INSTITUTE OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY

ISLAMABAD

Electronics II
EXPERIMENT NO. 07

Study, Build and Simulate Summing OP-Amplifier

Submitted By:

Muhammad Mushtaq 150701004

Muhammad Zawar 150701016

(Avionics 01)

Submitted to:
(Lal Said)
Objective:
To Build and Simulate Summing Op-Amplifier.

Apparatus:
741 IC
Bread board
Connecting wires
Resistors.
Regulated power supply

Theory:
An op amp is a voltage amplifying device. With the help of some external components, an op amp,
which is an active circuit element, can perform mathematical operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, differentiation and integration.

The DIP diagram is shown below with the Pin configuration

The Ideal Opamp

The op amp is designed to detect the difference in voltage applied at the input (the plus (v2) and the
minus (v1) terminals, or pins 2 and 3 of the op amp package). The difference is also known as
the differential input voltage. The output, then, is the difference sensed at the input multiplied by
some value A - the open-loop gain. An op amp behaves as a voltage-controlled voltage source, which
we will model now. We will simulate both an open-loop and a closed-loop amplifier configuration.

An ideal op amp has the following characteristics:

Infinite open-loop gain

Infinite input resistance
Zero output resistance
Zero common-mode gain = infinite common mode-rejection
Infinite bandwidth
Zero noise
Zero input offset
 Op amp model courtesy of wikipedia

Because the input resistance (Rin) is infinite, we can deduce that the current seen at the (+)(v2) and (-
)(v1) terminals are zero, using Kirchhoffs laws. Since the output resistance (Rout) is zero, there is no
voltage loss at the output. The diamond-shaped voltage source in the image above is known as
voltage-dependent voltage source, and in this case the voltage is the gain (G) multiplied by the
difference between the input terminals (Vin). The gain is normally referred to as (A) in texts, so the
equation for the output is given by:

Summing AMPLIFIER
Summing amplifier is a type operational amplifier circuit which can be used to sum signals. The sum
of the input signal is amplified by a certain factor and made available at the output. Any number of
input signal can be summed using an op-amp. The circuit shown below is a three-input summing
amplifier in the inverting mode.

In the circuit, the input signals Va,Vb,Vc are applied to the inverting input of the opamp through
input resistors Ra,Rb,Rc. Any number of input signals can be applied to the inverting input in the
above manner. Rf is the feedback resistor.Non inverting input of the opamp is grounded using
resistor Rm. RL is the load resistor. By applying kirchhoffs current law at not V2 we get,
 Ia+Ib+Ic = If+IB

Since the input resistance of an ideal opamp is close to infinity and has infinite gain. We can neglect
Ib & V2 due to the virtual ground
There for

Ia+Ib+Ic = If .(1)

Equation (1) can be rewritten as

(Va/Ra) + (Vb/Rb)+ (Vc/Rc) = (V2-Vo)/Rf

Neglecting Vo,

we get

Va/Ra + Vb/Rb + Vc/Rc = -Vo/Rf

Vo = -Rf ((Va/Ra)+(Vb/Rb)+(Vc/Rc))

Vo = -((Rf/Ra )Va + (Rf/Rb) Vb + (Rf/Rc) Vc)..(2)

If resistor Ra, Rb, Rc has same value ie; Ra=Rb=Rc=R, then equation (2) can be written as

Vo = -(Rf/R) x (Va + Vb +Vc).(3)

If the values of Rf and R are made equal , then the equation becomes,

Vo = -(Va + Vb +Vc)

Av = -1

Procedure:
We are mainly concerned with five of the pins. The circuit symbol for an op amp is a triangle
with five pins shown below.
 Make the circuit according to the given circuit diagram.

Calculate the theoretical gain according to the formulas

Analysis can be done in 2 ways
o Sinusoidal Inputs
o DC inputs
We chose to do it by DC inputs.
Two different DC voltages from two different sources were applied on the both inverting
and non inverting inputs and output was measured using a DMM.

Theoretical Gain 1 = -Rf/R1 = -(10k/10k) = -1

Theoretical Gain 2 = -Rf/R2 = -(10k/10k) = -1

As all the resistors are equal.

Paractical Gain =~ 1

V1 V2 Vout
1.00 1.02 2.04
1.5 2.5 4.1
3 1.5 4.57
3 2.5 5.62
4 4 8.19
Simulation
In the multisim the given circuit was simulated, tested and verified. The screen shot is given below

Conclusion
It can be concluded by saying that by analysis the summer plus amplifier works as it should be. It
adds two or more inputs together if all the resistors values are same. If the input resistors are
different then it will be called as the weighted adder.