Professional Documents
Culture Documents
JONATHAN LIM
LEONG DARREN
RACQUEL OOI
SHUM LI SZE
WEE SUE WEN
YANG JING LOO
1.0 ABSTRACT
4.3 Summary
5.4 Ductwork
6.1 Elevator
6.1.1 Overview
6.1.2 Type of Elevator and Location in Building
6.1.3 Components in Elevator
6.1.4 Operation of Elevator
6.1.5 Installation and Maintenance
6.1.6 UBBL Compliance
6.2 Escalator
6.2.1 Overview
6.2.2 Type of Escalator and Location in Building
6.2.3 Components in Escalator
6.2.4 Operation in Escalator
6.2.5 UBBL Compliance
6.3 Travelator
6.3.1 Overview
6.3.2 Type and Location in Building
7.0 References
1.0 Abstract
The Setia City Mall (SCM) is chosen as a case study building as it is the first retail mall
in Malaysia that incorporates green architecture, hence its sustainability in building
services today is widely acknowledged and recognised. Thus, the SCM is a well
qualified building that is able to provide us with sufficient data in regards to our study.
Information in the following report will be referred to the UBBL (Uniform Building
By-Laws 1984); as to comprehend if the building requirements are met by the building
services, based on our observance.
Image of the exterior perspective of the Setia City Mall (SCM) in Shah Alam.
Building services influences the architecture of a building and hence plays an important
role on the sustainability and energy demand of a building. Building services are required
to be integrated in the early design stages of the general form of the building. Other than
playing a part in the design strategies and standards, the facade engineering, the weight,
the size and location of heavy equipments and plants are also affected by the building
services.
The Setia City Mall (SCM) is a building that is proposed to be Malaysias first green mall.
The mall, covering 740,000 square feet of Net Lettable Area sits at the center of Setia
Alam, Shah Alam, Malaysia; a 4000 acre township. The SCM building comprises of four
levels with 240 retailers; and just adjacent to its building; sits 2,500 car parks (separated
from its commercial area).
The SCM is the first mall that has been awarded both the Singapore Building and
Construction Authority (BCA) Green Mark Gold award and the Malaysian Green Building
Indexs (GBI) provisional certification. The SCM consists great quantities of
implementations of sustainable features; as part of green architecture.
2.1 loor Plans of Setia City Mall
CAR PARK
COMMERCIAL
COMMERCIAL
CAR PARK
COMMERCIAL
COMMERCIAL
COMMERCIAL COMMERCIAL
CAR PARK
COMMERCIAL
ROOF TOP
COMMERCIAL
Mechanical ventilation is used for air supply and air extraction. In certain buildings,
mechanical ventilation is used for both air supply and air extraction; which makes a
balanced ventilation within the room.
3.0.2 Overview
In commercial developments such as the Setia City Mall, mechanical ventilation throughout
the building is channeled by Air Handling Unit (AHU), connected to ductwork systems that
supplies and extracts air from the indoor of a building. In Setia City Mall, central exhaust
system is utilised, whereby there is more than one fan that drawing the air from the entire
building, using a network of ducts. Mechanical ventilation systems used in the restaurant
kitchens for the withdrawal of heat, moisture and odors are different compared to the rest of
the building facilities. Restaurant kitchens in the Setia City Mall uses FCU (Fan Coil Unit);
whereby it has no ductworks and can be functioned or installed by itself. However, the
mechanical ventilation used in the entire building including bathrooms to reduce odor and
humidity is AHU (Air Handling Unit) whereby it channels air through ducts and is connected
to a central exhaust system. The mechanical ventilation found used in the SCM is the
exhaust and combined ventilation system.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Mechanical ventilation is used for air supply (inlet); and natural outlet is to extract air out.
Figure 3.0.2 (a) : Schematic diagram demonstrating the process of supply ventilation system
The advantages of utilising supply ventilation system is that it allows better control of flow
of air entering the building; thus minimising outdoor pollutants into the internal space; as
the incoming air is filtered. Supply ventilation devices are cost friendly and easily
installed. However, the setbacks of utilising this system is that the device may not be able
to filter incoming air when encountered with moisture.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Mechanical ventilation is used for air extraction (outlet); and natural inlet is to supply air.
Figure 3.0.2 (b) : Schematic diagram demonstrating the process of exhaust ventilation system
A usual exhaust ventilation system utilised in a building is comprised of natural air inlet
and a mechanical method of extracting air. Fresh air flows in naturally into the building;
and hence the stale indoor air is extracted through a mechanical system - causing the
internal pressure of the building to reduce below the outdoor air pressure.
The advantages of exhaust ventilation system is that it works well in cold climates, and it
is easily installed; hence prevents moisture entering into the building; unlike the supply
ventilation system. The disadvantages of the exhaust ventilation system is that it is
inappropriate for hot climates as it may pull outdoor air pollutants into the interior space
which is unsuitable to the thermal comfort in the building.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Mechanical ventilation is used for both air supply and air extraction
Figure 3.0.2 (c): Schematic diagram demonstrating the process of combined ventilation system
The balanced ventilation system is a combination of having mechanical systems for both
air supply and air extract ventilation. Fresh air is pulled into the internal spaces, while stale
indoor air is exhausted to the outside.
Exhaust systems are necessary in a typical commercial building as to remove heat and
humidity and circulate cool air, as to maintain the indoor air quality, ensuring thermal
comfort for the people. The exhaust systems in Setia City Mall are found located in the
kitchen and restaurants.
Most mechanical exhaust systems in SCM are found in the kitchen restaurants, whereby
the components include the exhaust fan and exhaust hood; to remove fumes, airborne
grease, heat and odor of the kitchen. The mechanical exhaust ventilation system is used
to extract the indoor air towards outdoor through its ducts.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
The typical operation system of exhaust fans are conducted either manually or
automatically; whereby a room light switch and speed control is used to conduct
manually. In the case of automated system the exhaust fans are activated with sensors;
whereby when a specific level of humidity is reached, the exhaust fan is activated.
