UTN

FACULTAD REGIONAL CRDOBA

INGLS II
4D1 - 4D3
Seleccin de Material y Ejercitacin

MBA Lic. ADRIANA DEZA

adeza@cbasicas.frc.utn.edu.ar

2016
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 2

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
1 Industrial engineering is a branch of engineering which deals with the optimization of complex
2 processes or systems. It is concerned with the development, improvement, implementation of
3 integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information, equipment, energy, materials,
4 analysis and synthesis, as well as the mathematical, physical and social sciences together with the
5
principles and methods of engineering design to specify, predict, and evaluate the results to be
6
7
obtained from such systems or processes. While industrial engineering is a traditional and
8 longstanding engineering discipline subject to (and eligible for) professional engineering licensure
9 in most jurisdictions, its underlying concepts overlap considerably with certain business-oriented
10 disciplines such as operations management.
11 Depending on the subspecialties involved, industrial engineering may also be known as, or
12 overlap with, operations management, management science, operations research, systems
13 engineering, management engineering, manufacturing engineering, ergonomics or human factors
14 engineering, safety engineering, or others, depending on the viewpoint or motives of the user.
15 Examples of where industrial engineering might be used include flow process charting, process
16 mapping, designing an assembly workstation, strategizing for various operational logistics,
17 consulting as an efficiency expert, developing a new financial algorithm or loan system for a bank,
18 streamlining operation and emergency room location or usage in a hospital, planning complex
19 distribution schemes for materials or products (referred to as supply-chain management), and
20 shortening lines (or queues) at a bank, hospital, or a theme park.
21 Modern industrial engineers typically use predetermined motion time system, computer
22 simulation (especially discrete event simulation), along with extensive mathematical tools for
23 modeling, such as mathematical optimization and queue theory, and computational methods for
24 system analysis, evaluation, and optimization.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_engineering

EJERCICIOS DE LECTOCOMPRENSIN: Industrial Engineering

I. REFERENCIA: Diga a qu/quin remiten los trminos siguientes.

a. it (l. 2)
b. such systems or processes (l. 6)

II. RESPONDA: Cmo define el autor a?. Diga qu elementos lingsticos le permiten aseverarlo.

a. La Ingeniera Industrial (prr. 1)

b. La Ingeniera Industrial (prr. 2)

INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 3
III. RELACIONES LGICO-SEMNTICAS Traduzca el conector, diga qu tipo de relacin introduce y
complete las conexiones lgicas a partir del contexto (en espaol)

1. While (L.6)

___________

2. Along with (L.22)

___________

3. Such as (L.23)

___________

IV. USOS DE LA -ING Traduzca cada frase en el contexto que le da sentido. Luego identifique de qu
uso se trata.

1. Industrial engineering is a branch of engineering.

Traduccin:
Uso:

2. Its underlying concepts overlap considerably with certain business-oriented disciplines

Traduccin:
Uso:

3. Depending on the subspecialties involved, industrial engineering may also be known as operations
management

Traduccin:
Uso:
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 4

TIEMPOS VERBALES MS USUALES

SIMPLE PRESENT
A modern industrial engineer typically uses predetermined motion time system, computer simulation,
along with extensive mathematical tools for modeling.
Does the industrial engineer use any tools?
The industrial engineer does not use chemical formulae as frequently as chemical engineers do.

SIMPLE PAST
Efforts to apply science to the design of processes and of production systems were made by
many people in the 18th and 19th centuries. They took some time to evolve.
Were ?
. were not in the 13th or 14th centuries

Did. ?
. did not long to evolve.

SIMPLE FUTURE
By aiming at TQM, our businesses will be competitive in global markets
Will... ?
. will not unless we keep focusing on TQM.

PRESENT PERFECT
Total quality management has radically changed the way organizations are run.
Has... ?
. has not
Quality methods in the commercial sector have led to more choice and higher quality.
Have... ?
. have not

IMPERATIVE
Work hard. Study a lot. Play fair.
Let it grow Dont let it decay
Lets study together Lets not study alone
Let A = B
Suppose we write the formula

SUBJUNCTIVE
Suppose this statement be based on assumptions.
We dont think it will react.
We expect the figures will not show an unusual increase.
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 5

TIEMPOS VERBALES: Identifique en el siguiente texto los diferentes tiempos verbales, las formas
compuestas, los sujetos y predicados, identifique verbos preposicionales y los cambios de significados que se
producen en relacin a la forma no preposicional

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING - HISTORY

1 Efforts to apply science to the design of processes and of production systems were made by
2 many people in the 18th and 19th centuries. They took some time to evolve and to be
3 synthesized into disciplines that we would label with names such as industrial engineering,
4 production engineering, or systems engineering. For example, precursors to industrial
5 engineering included some aspects of military science; the quest to develop manufacturing using
6 interchangeable parts; the development of the armory system of manufacturing; the work of
7 Henri Fayol and colleagues (which grew into a larger movement called Fayolism); and the work of
8 Frederick Winslow Taylor and colleagues (which grew into a larger movement called scientific
9 management). In the late 19th century, such efforts began to inform consultancy and higher
10 education. The idea of consulting with experts about process engineering naturally evolved into
11 the idea of teaching the concepts as curriculum.

12 Industrial engineering courses were taught by multiple universities in Europe at the end of the
13 19th century, including in Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Spain. In the United States,
14 the first department of industrial and manufacturing engineering was established in 1909 at the
15 Pennsylvania State University. The first doctoral degree in industrial engineering was awarded in
16 the 1930s by Cornell University.

17 In general it can be said that the foundations of industrial engineering as it looks today, began to
18 be built in the twentieth century. The first half of the century was characterized by an emphasis
19 on increasing efficiency and reducing industrial organization costs.

20 In 1909, Frederick Taylor published his theory of scientific management, which included accurate
21 analysis of human labor, systematic definition of methods, tools and training for employees.
22 Taylor dealt in time using timers, set standard times and managed to increase productivity while
23 reducing labor costs and increasing the wages and salaries of the employees.

24 In 1912 Henry Laurence Gantt developed the Gantt chart which outlines actions for the
25 organization along with their relationships. This chart later form was made familiar to us by
26 Wallace Clark.

27 Assembly lines: moving car factory of Henry Ford (1913) accounted for a significant leap forward
28 in the field. Ford reduced the assembly time of a car more than 700 hours to 1.5 hours. In
29 addition, he was a pioneer of the economy of the capitalist welfare ("welfare capitalism") and the
30 flag of providing financial incentives for employees to increase productivity.

31 Comprehensive quality management system (TQM) developed in the forties, was gaining
32 momentum after World War II and was part of the recovery of Japan after the war.

33 In the seventies, with the penetration of Japanese management theories such as Kaizen and
34 Kanban, the issues of quality, delivery time, and flexibility were promoted.

35 In the nineties, following the global industry globalization process, the emphasis was on supply
36 chain management, and customer-oriented business process design. Theory of constraints
37 developed by an Israeli scientist Eliyahu M. Goldratt (1985) is also a significant milestone in the
38 field.
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 6
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_engineering

EJERCICIOS: Industrial Engineering History

I. REFERENCIA: Diga a qu/quin remiten los trminos siguientes.

a. we (l. 3)
b. such efforts (l. 9)
c. his (l. 20)
d. which (l. 20)
e. their (l. 25)
f. he (l. 28)
g. the field (l.38)

II. USOS DEL INFINITIVO: En el discurso cientfico tcnico, un infinitivo suele usarse principalmente a)
como sujeto de una oracin; b) en otra posicin de sustantivo; c) indicando propsito; d) completando el
significado de otro verbo.

a. Efforts to apply science to the design of processes.

b. The foundations of I.E. began to be built in the twentieth century.
c. Taylor managed to increase productivity.
d. To read about I.E. History you may consult Wikipedia.
e. To err is human, to forgive, divine.

