cracks in the circlip. The circlip is then further bent until fracture occurs. The fracture surface must reveal 3 fine-grained structure 6.3 Testing the deformation 6.3.1 Testing the conical deformation ‘The circlip is placed between two parallel plates and loaded in accordance with figure 5. The distance h ~ s measured under force F must not exceed the maximum value stated in table 5, fF Figure 6. Testing the conical deformation Table 5. Nominal diameter | Force FinN + 5% of circ - a Normal | Heavy a over 10 type type mex _ 22 38 6x 003 82 180 | eal 1 bx 002 300Page8 DINA71 6.3.2 Testing the spiral flatness ‘The circlip must fall through two parallel, perpendicular plates with a clearance c in accordance with table 6. Tt Table 6 Nominal diameter of cirlip, a over to = 100 1Xs 100 L - 18X5 Figure 6. Testing the spiral flatness 6.4 Testing the function (permanent set and grip test) ‘The eirctip is passed five times over a cone with a diameter of 1,01 dy in accordance with figure 14 and must then be fitted onto a bolt of minimum groove diameter da where it must remain under its own weight. 6.5 Acceptance testing For the acceptance testing the principles for testing and acceptance in accordance with DIN 267 Part 5 apply. ‘Table 7 applies to the features, while table 8 applies for the acceptable quality level Table 7 Features Circtip thickness 5 Circtip internal diameter 43 Conical deformation Spiral flatness Function (set and grip) Table 8. Acceptable quality level AQL 1) for testing of features | for testing for faulty parts 1 18 1) See DIN 40080 If other plans for sample testing are to be applied, this must be agreed at the time of ordering. For hardness testing DIN 267 Part 5, April 1968 edition, clause 5, applies. In case of circlips, the hardness testis regarded as a destructive test. 7 Load-bearing capacity A circlip connection requires separate calculations for the load-bearing capacity of the groove Fy and for the load-bearing ‘capacity of the circlip Fi. Im each case the weaker part is that which applies. The load-bearing capacities (Fic, Fx» Fg) listed in clause 3 contain no safety neither against yielding under static stress nor against fatigue fracture under fluctuating stress, There is at least twice the level of safety against fracture under static stres.DIN471 Page o 7.1 Load-bearing capacity of groove Fx, The load-bearing capacity of the groove Fy in clause 3 applies for a yield point of the material in the region of the shaft groove of Rex, = 200 N/mm? as well as for the given nominal groove depths ¢ and edge margins ity F{ for deviating groove depths" (resulting from deviating shaft diameters d, and/or deviating ‘groove diameters dg) and yield points Réx, (Previously 05) is directly proportional to the groove depth and the yield point: 7.2 Load-bearing capacity of circlip Fx The load-bearing capacity of the circlip Fy in accordance with clause 3 applies to a sharp-edged abutment of the pressing machine part (see figure 7). UY Circtip Figure 7. Sharp-edged abutment Figure 8. Abutment with edge chamfering distance (chamfering or rounding) The values Fag apply to an abutment with an edge chamfering distance g (see figure 8). The two values Fy and Fg apply to circlip materials with a modulus of elasticity (E-modulus) of 210000 N/mm2. If Circlips of a different material with a different E-modulus Fare used, then, for conversion, the load-bearing capacity of the circlip is directly proportional to the modulus of elasticity: FR ~ FR“ 759.000 a Phe” Pne* se te ~ FRe" 370 000 If the existing edge chamfering distance g’ deviates from the values in clause 3, then, for conversion, the load-bearing capacity of the circlip is indirectly proportional to the edge chamfering distance: Fhe= Pre’ s Note: If Figg with small values of isgreater than Fg, then appt. If the existing forces, because of too great an edge chamfering distance, cannot be accommodated, then a sharp-edged ‘abutment must be created by means of a supporting ring in accordance witt DIN 988 (see figure 9) _Sspoting rina circ A Figure 9. Sharp-edged abutment at the circlip using a supporting ring 8 Detachment speed ‘The application of circips is limited by those speeds at which the pretension is relieved by centrifugal force and at which the circlip starts to lift from its seating in the groove base In table 1 and table 2, detachment speeds nu are given at which the circlips stat to become detached from their seating in the groove (groove diameter = nominal diameter). Actual release of the circlip can be expected only after a further Increase of the speeds by 