Alternatively, there is also a timer sensor whereby the fan is switched on automatically to
be operated for a period of time that has been set; and later shut down.
In Setia City Mall, the exhaust fans can be manually activated from the control room as
well as there is an automated system.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Exhaust Fans
Exhaust fans are ventilation appliances utilised vent out the unwanted indoor air that
consists of unwanted odors, airborne gas, smoke, fumes that decrease the level of
thermal comfort and simultaneously, pulling fresh natural air from the outside. Exhaust
fans are usually located in the toilet, kitchen, walls and ceilings.
In Setia City Mall, propeller and axial fans are used and located as high as possible as it
is easier to pull hot air upwards for extraction; since hot air rises.
The axial exhaust fan increases the pressure of the air flowing through it. The blades on
the axial fans allow air to move parallel to the shaft about which the blades rotate. The
design concern in the axial fan revolves around the design of the propeller which
establishes a difference in pressure; hence the suction force that retains the flow of air
across the fan. The function and operations of the axial fan is designed to save space
and operate efficiently as it requires less energy to operate.
Figure 3.1.4 (a) : Flow of air Figure 3.1.4 (b): Exhaust fans used in restaurants of
moving parallel to the shaft SCM
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Figure 3.1.4 (c): Exhaust hood and ceiling air grille installed in the kitchens of the
restaurants of SCM
In this scene, the stale indoor air consisting of airborne grease, fumes, unwanted odour
are extracted to the exhaust hood and ceiling air grille, then travels to the heat recovery
ventilator (HRV); then converted to stale cool air from inside to be exhausted outside.
Then, fresh cold air from outside is drawn in, travels to the HRV; then converted to fresh
heated air, which is to be sent to the spaces in the building.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Figure 3.1.4 (e) : Schematic diagram of the flow of air ventilation using the exhaust
ventilation system and heat-recovery ventilator (HRV); utilised in SCM
Figure 3.1.4 (f) : Schematic diagram of the process of air exchange through HRV
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Extract System
Extract system can be found in the washrooms of SCM, whereby the outlet vents extract
stale air from indoor to outdoor. In this scenario, the central fan in outlet vents create
negative pressure on its inlet side of the room, hence air inside the room moves towards
the outlet vent and thus extracted to outside.
Figure 3.1.5 (b): Schematic diagram of the flow of stale air from bathroom being
exhausted outside
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
The smoke extraction system controls smoke upon the event of a fire; whereby it
removes smoke from the building to aid the building occupants means of escape and
thus provides a clear and unobstructed access for firefighting services.
In a usual building, as for fire protection system, a fire damper is used to block or channel
the ignition floor, hence the fire and smoke within the ignition floor is trapped; by the fire
damper to prevent the fire from spreading out to another. While this occurs, the rest of the
fire dampers in other rooms in the building remain open to enable the pressurization of
the other floors by the supply ventilation system, through its components such as
pressurisation fans, while the fire dampers in the exhaust ventilation remains closed.
Thus, occupants are enabled to escape and firefighters are able to battle the fire.
Figure 3.2.1 (a) : Smoke clearance ventilation system in the fire stairs in SCM
Smoke ventilation system is used to release smoke or hot air from a building; in case of any
fire. This prevents the building from collapsing and hence brings in cool air from the outside to
enter, aiding to cool the building down quicker. Smoke ventilation system also aids in saving
the lives of those who may be still trapped; as well as assisting fire fighters when they arrive
at the scene.
In smoke clearance ventilation system of SCM, in the case of fire, smoke is vented out of the
building; and the layer of clean air coming from the smoke ventilation window allows building
occupants to walk out of the building; to be able to see the escape routes clearly and thus
quickly escape unharmed.
Fire dampers are used in HVAC (heating, ventilating and air conditioning) ducts to stop fire
from spreading inside the ductwork; from one side of a fire-rated separation to the other.
A typical fire damper works when heat from the fire affects the normal temperature of a
room to increase about 70 to 80 degrees celsius. The fusible link that is joined to the
damper would melt, hence causing the door of the damper to close. However in rooms
where the normal temperature is on consistently higher, a higher degree fusible link would
be joined to the damper. These particular fusible links would then melt at a temperature of
100 degree celsius. Thus, there are two types of fire damper designs utilised to aid in
preventing the flames from spreading, which are a dynamic fire damper and a static fire
damper.
Dynamic fire dampers are usually positioned in vertical barriers and thus having a spring
loaded design; in which doors the dynamic damper consists of a spring-like-action when
they are forced to shut. As the fan of the HVAC is remain activated, the air pressure from
the fan will aid the doors of the damper to spring shut.
Static fire dampers are positioned in horizontal barriers where the HVAC system fan will be
shut off during fire. When the HVAC system fan is turned off, there is no air pressure and
the door of the damper will fall due to gravity.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
A process involving smoke extraction and fresh air supply by the supply and extract
ventilation system of buildings in order to ensure safe evacuation of people in case of fire in
any of the spaces. In a usual building, smoke extraction system is installed to vent smoke
and heat developed by a fire inside the building. Smoke extraction system is vitally important
in a building as clears the smoke after fire - smoke purging, for firefighter access and life
safety. This system is a reliable and functional fire fighting control used by firefighters to
increase visibility and reduce heat exposure.
Vents
Figure 3.2.3 (a) : Fire in a building equipped with Smoke Control System (Inclusive of smoke vents)
Figure 3.2.3 (b) : Schematic diagram of fire smoke escape from building through smoke vents
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Figure 3.2.3 (c) : Flow of smoke and heat through smoke vents from indoor to outdoor
3.2.4 Ductwork
Ductwork is a component that provides pathway for the heating, ventilation and
air-conditioning (HVAC) system to deliver and exhaust air throughout the building; in which it
involves drawing the hair throughout the building into the air conditioner/heater, where it is
heated or cooled, then is pushed back through the ducts into the internal space of the
building. If vents are poorly designed, the air pressure, heating and cooling systems will be
unstable and the there will be deterioration of climatic control in the building, air leakage and
malfunctioning of the heating or air-conditioning equipments in the building.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Ductwork Insulation
Galvanised steel ducts insulated with silver foil; to prevent condensation and dripping from
the ducts. This is done as un-insulated cold air ducts will often have surface temperatures
below the local dew point; whereby at this temperature, condensation will take place and
eventually drip off, resulting to uncontrolled accumulation of moisture on the outside surface
of the duct. Hence, duct insulation eliminates the accumulation of condensate and
consequently prevents rusting and staining.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
(2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be
considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is
provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned
enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing,
not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be
introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning
system is not functioning.
