ANALOG ELECTRONICS

Short Answer Questions

UNIT-I
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SMALL SIGNAL LOW FREQUENCY BJT
AMPLIFIERS
1. List the classification of amplifiers.
2. Draw the hybrid equivalent model of CE Amplifier
3. State and explain Millers theorem.
4. List out the special features of Darlington pair and cascode amplifiers. State the areas where
these amplifiers are used?
5. What is non-linear distortion? List the causes for this type of distortion in amplifiers.
6. Write the expression for lower 3 dB frequency of an n stage amplifier with non
interacting stages.
7. What are the main characteristics of a Darlington amplifier?
8. List the advantages of h-parameters used for amplifier analysys.
9. Why is a CE amplifier widely used? List down its main limitations.
10. What are the typical values of h-parameters of CE configuration?
11. Write about the darlington pair and its significance
UNIT-II
TRANSISTOR AT HIGH FREQUENCY
1. Define logarithm and dB
2. Define f fT and f
3. What is the relationship between fT and f? Discuss the significance of fT.
4. Define hybrid parameters
5. Draw simplified high frequency model(Hybrid model ) of CE amplifer.
6. Write the hybrid conductance equations of common emitter transistor.
7. How does gm and Ce vary with |IC|, VCE and T.
8. What is the effect of coupling capacitor?
9. What is the effect of bypass capacitor?
10. Draw the frequency response of BJT amplifier.
11. Write the expression for current gain for a CE amplifier with o/p short circuit
12. Write the expression for current gain for a CE amplifier with resistive load
13. List out the elements of a CE amplifier which influence its lower cutoff frequency?
14. Write the significance of Gain Bandwidth product of an amplifer.
15. Sketch the low frequency equivalent circuit of CS amplifier.
UNIT-III
FET AMPLIFIERS

1. Explain the drain and transfer characteristics of a JFET in details

2. Explain when a FET acts as a voltage variable resistor.
3. Define the pinch off voltage (Vp) sketch the depletion region before and after pinch off?
4. Derive Expression for saturation drain current
5. State the application of JFET
6. What are the major differences between a BJT and FET?
7. Explain the JFET small signal model
8. Why FET is called Unipolar device and is called voltage operated device? What are
important characteristics of FET?
9. MOSFET characteristics in enhancement and depletion modes
10. List the important features of FET?
11. Define pinch off voltage?
12. Sketch low frequency equivalent circuit of common source amplifier.
UNIT-IV
POSITIVE & NEGATIVE FEEDBACK IN AMPLIFIERS
1. What is feed back and what are feed back amplifiers
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of negative feedback
3. Differentiate between voltage and current feedback in amplifiers
4. Define sensitivity and De-sensitivity
5. What are the conditions for sustained oscillator or what is Barkhausen Criterion
6. What is Oscillator circuit
7. What are the classifications of Oscillators
8. Define Piezo-electric effect
9. Draw the equivalent circuit of crystal oscillator
10. State the frequency for RC phase shift oscillator
11. Give the topology of current amplifier with current shunt feedback
12. Discuss how negative feedback can improve stability in an amplifier.
13. Compare Frequency stability of crystal oscillator, RC and LC oscillators.
14. What is the effect of negative feedback in current series type feedback amplifier?

UNIT-V

LARGE SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS and TUNED AMPLIFIERS