III. USOS DE LA VOZ ACTIVA vs. VOZ PASIVA (identifique de cul se trata)

a. Industrial engineering courses were taught by multiple universities in Europe at the end of the 19th
century
b. Frederick Taylor published his theory of scientific management
c. the first department of industrial and manufacturing engineering was established in 1909 at the
Pennsylvania State University
d. This chart later form was made familiar to us by Wallace Clark

IV. GRADO COMPARATIVO Y SUPERLATIVO diga de qu tipo se trata y traduzcalo en el contexto

provisto

a. Fayolism grew into a larger movement called scientific management

Traduccin:

Tipo:

b. In the late 19th century, scientific management began to inform consultancy and higher education.
Traduccin:

Tipo:

c. This chart later form was made familiar to us by Wallace Clark.

Traduccin:

Tipo:
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 7

V. Traducciones posibles de la forma ing. Traduzca las frases / oraciones que se consignan a
continuacin y diga de qu uso se trata.

a. precursors to industrial engineering included some aspects of military science

Traduccion:

Uso:
b. the quest to develop manufacturing using interchangeable parts
Traduccion:

Uso (1):

Uso (2):
c. the idea of teaching the concepts as curriculum
Traduccion:

Uso:
d. The first half of the century was characterized by an emphasis on increasing efficiency and
reducing industrial organization costs.
Traduccion:

Uso (1):

Uso (2):
e. Comprehensive quality management system (TQM) was gaining momentum after World War II.
Traduccion:

Uso:
f. Following the global industry globalization process, the emphasis in the 90s was on supply
chain management
Traduccion:

Uso:

VI. Busque en el texto SINONIMOS / ANTONIMOS de los siguientes trminos.

SINONIMOS ANTONIMOS
Carried out -1 decreasing - 23
Categorize - 3 untrustworthy - 20
search - 5 former - 25
Turned out to be - 8 minor - 26
granted - 15 relapse - 31
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 8

MODO CONDICIONAL (ver tambin en Dificultades Especiales)

Suppose you work at McDonalds assembling Big Macs. You are told the
formula for a Big Mac is: two all-beef patties on a sesame seed bun. This
is your balanced equation. Now suppose your manager gave you 12 patties
and 10 buns. If you start making up Big Macs, what input (buns or patties)
will you run out of first?
The answer is that patties are limiting. You have enough buns to make 10
Big Macs, but you can only make 6 Big Macs with the patties you were
given (because you have to put two patties on every bun). In this example
beef patties are the limiting agent.
www.scribd.com/doc/.../Energy-and-the-Environment

Tomemos el ejemplo de la lnea de armado de Big Macs del prrafo anterior para hacer un
repaso del Modo Condicional en Ingles. Recordemos que las gramticas tradicionales dividen
las oraciones condicionales en cuatro tipos principales, segn la secuencia de tiempos verbales
entre ellas y el grado creciente de verosimilitud que el autor asigna a la posibilidad que se
cumpla la prediccin, si se cumple la condicin.

TIPO 0 o neutro:

Refiere a las verdades eternas (eternal truths) o leyes naturales, y presenta igual
tiempo verbal en condicin y prediccin; el ejemplo clsico es: If you heat ice, it melts,
en el cual, dada la condicin, la prediccin se cumple con total seguridad. En el ejemplo
elegido, si el grado de certeza del autor fuera absoluto, podra decir la siguiente oracin
condicional: If you buy a Big Mac, you get two patties per bun.

TIPO 1

(Alta Probabilidad) (Presente + will/imperativo): If you have 20 patties and 10 buns (plus
the other ingredients and seasoning) you will be able to make 10 Big Macs

TIPO 2

(Contrario a una realidad presente) (Past + would): If you had 20 patties and 10 buns
you would be able to make 10 Big Macs

TIPO 3

(Contrario a una realidad pasada, es decir, imposible) (Past Perfect + would + Perfect):
If you had had 20 patties and 10 buns you would have been able to make 10 Big Macs.
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 9

TRADUCCIONES POSIBLES DE LA FORMA -ING

Las palabras en ingls terminadas en ing (Participio Presente, en Ingls) pueden ser utilizadas
en ese idioma para desempear una serie de funciones dentro de la oracin que no pueden ser
desempeadas en idioma espaol por el gerundio (ando / endo). A continuacin veremos las
diversas traducciones que pueden tener las palabras terminadas en ing segn sea su funcin
dentro de cada oracin.

1. Como SUSTANTIVO

In multi-phase projects, the monitoring and control process also provides feedback between project
phases, in order to implement corrective or preventive actions to bring the project into compliance
with the project management plan.
While the terms may differ from industry to industry, the actual stages typically follow common steps
to problem solving"defining the problem, weighing options, choosing a path, implementation and
evaluation.
Traditionally, project management includes a number of elements: four to five process groups, and a
control system. Regardless of the methodology or terminology used, the same basic project
management processes will be used. Major process groups generally include:
i. Initiation
ii. Planning or design
iii. Production or execution
iv. Monitoring and controlling
v. Closing
Additional processes, such as planning for communications and for scope management, identifying
roles and responsibilities, determining what to purchase for the project and holding a kick-off
meeting are also generally advisable.

2. Como ADJETIVO

The initiating processes determine the nature and scope of the project.
This kind of the DIY (do-it-yourself) approach is also applicable to the qualifications of software,
computer operating systems and manufacturing processes.

3. Como gerundio, indicando el MODO en que algo sucede o se realiza

Projects are planned and managed to ensure that the resources are ready when the critical chain
tasks must start, subordinating all other resources to the critical chain

4. Como gerundio, indicando el MTODO de realizacin

Benefits realization management (BRM) enhances normal project management techniques through a
focus on outcomes (the benefits) of a project rather than products or outputs, and then measuring
the degree to which that is happening to keep a project on track.

5. Como gerundio, en los tiempos verbales CONTINUOS

The engineer cannot be disturbed. He is currently working on the restricted area of the
manufacturing plant.
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 10

I was working hard on my new paper when the people from a nearby construction started making a
terrible noise. They are not working now, but they were working all weekend.
It is sometimes said that validation can be expressed by the query "Are you building the right thing?"
and verification by "Are you building it right?"
"Building the right thing" refers back to the user's needs, while "building it right" checks that the
specifications are correctly implemented by the system. In some contexts, it is required to have
written requirements for both as well as formal procedures or protocols for determining compliance.

6. Como gerundio, indicando anterioridad

Having demonstrated excellence in academic performance by being in the top 5% of their year of
study, the Faculty of Engineering is proud to recognize the following students:

7. Como INFINITIVO, indicando propsito

These are the clues for understanding the chart.

The elements for designing the matrix can all be found in the manual.
Verification and validation are independent procedures that are used together for checking that a
product, service, or system meets requirements and specifications and that it fulfills its intended
purpose.

8. Como INFINITIVO, como objeto de una preposicin

Project Management is the process and activity of planning, organizing, motivating, and controlling
resources, procedures and protocols to achieve specific goals in scientific or daily problems.

9. Como INFINITIVO, acompaando a otro verbo

The students started making a great noise despite the QUIET sign on the wall.
An example of delivering a project to requirements might be agreeing to deliver a computer system
that will process staff data and manage payroll, holiday and staff personnel records. Under BRM the
agreement might be to achieve a specified reduction in staff hours required to process and maintain
staff data.
In the development phase, verification procedures involve performing special tests to model or
simulate a portion, or the entirety, of a product, service or system, then performing a review or
analysis of the modeling results.

10. Como INFINITIVO, reemplazando a un sustantivo

Reading is an excelent habit.