(3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to
buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.
The role of fire detection and alarm systems are to identify a developing fire emergency in a
timely manner, and to alert the building's occupants and fire emergency organizations..
Depending on the anticipated fire scenario, building and use type, number and type of
occupants, and criticality of mission, these systems can provide several main functions.
First they provide a means to identify a developing fire through either manual or automatic
methods and second, they alert building occupants to a fire condition and the need to
evacuate.
Another common function is the transmission of an alarm notification signal to the fire
department or other emergency response organization. They may also shut down electrical,
air handling equipment or special process operations, and they may be used to initiate
automatic sprinkler systems.
Control Panel + Fire Detector > Alarm Output Services > Automatic Sprinkler system
FIRE PROTECTION
4.1.1 Overview
Active Fire Protection (AFP) is a group of systems that require some amount of action or
motion in order to work efficiently in the event of a fire. Actions may be manually operated,
like a fire extinguisher or automatic, like a sprinkler, but either way they require some
amount of action. AFP includes fire/smoke alarm systems, sprinkler systems, and fire
extinguishers as well as firefighters. Fire/smoke alarm systems are used to detect whether
there is fire and/or smoke in a building. Sprinkler systems are used to help slow the growth
of the fire. Fire extinguishers and firefighters are used to help put out the fire altogether.
Fire control room to be placed at the entrance floor of the building with communication
systems to all floors and facilities for receiving the message from different floors.
The fire detection system is a system when the detectors are activated, it will signal the
location of activation to the fire indicator panel.
Heat Detector
Heat detectors are normally used in dirty environments or where dense smoke is produced.
It may be less sensitive, but are more appropriate than a smoke detector in some particular
environments. The most common heat detectors either react to a broad temperature change
or a predetermined fixed temperature.
Heat detectors consist of thermistors that are sensitive to temperature changes. They will
decrease in resistance as the temperature rises. One thermistor is sealed and protected
from the surrounding temperature while the other is exposed. A sharp increase in
temperature reduces the resistance in the exposed thermistor, which allows a large current
to activate the detector's alarm.
Smoke Detector
5m
Smoke detectors detect the visible or invisible smoke particles from combustion. Each
smoke detectors in the building are located 5 meters apart. The two main types are
ionization detectors and photoelectric detectors.
FIRE PROTECTION
The ionization detector contains a small radioactive source that is used to charge the air
inside a small chamber. The charged air allows a small current to cross through the
chamber and complete an electrical circuit.
A photoelectric sensor emits a light beam (visible or infrared) from its light-emitting element.
A reflective-type photoelectric sensor is used to detect the light beam reflected from the
target. A beam type sensor is used to measure the change in light quantity caused by the
target crossing the optical axis.
Flame Detector
Flame detectors are line-of-sight devices that look for specific types of light such as infrared,
visible, ultraviolet, that are emitted by flames during combustion. When the detector
recognizes this light from a fire, it sends a signal to activate an alarm.
FIRE PROTECTION
This is system is alarm messaging system that dispatches time critical messages based on
activation triggered by events. It will be activated automatically from smoke detectors, heat
detectors as well as manual fire alarm activation. It is used to notify people when smoke,
fire, carbon monoxide or other emergencies are present.
Alarms can motorize the bells, wall mountable sounders or horns. Fire protection system in
the control room will be notify if any of the fire alarm is activated.
Fire Switch
A specialized switch that allows firefighters to quickly disconnect power from high voltage
devices that may pose a danger in the event of an emergency. It is located near the fire
staircase
Fire Telephone
The fire telephone handsets are permanently installed throughout the building, usually
located near the fire exits. This is to allow the firefighters to do emergency communication
with the main control panel.
FIRE PROTECTION
It is an automatic fire alarm system output devices. When it is activated, the alarm will sound
and flash signals to notify people there is a fire or even evacuate.
1.4m
Figure 4.1.3 (e) :
Figure 4.1.3 (d) :
Distance of Break Glass
Break Glass Call Point
Call Point from Floor
A break glass call point is a device allow occupants to activate the alarm by breaking the
glass. They should be mounted 1.4m from the floor and located where people can easily
find. It is usually located at landings of staircases and exits to open air. It is best to be
positioned not exceed 30m from the greatest travel distance from any point of the building.
Fire Bell
Activation buttons,
lights up when
activated
A controlling component of a fire alarm system. The panel receives information from the
detectors such as heat detector and smoke detector that detect changes in the surrounding
associated with fire such as smoke.
This panel is a warning system designed to communicate warning and evacuation directions
to occupants at the detection of a fire.
Upon activation of an alarm, the system will activate and tones and sirens will commence,
directing the occupants of a building to evacuate. Some fire alarm panels may be connected
to monitoring device which will contact the fire brigade.
FIRE PROTECTION
Conventional
- Organises detectors into zones which are monitored by fire alarm panel. When alarm
is registered, that zone will be considered to be in alarm, giving you indication of what
area of the building the fire is located. These fire alarm panels are advantageous to
properties such as small unit blocks, restaurants and properties that require fire alarm
detection. However, it will have limited areas as zones.
Addressable
- A more complex system than traditional conventional fire alarm panel. An
addressable has LCD display so that emergency services are able to identify the
detector in alarm and knowing its exact location. Each detector has its own unique
address that is able to state the following:
- Loop
- Detector number
- Type of detector
- Location of detector
The conventional fire indicator panel is used in Setia City Mall and is located in the control
room of the building.
