Probability and Statistics for Engineering (ENGSTAT)

Quiz 2 Reviewer
Prepared by: Ma. Elizabeth Ann L. Uy

Updated by: Abraham Matthew S. Carandang (09157364510)

Multiple Choices:

1. The local weather station reports that the chance of sleet is 0.99. Write this probability as a fraction
and as a percent.
a. 99 and 99% c. 1 and 1%
100 50

b. 1
and 1% d. 99
and 99%
100 50

2. Ross has a 79% chance of getting a black sticker out of a certain machine. Write this probability as a
fraction and as a decimal.
a. 21 and 0.21 c. 79 and 0.79
100 50

b. 21
and 0.21 d. 79
and 0.79
50 100
21
3. The chance that Rachel will win a prize is 50
. Write this probability as a decimal and as a percent.
a. 0.42 and 42% c. 0.58 and 42%
b. 0.42 and 2.38% d. 0.58 and 58%

4. A letter is chosen at random from the 26 letters in the alphabet. What is the probability of choosing a
vowel?
a. c.
b. d.

5. What is the probability of rolling a number greater than 4 on a fair number cube?
a. c.
b. d.

6. What is the probability of rolling a number less than or equal to 5 on a fair number cube?
a. c.
b. d.
7. A local weather station forecasted a 93% chance of rain for the weekend. What is the probability that
it will not rain over the weekend?
a. 0.07% c. 70%
b. 700% d. 7%

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8. The probability of drawing a silver ball out of a certain bag is 0.3. What is the probability of not
drawing a silver ball?
a. 70 c. 0.07
b. 0.7 d. 0.77
9. The probability of winning a prize at a school raffle is 0.62. What is the probability of not winning a
prize at the raffle?
a. 0.48 c. 3.8
b. 0.38 d. 38
10. April has a blue dress, a purple dress, a white dress, and a yellow dress. For shoes, she can choose
either dress shoes, sandals, or slippers. How many different outfits can she wear?
a. 24 c. 12
b. 7 d. 14
11. At a restaurant, Donald can choose between a roast beef sandwich, a chicken salad sandwich, and a
fish sandwich. As a side item he can choose apple slices, yogurt, or a salad. As a drink he can choose
juice, water, or tea. If he chooses one sandwich, one side item, and one drink, how many different
meals can he choose from?
a. 18 c. 27
b. 9 d. 12
12. A middle school contains 6th, 7th, and 8th grade classes. One student from each grade will be
chosen to represent the school in an essay contest. The 6th grade finalists are Manuel, Sarah, Luis, and
Eiko. The 7th grade finalists are Benji, Eric, and Sandra. The 8th grade finalists are Hilda, Elizabeth,
and Robby. How many different ways can the students be chosen?
a. 27 c. 36
b. 10 d. 15

Greg spins the spinner twice.

2
5 3
4

13. What is the probability that it will land on an even number both times?
a. c.
b. d.
14. What is the probability that the spinner will land on 5 on the first spin and 2 on the second spin?
a. c.
b. d.
Mrs. Liang spins each spinner one time.

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 S pinner 1 S pinner 2

6
C A
9 7
8 B

15. What is the probability that the first spinner will land on an odd number and the second spinner will
land on a vowel?
a. c.
b. d.
16. What is the probability that the first spinner will land on 7 and the second spinner will land on C?
a. c.
b. d.
Jared is going to perform an experiment in which he spins each spinner once.

S pinner 1 S pinner 2 S pinner 3

A 1
Blue Red
4 2
B 3 Green

17. What is the probability that the first spinner will land on A, the second spinner will land on an even
number, and the third spinner will land on Blue?
a. c.
b. d.
18. What is the probability that the first spinner will land on B, the second spinner will land on 3, and
the third spinner will land on Green?
a. c.
b. d.

Multiple Choices Answers:

1. ANS: A

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To represent the decimal as a fraction, multiply the decimal by 100, put the result over the denominator
100 and simplify. To represent the decimal as a percent, multiply by 100, and then add the percent
symbol.

2. ANS: D

To represent a percent as a fraction, place the number over the denominator 100, and then simplify. To
represent a percent as a decimal, divide the number by 100.

3. ANS: A

To represent the fraction as a decimal, divide the numerator of the fraction by the denominator. To
represent the fraction as a decimal, divide, then multiply by 100 and add a percent symbol.

4. ANS: D

There are 5 vowels in the alphabet of 26 letters. So the probability is .

5. ANS: A

There are six possible outcomes when a fair number cube is rolled. Because the number cube is fair, all
outcomes are equally likely. There are two numbers greater than 4 on the number cube: 5 and 6. So the
probability of rolling one of these numbers is .

6. ANS: A

There are six possible outcomes when a fair number cube is rolled. Because the number cube is fair, all
outcomes are equally likely. There are five numbers less than or equal to 5 on the number cube: 1, 2, 3,
4, and 5. So the probability of rolling one of these numbers is .

7. ANS: D

Subtract the probability of the events occurring from 100%.

8. ANS: B

Subtract the probability of the events occurring from 1.

1 0.3 = 0.7

9. ANS: B

Subtract the probability of the event occurring from 1.

10. ANS: C

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Make a tree diagram to organize the possible choices, and then count the number of choices.

11. ANS: C

He has three choices to make and three options for each choice. Make an organized list to keep track of
all the different types of meals, and then count them.

12. ANS: C

Make an organized list to keep track of all the possible arrangements of students, and then count all of
the arrangements.

13. ANS: C

There are 16 possible outcomes, 4 of which have two even numbers.

(2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5)

(3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5)

(4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5)

(5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5)

The probability of spinning two even numbers is = .