1. Classify large signal amplifiers based on its operating point. Distinguish these amplifiers
in terms of the conversion efficiency.
2. What is the origin of crossover distortion and how it can be eliminated?
3. What are the drawbacks of transformer coupled power amplifiers?
4. State the need of a heat sink for large signal amplifier and state what is a thermal resistance?
5. State the advantages of push pull class B power amplifier over class B power amplifier.
6. List the merits and demerits of push pull configuration in power amplifiers.
7. What is a harmonic distortion? How even harmonics is eliminated using pushpull circuit?
8. List the advantages of complementary-symmetry configuration over push pull
configuration.
9. Define conversion efficiency of power amplifier.
10. What is thermal runaway? Show how it can be avoided
11. What are the heat sinks? Why are they needed?
12. What are the draw backs of transformer coupled power amplifier.
13. What is Class-A power amplifier?
14. Mention the salient features of tuned amplifiers.
15. List out the applications of tuned amplifier.
16. Give the reason for using two tuned circuits are used in double tuned amplifier
17. Discuss the necessity of stabilization circuits in tuned amplifiers.
18. Define Q-factor of tuned amplifier what is its ideal value.
19. Define the expression for effective bandwidth of cascaded tuned amplifier.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
UNIT-I
SINGLE STAGE & MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIERS
1. Analyze general transistor amplifier circuit using h parameter model. Derive the
expressions for AI, AV, Ri, R0, AIs, AVs.
2. Draw the circuit of an emitter follower (or) common collector, and derive the expressions
for AI, Av, Ri, R0 in terms of CE parameters.
3. Write the analysis of a CE amplifier circuit using h parameters. Derive the expressions for
AI, AV, Ri, R0, AIs, AVs.
4. Define h-parameter of a transistor in a small signal amplifier. What are the benefits of h-
parameters?
5. Draw the low frequency parameter equivalent circuit of a CE amplifier and explain the
significance of each parameter
6. Analysis for CE amplifier with emitter resistance (or) Draw the CE amplifier with un
bypassed emitter resistance and derive expression for Ri and Av.
7. Explain about different types of distortions that occur in amplifier circuits.
8. Draw and explain the two stage amplifier with Darlington connection. Give the advantages
of this circuit What are the drawbacks of a Darlington amplifier..
(or)
Draw the Darlington circuit and derive the expressions for the overall current gain, voltage
gain, input impedance and output impedance.
9. Compare emitter follower and Darlington emitter follower configurations in respect of
i. current gain
ii. input impedance.
iii. voltage gain.
iv. output impedance.
10. Compare the different types of coupling methods used in multistage amplifiers.
11. Sketch two RC-coupled CE transistor stages. Show the middle and low frequency model
for one stage. Write the expressions for current gains.
12. Draw the circuit diagram of cascode amplifier and explain its operation.
13. With the help of a neat circuit diagram describe the working of a cascade amplifier.
14. Discuss the variation of AI,AV,RI, and RO with Rs and RL in common emitter
configuration
UNIT-II
TRANSISTOR AT HIGH FREQUENCY
(1)Derive the expressions for f and fT.
(2) .(a) Explain why the 3-dB frequency for current gain is not the same as fH for voltage gain.
(b) Derive the expression for the CE short-circuits current gain Ai with resistive load.
(3).Draw the hybrid-pi model, explain and derive the conductance and capacitances.
(4).(a) Draw the hybrid- equivalent of a CE transistor valid for high frequency and
(b)Explain significance of each parameter.
(5).(a) Prove that (i) hfe=gm* rbe for a Hybrid - model of CE amplifier.
(b) How does a Ce and Cc vary with | Ic | and | VCE |.
(c) How does gm vary with | Ic | and | VCE |, T
(6).(a) Explain MOS small signal model.
(b)Derive the expression for voltage gain of common source MOS amplifier with resistive
load.
(7) Derive the expression for the CE short-circuits current gain Ai without resistive load

(8). Prove that at low frequencies the Hybrid model with rbe and rce taken as infinite
reduces to the approximate CE h-parameter model.
(9).Draw the small signal equivalent circuit for an emitter follower stage at high frquencies

(10).write about MOS amplifiers classifications and discuss in detail about the MOS small
signal model ,with equations and parameters involved.