FIRE PROTECTION
Fire Extinguisher
Nozzle
Tube
Data Plate
Fire extinguishers are provided for primary fire fighting, generally undertaken by the
occupants of the building before fire service arrive. It is important that occupants are familiar
with fire extinguisher type and to use on which type of fire.
Most rire start as a small fire and may be extinguished if the correct type and amount of
extinguishing agent is applied whilst the fire is small and controllable.
FIRE PROTECTION
Move forward or around the fire area as the fire diminishes. Watch the area in
case of re-ignition
It is not intended for use on an out-of-control fire, such as one which has reached
the ceiling that will endangers the people.
Fire extinguishers are usually located at big units of shop, restaurants, rooftop,
entrances or exits and parking lots of Setia City Mall.
FIRE PROTECTION
Hose Reel
Hose
Hose reels:
Discharges 30 per minute of water with 6 meters coverage 30m in length, 25mm in
diameter for every 800sqm. Located in each floor along escape routes/ next to exit doors,
staircases as well as car park.
Pipe work:
For hose reels is generally 50mm in diameter
Feed to hose reels should be > 25mm in diameter
Valves
To depressurize hose:
- Attach the nozzle end to the hose reel valve
- Close the hose reel valve
- Open the nozzle to relieve any pressure in the wound hose
- Close the nozzle
The hose reel seal will last longer than permanently pressurized. When is next used, the
operator will be forced to turn on the isolating valve, thus charging the hose reel with
pressurized water supply, before being able to drag hose to the fire. A potential danger
exists if the operator reaches the fire and finds no water is available because the hose reel
valve is still closed.
Fire hose reels are generally located next to an exit. In an emergency it is possible to reach
a safe place simply by following the hose.
FIRE PROTECTION
Hose Outlet
and Valve
Operating Seal
Stem
Drain
Hole Main Valve
Fire hydrant systems are installed in buildings to help firefighters quickly attack the fire.
Essentially, a hydrant system is a water reticulation system used to transport water in order
to limit the amount of hose that firefighters have to lay. Thus, speeding up the fire fighting
process.
Fire hydrants are for the sole use of trained firefighters, including factory fire fighting team.
Because of the high pressures available serious injury can occur if untrained persons
attempt to operate the equipment connected to such installations.
Fire hydrant systems sometimes include ancillary parts essential to their effective operation
such as pumps, tanks and fire service booster connections. These systems must be
maintained and regularly tested if they are to be effective when needed.
FIRE PROTECTION
The placement of fire hydrant needs to closely interface with fire service operational
procedure; simply complying with deemed to satisfy code provisions is a potential recipe for
disaster. The fire hydrant shall be:
- Located less than 30m away from the breeching inlet for the building
- More than 6m from the building
- Each located less than 90m apart along the roadside
- Minimum width of access road is 6m
75m 12m
Figure 4.1.4 (g) : Distance between each Figure 4.1.4 (h) : Distance between
Fire Hydrant Building and Fire Hydrant
The water supply for a fire hydrant system can be derived from a reliable source of water
such as street mains, static water supply such as tank or dam.
FIRE PROTECTION
Automatic sprinkler systems are one of the most reliable methods available for controlling
fires. Automatic fire sprinkler systems offer protection of life and property from the effects of
fire.
A sprinkler head is connected to a pressurised water system. When the fire heats up the
sprinkler head, it opens at a preset temperature, thus allowing pressurised water to be
sprayed both down onto the fire and also up to cool the hot smoky layer and the building
structure above the fire. This spray also wets combustible material in the vicinity of the fire,
making it difficult to ignite, thereby slowing down or preventing fire spread and growth.
When a sprinkler head operates, the water pressure in the system drops, activating an
alarm which often automatically calls the fire brigade via a telephone connection. Only those
sprinkler heads heated by the fire operate; all sprinklers in a building do not operate at once.
FIRE PROTECTION
Sprinkler heads used in this building is installed hidden in the ceiling. Generally each
sprinklers are 2 meters apart.
Connect to piping
network
Plug to seal of water
above Glass Bulb
2m
The sprinkler heads are located throughout the whole building, hidden in the ceiling just by
the cover plate. Sprinkler heads that are exposed is located in the carpark area.
FIRE PROTECTION
Fire Tank
Part of fire sprinkler systems water supply and powered by electric, diesel or steam. The
pump intake is either connected to the public underground water supply piping, or a static
water source such as tank, reservoir and lake. The pump provides water flow at a higher
pressure to the sprinkler system risers and hose standpipes.
The pumps should be located at the level just below the bottom of the fire tank, so that all
the water in the tanks can flow into the pumps by gravity.
FIRE PROTECTION
The pump is controlled by pressure sensors. When a fire fighter opens hydrant or when a
sprinkler comes on, water gushes out of the system and the pressure drops. The pressure
sensors will detect this drop and switch the fire pumps on. But the only way to switch off a
fire pump is for a firefighter to do this manually in the pump room.
Fire Storage Tank and Pumps are located at the lower ground floor of Setia City Mall near to
the control room at the back of the building.
FIRE PROTECTION
Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall
be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar
extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.
(I) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall
be readily accessible to the Fire Authority.
(2) All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide
immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.
(1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.
(2) All premises and buildings with gross floor area excluding car park and storage areas
exceeding 9290 square metres or exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a
two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected
section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section.
(3) Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master
control.
Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a
command and control centre located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor
the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, waterflow detectors, fire detection and
alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by passing the
switchboard.
There shall be two separate approved continuously electrically supervised voice communications
systems, one a fire brigade communications system and the other a public address system
between the central control station and the following areas:
(c) in each dwelling unit and hotel guest room where the fire brigade system may be combined with
the public address system.
FIRE PROTECTION
4.2.1 Overview
Passive fire protection (PFP) is a form of fire safety provision that remains dormant.
