Modelling of Metal Perforated Sheet Facade

MODELLING OF METAL
PERFORATED SHEET FACADES
Student: Moa Florin Coordinator : Jesus Cuadrado Rojo
Second year Civil Engineer student, Associate Professor/Tenured Professor (TU), Dr. Eng.
Department of Civil Engineering, Military Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
and Geomatics Faculty of Engineering - ETSI Bilbao (UPV/EHU)
Faculty of Mechatronics and Integrated Armament
Systems
Military Technical Academy
2016 Modelling of metal perforated sheet facades
MODELING OF METAL
PERFORATED SHEET FACADES
Abstract
In todays society environmental sustainability issue of is acquiring further

political and economical relevance. Thats why building trade industry are
nowadays paying a particular attention to building energetic performance.
The aim of this project is to study the properties of metal perforated sheet
facade, depending on the type of joints , taking into account the beneficial
advantages of metal perforated sheet facades from other studies .
First of all , there were simulations made in ANSYS for different sheet
facades with different folded edges .
Another part of the project is about some perforated facades with different
hole pattern tested for gathering data of the wind flow through the plates , pressure
upon plates and the turbulence that occur between the wall and the facades.
To strengthen the results of this study, a real test was made on two metal
perforated sheet facades , one from aluminum and one from steel.
2
Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 4
Structural resistance of perforated metal facades ........................................................................... 6
Geometry..................................................................................................................................... 6
Knowledges................................................................................................................................. 9
Model and Setup ....................................................................................................................... 10
Solution and Results ................................................................................................................. 12
Total Deformation ................................................................................................................. 12
Equivalent Stress ................................................................................................................... 17
Equivalent Elastic Strain ....................................................................................................... 23
Detailed pressure tests........................................................................................................... 25
Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 26
CFD Tests ..................................................................................................................................... 27
Geometry................................................................................................................................... 27
Model and Setup ....................................................................................................................... 30
Models................................................................................................................................... 30
Boundary conditions ............................................................................................................. 30
Solutions and Results ................................................................................................................ 31
Solution Methods .................................................................................................................. 31
Results ................................................................................................................................... 32
Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 33
Real metal perforated facades test ................................................................................................ 34
Setup and Test ........................................................................................................................... 34
Results ....................................................................................................................................... 36
Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 37
Simulation Model...................................................................................................................... 37
Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 39
Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 40
Refferences ................................................................................................................................... 41
3
Introduction
Strong and functional, with lightweight features, perforated metal walls are smart,
efficient choices. Designers use perforated metal to make more of less: in elevators, strong and
lightweight qualities go hand-in-hand; in pay phone booths their aesthetic, acoustic and airflow
properties are invaluable; in sturdy and durable pegboards. Office dividers benefit from
enhanced sound absorption, higher strength-to-weight, and even magnetic qualities--all of which
make it the panel system of choice. In todays modern society , appearance is a very important
thing , and buildings are not an exception from this statement . Besides their certified use as
architectural designing fences, sunscreens that filter and control light; cabinet door infills that
provide strength without undue weight; railing infills that add structure while reducing mass;
column covers that enhance aesthetics and deliver many design options, metal perforated facades
play a big part in environmental sustainability and economical interest. Studies on thermal and
radiation/heat flux or acoustic properties have shown that these perforated facades apart from the
pleasant appearance should be used in order to maintain a balance between adequate levels of
development and use of available resources.
So, this study starts with the presumption that the advantages from other studies (the ones
mentioned above) are well-known , and therefore structural resistance and behavior come into
questioning, and this where the project starts.
Materials that are most commonly used for metal perforated facades are : Carbon steel
(mild steel), Carbon steel (mild steel), Electro galvanised steel, Pre-painted steel, Stainless steel,
Aluminum and its alloys, Titanium, Copper
Depending on the destination purpose , location and all factors related to location there
are a range of features that should be taken into consideration when it comes to metal perforated
facades such as: shape and dimensions1 , holes dimensions, thickness, material and support.
A brief description of commonly used materials:
Carbon steel (mild steel) is the most commonly used raw material. Principally there are
two types of carbon steel:
Carbon steel cold rolled. It has a quite bright surface. It is used in
thicknesses from 0.3 to 3.0 mm.
Carbon steel hot rolled pickled or black. The former has an
opaque surface and the second has a quite black surface. They are
used for thicknesses from 1.5 mm and above
Pre-galvanised steel this is carbon steel that has gone through a hot zinc bath just after
rolling. This process gives quite a good protection against oxidation and rust, but it can
only be used indoors as the protective layer is interrupted where the holes are punched.
However, some of the zinc is pushed into the holes so that there is some protection at
these points for indoor use.
1
Referring to dimensions of the actual plate and also to the dimensions of the folded/bended parts of the plate
4
Electro galvanised steel this is carbon steel that has passed through an electrolytic bath
of zinc which deposits a zinc coating onto the surface.
Pre-painted steel this is usually pre-galvanised or electro galvanised steel that has been
painted. A wide range of different bright or opaque colours is available. Usually the
upper surface is protected by a polyethylene film. Principally there are two categories of
paint. One for indoor use and the other for outdoor use where atmospheric agents are
more aggressive.
Stainless steel is a general name for different kinds of steel alloyed with nickel and
chrome, combined with other elements. The three most common types are EN 1.4301
(AISI 304), EN 1.4404 (AISI 316L) and EN 1.4016 (AISI 430) (chromatic steel). EN
1.4301 is resistant to corrosion from humidity, and EN 1.4404 is resistant to corrosion
from humidity and less aggressive acids. EN 1.4016 is less corrosion resistant than the
other two types. The surface can be finished in different ways. Besides the standard
surface (2B) one of the most commonly requested finishes is a ground surface. This kind
of treatment entails a brushed finish on the surface of the steel. It is possible to ask for
various brushed finishes and even shiny effects such as (BA), these are good for
decorative purposes.
Aluminium and its alloys this material is particularly interesting because of its weight
advantages, being only one-third the weight of steel. It is also quite resistant to corrosion
even in an untreated condition. The wide range of available alloys extends the application
possibilities in hightech segments.
Titanium is characterized by an excellent resistance to corrosion, from the most oxidant