11. Como QUE + VERBO CONJUGADO, cuando se usa para simplificar una oracin
adjetiva post-modificadora

Using complex models for "projects" (or rather "tasks") spanning a few weeks has been proven to
cause unnecessary costs and low maneuverability in several cases.
Supersonic aerodynamic problems are those involving flow speeds greater than the speed of sound.
Mixtures containing a solid and a solvent can be separated by using a decanter, and then simply
pouring the liquid off.
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 11

TRADUCCIONES POSIBLES DE LA FORMA -ING DIGA DE CUL USO SE TRATA Y

TRADZCALO EN EL CONTEXTO QUE LE DA SENTIDO

1. System suitability test parameters to be established for a particular procedure

depend on the type of procedure being validated. In the late 19th century, crude oil,
as recovered from the ground, could be distilled to separate the liquid materials by
their boiling points. These early refiners discarded the low boiling fractions, the
part we now call gasoline, and recovered the more valuable, higher boiling,
kerosene for lighting and heating. But the internal combustion engine required a
lower boiling fuel than kerosene because the fuel had to vaporize in the engine
cylinder, and electrical service replaced much of the demand for kerosene. So turn of
the last century chemists developed the refinery practice of "cracking"; heating the
crude to very high temperatures in the absence of air. They found they could
produce additional amounts of the gasolene fractions by what seemed to be a
process of rupturing chemical bonds to get smaller molecules. But they also found
that the hydrocarbons produced in the cracking process had no better quality;

2. A process cannot be understood by stopping it. Understanding must move with

the flow of the process, must join it and flow with it. Frank Herbert, Dune (First
Law of Mentat) US science fiction novelist (1920 - 1986)

3. If you receive a "The process cannot access the file because it is being used by
another process" error message when you try to start a Web site, try using the
cache file.

4. These and other environmental topics are being discussed and debated more
vigorously than ever.

5. It is often tempting to launch straight into an evaluation without taking the time to
plan first. Planning is a crucial part of the process. The APCRC Checklist has been
designed to help with the process of carefully planning your evaluation. It will
enable you to become clear about what you intend to do, what data you need to
collect and how you will undertake the analysis. It will enable you to think about
creating a steering or advisory group of stakeholders. As well as seek advice from
the right people at the outset of the process, agreeing roles and responsibilities.

6. Lets start by considering the effects of marketing on sales.

7. Lets start by considering the effects of marketing decisions on sales.

INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 12

RELACIONES LGICO-SEMNTICAS (Nexos y Frases Conectoras)

Los conectores lgicos son el medio que utilizamos para lograr que un texto no sea una mera juxtaposicin de
oraciones. Los conectores y subordinadores unen una oracin con otra, un prrafo con otro, una idea con otra,
estableciendo relaciones de diversos tipos, como veremos a continuacin. Pueden situarse al principio o final de una
de las ideas para indicar su relacin lgica con la idea posterior o la anterior. Otras veces vinculan ideas que no
estn necesariamente cercanas. Analicemos los tipos ms comunes de nexos:

ADICIN: Agregan datos o informacin a lo ya dicho.

And Both and In addition / to

Also As well / as well as Besides
Apart from Furthermore Moreover
CAUSA / CONSECUENCIA: Si bien en general se encuentran en relaciones que contienen
ambos elementos, se debe indicar si el nexo introduce la causa o la consecuencia.

o CAUSA / RAZN

Because / of Since As
On account of In view of For
Owing to Due to
o CONSECUENCIA / EFECTO / RESULTADO

So As a result For this reason

And so As a consequence So that
Therefore Then Consequently
Hence Thus With the result that
CONDICIN: Introducen la condicin que debe cumplirse para que se cumpla lo
expresado en la proposicin principal.
If Or else As / So long as
But for Otherwise Should (sintaxis invertida)
Unless Provided / providing Have / Be (sintaxis invertida)
TEMPORALES: Establecen una relacin de tiempo, indicando un suceso anterior,
simultneo o posterior.

First/ly Earlier At the same time

After Next In the beinning
When / As Before At this point
While / As Later / on Up to this point
Lately Ultimately Then
At last Meanwhile Eventually
Since then From to Since
EJEMPLIFICACIN: El componente que sigue al nexo complementa, ejemplifica o
redefine lo que se dice antes.

e.g. For instance Such as

For example Namely That is
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 13

COMPARACIN: confrontan semejanzas o diferencias entre dos o mas elementos de

igual valor, o a uno con todo el universo comparable.

Like Likewise In much the same way as

As as Unlike
PROPSITO, INTENCIN, FINALIDAD: Indican precisamente el propsito por el cual se
realiza lo expresado en la oracin principal.

To + infinitivo In order to + infinitivo For + ~ ing

So that So as to
RESMEN, RECAPITULACIN, CONCLUSIN: Introducen un enunciado que cierra,
resuelve o concluye lo anteriormente dicho en el texto.

In conclusion In summary To summarize

CONTRASTE, OPOSICIN, CONTRADICCIN, CONTRAJUNCIN: vinculan frases
cuyos contenidos son opuestos, adversos, contrarios, prevaleciendo la idea introducida por
el conector. En la CONCESIN, prevalece la idea no introducida por el conector.

Though But Nevertheless

Although However Yet
Even though In contrast While
Whereas Instead On the other hand
Despite Conversely In spite of
DISYUNCIN O ALTERNANCIA: implican oposicin entre dos ideas.

Either or Neither nor Whether or

REPETICIN O NFASIS:

Above all Particularly Actually

In other words In particular Indeed
Most importantly In fact Really
ACLARACIN: Se ilustra la idea antes expresada.

That is That is to say i.e.

o Despite the increasing significance of precious metals secondary sources, the bulk are still
recovered by traditional mining processes.

A pesar de

o Hydrometallurgical schemes deal with the fundamental chemistry of the precious metals as
well as extraction mechanisms.

asi como
tambin
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 14

o Liquefied propane gas (LPG) fracturing, or simply "gas fracking," is a waterless method
developed by a small energy company, in Calgary, Alberta. Aside from being better
environmentally, using propane for fracking can also be more efficient, because it allows
more gas to flow from wells than water-based fracturing. All the propane leaves the
fractured rocks, unlike water, part of which remains behind and can be absorbed into rock
and so partially block the pathways for gas to escape. The propane method uses only about
one quarter of the number of truck trips that water-based fracking employs, so the impact on
local roads, the noise and dust annoyance to neighbors, and the trucking costs for drillers
are reduced. However, propane costs more initially to use, even though it can be resold
once recovered. It is also explosive, and requires special equipment to be handled properly
and reduce risk

Because
_________
_________

Aside from
_________
_________

unlike
_________
_________

Even though
_________
_________

so
_________
_________

and so
_________
_________

however
_________
_________
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 15

CAUSATIVE USE OF VERBS

A los verbos MAKE, CAUSE y HAVE a menudo se los encuentra en construcciones causativas, que en general se
interpretan como Hacer que XX(un sujeto) haga ZZ (una accin) en sus distintas conjugaciones (es decir,
alguien hace algo por nosotros, hacemos hacer algo, o se nos hace algo). Comportamiento similar tiene el verbo
ALLOW, con el significado de Permitir que XX haga ZZ

Corrosion is a natural process. The primary driving force of corrosion is based upon the
transformation of iron from its natural state to steel. The refining of iron ore into steel
requires the addition of energy. Steel is essentially an unstable state of iron and corrosion is
the process of iron returning to its natural state. The energy used in the refining process is
the driving force of corrosion. Corrosion cells are established on underground pipelines for a
variety of causes. A primary cause of corrosion is due to an effect known as galvanic
corrosion. All metals have different natural electrical potentials. Where two metals with
different potentials are connected to each other in a common environment, current will flow
causing corrosion to occur. The coupling of steel to a different metal, such as copper, will
cause a corrosion circuit to be established. Direct coupling of copper to steel will cause the
steel to corrode much faster than normal. Another form of this is the coupling of rusty pipe
to new, clean steel. The natural difference in potential causes the new steel to corrode more
rapidly than the old steel. Other causes of pipeline corrosion cells include the effect of
different soil types, oxygen availability, stray current interference and microbiological
growth.