During normal conditions but becomes active in a fire situation. It is an integral component
of structural fire protection in a building, which is designed to contain fires or slow their
spread. The purpose of PFP is to contain the spread of fire for sufficient time to permit
Person responsible for fire safety are responsible to care towards members of the
emergency services, for instance, firefighters, who may have to enter the premises during
the course of a fire; in slowing the spread of flames, smoke and hot gases.
PFP also serves to ensure the building remains as safe as possible for entry in this situation.
PFP provision is required in all buildings, whether domestic or non-domestic, with the
purpose of containing / compartmentalising / retarding the spread of fire.
Every service that is installed in a building, such as water pipes, electrical sockets, cable
trunking and lighting units, can compromise the fire resistance of a room by creating
openings in its walls, floors and ceilings. The role of PFP is to seal the gaps these
penetrations create should the worst happen and fire break out. All products designed to
fulfil this criteria are fire rated, for example certified to resist fire for a specified length of
time, which can be anything from 30 minutes to 4 hours.
FIRE PROTECTION
Three main classifications of fire rated walls are: fire walls, fire barriers, and fire partitions.
Fire Rated Wall is an assembly of fire resistance materials to prevent the spread of fire from
space to another, to isolate certain area of space. It also provides independent structural
stability and are designed to withstand and resist fire approximately 2 hours before failure.
Fire-Rated Floor and Ceilings in Setia City Mall are separated into fire compartments and
act as barriers to resist fire from spreading.
2 x 4 stud framing
Sound batts
2 H-studs 24 o.c.
2 USG - Runners
Fire blocking
Fire blocking
Fire door also known as fire resistant door, It provides barrier between fire and building. The
main objective of fire doors as a part of passive fire protection system in shopping malls is to
save lives and property during fire hazards. Besides that, it is much essential as fire doors
able to slows down a rapid increase in fire, smoke and other toxic gases. It creates escape
routes through corridors and stairways. The types of fire doors has different resistant levels
and withstand the attack of fire for 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 minutes.
Fire Exit doors function by opened a push bar. Speakers were provided on fire exits for
guidance during the case of emergency.
Figure 4.2.3 (a) : Single leaf Figure 4.2.3 (b) : Double leaf
door door
FIRE PROTECTION
Fire Roller Shutters is a type door consist of repetitive horizontal slats hinged together and
are operable steel barriers that save lives and property by moving to close gaps between
zones, thus affecting fire compartmentalization for up to 4 hours.
Operation of the door is motorized. The drive unit consists of a suitably-sized linear drive
motor operator mounted parallel to and behind the door roll. It has an integrated gearbox
and a chain-operated sheave wheel for manual operation in case of power failure. The
control box is lockable, with a set of push buttons for Up', 'Down' and 'Stop' operations. The
door operation would automatically stop at the desired upper and lower limits than limit the
adjustable switches.
For safety reasons, the 'DOWN' button shall require the operator to push and hold when
closing the shutter. This is to ensure the closing operation is being supervised. Upon
sighting an obstruction, the operator will automatically release the push button by reflex.
This will instantly stop the downward travel of the shutter and prevent accidents.
When linked to a suitable fire alarm system, the roller shutter will descend at a controlled speed on
activation of the fire alarm.
with optional Audio/Visual & Battery Backup System which can be programmed to work in a number
of ways, when linked to a suitable fire alarm system, the roller shutter will descend at a controlled
speed on activation of the fire alarm.
The curtain is built using traditional rolled formed steel galvanised laths and is secured using steel
endcaps. T profile bottom rail fitted to the base of the roller shutter curtain.
In the event of power failure, manual override is achieved by pulling a pull cord to close the shutter
under controlled descent and a hand chain to open. The hand chain override is designed for
emergency use only.
Fire escape also known as emergency exit, usually outward of the opening door with a push
bar on it and lead with an exit signs. Placement are usually outside of a building or
occasionally inside but separate from the main areas of the building. It is strategically
located It provides a method of escape during a fire breakout or other emergencies.
Setia City Mall has bigger area compared to smaller scale building, the number of fire exits
required for a building of a given size is different. In our observation, every main floors of
Setia City Mall has approximately 16 emergency staircases around the building.
Figure 4.2.5 (a) : Fire staircases Figure 4.2.5 (b) : Area in fire staircases
FIRE PROTECTION
High-rise buildings such as Setia City Mall above 8 storeys or 24 metres in habitable height
required to have a fire lift. In total there are 5 service lifts, in a fire rated enclosure and
equipped with an emergency power supply. When fire alarm is activated during a fire
emergency, the fire lift is programmed automatically to the ground floor. Firefighters use fire
lift to support the fire fighting operation and progress with the evacuation for instance: help
the occupants with disabilities.
Firemans Switch typically located beside the elevator of Fire-rated lift. There are two types
of firemans switch; key switch and toggle switch. Key switches are used in Setia City Mall.
Phase One:
Phase Two:
1) Elevator reached its designated landing which all passengers are safely evacuated,
firefighters able to take control of the elevator by utilizing special Firefighters Service
Key switch and allows firefighters to continue using the elevator to rescue people
from other floors.
FIRE PROTECTION
As for triangle-shaped toggle key switch fireman's elevator operates in one phase only.
1) When toggle switch is active, fireman's elevator will go to a fire recall floor.
2) Elevators travel away from the designated landing reverse direction without stopping.
3) Arriving to the designated landing, passengers are able to exit the elevator safely.
4) The elevators are then removed from normal service, the elevators will no longer
function and accept calls.
5) When firefighters are in the elevator, it will be unecessary to use special Firefighters
Service Key switch because it is already active by a toggle switch. This mode of Fire
Service allows firefighters to continue to utilize the elevator to rescue people because
it will stop at the nearest floor by the firemen registered and call cancelled
automatically.
FIRE PROTECTION
FIRE EXITS AND FIRE STAIRCASES
LOWER GROUND
UPPER GROUND
LEVEL 1
Fire exits
and fire
staircases
LEVEL 2
4.2.8 UBBL Compliance FIRE PROTECTION
(1) The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which
may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.
(2) If main power is available all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor,
commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls, overriding the
emergency stop button inside the car, but not any other emergency or safety devices,
and park with doors open.