acids to saline atmospheres.
Copper is a very malleable and corrosion resistant material.
5
Structural resistance of perforated metal facades

Geometry
To make a complex and complete study and in order to obtain precise data , there have
been used 63 different models of metal perforated facades , differences come from thicknesses,
width and length of the plates and also from the dimensions of the bended parts , including the
support area which varies along with the width of the folded metal side.
The plates are categorized in the following way2:
Thickness 1,5 :
Length and width 2000X1250 :
o 2000x1250 15x15 e1,5 |3
o 2000x1250 15x30 e1,5
o 2000x1250 15x45 e1,5
o 2000x1250 30x15 e1,5
o 2000x1250 30x30 e1,5
o 2000x1250 30x45 e1,5
o 2000x1250 45x15 e1,5
o 2000x1250 45x30 e1,5
o 2000x1250 45x45 e1,5
Thickness 2 :
o 1500x1000 15x15 e2
o 1500x1000 15x30 e2
o 1500x1000 15x45 e2
o 1500x1000 30x15 e2
o 1500x1000 30x30 e2
o 1500x1000 30x45 e2
o 1500x1000 45x15 e2
o 1500x1000 45x30 e2
o 1500x1000 45x45 e2
o 1500x1500 15x15 e2
o 1500x1500 15x30 e2
o 1500x1500 15x45 e2
o 1500x1500 30x15 e2
o 1500x1500 30x30 e2
o 1500x1500 30x45 e2
o 1500x1500 45x15 e2
o 1500x1500 45x30 e2
o 1500x1500 45x45 e2
2
The given dimensions are in millimeters
3
15x15; 30x15; 45x30 ;etc.. refer to the folded sides dimensions ,also the bended sides on the length of the plate
are double bended as seen in fig. 2 and better in fig. 3
6

