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ANALOG ELECTRONICS PROJECT

August 21, 2010


SUBMITTED TO:
MR. NAUMAN AHMED

SUBMITTED BY:
ALI RAZA SALEEM (2008 − EE − 17)
MUHAMMAD ANAS MUNIR (2008 − EE − 29)
SECTION: A

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WIRELESS SWITCHING THROUGH 555 TIMER CIRCUITRY

Normally, home appliances are controlled through switches. However, it may


be dangerous if there is any physical contact with short switches. The system
described below requires no such physical contacts. You just need to move your
hand. Its applications are security systems, hand-drier and etc.

Explanation
The system consists of two major blocks as following:

The function of each block is explained as good as possible. Let's start our
journey!

555 NETWORK
This network consists of the following components:

Sr.# Component Sr.# Component


1. RA = 1kΩ 4. C1 = 100nF
2. RB = 10kΩ 5. R = 220Ω
3. C = 1nF 6. D= Infrared − led
7. 555 IC

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The network is shown below:

It consists of 555 timer which is an analog-digital converter which is a


combination of comparators and digital ip-ops. A series connection of three
resistors set the reference voltage levels to the comparators at (2/3)VCC and
(1/3) VCC . The output of these comparators set or reset the ip-op unit.
The output is then brought out through an output voltage amplier stage. It
is commonly used in 2 modes:
1. Astable operation ( Output switches back & forth )
2. Monostable operation ( One stable output )
We are using it, in Astable mode! It is also known as an astable mutivi-
brator or clock circuit. Its internal operation is described below:

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• The two comparators are the heart of 555 timer circuitry, and a F/F. The
voltage comparators are the devices which produce high O/P, Whenever,
the voltage on the Non-Inverting Terminal (+) is greater than
the Inverting Terminal (−).
• The external capacitor (C) charges up until its voltage exceeds (2/3)VCC
as determined by the upper voltage comparator(U1). When this compara-
tor O/P goes high, it resets the latch causing the pin (3) to go low.
• At the same time, Q̄ goes high, closing the discharge switch and causing
the capacitor to begin to discharge through RB . It will continue to dis-
charge until the capacitor voltage drops below 1/3VCC as determined by
the lower comparator(U2).
• When this comparator output goes high, it sets the latch, causing the
capacitor, charging again as the cycle repeats.

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The analysis has shown the following facts:

T = tL + tH

Since,
tL = 0.693RB C

tH = 0.693 (RA + RB ) C

Thus,
(RA +2RB )C
⇒T = 0.693 (RA + 2RB ) C = 1.44

• We have to generate a rectangular wave of certain freguency. That wave


turns on-off infrared led causing it to emit infrared rays.
• These infrarred rays act as an actuator to switching block or receiver
circuitry. To actuate receiver, these rays should be projected on the lens
of Photo-Transistor. The frequency of rays should be of such value
so that they can wake-up the transistor. As, photo-transistor has
specic wake-up or on time.
• From the datasheet, photo-transistor is a having ON-TIME of 8µs in
the switching netwok. Therefore, the frequency(f ) should be:

f ≥125kHz

SWITCHING NETWORK
This block consists of the following components:

Sr.# Component Sr.# Component


1. R1 = 100kΩ 7. RL1 =6V−RELAY
2. Q1 = L14G1 8. D1 = 1N4007
3. RV1 =10kΩ 9. J1 = 2 − PIN.CONNECTOR
4. U1 = CA3140 10. J2 = 3 − PIN.CONNECTOR
5. R2 = 3K3Ω
6. Q2 = BC548

The heart of this block is a photo-transistor, a comparator and a relay!


Each part has its own signicance in the network. These parts are explained
one-by-one. Let's analyze this network and disseminate the key features of this
project. Again it will be studied along with the precious schematic showing the
big picture of our fantastic journey.