14. ANS: A

There are 16 possible outcomes. Of these, only 1 is spinning 5 first and 2 second.

(2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5)

(3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5)

(4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5)

(5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5)

The probability of spinning 5, then 2, is .

15. ANS: D

There are 12 possible outcomes. Of these, 2 have an odd number first and an A second.

(6, A), (6, B), (6, C)

(7, A), (7, B), (7, C)

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(8, A), (8, B), (8, C)

(9, A), (9, B), (9, C)

The probability of spinning an odd number, then a vowel, is = .

16. ANS: D

There are 12 possible outcomes. Of these, only 1 is a 7 first and a C second.

(6, A), (6, B), (6, C)

(7, A), (7, B), (7, C)

(8, A), (8, B), (8, C)

(9, A), (9, B), (9, C)

The probability of spinning a 7, then a C, is .

17. ANS: B

There are 24 possible outcomes. Of these, 2 have an A first, an even number second, and Blue third.

So, the probability of spinning A, an even number, and Blue is = .

18. ANS: D

There are 24 possible outcomes. Of these, 1 has B first, 3 second, and Green third.

So, the probability of spinning A, 3, and Green is .

Problem Solving (with Lectures and Example Problems):

PROBABILITY

A probability model consists of a sample space, S and an assignment of probability, P. Sample

space, S is the set of all possible outcomes of the random phenomenon. Sets of outcomes are called
Events. Any assignment of probability must obey the rules that state the basic properties of probability.
Probability Rules:
Rule 1: The probability P(A) of any event A satisfies 0 () 1
Rule 2: If S is the sample space in a probability model, then () = 1
Rule 3: Two events A and B are disjoints if they have outcomes in common and so can never occur
together. If a and B are disjoint, ( ) = () + (). This is the Addition Rule for
Disjoint Events.

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Rule 4: The complement of ay event A is the event that A does not occur, written as A.The
complement rule states that ( ) = 1 ()
Rule 5: The events A and B are independent if knowing that one occurs does not change the probability
that the other occurs. If A and B are independent, ( ) = ()(). This is the
Multiplication Rule for Independent Events.

EXAMPLE 1: Cellphones and Accidents Probabilities

Day Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
Probability 0.03 0.19 0.18 0.23 0.19 0.16 0.02
What is the probability that an accident occurs on a weekend?
Answer: Rule 3 (Disjoints Sets)
() = () + () = . + . = .
Find the probability that a prne-related accident occurs on a weekday.
Answer: Rule 3: () = () + () + () + () + () =
.
Or Rule 4: () = () = .

EXAMPLE 2: Educational levels of young adults

Choose a young adult (age 25 to 34 years old) at random. The probability is 0.12 that person
chosen did not complete high school, 0.31 that the person has a high school diploma but no further
education, and 0.29 that the person has at least a bachelors degree. A) What must be the probability
that a randomly chosen young adult has some education beyond high school but does not have a
bachelors degree? B) What is the probability that a randomly chosen young adult hast at least a high
school education?
Solution:
P(did not complete high school) = 0.12
P(has high school diploma but no further education) = 0.31
P(has at least a bachelors degree) = 0.29
TOTAL = 0.72
A) P(has high school diploma but no bachelors degree) = 1 0.72 = 0.28
B) P(young adult has at least a high school education) = 1- 0.12 = 0.88

EXAMPLE 3: Government Officials

Suppose that we take a simple random sample without replacement of two officials from the
five officials. A) Find the probability that we obtain the president and mayor. B) Find the probability
that the congressman is included in the sample.
President (P)
Vice President (VP)
Senate President (SP)
Congressman (C)
Mayor (M)
Solution:
PVP PSP PC PM
VPSP VPC VPM

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 SPC SPM
CM
Answer: P (President and Mayor) = 1/10
P (Congressman) = 4/10

DISCRETE PROBABILITY AND DISTRIBUTION

Random Variable variable whose value is a numerical outcome of a random phenomenon; no
bias
Discrete Random Variable x has a finite number of possible values
Probability of Distribution of x lists the values and their probabilities
Probabilities must satisfy two requirements:
o Every possibility is a number between 1 and 1.
o 1 + 2 + 3 + + = 1

EXAMPLE 4: Grade Distribution

DLSU posts the grade distribution for its courses online. Studies in one section of ENGSTAT
received 31% As, 40% Bs, 20% Cs, 4% Ds and 5% Fs. Choose an ENGSTAT student at random.
To choose at random means to give every student the same chance to be chosen. The students grade
on a four-point scale (w/ A=4) is a random variable x. Determine the probability that the student got a
B or better.
Random Variable x A B C D F
Probability Distribution 0.31 0.4 0.2 0.04 0.05
( ) = () + () = . + . = . = %

PERMUTATION
!
n =
( )!
EXAMPLE 5: r
From among 10 employees, three are to be selected for travel to three out-of-town plants A, B,
and C with one employee traveling to each plant. Because the plants are in different cities, the order of
assigning the employees to the plants is an important consideration. The first person selected might for
instance, go to plant A and the second to plant B. In how many ways can the assignment be made?
Solution:
n = 10 (sample space)
r = 3 (A, B, C)
10!
= 1 = 720
03 (10 3)!
Answer: 720 ways

CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY (A|B)

Event A given B
One will not occur without the other
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 ()
(|) = () > 0
()
EXAMPLE 6:
Suppose that out of 100 students completing an introductory statistics course, 20 were business
majors. Ten receive As in the course, and three of these students were business majors. Determine the
probability that the student received an A, given that shes a business major.
Solution:
Let A=event that the student received an A
Let B=event that the student is a business major
()
(|) = =
()

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