o 2000x1250 15x15 e2
o 2000x1250 15x30 e2
o 2000x1250 15x45 e2
o 2000x1250 30x15 e2
o 2000x1250 30x30 e2
o 2000x1250 30x45 e2
o 2000x1250 45x15 e2
o 2000x1250 45x30 e2
o 2000x1250 45x45 e2
o 3000x1000 15x15 e2
o 3000x1000 15x30 e2
o 3000x1000 15x45 e2
o 3000x1000 30x15 e2
o 3000x1000 30x30 e2
o 3000x1000 30x45 e2
o 3000x1000 45x15 e2
o 3000x1000 45x30 e2
o 3000x1000 45x45 e2

o 3000x1500 15x15 e2
o 3000x1500 15x30 e2
o 3000x1500 15x45 e2
o 3000x1500 30x15 e2
o 3000x1500 30x30 e2
o 3000x1500 30x45 e2
o 3000x1500 45x15 e2
o 3000x1500 45x30 e2
o 3000x1500 45x45 e2
Thickness 2,5 :
o 2000x1250 15x15 e2,5
o 2000x1250 15x30 e2,5
o 2000x1250 15x45 e2,5
o 2000x1250 30x15 e2,5
o 2000x1250 30x30 e2,5
o 2000x1250 30x45 e2,5
o 2000x1250 45x15 e2,5
o 2000x1250 45x30 e2,5
o 2000x1250 45x45 e2,5
7
The radius of the holes is of 10 millimeters (R/2) with a triangular pitch of 30 millimeters
(T) as seen in fig. 1 , giving an open area of 40.3%.4
Figure 1
The metal perforated plates have a fixed support that represents the inner face of a hole
with the radius of 3,5 millimeters.
Figure 2
Here we can see the plate with the fixed support
Also there is a
compression only support that
stands for the real support
that we find on a building ,
with the width of 20
millimeters and positioned at
10 millimeters from the
margin of the bended side
`
Figure 3
4
The open area refers to a plate with no margins or folded sides
8
Knowledges
A call for the Beaufort scale and a pressure-wind velocity formula, needs to be made in order to
perceive the scale of these tests.
Pressure = x (density of air) x (wind speed)2 air density=1.2923 kg/m3

(Formula 1)
9
Model and Setup
From all the 63 plates , there have been made a total of 82 simulations ; except for the
following plates :
o 1500x1500 15x15 e2
o 1500x1500 15x30 e2
o 1500x1500 15x45 e2
o 1500x1500 30x15 e2
o 1500x1500 30x30 e2
o 1500x1500 30x45 e2
o 1500x1500 45x15 e2
o 1500x1500 45x30 e2
o 1500x1500 45x45 e2
(which were tested for 450 Pa , 900 Pa , 1350 Pa and 1800 Pa ) all the other plates were tested
just for 900 Pa.
Using (Formula 1) we can express the pressure (900 Pa) in wind velocity and look for it in the
Beaufort scale and make an idea of the meaning of this pressure value:
2
2 900 (

) 2
=1 = 1 = 1392,865 2
1.2923 3
2 2

Wind speed= 37,321 = 134.36 km/h
We can observe that this wind speed overpasses the number 12 on Beaufort scale which means
that the perforated plates were tested for strong winds.
The other conversions from wind pressure to wind velocity:

450 Pa = 95.004 km/h
1350 Pa = 164.55 km/h
1800 Pa = 190.01 km/h
The program used to simulate these plates was

Ansys, using the Static Structural module.
All the plates were made at a quarter from their
original size because of computational reasons ,
and symmetries were used in Mechanical
section of static structural , to obtain the full
perforated faade.(fig. 5)
Figure 4
Analysis setting of the plates in Model section of the Static
Structural module
10
Figure 5
Symmetries on the faces normal to Y axis and Z axis
The solution outputs for these simulations are:

Total Deformation
Equivalent Elastic Strain
Equivalent Stress
The material that was used for these simulation is Steel DX 51D with the following properties5:
Youngs Modulus: 210 GPa
Tensile Yield Strength: 140 MPa
Tensile Ultimate Strength: 270 MPa
In fig. 6 there are 3 of the

plates used in simulation at the
same scale and all of them have
the same area of support and
same hole size of the fixed
support
Figure 6
From left to right: 1500x1000; 2000x1250; 3000x1500
5
The properties that differ from a standard Steel material
11
Solution and Results
The plates and their results shown here were tested for 900 Pa.
Total Deformation
First well analyze the total deformation data that we have from the simulations made on
all the perforated plates:
Figure 7
Figure 8
12
Figure 9
Figure 10
13
Figure 11
Figure 12
14
Figure 13
Figure 14
In fig. 14 we can see the differences between plates with the same dimensions (length and
width) but of different thicknesses 1,5 ; 2; 2,5 millimeters.
As we can observe from the graphic the deformation decreases along with the elongation
of folded sides by 15 millimeter at a time.
15
Figure 15
Here are all the plates with their deformation in the maximum point and we can easily see that
there is a big leap for the 3000x1500 plates . This occurs because comparing to the 3000x1000
plates of the elongation on the single folded side and because of the size relation between the
support area and the total size of the plates, and also because at the given pressure the plates tend
to behave non-linearly.
16
We can observe in fig.16 that although

that is 1500x1500 square plate , the deflection
is bigger on the perpendicular axis with the
single folded side than on the other axis , which
reveals the fact that the single bended side
affects the deformation of the entire perforated
plate.
Figure 16
In figures 7 to 13 there is deformation drop from the small folded sides 15x15 to bigger
ones 45x45 for all the plates.
Equivalent Stress
The acquired data for the equivalent stress in the maximum points is shown below for
each metal perforated sheet.
In fig. 17 and 18 we have the

maximum stress points , that
always appear for the fixed
support and in the corner of the
plates meaning that these are the
most stressed zones for the
pressure that is applied.
Figure 18 Figure 17
17
Figure 19
Figure 20
18
Figure 21
Figure 22
19
Figure 23
Figure 24
20
Figure 25
Figure 26
Again we have the comparison between plates of the same dimensions except for the
thicknesses (1.5;2;2.5) . The equivalent stress drops along with increasing the thickness of the
plates.
21
Figure 27
22
There are big values for the stress for the plates that have different size on the double
bended sides ; eg. 15x30 ; 45x15 ; 40x15.
Also , if we make an overall analysis ,we can observe that almost all the plates fail in
those maximum points by overpassing the Tensile Ultimate Strength of the used material which
leads us to a few conclusions :
The support area is small compared to the full size of the metal perforated
sheets (20 mm) (H1)
The distance from the edges of the plates to the support face is also too small
(10 mm) taking into consideration the load and the dimensions of the plates
(H2)
Figure 28
Equivalent Elastic Strain
We know the relation between the stress and strain from the following equation:
=
Where :
stands for stress
stands for strain
stands for Youngs
modulus
23
Figure 29
As we can see from fig. 28 and fig. 29 (stress and strain diagram) they have similar curvatures.
24
Detailed pressure tests
As presented in Model and Setup section the following plates (1500x1500) were tested
for 450 Pa , 900 Pa , 1350 Pa , 1800 Pa.
Figure 30
Figure 31
25
Figure 32
Conclusions
Using the above diagrams we can draw some conclusions:

The increase of the bended parts improve the decrease of deformation
Using double bended sides could be a plus referring to the decreasing of
deformation but a minus in economical thinking
The position of the support affects the stress that the support takes along with the
deformation that the perforated plates has
The area on which the plates are supported also play a big part in maximum stress
control.
The thickness of the plates also affects the deformation and stress upon them
The material used is important as from economical reasons but also from
structural ones
The perforated plates were tested for a pressure of 900 Pa6 which in terms of wind
speed represents 134.36 km/h and referring to Beaufort scale , it exceeds the last
category presented in the table
The fact that the open area of these plates is of 40.3% and that the applied
pressure is on the solid parts and taking into account that there is a pressure drop
because of the holes , it means that the plates were tested for a slightly higher
wind speed than the equivalent of the pressure
6
All of them, but some were also tested for 450 Pa, 1350 Pa, 1800 Pa
26
CFD Tests
In order to obtain data of wind behavior , turbulences that occur between the metal
perforated faade and the wall , pressure upon the plate for a given wind velocity , several
simulations were made in Ansys Fluent .
The solver used for these simulations is a pressure-based solver.
The pressure-based solver employs an algorithm which belongs to a general class of
methods called the projection method In the projection method, wherein the constraint of mass
conservation (continuity) of the velocity field is achieved by solving a pressure (or pressure
correction) equation. The pressure equation is derived from the continuity and the momentum
equations in such a way that the velocity field, corrected by the pressure, satisfies the continuity.
Since the governing equations are nonlinear and coupled to one another, the solution process
involves iterations wherein the entire set of governing equations is solved repeatedly until the
solution converges.
Geometry
For these tests , several different types of perforated facades were modeled using
Autodesk Inventor, all the plates have the width 1000 mm and length 1000 mm , but were
modeled at a quarter of that size , also the open area for all of them goes around 35% , as its the
best open area because of economical, architectural and structural reasons :
Figure 33 Figure 34
In fig. 33 it is presented a plate with a In fig. 34 we have a plate with round holes and
triangular pitch, round holes with diameter of triangular pitch like in fig. 1 with diameter (R)
15 mm and distance between holes of 24 mm , of 10 millimeters and the pitch (T) of 16
and an open area of 35.4%, calculated without millimeters, having an open area of 35.4%
the margins
27
Figure 36
Figure 35
In fig. 36 another plate with round holes and In fig.35 we have a plate with round holes and
rectangular pitch , this time with a hole rectangular pitch , the holes have a diameter of
diameter of 15 mm and a pitch of 22.5 mm and 10 mm with distance between holes of 15 mm ,
an open area of 34.9% which gives an open area of 34.9%
Figure 38 Figure 37
In fig.38 we have a plate with square holes and In fig.37 there is another plate with square
rectangular pitch , the square holes have sides holes and rectangular pitch , with the square
of 10 mm and the distance between the holes is holes sides of 15 mm and a rectangular pitch
17 mm with an open area of 34.6% of 25.5 meaning that it has an open area of
34.6%
28
In fig. 39 we have a plate with rectangular holes and a

staggered pitch with the following dimensions: length
20 mm , width 5 mm , distance between holes
horizontally 25 mm and distance between holes
vertically 11.5 mm with and open area of 34.78%
Figure 39
The metal perforated facades were enclosed

with a user-defined geometry with the following
dimensions : A - D =0,7 meters ; C D = 0,3 m and
the heights of 0,51 and 0,81 meters , the geometry
was extruded on 0,5 m and symmetries were used
on two axes to simulates the full plates and the
continuous flow of air upwards and downwards
after it passes the plates.
Figure 40
29
Model and Setup
Most of the errors in Fluent occur because of a divergence , which often means that the
mesh is of poor quality . In order to obtain converged results the quality of the mesh ranged from
386686 to 875051 number of nodes which also increases the running time .
Models
All the simulated models had the same

setups as we see in fig. 41 , a viscous model was
used , with k-epsilon model.
The K-epsilon model is one of the most
common turbulence models.It is a two equation
model, that means, it includes two extra transport
equations to represent the turbulent properties of
the flow.
` The first transported variable is turbulent
kinetic energy, .
The second transported variable in this case
is the turbulent dissipation, . It is the variable that
determines the scale of the turbulence, whereas the
first variable, , determines the energy in the
Figure 41 turbulence.
Boundary conditions
Moving on to the Boundary Conditions , the inlet was initialized as a velocity-inlet with
the wind speed of 29 m/s 7 and an atmospheric pressure of 101 kPa , and the outlet was
initialized as a pressure-outlet again with atmospheric pressure.
7
Used from Documento Bsico SE-AE (Seguridad Estructural Acciones en la edificacin)
30
Solutions and Results
Solution Methods
The Pressure-Implicit with Splitting of Operators (PISO) pressure-velocity coupling