(3) The fire lifts shall then be available for use by the fire brigade on operation of firemans
switch.
(4) Under this mode of operation, the fire lifts shall only operate in response to car calls but
not to landing calls in a mode of operation in accordance with by-law 154.
(5) In the event of mains power failure, all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the
designated floor and operate under emergency power as described under paragraphs
(2)-(4).
(1) All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring
operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in the case of
sliding doors.
(2) Double doors with rabbeted meeting stiles shall be provided with co-ordinating device to
ensure that leafs close in the proper sequence.
(3) Fire doors may be held open provided the hold open provided the hold open device
incorporates a heat actuated device to release the door. Heat actuated devices shall not
be permitted on fire doors protecting openings to protected corridors or protected
staircases.
FIRE PROTECTION
168. Staircases.
(1) Except as provided for in By-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of egress via at
least two separate staircase.
(2) Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for
escape purposes the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of
any one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh
schedule to these By-laws.
(3) The required width of a staircase shall be clear width between walls but handrails may be
permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75 millimetres.
(4) The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including landings.
(5) Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point
encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.
4.3 Summary
Active fire protection system takes action in helping to put out the fire, but may not always
function the way they are designed to work. Sprinklers could fail due to the lack of
maintenance, water supply problems like frozen pipes, or even inadequate water pressure.
On the other hand, passive fire protection uses systems that help control and prevent the
spread of fire/smoke. It does not, however, take any type of action, such as putting out the
fire. Therefore, both AFP and PFP are meant to work together during a fire, not one in place
of the other. Both active and passive fire protection systems can control fires. Together they
help protect lives.
5.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
AIR CONDITIONING
The air-conditioning system provides the benefit of thermal comfort within in an enclosed
space. The A/C system is able to control air temperature, relative humidity, air movement
and air purification through the usage of mechanical equipment. These parameters are to
accommodate certain factors within a building which are the human comfort level,
performance of services, purity of air for health and equipment that requires cooling/cool
environment. Other building services that contribute to the A/C system are electrical supply
and water supply systems (for bigger and more complex systems).
Setia City Mall uses a Plant System that consist of the Air Handling Units (AHU)s, the
chillers and the cooling towers. Each of the mentioned items work together as separate 3
cycles to ensure the exchange of heat and cool air between the inside and outside of the
mall. It is a larger and more complex system but retains the basic working principle of
air-conditioning.
The working principle of an air-conditioning system can be explained through the diagram
below.
Image from Air Conditioning Circuit and Cycle Diagram by Air Conditioning and Refrigeration
Guide
1. The compressor converts the warm air in low pressure into high pressure gas.
2. The condenser converts the high pressure gas into liquid form where a fan cools it to
release its heat into the atmosphere.
3. The cooled high pressure liquid then flows to the expansion valve where the pressure
of the liquid is lowered.
4. Now, a fan draws in the warm air from the room to be blown over the tube coils with
the liquid refrigerant which cools the air through the process of evaporative cooling
to be released back into the room.
The heat collected in the liquid refrigerant flows to the compressor to repeat the cycle.
AIR CONDITIONING
The diagram above illustrates the 3 connections between the Air Condition Unit (AHU), the
chiller and the cooling tower. In the AHU and chiller connection, water is cycled through
piping for cooling of coils in the AHU.
The chiller cycle contains the compressor, expansion valve, condenser and the evaporator
using a refrigerant purposed for the cooling of water from the AHU. The cooling tower and
chiller cycle collects the heat from the condenser to release into the atmosphere while it
sends refreshed water to use again in the chiller.
5.1.1 Overview
The cooling tower functions as the medium to release the heat received from the condenser
via pipe works through the process of evaporative cooling. It is able to achieve optimum
cooling when it is placed at an elevated position such as the roof.
The cooling towers consists of several mechanical components that function together with
water tanks to cool the chiller water to recycle back into the A/C plant system. From there,
fresh air-conditioning is supplied from several AHU rooms on every floor of Setia City Mall to
the rest of the spaces within building via ductworks and diffusers.
AIR CONDITIONING
It is located on the rooftop of the Setia City Mall. There are six cooling towers organized in a
2x3 grid, protected by a louvered screen that serves as a separator of spaces and to shield
the towers from unwanted pest such as birds. The rooftop area is a high open space above
the mall where it receives a constant air movement allowing for optimum ventilation in the
cooling towers.
Besides, the cooling tower grid is is a standalone structure placed adjacent to the water
tank shed. This is so that there are no obstructions against the prevailing wind for cross
ventilation through the towers.
AIR CONDITIONING
As seen in the diagram above is an isometric view of a cooling tower and its components.
Listed below are the functions of each component:
1. Motor - The main motor that drives the fan in the cooling tower.
2. Motor Support - Supports to hold the motor in place.
3. Fan - It ventilates the fill/packing and removes hot moisture from the cooling tower. It
is usually made of Aluminum, Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP), Glass fiber and
hot-dipped galvanized steel.
4. Fan Stack - It is venture shaped to allow for proper flow of air.
5. Water Distribution System - It is to regulate hot water flow from the condenser pipe
and distributed evenly to the fill/packing cells.
6. Water Drift Eliminator - To reduce drift loss in the fill. Drift loss refers to the loss of
entrained water through hot air in the atmosphere.
7. Water Inlet Pipe - To channel the hot water in the CHWR (chilled water return) pipe
for cooling at the tower.
8. Fill/Packing - It is the main area for the heat transfer from hot water to cold air. It is
usually made of PVC, Polypropylene or wood.
9. Automatic Water Supply Device - To ensure water is constantly supplied.
10. Overflow Pipe - To discharge excess water in the case of an overflow of water level.
11. Water Outlet Pipe - To channel the cold water in the CHWS (chilled water supply)
pipe to the chiller for use.
12. Water Collection Chassis - The base frame for the water collection basin.
13. Water Basin - To collect cold water from the tower and acts as a storage for it.
Usually made from RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete).