UNIT-III
FET AMPLIFIERS
1. Explain the construction & operation of a N-channel MOSFET in enhancement and
depletion modes with the help of static drain characteristics and transfer characteristics?
2. Define rd, gm, and of JFET.
3. (i)Analyze CS amplifier with Fixed bias and find the operating point.
(ii)Find Zi, Zo, Av for fixed bias circuit RG = 1M , RD = 5.1K , VDD = 10V, VGS = -
1.5V, gm = 2ms.
4. (a) Explain the operation of common drain amplifier with neat sketches and derive the
equations for Zi , Zo and Av.
(b)Write the differences between BJT and FET.
(c)Explain why FET is called voltage controlled device.
5. (a)Explain channel length modulation in FETs.
(b) Explain the construction and operation of n-channel JFET with its drain and transfer
characteristics.
6. The p-channel JFET has a IDSS = -12mA, VP = 5V and VGS = 1.6V. Calculate ID, gm and
gm0.
7. (a)Draw the JFET small signal model.
(b) Draw the symbols of FET (JFET and MOSFET types
(c) For n-channel silicon FET with a = 3 x 10-4 cm and ND = 1015 electrons/cm3 find
pinch off voltage.
8. (a) Draw A.C equivalent model for JFET Common source amplifier with self bias
(bypassed Rs) and find Zi, Zo and Av.
(b) Find Zi, Zo and Av of JFET Common source amplifier with fixed bias with RG =
1M , VGG = -1.5V ,RD = 5.1K , gm = 2ms and rd = 50K ..
9. Draw the circuit for folded cascade amplifier and explain its analysis using small signal
model?
10.Explain common gate amplifier circuit and derive expressions for Ri, Ro &Av?
11.Explain the circuit of CS amplifier with diode connected load using small signal model?
12.Explain the circuit of CS amplifier with resistive load using small signal model?
13. Draw the CS FET amplifier equivalent circuit looking into the drain and find its gain and
output impedance.
14. Discuss the effect of different types of loads to a common source MOS amplifier.
UNIT-IV
POSITIVE & NEGATIVE FEEDBACK IN AMPLIFIERS
1. Explain the concept of feedback as applied to electronic amplifier circuits.
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of positive and negative Feedback
3. With the help of a general block schematic diagram explain the term Feedback
4. Discuss the effect of feedback on amplifier characteristics.and classify various
feedbackamplifer configurations and their parameters evaluation in detail.
5. Give the equivalent circuits, and characteristics of ideal and practical amplifiers of the
following types (i) Voltage amplifier, (ii) Current amplifiers, (iii) Trans-resistance
amplifier, (iv) Trans-conductance amplifier.
6. Derive the expression for the input resistance with feedback Rif and output resistance with
feedback Rof in the case of
(a) Voltage series feedback amplifier. (b) Voltage shunt feedback amplifier.
(b) Current series feedback amplifier. (d) Current shunt feedback amplifier
7. In which type of amplifier the input impedance increases and the output impedance
decreases with negative impedance? Prove the same drawing equivalent circuit.
8. Draw the circuit for Voltage series amplifier and justify the type of feedback. Derive the
expressions for Av, Ri and Ro for the circuit.
9. Draw the circuit for Current series amplifier and justify the type of feedback. Derive the
expressions for Av, Ri and Ro for the circuit.
10. Draw the circuit for Voltage shunt amplifier and justify the type of feedback.
11. Derive the expressions for Av, Ri and Ro for the circuit.
12. Draw the circuit for Current shunt amplifier and justify the type of feedback.
13. Derive the expressions for Av, Ri and Ro for the circuit.
14. Deduce the Barkausen Criterion for the generation of sustained oscillations. How are the
oscillations initiated?
15. Draw the circuit and explain the principle of operation of RC phase-shift oscillator circuit.
What is the frequency range of generation of oscillations?
16. Derive the expression for the frequency of oscillations.
17. Derive the expression for the frequency of Hartely oscillators
18. Derive the expression for the frequency of Colpitt Oscillators.
19. Derive the expression for the frequency of Wein Bridge Oscillators.
20. Derive the expression for the frequency of Crystal Oscillators
21. Explain how better frequency stability is obtained in crystal oscillator?
22. Explain the principle of negative feedback in amplifiers. Show quantitatively the effect
of negative feedback on (i) Gain (ii) Stability (iii) Noise (iv) Distortion.
23. Show that currentseries negative feedback increases the input impedance and increases
the output impedance
24. Starting from the description of a generalized Oscillator, derive the expression for
frequency of Oscillation in a Colpitts Oscillator.
UNIT-V
LARGE SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS and TUNED AMPLIFIERS
1. Compare the characteristic features of Direct coupled, resistive capacitor coupled, and
Transformer coupled amplifiers.
2. Distinguish between small signal and large signal amplifiers. How are the power amplifiers
classified? Describe their characteristics.
3. List out the advantages and disadvantages of transformer coupling?
4. Derive the expression for Max. Theoretical efficiency in the case of class B push pull
amplifier. Why is it named so ? What are its advantages and disadvantages?
(or) Describe the operation of Class B Push pull amplifier and show how even
harmonics are eliminated
5. Explain about heat sinks. Explain the term Thermal Resistance. Give the sketches of heat
sinks.
 6. Show the maximum conversion efficiency in a class B power amplifier is 78.5%.
7. Draw the circuit diagram of a transformer coupled class-A power amplifier and explain its
operation.
8. Explain how temperature related problems are handled in power amplifiers.
9. Draw the class-B power amplifier and explain its operation.
10. Explain origin of various distortions in transistor amplifier circuits.
11. With the help of a circuit diagram, explain the principle of operation of a class-C power
amplifier.
12. Discuss in detail the origin and effect of cross over distortion write the methods to avoid
the crossover distortion in power amplifiers circuit.
13. Derive the expression for maximum conversion efficiency for a simple series fed Class
A power amplifier.
14. (a) Draw the circuit diagram of a single tuned amplifier. Derive expression for its voltage
gain at resonance and bandwidth.
(b) Differentiate between single tuned and double tuned amplifiers.