scheme, part of the SIMPLE family of algorithms, is based on the higher degree of the
approximate relation between the corrections for pressure and velocity. One of the limitations of
the SIMPLE and SIMPLEC algorithms is that new velocities and corresponding fluxes do not
satisfy the momentum balance after the pressure-correction equation is solved. As a result, the
calculation must be repeated until the balance is satisfied. To improve the efficiency of this
calculation, the PISO algorithm performs two additional corrections: neighbor correction and
skewness correction.
Neighbor Correction
The main idea of the PISO algorithm is to move the

repeated calculations required by SIMPLE and SIMPLEC
inside the solution stage of the pressure-correction
equation . After one or more additional PISO loops, the
corrected velocities satisfy the continuity and momentum
equations more closely. This iterative process is called a
momentum correction or "neighbor correction''. The PISO
algorithm takes a little more CPU time per solver iteration,
but it can dramatically decrease the number of iterations
required for convergence.
Skewness Correction
For meshes with some degree of skewness, the

approximate relationship between the correction of mass
flux at the cell face and the difference of the pressure
corrections at the adjacent cells is very rough. Since the
components of the pressure-correction gradient along the
cell faces are not known in advance, an iterative process
similar to the PISO neighbor correction described above is
desirable . After the initial solution of the pressure-
correction equation, the pressure-correction gradient is
recalculated and used to update the mass flux corrections. Figure 42
This process, which is referred to as "skewness
correction'', significantly reduces convergence difficulties associated with highly distorted
meshes. The PISO skewness correction allows FLUENT to obtain a solution on a highly skewed
mesh in approximately the same number of iterations as required for a more orthogonal mesh.
31
The PRESTO! (PREssure STaggering Option) scheme uses the discrete continuity
balance for a staggered control volume about the face to compute the staggered pressure.
This procedure is similar in spirit to the staggered-grid schemes used with structured meshes .
When second-order accuracy is desired, quantities at cell faces are computed using a
multidimensional linear reconstruction approach . In this approach, higher-order accuracy is
achieved at cell faces through a Taylor series expansion of the cell-centered solution about the
cell centroid.
Results
The results of these tests show us the velocity of the wind before and after going through
the perfrated plate , and the behaviour of the air to the outlet.
Figure 43 Figure 44
Perforated plate with round holes Perforated plate with round holes
Streamline showing the velocity and path of the air Velocity vectors through perforated plate
from the inlet (left) to the outlet (up)
The air tends to gather speed

after exiting the holes of the perforated
plate as it is pushed by the coming air,
repeating the same behavior as it
approaches the outlet which means that a
higher pressure will be on the outside of
the plate than on the inside as well see
in fig.46
Figure 45
Perforated plate with square holes
Velocity vectors through the whole enclose geometry
32
Pressure differences between inside and outside

of the plate according to the wind velocity of 29 m/s .
As pictured in fig. 47 the turbulence kinetic

energy occurs near the inside face of the plate and
complements the turbulence of superior or inferior
perforated faade.
Conclusions
All the simulations made have similar behavior

for air velocity, pressure upon plate and walls and
turbulence because all them were modeled with
approximately the same open area (which derives from
holes size) around 35 %.
Figure 46
Pressure contour on the wall of the solid of a
perforated plate with square holes
Figure 47
Volume rendering of turbulence kinetic Energy
33
Real metal perforated facades test
A test was made on two different metal perforated facades one from steel and one from
aluminum8 and 1500 x 1000 mm , with 1,5 mm thickness that were provided by the RMIG9.
The tests were made in a laboratory of the University of Basque Country.
Several bitumen sheets were used to simulate the pressure on the perforated plates, with a
nominal area density of 4 kg/m2 but as well see below , because of the porous material that
bitumen is made of , the sheets varied under or above this nominal value .
Dimensions Weight Area Density Equivalent of kgf to