14. FRP Casing - Fiber Reinforced Plastic used as part of the structure for the tower.
15. Steel Frame - The main structural framing for the tower.
16. Louvers - It is to retain the circulating water and to evenly distribute airflow to the
fill/packing in the cooling tower. It is usually made of Asbestos sheets.
17. Tower Foot - The base support for the main structure.
AIR CONDITIONING
5.1.4 Process
Figure 5.1.4 : Image from How cooling Towers Work by Cooling Tower Products
The first stage of the process takes place at the top of the cooling tower where water is
supplied through the water inlet pipe.Water is sprayed down from the distribution sprinkler
system into fine water particles.
The water particles falls into the surface of the fill/packing until they drip from the bottom of
the
fill/packing on the same level as the air mesh inlet that allows for cross breeze to cool the
water. The heat from the particles is transferred to the passing air, this phenomenon is
known as evaporative cooling.
The fill/packing now contains hot moisture from the transfer of heat from its top to bottom.
The motor fan above ventilates the fill/packing which releases the hot moisture out from the
top of the tower and to create negative internal air pressure to draw in positive air pressure
from the outside.
The water is collected at the sump below and pumped into the water outlet pipe that
connects to the chiller.
AIR CONDITIONING
5.2 Chiller
5.2.1 Overview
A chiller is an equipment that remove heats via a refrigeration system that cools a
process liquid. A chiller uses either a vapor compression or absorption cycle to cool.
The cooled liquid flows through pipes in a building and passes through coil air handlers,
fan coil units, or other system. There are two types of chillers, air cooled, and water
cooled.
Setia City Mall uses water-cooled chillers which are placed in the plant room where the
chiller is directly connected with the cooling towers and work as a whole. The heat from
the chillers are circulated to the cooling towers that are placed outdoor.
Setia City Mall operates through a centrifugal compressor, and has a total of 6 units with
a total 5000RT capacity (4 units with 1000 RT, 2 units with 500 RT). The chiller units do
not run simultaneously due to maintenance purposes, but rather two units of the chillers
are sufficient to serve the Air-Handling units in the building. The additional units allows
additional efficiency when needed.
A centrifugal chiller consists of the follow components as shown in Figure 5.2 (a). The main
components are the compressor, condenser, and evaporator.
The compressors consist of two main components: the impeller and the volute casing. The
refrigerant enters the compressor at the center of the impeller. As the impeller spins, it
forces the refrigerant outside towards the walls of the volute casing. The refrigerant pushes
against the walls, building up pressure until it reaches the exhaust vent and is released back
into the system at a higher pressure.
The impeller is driven by an AC motor that is controlled by a variable frequency drive (VFD).
The VFD modulates the speed at which the impeller spins.
AIR CONDITIONING
Figure 5.2 (c) shows the working principle of the centrifugal chiller. There are 3 fluid streams
; refrigerant, primary water, and condenser water. The refrigerant is shown in green, and is
pumped through the chillers main components to complete the vapor compressor cycle.
In the evaporator, the refrigerant absorbs heat from the primary water flow as it changes
phase from liquid to vapor. This heat absorption process, represented by the blue arrow,
cools the primary chilled water supply flow. Which is subsequently routed to the air handling
units and heat exchangers.
After passing through the evaporator, the refrigerant is passed through the compressor,
where its temperature and pressure increases. Subsequently at the condenser, the
refrigerant flow changes phase back from vapor to liquid.
During the phase change, the refrigerant rejects heat to the condenser water as represented
by the red arrow.
An evaporative cooling tower cools the condenser water after it has absorbed heat from the
refrigerant.
AIR CONDITIONING
A Chilled Water Pump Unit (CHWP) (figure 5.2 (d) is a component under the chiller system.
It functions as to circulate chilled water through the evaporator, air handling units (AHU) and
fan coil units (FCU) located at different parts of the building.
Refrigerant evaporates in the evaporator by absorbing latent heat from the circulated water.
The chilled water will then flow from the evaporator to the cooling coil of the AHU and FCU.
Blowers of AHU and FCU will blow air towards the cooling coils to transfer heat from the
circulating air to the chilled water. The treated cold air is then circulated to the
air-conditioned spaces. After absorbing heat from the cooling coils, the chilled water is
pumped back again to the evaporator of the chiller to cool down, the cycle is then repeated.
Figure 5.2.5 (b): External units placed outside of the control room
A split unit air conditioner consists of two main parts which are the outdoor unit and the
indoor unit. The outdoor unit is installed outside the space and houses the compressor,
condenser coil, and the expansion coil and capillary tubing.
The indoor unit contains the cooling coil, a long blower and an air filter. Setia City Mall uses
air cooled split units which are inverter units. There are a total of 19 units in the mall which
are located at administrative rooms and surveillance rooms. Inverter units allows desired
temperature to be achieved at a faster rate.
AIR CONDITIONING
Air handling unit is a device used in regulating and circulating air, as part of the HVAC
(heating, ventilating, air-conditioning) system. Air handling unit systems consist of a large
metal box, comprising a blower, heating and cooling components, chambers, sound
attenuators and dampers. In the Setia City Mall, the air handler is connected to a ductwork
ventilation system which distributes the conditioned air through the building, then returns it
to the the AHU.
AIR CONDITIONING
Each AHU room in the building comprises of the AHU which works in the similar way as the
diagram shown above.
Filter
The air filtration in AHU is to remove dust or other matter from the air prior to contact with
the coils as for the purpose of efficient mechanical maintenance; as well as to prevent the
distribution of contamination throughout the conditioned space.
Outside air travels through the air ducts, immediately filtered through the filters, before
channeled through the other components.
AIR CONDITIONING
After the AHU fan has blown the cool air from the cooling coils containing cool water into
building ducting, it returns the used water through the CHWR pipe to the chiller to be cooled
again. At the chiller, the used water is refrigerated to a cool temperature once more and is
supplied back to the AHU through the CHWS pipe.
The CHWS supplies the cool water to be passed through the cooling coils again where the
fan blows the air from the coils into the building ducting again.