New method allows to encapsulate substances in nanospheres. The method allows for the
creation of micro and nanospheres by joining two units: an organic or binding molecule,
which acts as an "adhesive", and a metal ion. Please allow us to introduce the subject first.

Methylated vinyl sulfides made the reaction to be more sluggish than substitution of alkyl
group in that system.

Protective metal coatings: As protective coatings metals have advantages and disadvantages.
Thus they resist damage well, and are usually far less sensitive to heat, light, water and
oxidation than are organic coatings. Moreover, metal coatings still permit high electrical and
heat conduction through the surface and allow metals to be joined by soldering.

I had my fellow teacher help me with the introductory class.

She cannot blame anyone else for the delays. She had the results delivered hours ago!
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 16

CAUSATIVE USE OF VERBS: LEA EL SIGUIENTE PRRAFO Y COMPLETE LAS

ORACIONES ABAJO
THE CALC-ALKALI GROUP
The calc-alkaline magma series is one of two main magma series in igneous rocks, the other
magma series being the tholeiitic. A magma series is a series of compositions that describes
the evolution of a mafic magma, which is high in magnesium and iron and produces basalt or
gabbro, as it fractionally crystallizes to become a felsic magma, which is low in magnesium and
iron and produces rhyolite or granite. Calcalkaline rocks make up a major part of the crust of
the continents.
Rocks from the calcalkaline magma series are distinguished from rocks from the tholeiitic
magma series by the redox state of the magma they crystallized from (tholeiitic magmas are
reduced, and calcalkaline magmas are oxidized). When mafic (basalt-producing) magmas
crystallize, they preferentially crystallize the more magnesium-rich and iron-poor forms of the
silicate minerals olivine and pyroxene, causing the iron content of tholeiitic magmas to increase
as the melt is depleted of iron-poor crystals. However, a calcalkaline magma is oxidized
enough to precipitate significant amounts of the iron oxide magnetite, causing the iron content
of the magma to remain more steady as it cools than with a tholeiitic magma.
The difference between these two magma series can be seen on an AFM diagram, a ternary
diagram showing the relative proportions of the oxides of Na2O + K2O (A), FeO + Fe2O3 (F),
and MgO (M). As magmas cool, they precipitate out significantly more iron and magnesium than
alkali, causing the magmas to move towards the alkali corner as they cool. In the tholeiitic
magma, as it cools and preferentially produces magnesium-rich crystals, the magnesium
content of the magma plummets, causing the magma to move away from the magnesium
corner until it runs low on magnesium and simply moves towards the alkali corner as it loses
iron and magnesium. With the calcalkaline series, however, the precipitation of magnetite
causes the iron-magnesium ratio to remain relatively constant, so the magma moves in a
straight line towards the alkali corner on the AFM diagram.
Calcalkaline magmas are typically hydrous, and also typically are more oxidized, with higher
oxygen fugacities.

1. A medida que los magmas se enfran, precipitan ____________________

____________________________________, ___________________________ los magmas

______________________________________ a medida que se enfran.

2. En el caso del Magma Toletico, a medida que se enfra y produce preferentemente cristales ricos en

magnesio, el contenido de magnesio del magma se desploma, ____________________ el magma

__________________________________________hasta que se queda casi sin magnesio ()

3. En la serie calc-alkali, la precipitacin de magnetita _____________________ la proporcin magnesio-hierro

______________________ relativamente constante, en consecuencia el magma se mueva en lnea recta

_________________________________________.
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 17

RELATIVE PRONOUNS (Who, Whom, Which, That, Whose, When, Where, Why)

o Academic Achievement Awards - Department of Industrial Engineering: These awards are given
annually at the end of spring semester to celebrate the accomplishments of students whose
academic performance proved outstanding. Students may not apply for these awards as they are
determined by the Department faculty which submits the nomination.
o Organic Chemistry Award: Given to the outstanding student of organic chemistry who has completed
Chem 320A and completed Chem 320B in the Fall Semester of the current academic year.
o SUMMA Award: Given to the graduating student who has rendered an outstanding service to the
department where he/she belongs.
o Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) form the main structures of all organic compounds (carbon especially)
with additional functional groups of possible other elements attached. They are the elements whose
compounds comprise the branch of chemistry called organic chemistry.
o Authors who sign (signing) for an article generally should not be more than five. The authors
names should be given in as complete form as possible: surnames (last names), initials and first
names. The complete mailing address (including the full name of the University or company, city,
postal code) of the place where the work was done should follow the title and authors names.
o Hydrolysis explains why basic salts such as basic zinc acetate and basic zinc carbonate,
Zn3(OH)4(CO3).H2O are easy to obtain. The reason for the hydrolysis is the high electrical charge
density on the zinc ion, which pulls electrons away from an OH bond of a coordinated water
2+
molecule and releases a hydrogen ion. The polarizing effect of Zn is part of the reason why zinc is
found in enzymes such as carbonic anhydrase.
o Robert Boyle was a devout Christian who contributed much to the study of chemistry and is
considered by many as the "father of modern chemistry". During the time when alchemy was very
popular he made great advances in chemistry, and praised God for every discovery he made. Some
of his major contributions were:
He made a vacuum pump which he used to prove that air was important to transmit sound.
He made the formulation of his gas law (called Boyle's law) which says that if the temperature is
constant, pressure is inversely proportional to volume. (That means: as pressure increases,
volume of a gas decreases and vice-versa.)
He changed the way the modern world thought about chemical elements (i.e that they are the
smallest part of a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances).
He created the scientific method which became widely applied.
He helped others understand the way in which compounds and mixtures differ.

OMISSION
o The book on William James (that/which/-) we recommend describes the life and accomplishments
of the scientist whom many scholars believe is both America's greatest philosopher and the father of
American psychology.
o Given the components of the mixture, one would think (that/-) a violent reaction would follow
immediately.
o The tests (that/which/-) the students took this morning were all kept in a briefcase (that was/which
was/-) brought by the teacher himself.
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 18

SPECIAL DIFFICULTIES (Atencin: Las palabras subrayadas NO necesariamente

representan la dificultad que se est ejemplificando. Se las subraya para que resulte ms
rpido identificarlas a los fines de los ejercicios de lecto-comprensin que se hallan ms
adelante, entre las pgs. 23 y 28)

A. REFERENCIA

La referencia anafrica o anfora es un mecanismo mediante el cual un elemento del texto

remite a otro que ha aparecido anteriormente, denominado antecedente. Se establece, pues,
una relacin interpretativa entre dos unidades lingsticas en la que la segunda unidad adquiere
sentido por su relacin con la que se ha mencionado antes.

1. Thus it frequently happens that the data that are potentially most valuable are also the ones
that are likely to be the least accurate
2. The engineer sent the results to Alice when he received her questions by email.
La referencia catafrica o catfora es un mecanismo, simtrico a la referencia anafrica, por el
que una unidad del texto remite a otra que aparece posteriormente. Se establece, pues, una
relacin interpretativa entre dos elementos por la que el primer elemento adquiere sentido por
su relacin con el que viene despus.
3. After he had received her questions by email, the engineer immediately sent back the
results to Alice.

4. Determination of the Faraday

the deposition of silver from a silver nitrate solution and of iodine from a potassium
iodide solution have been used to determine the Faraday. Of these two methods that
based on the deposition of silver is formally the more accurate owing to the greater
uncertainty in the atomic weight of iodine

5. Types of Corrosion Inhibitors

(JIT production lines) Under the conditions of inadequate supply of certain inputs,
the total output may be little different from that which occurs in the complete absence
of inputs

B. SUSTITUCIN

La sustitucin se da cuando en un texto se utiliza un elemento no idntico para no repetir, o para

diferenciar o redefinir a otro antes utilizado. Puede tratarse de

Sustitucin nominal, cuando el trmino que se sustituye es el ncleo de una frase

sustantiva.
6. I met the co-author of the book today. He is a very nice guy.