(mm) (kg) 2
(kg/m ) Pa
1205 x 1000 4,984 4,1361 40,56128099585062
1194 x1000 5,002 4,1892 41,08280008375209
1200 x 1000 4,981 4,1508 40,70576970833333
1162 x1040 4,891 4,0472 39,62160087067142
1200 x 1000 5,021 4,1841 41,03265804166667
1170 x 1000 4,827 4.1250 40,45871756410256
1163 x 1000 4,828 4.1513 40,71066741186586
The bitumen sheets were placed in the center on the metal perforated plates , 150 mm
away from the margins on both parts. (fig. 56)
The steel perforated faade had a weight of 12.325 kg and the aluminum one 4.249 kg.
Both of them had double bended sides (30 x 15) on the length of the plate and no bended sides
on the width , which will affect the deflection of
the plates. Also the support was positioned at
100 mm from the edges on a 50 mm long
rectangular.(see fig. 55)
The plates have round holes of 5 mm
diameter with a triangular pitch of 8 mm ,
resulting in an open area of 35,4 % ; 15 mm
margin on the length and 10 mm margin on the
width of the plate
Setup and Test
As supports there were used 4 x T

shaped metal profiles with 4 x L shaped metal
profiles were connected with a screw (bonded
connection) , and the T supports were fixed into
the concrete blocks with 4 screws .
The L shaped metal profile was attached
to the second bended side with a screw of 5 mm diameter (fig.49)
8
The exact material for both of the plates is unknown
9
RMIG is the largest perforating company in the world and has over a century's experience in the perforation
industry.
34
Figure 48 Two blocks of concrete one on top of

the other were used to lift the perforated plates
above the ground.
An L shaped bar was used to hold the 4
potentiometers in position as seen in fig. 50.
The tests stopped at 7 bitumen sheets for the
steel plate and for the aluminum plate at 2 bitumen
sheets because of the large deflection , which, if the test
was continued , the data could not be collected given
the potentiometers used.
Figure 51
Figure 50
Test Stop : 7 bitumen sheets
(Steel perforate facade)
The fourth potentiometer (the one closest to the picture) was released
after the first two plates were applied because of the large deflection
(a 20 mm potentiometer)
Figure 49
The deflection caused by gravity, before the test

began, is :
Steel plate: 16,5 mm
Aluminum plate : 22 mm
The potentiometers were connected to a machine
which was connected to a laptop that gathered the
data.
Figure 52
Test Stop : 2 bitumen sheets
(Aluminum perforated faade) 35
Results
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1
21 0
40 51.00000242
59 102.0000048
78 153.0000073
97 204.0000097
116 255.0000121
2016
135 306.0000145
154 357.000017
173 408.0000194
459.0000218
Series1
192
211 510.0000242
230 561.0000266
Series2
249 612.0000291
268 663.0000315
287 714.0000339
Series2
765.0000363
36
306
325 816.0000388
Figure 54
Series3
344 867.0000412
Figure 53
918.0000436
The data from the tests were exported into Excel.
363
382 969.000046
Series3
401 1020.000048
420 1071.000051
1122.000053
Series4
439
458 1173.000056
477 1224.000058
Series4
Deformation for Steel perforated facade
496 1275.000061
Deformation for Aluminum perforated facade

515 1326.000063
534 1377.000065
553 1428.000068
572 1479.00007
591 1530.000073
610 1581.000075
The fourth potentiometer was disconnected because of the large deflection that it was supported to
Modelling of metal perforated sheet facades
629
Conclusions
The two metal perforated facades have almost the same deflection for 7 sheets
(equivalent of 284,173Pa) steel - and for 2 sheets (equivalent of 81,644 Pa) aluminum
which means that the Youngs modulus plays a big part for material properties:
210 GPa for standard Steel
70 GPa for standard Aluminum
Also the fact that the plates dont have bended parts along their width increases the
deflection as seen in the pictures above.
Simulation Model
A quarter of the full size of the plate was made in Autodesk Inventor with the same
specifications , 5 mm diameter holes with 8 mm triangular pitch and double bended sides along
their length 30 x 15 mm.
Figure 55 Figure 56
Support positioned at 100 mm from the edge on a 50 The highlighted area represents a quarter of the area that
mm rectangular with a 5 mm hole pressure was applied on
Because of the non-linear behavior an