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PHOTO-TRANSISTOR

It is a special type of transistor which will conduct only when light falls on it.
In this state, it has relatively small resistance which is 3kΩ in our case. When
light cut-o it is 3MΩ.

COMPARATOR

It is an operational amplier and has extensive applications. It is used in many


congurations like feed back, as comparator and many more. It has 8-pins.
Each pin has its proper function. As, pin2 (-) and pin3 (+) are the inverting
and non-inverting inputs. Pin7 and pin4 are for VCC and GND respectively.
Pin6 is the O/P pin. Pins 1, 5 are for o-set null and pin8 is the strobe. We
should explain its internal circuitry but it is very complex. Also, we will discuss
only the used pins while others (compensation pins) are not. Its output will
be high only when the voltage at the non-inverting (+) terminal is greater
than that of the inverting input (−) terminal.

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RELAY
It is a magnetic switch used extensively. It comes in assorted size, rating
and applications. It has several types. It is most common in high and low
voltage applications.

OPERATION
• When the infra-red light of certain frequency (f ≥ 125kΩ) from transmit-
ter falls on the base of photo-transistor (L14G1), as a result, its resistance
decreases. As light falls, the generation of electron-hole pair takes place in
the base of transistor. These electrons are attracted towards emitter side
and thus it is in on-state. When this light is interrupted or cut-off,
its resistance increases from 3kΩ to 3MΩ .Almost all the voltage appears
across it and a fraction of voltage appears across R1 = 100kΩ.
• From the schematic, the collector and POT are connected to the
non-inverting terminal(+) and the inverting terminal(−)
of CA3140 respectively, for some reference voltage. When the light cut-
off the voltage at (+) will be greater than (−), causing output to go
high.

• Further, there is a relay block consisting of a resistor, a transistor and


a diode. As the O/P of comparator goes high, the transistor goes into
saturation which is connected to the control circuit coil of relay and
causing it to switch. The design calculation of R2 is given below:
We have:
Resistance of Relay Coil = RC = 100Ω

Supply Voltage = VCC = 5V

Comparator Output Voltage = Vo = 1.83V

Current gain = β = 500

Since,

⇒ IC ≥ IC.SAT

As,
VCC 5
IC.SAT = = = 500mA
RC 100

IC
⇒ IB = = 100µA
β

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Also,
 
Vo − VBE
⇒ IC = βIB = β
RB

Thus,
 
Vo − VBE VCC
β ≥
RB RC

βRC
⇒ RB ≤ (Vo − VBE )
VCC
Hence,
⇒ RB ≤ (1.83 − 0.7) 500×100
5 ≤ 11.3kΩ

RB ≤ 11.3kΩ

• A diode is used to protect the circuit from spikes of relay which are of
very large values. It happens when the relay de-energize, the load-
switch will open. As it opens the magnetic eld of the control coil of relay
cannot be maintained. When this magnetic eld collapses, a high voltage
is induced in the coil itself in the direction opposing the VCC . Also, these
spikes have voltages many times larger than that of the VCC . In such
situations, a diode is used for safety. So, whenever the switch opens, 0.7V
appears across diode and protect the whole switching network from these
spikes.

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OUTPUT
At the output, you can use any device where you don't want manual switching.
For example, we have use an led in the output which turns on-off as we
interrupt the infrared rays. We can also use other networks like below:

The push button B1 can be replaced by the wireless switch network. The
function of B1 will be done by the relay. It is a simple timer-network.
When the button is pushed by the relay, the lamp turns on for some time that
is set by the combination of R3, RV1 and C1. As, the button is pushed, the
capacitor behaves as a short-circuit and a maximum current (IDSS ) ow
and the lamp turns on. As the time passes, its light dims and at the time when
the capacitor charges upto the voltage VGS = VP , the current goes to zero and
lamp turns off. We can also make hand-drier from that circuitry, we just have
to replace the lamp by a fan!

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PCB DESGIN & LAYOUT

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