7. The chief of the plant is a rude man. Everybody is afraid of the boss.

Sustitucin verbal: los sustitutos verbales en espaol son los verbos hacer y ser,
generalmente acompaados por el pronombre complemento lo. En Ingles son los verbos DO
y BE, acompaados por SO.
8. When hydrogen burns in air, it does so explosively

9. Students in Course A proved to be very skilled, while those in course B were not so.
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 19

10. The different roles of the managers reflect the profound, in many respects contradictory,
differences between the two parts of the design/development process. Analysis is time
limited; it presses for clarity and closure. Interpretation plays on ambiguity; it is open-ended
and ongoing in time. If the conversation about alternatives is not at some point closed and a
basic design chosen, the product will never reach the market. But if the conversation is
closed prematurely, the wrong product may be designed; the design will be uninteresting so
there will be no customers when it is completed. Competitive pressure discourages
interpretation. It does so in part through the incentives which it creates for secrecy, which
in turn forecloses the free and open exchange of ideas that underlies the interpretative
process. But it also creates pressures to resolve ambiguity quickly and push toward
closure. The problem is then how to combine these two antagonistic processes into a single
institutional structure.
(http://economics.mit.edu/files/3099)

11. Analysis is essentially the process of problem solving or rational choice. The first step is to
define and carefully specify the goals of the new product. A limited number of feasible
design approaches are then identified. But more generally, and particularly when
technological innovation is not closely linked to a particular product, the basic design
alternatives are not at all obvious, and before the design can be analyzed and optimized the
broad character of the product must be specified. And thus the design/development
process involves a stage prior to analysis in which the design specification ultimately
emerges. We came to call this interpretation. This second stage is not anticipated in the
standard literature on product development, therefore the managers interviewed did not
have a standard vocabulary or an easy way to talk about it. What the interviews ultimately
suggested is that in this phase people seem to discuss and play around with the new
technology. As they do so, they look for how it might be combined with existing
technologies and for ways in which it can be applied to products that will prove useful in this
world and then image how those products will fit into daily life. This phase involves the
crossing of barriers and borders, the merging of technologies and of different organizational
cultures.
(http://economics.mit.edu/files/3099)

C. ORACIONES CONDICIONALES Casos especiales

Adicionalmente a las formas tradicionales de expresar condiciones que vimos ms adelante

(Condicin + Prediccin en una secuencia de verbos determinados que indican el grado de
certidumbre que el autor asigna a tal relacin), podemos encontrar casos especiales que, cuando
no son transparentes a la traduccin, pueden complejizar la comprensin

a. Were to + Infinitivo en la condicin (if) para indicar suposicin sobre el futuro

12. If you were to touch the wire, you would be killed instantly // Were you to touch the wire,
you would be killed instantly // (Should you touch)

13. If we start from copper metal, the copper equilibrium is already completely to the right. If
it were to react at all, the equilibrium would have to move to the left.

b. Unless en la condicin (en reemplazo de if) con el significado ifnot o except on

condition that
14. Unless you prefer to do it yourself once you finish, the office shall be closed by 10 pm.

15. Results will not be delivered unless the consultancy is paid in advance.

c. Whether (or not) en la condicin (en reemplazo de if (or not))

16. The CEO decided to open a new branch, whether the stakeholders like it or not.
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 20

17. According to industrial property Act 2001, an industrial design is defined as "any
composition of lines or colours or any three-dimensional form whether associated with
lines or colours or not, provided that such composition or form gives a special
appearance to a product of industry or handicraft and can serve as pattern for a product
of industry or handicraft"

Este uso es diferente del usual uso de Whether como ALTERNATIVA:

18. The new Act, now defines "design" to mean only the features of shape, configuration,
pattern, ornament, or composition of lines or colours applied to any article, whether in
two- or three-dimensional, or in both forms, by any industrial process or means,
whether manual or mechanical or chemical, separate or combined, which in the finished
article appeal to and are judged solely by the eye; but does not include any mode or
principle of construction

d. Expresiones Varias: On condition that / Provided (that)/ Providing (that) / so

long as / as long as en la condicin (en reemplazo de if)
19. Please read this Software License Agreement carefully before commencing the
download of the software through this website. You are authorized to use the software
on condition that you agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this
Agreement. Should you not agree to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, you
may not download the software.

20. There are several design projects throughout the year, complemented by modules in the
areas of design techniques, manufacturing, ergonomics and business. At the end of year
two, you can opt to switch to the four-year MEng degree provided that you have
obtained at least 55 per cent in the end of year assessment.

21. Admission requirements, Integrated Product Design: A Bachelors degree, or equivalent,

preferably in Mechanical Engineering. Other corresponding degrees within engineering
or science may be considered providing that they include relevant courses in
mechanical engineering and product development.

22. Product designs that capture the attention of the marketplace not for their utility, but
due to creativity, innovation or fashion cachet can be hugely valuable assets. There
are three primary sources of protection for nonfunctional product designs: trade dress,
copyright and design patents. Of the three, trade dress protection offers the longest-
lasting protection, but likely is the most difficult to establish. By law, the design of a
product is protectable so long as the claimed trade dress is distinctive, i.e. when
consumers identify the trade dress with a particular source.

23. The trademarks can last indefinitely as long as they are used in commerce. After all,
they exist as long as someone remembers them.

D. EXPRESIONES

IN THAT
24. The Cape Wind case study showed that a stakeholder-assisted system representation
was superior to the equivalent expert-centered system representation used by the
agency as a basis for decision-making, in that it served as a thought expander for
stakeholders, captured some effects that the expert-centered representation could not
capture, better took into account social, economic and political feasibility and was more
useful in suggesting better alternative strategies for the system.
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 21

TOO (ADV) + ADJETIVO / ADVERBIO + TO inf. y expresiones anlogas

25. Estimates can sometimes be either too high or too low to be of practical use.

26. Stock market's rigged. The United States stock market, the most iconic market in global
capitalism is rigged. All is being done by computers. It's too fast to be done by humans.
Humans have been completely removed from the marketplace. "Fast" is the operative
word. Machines with secret programs are now trading stocks in tiny fractions of a
second, way too fast to be seen or recorded on a stock ticker or computer screen.
Faster than the market itself. High-frequency traders, big Wall Street firms and stock
exchanges have spent billions to gain an advantage of a millisecond for themselves and
their customers, just to get a peek at stock market prices and orders a flash before
everyone else, along with the opportunity to act on it.

27. Based on experience gained over the past half century in developing artificial
programming languages, the common wisdom has been that human-oriented and
machine-oriented languages are necessarily mutually exclusive in terms of their
understandability: natural languages, which are intuitively understood by humans, are
much too difficult to be processed by computers, while (programming) languages,
which are easily understood by computers, require much training and effort to be
deciphered by humans. The underlying assumption has been that the syntax of human-
understandable language must necessarily be totally different than that of machine-
digestible language.
The Visual Semantic Web: unifying human and machine knowledge representations with Object-Process Methodology.

SO + ADJETIVO + AS TO inf.
28. Document quality was so poor as to cause Customer Experience issues and agent
frustration, leading to lowered Net Promoter scores and increased service center costs.
Response time to compliance changes were so slow as to require costly manual
workaround solutions.

IT IS BELIEVED THAT
29. Although the automation technique has been employed widely in industry, there are still
lots of manual operations, especially in assembly and maintenance jobs due to the
flexibility and the feasibility of human Inappropriate posture and physical fatigue might
result in musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in such physical jobs. Among these manual
handling operations, there are occasionally several physical operations with high
strength demands. The magnitude of the load, posture, personal factors, and sometimes
vibration are potential exposures for MSDs. It is believed that one reason for MSDs is
the physical fatigue resulting from physical work.

30. The book [Systems Engineering Methods]... covers (1) the environment for systems
engineering, (2) system organization, scheduling, and record-keeping, (3) formulating
and structuring the system, (4) factors for judging the value of a system, (5) cost-
estimation and cost-effectiveness analysis, (6) operational meanings and effects of time,
and PERT-type network analysis, (7) reliability, and (8) future opportunities for systems
engineering. It is believed that few subjects are covered deeply enough to make the
book useful as a text or self-study guide without considerable supplementary reading.