simulation with large deflection was
attempted , but the deflection was not
similar to the real test model , because
the exact properties of the material
were unknown.
With a simulation that didnt
take into account the deflection would
be almost symmetrical on both axes
which is not the case in the real test ,
this why the non-linear behavior is
more adequate.
Figure 57
37
To combine the two simulations , a linear buckling module had to be used along
with other modules like in fig. 58.
Figure 58
But within the given time such simulation was possible because of computational
reasons.
Another test was attemped , this time with a full imperforated plate , but the
studies that have been made for making an equivalent between imperforated and
perforated plates- taking into account the volume flow rate of the air are inexactly.
From other studies that I have searched , to get an equivalent between the two
plates , the material properties need to be changed along with changes of the applied
pressure taking into account the flow rate and pressure drop upon the given plates.
38
Conclusions
Apart from every chapters conclusion some overall statements need to be made.
When thinking of using as a facade metal perforated plates the following need to be taken
into consideration:
Properties of the material
Size of the metal perforated plates
The cost of the materials used
Although adding a bit more material by using bended side for the metal perforated plates , the
behavior of these plates changes a lot giving less deformation , less stress along with less strain .
A bigger support area along with right positioning of the support also contribute to less
deformation , but more to the stress control upon the plate, by decreasing it.
39
Acknowledgements
The author appreciates the support received from the Basque Regional Government
through IT781-13 and also are thankful to the RMIG company., for providing the metal
perforated facades. The investigation was made with the support of PhD student Maggi Isabel
Madrid Guerrero, PhD student Borja Cuadrado and Associate Professor Jess Cuadrado Rojo.
40
Refferences
https://en.wikipedia.org/
http://www.rmig.com/en
RMIG Pattern Catalogue 208
ANSYS Mechanical User's Guide
http://www.iperf.org/perforating/knowledge-center/perf-handbook
41

Modelling of Metal Perforated Sheet Facade

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Modelling of Metal Perforated Sheet Facade

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MODELLING OF METAL

PERFORATED SHEET FACADES

Student: Moa Florin Coordinator : Jesus Cuadrado Rojo

In todays society environmental sustainability issue of is acquiring further

Titanium is characterized by an excellent resistance to corrosion, from the most oxidant

Copper is a very malleable and corrosion resistant material.

Structural resistance of perforated metal facades

Length and width 2000X1250 :

Length and width 3000X1500 :

Pressure = x (density of air) x (wind speed)2 air density=1.2923 kg/m3

Model and Setup

The other conversions from wind pressure to wind velocity:

The program used to simulate these plates was

The solution outputs for these simulations are:

In fig. 6 there are 3 of the

Solution and Results

We can observe in fig.16 that although

In fig. 17 and 18 we have the

Equivalent Elastic Strain

Detailed pressure tests

Using the above diagrams we can draw some conclusions:

In fig. 39 we have a plate with rectangular holes and a

The metal perforated facades were enclosed

Model and Setup

All the simulated models had the same

Solutions and Results

The Pressure-Implicit with Splitting of Operators (PISO) pressure-velocity coupling

The main idea of the PISO algorithm is to move the

For meshes with some degree of skewness, the

The air tends to gather speed

Pressure differences between inside and outside

As pictured in fig. 47 the turbulence kinetic

All the simulations made have similar behavior

Real metal perforated facades test

Dimensions Weight Area Density Equivalent of kgf to

Setup and Test

As supports there were used 4 x T

Figure 48 Two blocks of concrete one on top of

The deflection caused by gravity, before the test

Deformation for Aluminum perforated facade

Because of the non-linear behavior an

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