50%, The values apply to circlips made of spring steels as specified in clause 4.Page 10 DIN 471 9 Shape of groove 9.1. Groove diameter da @ “The groove diameters da specified in clause 3 are selected so that the circlips are seated in the groove with pretension. Note: Smaller groove diameters are possible if pretension can be dispensed with. The lower limit is: d2 min, =dg max. 9.2. Groove width m ‘Asa rule, for the groove widths specified in table 1 and table 2, the tolerance zone H13 applies. With unilateral power transmission, the grooves can be widened and/or chamfered towards the unloaded side. The groove width has no influence (on the load-bearing capacity of the circlip connection, Intra:plant specified groove shapes and groove widths are therefore possible. If the circlip isto be subjected to alternate power transmission on both groove edges, the groove width m must as far as. possible, e.g. also by reducing the tolerance, be matched to the circlip thickness s. (For groove shapes, see figure 10 to figure 13). Figure 12 Figure 13, 9.3. Shape of groove base ‘A square shape is the normal type of groove base (see figure 10). The radius r on the load side must not exceed 0,1 s Other successful shapes of groove are shown in figure 11 to figure 13. In the case of a sharp-edged square groove, the notch sensitivity of the material used produces a corresponding fatigue notch factor. 10 Fitting the circlip Pliers in accordance with DIN §254 shall be preferred for fitting the crctips. When fitting, make absolutely sure that the circlips are not overspread, 2. are not opened further than is necessary for fitting over the shaft. If necessary, pliers with opening restriction (set screw} shall be used. The safest protection against overspreading is fitting with the aid of cones (soe figure 14. Pressure sleeve Cone —Ciretip Centering Groove Shaft Figure 14. Fitting with conesDIN 471 Page 11 Standards referred to. DIN 267 PartS Bolts, screws, nuts and similar threaded and formed parts; technical conditions of delivery; testing and acceptance DIN 267 Part Mechanical fasteners; technical conditions of delivery; components with electroplated coatings IN 988 Shim rings and supporting rings DIN 5254 Pliers for circlips for shafts DIN 17222 Cold rolled steel strips for springs; technical conditions of delivery DIN 40080 Procedures and tables for sampling test using qualitative features (sampling by attributes) DIN 50021 Corrosion tests; spray tests with different sodium chloride solutions DIN 50 103 Part 1 Testing of metallic materials; Rockwell hardness testing, C, A, B, F methods DIN 50 133 Part 1. Testing of metallic materials; Vickers hardness testing, test load range: 49 N to 980 N (5 kp to 100 kp) DIN 50 150 Testing of steel and cast steel; conversion table for Vickers hardness, Brinell hardness, Rockwell hardness and tensile strength DIN 50938 Burnishing of iron material; principles of methods, symbols, testing DIN 50942 Phosphatizing of metals; procedurel principles, symbols and test methods Further standards DIN 472. Circlips (retaining rings) for bores; normal type and heavy type DIN. 983 Circlips with lugs (retaining rings) for shafts DIN 984. Circlips with lugs (retaining rings) for bores DIN 5256. Pliers for circlips for bores DIN 6799. Lock washers for shafts Earlier editions DIN 471: 12.41, 11.42, 01.52, 01.54; DIN 471 and 472 Supplement 1: 01.45, 03.54x; DIN 471 Part 1: 03.65; DIN 471 Part 2: 03.65; DIN 995: 01.70 Amendments The following amendments have been made as compared with DIN 471 Part 1, March 1965 edition, DIN 471 Part 2, March 1965 edition and DIN 995, January 1970 edition: a) standards combined b) contents revised and extended (see Explanations). Explanations ‘The present revised edition of DIN 471 supersedes DIN 471 Part 1 and Part 2 and parts of DIN 995 where these concern circlips for shafts. This inclusion of several standards within one standard and supplemented by technical delivery can. ditions and guidelines for fitting has produced a whole and complete standard which can be applied without the simul taneous application of additional standards. The following explanations are given with respect to this Standard Re Title ‘The term “(retaining rings)" has been added to the title of the standard. The old designation “circlips” has been retained, although these components are used only for the axial retention of components on shafts and have no locking action. ‘The organizational problems associated with a general change in designation desirable for the sake of clarity were, because of the wide distribution of