Problems:
1. For a CE configuration what is the maximum value of Rs for which Ro differs by no more
than 10 percent of its value for Rs=0.The h-parameter values are
hfe=50,hie=1.1K,hre=2.5x10-4,hoe=25A.
2. An amplifier consists of 3 identical stages in cascade.The bandwidth of overall amplifier
extends from 20Hz to 20KHz.calculate the bandwidth of individual stage.
3. Calculate the feedback factor ,and the gain of an amplifier with feedback given amplifier
with open loop gain of 200150 and is necessary that voltage gain varies by more than
0.2% .
4. An RLC circuit used as load in atuned amplifier has Zmax=70k at f=100kHz.The Q of
the tuned circuit is 100.Compute the frequency at which the impedance becomes 50k.
5. In the CS amplifier RL=5K,RG=10M,=50 and rd=35K.Evaluate voltage gain,input
impedance and output impedance.
6. A transistor in CB circuit has the following set of h-parameters hib=20, hfb=0.98,
hrb=3x10-4,hob=0.5x10-6.Find the values of Ri,Ro,Av,Ai if Rs=600 and RL=1.5K.
7. Three identical cascaded stages having overall 3dB frequency of 30kHzand lower 3dB
frequency of 20Hz.Find fH and fL of each stage.
8. A transistor in CB circuit has the following set of h parameters. hib = 20, hfb = 0.98, hrb =
310-4, hob = 0.510-6. Find the values if Ri, Ro, Ai and Av, if Rs = 600 and RL = 1.5 k.
9. A push pull amplifier utilizes a transformer whose primary has a total of 160 turns and
whose secondary has 40 turns. It must be capable of delivering 40W to an 8 load under
maximum power conditions. What is the minimum possible value of Vcc?
10. Calculate the closed loop gain ACL for a voltage series negative feedback amplifier if its
open loop gain Av and feedback factor are listed as 105 and 0.01 respectively.
Calculate ACL if Av increased by 40%.

NOTE: Try to practice solved problems from the units (i) amplifiers (ii)feedback
amplifiers in EDC by Salivahanan book.

K.SHEKAR