IT FOLLOWS THAT
31. .Predicting the future will always be difficult, but the world will probably soon face a
number of major environment/resource challenges, including global climate change and
oil depletion. Accommodating the consumption aspirations of industrialising countries,
particularly fast-growing Asian economies such as China and India, in a world of finite
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 22

resources and pollution absorption capacity, will increase our difficulties. If serious, these
challenges promise a sharp break with trends of the past half-century for both production
and consumption. Both Industrial Engineering practice and education will need to
change due to a number of reasons. First, both oil depletion and climate change are
serious and global problems. Second, technical fixes alone will not solve these
problems, given the environmental problems of even clean industrial systems. Third, it
follows that industrial engineering teaching/practice will need to change, the extent of
change depending greatly on both how serious the problems are, and the degree to
which further technology can overcome them.

IT FOLLOWS FROM THIS THAT / IT DOESNT FOLLOW FROM THIS THAT

32. The efficiency with which energy or biomass is transferred from one trophic level to the
next is called the ecological efficiency. Consumers at each level convert on average only
about 10% of the chemical energy in their food to their own organic tissue. For this
reason, food chains rarely extend for more than 5 or 6 levels. At the lowest trophic level
(the bottom of the food chain), plants convert about 1% of the sunlight they receive into
chemical energy. It follows from this that the total energy originally present in the
incident sunlight that is finally embodied in a tertiary consumer is about 0.001%

IS / ARE FOUND TO BE
33. With the evolving needs of todays manufacturing industries in the area of product
development, 3D CAD model has become very important. Often in many situations there
is a need to remanufacture a physical part where the CAD data is not available with the
manufacturer or is lost because of several reasons. In such cases reverse engineering
is found to be an effective and efficient tool. Reverse engineering is an approach where
the physical parts are digitized in order to obtain a virtual model. Digitization can be done
either manually or it can be fully automatized for better and faster scans. The virtual
models so obtained are helpful in many applications, nevertheless they are often used
for redesign operations.

IT BEING NOTED THAT

34. The arrangement of table 3-2 is quite consistent with the periodic chart of table 3-1, it
being noted that elements with the electrons only with principal quantum number two
(but no greater) fall in the second period, and so on and so forth.
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 23

EJERCICIOS de LECTO-COMPRENSIN TEXTOS de las PGINAS

16 a 20 (numerados del 1 al 34). Atencin! Los nmeros entre parntesis
refieren al nmero de prrafo. Ver subrayados.

I. REFERENCIA (A qu remiten las palabras en negrita?)

1. It (8)

2. It (10 4 ocurrencias)

3. Which (10)

4. It (11 2 ocurrencias)

5. This phase (11)

6. This second stage (11)

7. They (21)

8. Their (22)

9. They (23)

10. Them (23)

11. Their (26)

12. Themselves (26)

13. Their (27)

14. That (27)

15. The next (32)

16. Their (32, 2 ocurrencias)

17. They (32)

18. Such cases (33)

19. It (33)

20. Where (33)

INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 24

II. COMPARATIVOS / SUPERLATIVOS (diga si son de superioridad,

igualdad, inferioridad y traduzca la estructura comparativa que les da
sentido)

21. The least accurate (1)

22. The more accurate (4)

23. The greater (4)

24. The most difficult (22)

25. the longest-lasting protection (22)

26. The most iconic (26)

27. Faster (26)

28. The lowest (32)

29. Better and faster (33)

30. Greater (34)

III. CONECTORES (diga QUE TIPO DE RELACIN ESTABLECEN y traduzca

la estructura lgica que les da sentido)

If (101)
_________
_________

If (102)
_________
_________
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 25

So (10)
_________
_________

Before (11)
_________
_________

Thus (11)
_________
_________

As (11)
_________
_________

Therefore
(11)
_________
_________

Should you
not agree
(19)
_________
_________

i.e. (22)
_________
_________

although
(29)
_________
_________
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 26

Due to (29)
_________
_________

Both / and (31) (3 ocurrencias)

Either / or (33)

Nevertheless
(33)
_________
_________

In order to
(33)
_________
_________

IV. USOS DEL INFINITIVO Y LA FORMA -ING (diga QUE TIPO DE USO se
trata y traduzca la estructura lgica que les da sentido)

31. Competitive pressure creates pressures to resolve ambiguity quickly (10)

32. Analysis is essentially the process of problem solving or rational choice (11)
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 27

33. Please read this Software License Agreement carefully before commencing the
download of the software (19)

34. You are authorized to use the software on condition that you agree to be bound by the
terms and conditions of this Agreement (19)

35. The Cape Wind case study was superior as a basis for decision-making (24)

36. It served was more useful in suggesting better alternative strategies for the system (24)

37. Machines with secret programs are now trading stocks in tiny fractions of a second (26)

38. Wall Street firms and stock exchanges have spent billions to gain an advantage of a
millisecond for themselves (26)

39. The experience gained over the past half century in developing artificial programming
languages (27)

40. Programming languages, which are easily understood by computers, require much
training and effort to be deciphered by humans. (27)

41. The underlying assumption has been that the syntax of human language is totally
different than that of machine language (27)

42. Manual handling operations(29)

43. Scheduling and record keeping (30)

44. Formulating and structuring (30)

45. Factors for judging (30)

46. Considerable supplementary reading (30)

47. Predicting the future will always be difficult (31)

48. Accommodating the consumption aspirations of industrialising countries, particularly

fast-growing Asian economies such as China and India, in a world of finite resources
and pollution absorption capacity, will increase our difficulties (31)

49. Industrial engineering teaching/practice will need to change, the extent of change
depending greatly on how serious the problems are (31)
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 28

V. USOS de VERBOS MODALES (diga de QUE TIPO DE USO se trata y

traduzca la estructura que les da sentido)

50. May (5)

51. Could not (24)

52. Might (29)

LONG NOUN PHRASES

http://www.singlestoneconsulting.com/ INDUSTRY CASE STUDY

INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 29

SPECIAL DIFFICULTIES (2) ALTERACIN DE LA SINTAXIS Y OTRAS ESTRUCTURAS

NO TRANSPARENTES - CONSIGNA: Una vez analizadas las dificultades, ARMA EJERCICIOS con
las palabras destacadas en gris, segn la metodologa aprendida para cada tipo de estructura.

1 [1] The Second Law. Entropy and free energy.

2 An adiabatic process is one during which no heat is exchanged between the system and the
3 surroundings.
4 Since the energy of an ideal gas is a function of temperature only, its energy change for an
5 isothermal process is zero.
6 The heat absorbed per mole during isothermal expansion or compression is hence found,
7 from the first law, to be equal to the work done, as given by equation 7.1

1 [2] Since the energy of an ideal gas is a function of temperature only, it does not vary with
2 volume at constant temperature.
3 CvdT = - w
4 For simplicity it will be assumed that C v is constant; this is strictly so only for the rare
5 gases helium, argon, etc., but is approximately true for other gases over a short range of
6 temperature.

1 [3] Faradays laws of Electrolysis

2 Faradays first law states that the amounts of primary product formed by electrolysis are
3 directly proportional to the amounts of electricity flowing.
4 Faradays second law states that the passage of a given quantity of electricity causes the
5 amounts of primary products formed by eletrolysis to be in the ratio of the chemical
6 equivalents of those products.

1 [4] The Faraday

2 The Faraday is the amount of electricity required to liberate one gram equivalent of a
3 metal from its ions () Thus, one Faraday liberates one gram equivalent of any metal from
4 its ions and, using Faradays first law, it follows that any stated quantity of electricity
5 liberates amounts of metals from their ions in the ratios of their equivalent weights.