these standards, also rated as more important than the danger of misunderstood information on the part of the standards user due to an inappropriate ttle. Re Clause 1 Concept ‘This clause was included in order to prevent possible errors in the application and function of the parts resulting from the designation Re Clause 2 Dimension letters, symbols Clause 2 lists and describes the dimension letters and symbols used in the standard,Page 12 DIN471 Re Clause 3 Dimensions, designation, design data This clause contains the dimensions of the circlips of normal type and heavy type. Required design data have been added. ‘The dimensions of the circlips oF their tolerances have been corrected slightly in a few cases without any danger thereby of replacement difficulties “Two types of circlip shape have been shown, The second type of circlip shape included as an additional option has been used for some years. In certain fields it has manufacturing advantages. The application and function of the circlips do not differ from the type previously represented in this standard (lefthand illustration) Toleranced dimensions for the shape and position of the shaft groove have been included at the request of the users. These specifications apply to the general application of circlips. Other internal specifications may be used for individual cases, In the main, this applies also to the groove surfaces for which no generally valid regulations were able to be given in this standard ‘The possibility of reducing the number of types of circlips, also possibly by means of main and subsidiary series for the shaft diameters, has been thoroughly examined. But no technically feasible solution was able to be found, since practically all sizes with varying datum points are in use as @ result of the already mentioned wide range of application. It was also not possible to offer a selection according to rolling bearing diameters. Re Clause 4 Material Details of the material have been modified. Three materials have been selected as the most usual from DIN 17222, Other materials must be agreed by the parties concerned. Re Clause § Finish Details of the finish have been extended and adapted to present conditions. With electroplated circlips, the danger of hydrogen embrittlement is relatively great and requires special attention within the meaning of DIN 267 Part 9. Particular reference has therefore been made to DIN 267 Part 9, According to this standard, the situation is approximately as follows: In order to avoid hydrogen-induced delayed brittle fractures in the electroplated surface protection of circlips, the galvanic treatment and heat treatment before and after electroplating must be selected so that only @ small amount of hydrogen is taken up in the pickling and galvanic treatment and this hydrogen is furthermore driven off again toa large extent. Normally, delayed brittle fractures can be avoided by these measures. If brittle fractures must be avoided with specific, statistical certainty, the taking of appropriate quantities of random samples is recommended followed by fatigue testing of these samples over 48 hours at room temperature; the cirlips must thereby be loaded up to the shaft diameter dy Re Clause 6 Testing Clause 6 covering the testing of circlips is new to the standard. It specifies tests which are required for the assessment of the mechanical and functional properties of circlips. The contents of this clause results from the experience of manu- facturers and users and correspond to the general applications for circlips. ‘This also applies to the details of acceptance testing given in subclause 6.5. These details are based on DIN 267 Part 5. Special agreements are not thereby excluded. Re Clause 7 Load-bearing capacity Clause 7 contains details ofthe calculation of the load-bearing capacities of circlips and indicates how the extended data iven in tables 1 and 2 have arisen, These data refer only to normal applications but clause 7 gives the priciples for caloulating the load-bearing capacities also for other applications. Re Clause 8 Detachment speed Clause 8 is supplementary to clause 7 and explains the detachment speeds in tables 1 and 2. Re Clause 9 Shape of groove Various possibilities are presented in clause 9 for the shape of the grooves for circlips and these are also applicable from ‘an economie standpoint. Decisions on appropriate shapes must be made on an individual basis. Re Clause 10 Fitting the circip Clause 10 recommends the use of cones for fitting circlips. This type of fitting is of particular advantage in bulk manu: facturing,