Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SUBMITTED BY:
ALI RAZA SALEEM (2008 − EE − 17)
MUHAMMAD ANAS MUNIR (2008 − EE − 29)
SECTION: A
1
WIRELESS SWITCHING THROUGH 555 TIMER CIRCUITRY
Explanation
The system consists of two major blocks as following:
The function of each block is explained as good as possible. Let's start our
journey!
555 NETWORK
This network consists of the following components:
2
The network is shown below:
3
• The two comparators are the heart of 555 timer circuitry, and a F/F. The
voltage comparators are the devices which produce high O/P, Whenever,
the voltage on the Non-Inverting Terminal (+) is greater than
the Inverting Terminal (−).
• The external capacitor (C) charges up until its voltage exceeds (2/3)VCC
as determined by the upper voltage comparator(U1). When this compara-
tor O/P goes high, it resets the latch causing the pin (3) to go low.
• At the same time, Q̄ goes high, closing the discharge switch and causing
the capacitor to begin to discharge through RB . It will continue to dis-
charge until the capacitor voltage drops below 1/3VCC as determined by
the lower comparator(U2).
• When this comparator output goes high, it sets the latch, causing the
capacitor, charging again as the cycle repeats.
4
The analysis has shown the following facts:
T = tL + tH
Since,
tL = 0.693RB C
tH = 0.693 (RA + RB ) C
Thus,
(RA +2RB )C
⇒T = 0.693 (RA + 2RB ) C = 1.44
f ≥125kHz
SWITCHING NETWORK
This block consists of the following components:
5
PHOTO-TRANSISTOR
It is a special type of transistor which will conduct only when light falls on it.
In this state, it has relatively small resistance which is 3kΩ in our case. When
light cut-o it is 3MΩ.
COMPARATOR
6
RELAY
It is a magnetic switch used extensively. It comes in assorted size, rating
and applications. It has several types. It is most common in high and low
voltage applications.
OPERATION
• When the infra-red light of certain frequency (f ≥ 125kΩ) from transmit-
ter falls on the base of photo-transistor (L14G1), as a result, its resistance
decreases. As light falls, the generation of electron-hole pair takes place in
the base of transistor. These electrons are attracted towards emitter side
and thus it is in on-state. When this light is interrupted or cut-off,
its resistance increases from 3kΩ to 3MΩ .Almost all the voltage appears
across it and a fraction of voltage appears across R1 = 100kΩ.
• From the schematic, the collector and POT are connected to the
non-inverting terminal(+) and the inverting terminal(−)
of CA3140 respectively, for some reference voltage. When the light cut-
off the voltage at (+) will be greater than (−), causing output to go
high.
Since,
⇒ IC ≥ IC.SAT
As,
VCC 5
IC.SAT = = = 500mA
RC 100
IC
⇒ IB = = 100µA
β
7
Also,
Vo − VBE
⇒ IC = βIB = β
RB
Thus,
Vo − VBE VCC
β ≥
RB RC
βRC
⇒ RB ≤ (Vo − VBE )
VCC
Hence,
⇒ RB ≤ (1.83 − 0.7) 500×100
5 ≤ 11.3kΩ
RB ≤ 11.3kΩ
• A diode is used to protect the circuit from spikes of relay which are of
very large values. It happens when the relay de-energize, the load-
switch will open. As it opens the magnetic eld of the control coil of relay
cannot be maintained. When this magnetic eld collapses, a high voltage
is induced in the coil itself in the direction opposing the VCC . Also, these
spikes have voltages many times larger than that of the VCC . In such
situations, a diode is used for safety. So, whenever the switch opens, 0.7V
appears across diode and protect the whole switching network from these
spikes.
8
OUTPUT
At the output, you can use any device where you don't want manual switching.
For example, we have use an led in the output which turns on-off as we
interrupt the infrared rays. We can also use other networks like below:
The push button B1 can be replaced by the wireless switch network. The
function of B1 will be done by the relay. It is a simple timer-network.
When the button is pushed by the relay, the lamp turns on for some time that
is set by the combination of R3, RV1 and C1. As, the button is pushed, the
capacitor behaves as a short-circuit and a maximum current (IDSS ) ow
and the lamp turns on. As the time passes, its light dims and at the time when
the capacitor charges upto the voltage VGS = VP , the current goes to zero and
lamp turns off. We can also make hand-drier from that circuitry, we just have
to replace the lamp by a fan!
9
PCB DESGIN & LAYOUT
10
11