1 [5] Applicability of Faradays Laws

2 The universal applicability of Faradays laws is demonstrated by tha fact that the
3 coulometers described above have been based not only on anodic and cathodic processes
4 but also on a variety of electrolytes, and on gaseous, liquid, solid, and ionic electrode
5 products.
6 On the other hand, if Faradays Laws were not of universal practical utility, the choice of a
7 design for a coulometer would rest chiefly on such qualities as chemical stability,
8 availability, price, conductivity, etc. These tend, however, to become subsidiary
9 considerations () For example, suppose that a gas coulometer be based on the electrolysis
10 of sodium chloride solution using platinum electrodes. In this cell, each Faraday liberates a
11 volume of hydogen and chlorine one third greater than the corresponding gas volume from
12 an electrolytic gas coulometer. This possible advantage in sensitivity is entirely lost due to
13 the high solubility in water of the hydrogen chloride which is readily obtained as a
14 secondary product by the combination of primary electrode products.
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 30

NEGOTIATION: The effect of the partners emotions

Most studies on emotion in negotiations focus on the effect of the negotiators own emotions on the
process. However, what the other party feels might be just as important, as group emotions are
known to affect processes both at the group and the personal levels. When it comes to negotiations,
trust in the other party is a necessary condition for its emotion to affect, and visibility enhances the
effect. Emotions contribute to negotiation processes by signaling what one feels and thinks and can
thus prevent the other party from engaging in destructive behaviors and to indicate what steps
should be taken next: Positive Affect signals to keep in the same way, while Negative Affect points
that mental or behavioral adjustments are needed.
Partners emotions can have two basic effects on negotiators emotions and behavior: mimetic/
reciprocal or complementary. For example, disappointment or sadness might lead to compassion
and more cooperation. In a study by Butt et al. (2005) which simulated real multi-phase negotiation,
most people reacted to the partners emotions in reciprocal, rather than complementary, manner.
Specific emotions were found to have different effects on the opponents feelings and strategies
chosen:
Anger caused the opponents to place lower demands and to concede more in a zero-sum
negotiation, but also to evaluate the negotiation less favorably. It provoked both dominating
and yielding behaviors of the opponent.
Pride led to more integrative and compromising strategies by the partner.
Guilt or regret expressed by the negotiator led to better impression of him by the
opponent, however it also led the opponent to place higher demands. On the other hand,
personal guilt was related to more satisfaction with what one achieved.
Worry or disappointment left bad impression on the opponent, but led to relatively lower
demands by the opponent.

NEGOTIATION: Problems with lab negotiation studies

Negotiation is a rather complex interaction. Capturing all its complexity is a very difficult task, let
alone isolating and controlling only certain aspects of it. For this reason most negotiation studies are
done under laboratory conditions, and focus only on some aspects. Although lab studies have their
advantages, they do have major drawbacks when studying emotions:
Emotions in lab studies are usually manipulated and are therefore relatively cold (not
intense). Although those cold emotions might be enough to show effects, they are
qualitatively different from the hot emotions often experienced during negotiations.
In real life there is self-selection to which negotiation one gets into, which effects the
emotional commitment, motivation and interests. However this is not the case in lab studies.
Lab studies tend to focus on relatively few well defined emotions. Real life scenarios
provoke a much wider scale of emotions.
Coding the emotions has a double catch: if done by a third side, some emotions might not
be detected as the negotiator sublimates them for strategic reasons. Self report measures
might overcome this, but they are usually filled only before or after the process, and if filled
during the process might interfere with it.
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 31

TEXTOS CON EJERCICIOS TEXTO I

Natural gas is a gas consisting primarily of methane. It is found associated with fossil fuels, in 1
coal beds, and is created by methanogenic organisms in marshes, bogs, and landfills. It is an 2
important fuel source, a major feedstock for fertilizers, and a potent greenhouse gas. 3
Natural gas is often informally referred to as simply gas, especially when compared to other 4
energy sources such as electricity. Before natural gas can be used as a fuel, it must undergo 5
extensive processing to remove almost all materials other than methane. The by-products of 6
that processing include ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes and higher molecular weight 7
hydrocarbons, elemental sulfur, and sometimes helium and nitrogen. 8
Fossil natural gas can be "associated" (found in oil fields) or "non-associated" (isolated in 9
natural gas fields), and is also found in coal beds (as coalbed methane). It sometimes contains 10
significant quantities of ethane, propane, butane, and pentaneheavier hydrocarbons 11
removed prior to use as a consumer fuelas well as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium and 12
hydrogen sulfide. Natural gas is commercially produced from oil fields and natural gas fields. 13
Gas produced from oil wells is called associated gas. The natural gas industry is producing 14
gas from increasingly more challenging resource types: sour gas, tight gas, shale gas and 15
coalbed methane. 16
The world's largest proven gas reserves are located in Russia. Russia is also the world's 17
largest natural gas producer, through the Gazprom company. Major proven resources (with 18
year of estimate) (in billion cubic metres) are, Russia 47,570 (2006), Iran 26,370 (2006), Qatar 19
25,790 (2007), Saudi Arabia 6,568 (2006) and United Arab Emirates 5,823 (2006). 20
The world's largest gas field is Qatar's offshore North Field, estimated to have 25 trillion cubic 21
metres of gas in placeenough to last more than 200 years at optimum production levels. The 22
second largest natural gas field is the South Pars Gas Field in Iranian waters in the Persian 23
Gulf. Connected to Qatar's North Field, it has estimated reserves of 8 to 14 trillion cubic metres 24
of gas. 25
Because natural gas is not a pure product, when non-associated gas is extracted from a field 26
under supercritical (pressure/temperature) conditions, it may partially condense upon 27
isothermic depressurizingan effect called retrograde condensation. The liquids thus formed 28
may get trapped by depositing in the pores of the gas reservoir. One method to deal with this 29
problem is to reinject dried gas free of condensate to maintain the underground pressure and 30
to allow reevaporation and extraction of condensates. 31
Huge quantities of natural gas (primarily methane) exist in the form of hydrates under sediment 32
on offshore continental shelves and on land in arctic regions that experience permafrost such 33
as those in Siberia (hydrates require a combination of high pressure and low temperature to 34
form). However, as of 2009 no technology has been developed to produce natural gas 35
economically from hydrates. 36

EJERCICIOS

I. Cul es el prrafo que mejor representa la Idea Principal del texto?. Fundamente su respuesta

II. Enumere 3 ideas secundarias

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III. RESPONDER estas preguntas en espaol

1. Puede el gas natural ser utilizado directamente del pozo? Explique.

2. Enumere y distinga las reservas de gas que menciona el texto segn su importancia (l. 17 a 20).

3. Describa un problema asociado a la condensacin retrgrada y un mtodo para solucionarlo.

4. Cmo puede encontrarse el gas natural fsil? (l. 9 10)

5. Compare el rea gasfera de Qatar con la del Golfo Persa. (l. 21 25)

6. Describa el efecto de condensacin retrograda.

IV. RELACIONES LGICAS: Qu tipo de relacin determinan estos conectores. Traduce las dos ideas
que le dan sentido.

such as (l. 5)

as well as (l.12)

Because (l.26)

however (l.35)

V. REFERENCIA (A qu remiten las palabras en negrita?)

1. it (l. 10)
2. it (l. 24)
3. it (l. 27)
4. that (l.33)
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5. those (l.34)

VI. GRADO COMPARATIVO Y SUPERLATIVO (Diga de que tipo es y traduzca la oracin que completa
su sentido)

1. (Prrafo 2)

__________________________________________________________________________________________

2. (Prrafo 5)

__________________________________________________________________________________________

3. (Prrafo 3)

__________________________________________________________________________________________

4. (Prrafo 4)

__________________________________________________________________________________________

VII. Usos de la TERMINACIN ING y del INFINITIVO Qu tipo de uso es? Traduzca la frase /
oracin que lo contiene y que a continuacin se transcribe

1. Natural gas may partially condense upon isothermic depressurizing

Traduccin:

Uso:

2. The by-products of that processing include ethane, propane

Traduccin:

Uso:

3. The liquids thus formed may get trapped by depositing in the pores of the gas reservoir

Traduccin:

Uso:

VIII. SINNIMOS Y ANTNIMOS Transcriba del texto sinnimos y antnimos de las palabras
que se indican a continuacin (0.1 x 10 = 1 p)

SINNIMOS ANTNIMOS
formed (2) major (11)

usually (4) biggest (23)

Has to (5) since (26)

except (6) keep (30)

occasionally (8) immense (32)

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THE SHOESTRING APPROACH EJERCICIOS

I. REFERENCIA Diga a qu / quin remiten o reemplazan los trminos destacados (0.5 x 3 = 1.5 p)

1. their (L.7)
2. this approach (L. 13)
3. in which (L. 25)

II. RELACIONES LGICO-SEMNTICAS Traduzca el conector, diga qu tipo de relacin

introduce y complete las conexiones lgicas a partir del contexto (en espaol) (0.75 x 4 = 3 p)

1. HENCE (L.7)

___________

2. DUE TO (L.15)

______________

3. IF (L.28)

_____________

4. MOREOVER (L.36)

_____________

III. Usos de la terminacin ING Qu tipo de uso es? Traduzca las frases / oraciones que los
contienen que se transcriben a continuacin (0.5 x 3 = 1.5 p)

1. The approach assists evaluators operating under limited budget

Traduccin:

Uso:

2. Budget constraints may be addressed by simplifying the evaluation design

Traduccin:

Uso:
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 36

3. The approach includes data collection methods such as using volunteers to collect data

Traduccin:

Uso:

IV. COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS Diga de qu tipo se trata. Traduzca la oracin que los
contiene y que se transcribe a continuacin(0.5 x 3 = 1.5 p)

1 y 2) There is a greater need for evaluation processes that are more rapid and economical
Traduccin:

Tipo:

3) to design an evaluation to achieve the highest standards available.

Traduccin:

Tipo:

V. SINNIMOS Y ANTNIMOS Transcriba del texto sinnimos (primera columna) y antnimos

(segunda columna) de las palabras que se indican a continuacin (0.1 x 10 = 1 p)

SINNIMOS ANTNIMOS
HELP (L.1) INOPERATIVE (L.3)
TRUSTWORTHINESS (L.9) CEASE (L.8)
LIMITATIONS (L.12) FINISHED (L.28)
CRUCIAL (L.19) EASY (L.24)
IN ADVANCE OF (L.38) DECREASE (L.35)

VI. Responda estas preguntas (en Espaol) (0.5 x 3 = 1.5)

1. Which are the main temporal restrictions that may be faced by an evaluator? (prr. 3)

2. Name two data constraint sources. (prr. 4)

3. Why was the shoestring approach created? (Parr. 5)

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PETER PRINCIPLE EJERCICIOS

I. REFERENCIA Diga a qu / quin remiten o reemplazan los trminos destacados (0.5 x 4 = 2 p)

1. they (L. 2)
2. this topic (L. 12)
3. his/her (L. 30)
4. their (L.36)

II. SINNIMOS Y ANTNIMOS Transcriba del texto sinnimos (primera columna) y antnimos (segunda
columna) de las palabras que se indican a continuacin (0.1 x 10 = 1 p)

SINNIMOS ANTNIMOS
Unapt - 2 Deny - 36
Verified - 3 Covers up - 23
Hilarious - 11 Promotion - 19
Compose - 6 Retreat - 8
Climb - 17 No longer - 5

III. RESPONDA ESTAS PREGUNTAS (en espaol) (0.5 X 3 = 1.5)

1. Qu sucede a medida que los empleados ascienden en la escala jerrquica? (prr. 3)

2. Quines llevan adelante un negocio segn Peter? (prr. 5)

3. Por qu dice el autor que el tema parece no tener solucin? (prr. 6)

IV. RELACIONES LGICO-SEMNTICAS Traduzca el conector, diga qu tipo de relacin

introduce y complete las conexiones lgicas a partir del contexto (en espaol) (0.75 x 4 = 3 p)

1. AS (L.7)

_____________

2. NEVERTHELESS
(L.5)

______________
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL - INGLES TCNICO II Ao 2016 MBA Adriana Deza 39

3. THUS (L.21)

___________

4. IN ORDER TO
(L.35)

_____________

V. Usos de la terminacin ING Qu tipo de uso es? Traduzca las frases / oraciones que los
contienen que se transcriben a continuacin (0.5 x 3 = 1.5 p)

1. The concept of the Peter Principle is best explained by imagining the familiar pyramid-shaped business
model

Traduccin:

Uso:

2. Managers risk having to recognize that they may have achieved their own level of incompetence

Traduccin:

Uso:

3. The Peter Principle is a management theory suggesting that organizations may be run by incompetent
people

Traduccin:

Uso:

VI. COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS Diga de qu tipo se trata. Traduzca la oracin que los
contiene y que se transcribe a continuacin (0.5 p)

An employee who would perform better outside of management has no proper way to resolve the situation.

Traduccin:

Tipo:

VII. DIFICULTADES ESPECIALES Traduzca la oracin que se transcribe a continuacin (0.5 p)

This sort-of selection causes the average quality of the companys employees to decrease over time
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MOTIVATION EJERCICIOS

I. RESPONDA ESTAS PREGUNTAS (en espaol) (0.5 X 3 + 1 = 2.5)

1. What justifies the usual managerial belief that pressure makes diamonds? (prr. 1)

2. Describe Maslows Pyramid (prr. 3)

3. According to a recent study by psychologist Susan David, what are highly engaged employees
motivations at work? (prr. 5)

4. What is meant by the power of small wins? (prr. 4. - 1 punto)

II. RELACIONES LGICO-SEMNTICAS Traduzca el conector, diga qu tipo de relacin

introduce y complete las conexiones lgicas a partir del contexto (en espaol) (0.5 x 4 = 2 p)

1. IF (L.3)

_____________

2. MOREOVER (L.8)

___________

3. THEREFORE (L.18)

______________

4. AS (L.15)

_____________

III. Usos de la terminacin ING Qu tipo de uso es? Traduzca las frases / oraciones que los
contienen que se transcriben a continuacin (0.5 x 3 = 1.5 p)

1. In a wide-ranging study of employee motivation (L. 25/26)

Traduccin:

Uso:

2. Theyre attempting to hit a base need in Maslows hierarchy of safety and security to motivate (L.20/21)
Traduccin:

Uso:
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3.
Having talked with 600 managers about what they thought was the single-most important motivator for
employees at work (L.30/31)
Traduccin:

Uso:

IV. COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS Diga de qu tipo se trata. Traduzca la oracin que los
contiene y que se transcribe a continuacin(0.5 x 3 = 1.5 p)

1) you need this touchy-feely stuff for only your weakest employees (L. 42)
Traduccin:

Tipo

2 y 3) Non-hierarchical thinking about employee needs is even more important when it comes to your highest
performers. (L.43/44)
Traduccin:

Tipo (1)

Tipo (2)

V. REFERENCIA Diga a qu / quin remiten o reemplazan los trminos destacados (0.5 x 3 = 1.5 p)

1. their (L.4)
2. the latter (L. 19)
3. the former (L. 19)

VI. SINNIMOS Y ANTNIMOS Transcriba del texto sinnimos (primera columna) y antnimos (segunda
columna) de las palabras que se indican a continuacin (0.1 x 10 = 1 p)

SINNIMOS ANTNIMOS

CONSIDERABLE (L.6) FAILING TO REACH (L.4)

SINCE THEN (L.10) ABSURD (L.22)

FOUNDATION (L.16) LEAST (L.33)

JUSTIFICATION (L.17) OLD-DATED (L.37)

FIT (L.39) RIGHT (L.43)