Mixing Chamber
To maintain the indoor air quality, mixing chamber that has dampers is used to control the
ratio between return, outside and exhaust air. The air is then merged with the recirculated
air and outside air in the chamber after being filtered.
AIR CONDITIONING
Blower/ Fan
AHU consists of a large cage blower driven by an AC induction electric motor to channel
the air. Multiple blowers are present in the large commercial AHU unit as Setia City Mall is a
large commercial building hence the heavy occupancy, Blowers are typically positioned at
the end of the AHU and the beginning of the supply ductwork (fans). They are usually
amplified by fans in the return air duct (return fans) pushing the air into the AHU. A region of
low pressure is established by the fan positioned before the supply spigot. This further
drives in the air through the mixing chambers into the chilled water coils, where the heat
exchange occurs.
5.4 Ductwork
(2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in
addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative
approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an
hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh
air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when
the air-conditioning system is not functioning.
(3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which
are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.
The design and installation of lifts highly dependable on the general requirement and
physical requirements of the building. Utility must be taken into consideration to identify
whether the lift is suitable for the selected buildings. Capacity and number of lifts depends
on the building access and circulation. The speed of the lift must be catered based on the
number of users and the user needs. Type and size of lift gate can be determined
depends on the function of the lift. For physical design requirement, size of the lift shafts,
depth of light shaft , the area of space in lift and mechanical room size affects the design
of lift and usage of equipment in the elevator. The waiting time for each building type is
different to cater the needs of users.
ELEVATOR
6.1.1.3 Application
The application of elevator is classified according to the building type which are the hospital
elevators, residential elevators, industrial elevators, park building elevators, commercial
elevators and agricultural elevators. In hospital, hospital bed elevators and hospital stretcher
elevators are used to transport patient smoothly with minimal amount of jostling and
bumping to maximize patient comfort.
On the other hand, the residential elevators was built in multilevel residence to carry a few
people safely and comfortably. Stairway elevators are catered to provide convenience for
people who are less mobility. In agriculture industry, bucket elevators are used to transport
heavy harvested crops into silo easily, which can be moved vertically, horizontally or at an
incline. For industrial levators, hoist and incline elevators are used in construction,
warehouses and shipyards to carry heavy and huge load.
Figure 6.1.1.3 (b) : Passenger Elevator Figure 6.1.1.3 (c) : Stairway Elevator
ELEVATOR
Figure 6.1.1.3 (f) : Vertical bucket Figure 6.1.1.3 (g) : Industrial Hoist Elevators
elevators
ELEVATOR
Figure 6.1.2 (a) : Machine Roomless elevator at Setia City Mall Level 2
Setia City Mall uses machine roomless elevators in the building. This type of escalator does
not require space for machine room, thus saving building space. Unlike other elevator, the
machine is mounted within the hoistway itself. As a green building, SCM implements
machine roomless elevators to save building electricity up to 70%, improving energy
efficiency by lower the energy consumption. Apart from that, construction of it is lower
compared to other type of elevators. In term of aesthetic value, machine roomless elevator
improves aesthetic value of building, allowing architects to design flexibly.
Figure 6.1.2.1 (a) : Location of elevators at lower Ground Floor Plan of SCM
Bomba Lift
There are 9 machine roomless elevators altogether at Setia City Mall. The installation of
elevators are set at a few places to cater users from different places. 3 elevators are
situated next to the multilevel carpark to move users from floors to floors. 1 elevator is
located near the loading bay, 4 elevators near to shops and 1 elevator near the entrance.
The distance of elevator to elevator is 90 metre averages, to ease the circulation and
movement of users at the mall. A constant distance of elevators prevent congestion of
passengers at one area.
The arrangement of car elevator need to be done to ensure zero interference between
passengers who wish to get into the lift. The wise arrangement ensure passenger can get into
the lift easily with reasonable travel distance. The elevator in SCM is arranged side by side
where width of corridor is equal to the width of car lift.
6.1.3 Component
Machine roomless elevator consists of a few components, which complements each other to
function the elevator. The basic elevator components are car, hoistway, machine and drive
system, control system and safety system.
Hall Position
Indication
Controller Space
Call button
Call button
6.1.3.2 Car
Car is the vehicle that move passengers from one floors to one floors. It is constructed of
steel frame surrounding a wood and metal panels. The type of car used in SCM is normal
cabin which consists of only one entrance. The car consists of car sling (a metal framework),
elevator cabin and mechanical accessories. The car sling is composed of upper transom,
lower transom and side frame. As for elevator car cabin, it is enclosed by walls, ceilings and
walls. The car floor is constructed of ceramic tiles, has sufficient mechanical strength during
operation to sustain force whereas the car ceiling is able to support the weight of at least
two person during the maintenance operation, without deformation. The car wall of SCM is
made of stainless steel upon requirement. Apart from that, the front panels of elevator
defines the opening height and location of door, which is high.
Figure 6.1.3.2 (b) : Interior of car Figure 6.1.3.2 (c) : Stainless steel car
Walls and front panels
ELEVATOR
The car operating panel is mounted at the interior, next to the car door. It controls the
operation of car such as the opening and closing of door, call register button, alarm
emergency stop and other bottoms and switches. Once the passenger pressed the
emergency button, signal will be sent to the building system control room and management
will be communicating with the passenger through the speaker.
Speaker
Emergency
alarm button
Floors button
Stainless steel handrails are installed to the all side of the car as a support for the
passenger. There are two types of handrail which are the flat type handrail and cylindrical
handrail. In SCM, flat type handrails are used for all the elevators.
The ceiling of elevator in SCM is constructed of stainless steel as well, providing lightings.
The door of elevator at SCM is constructed of single speed center-opening door, which
consists of 2 power operated panels that open at the same time, noiseless motion. The
opening of door is powered by a unit which contacts with the hoistway door to release the
door latch. The power unit controls the closing and opening of car door, which opens the
hoistway door.
6.1.3.3 Hoistway
The hoistway is an enclosed shaft for the travel of elevators. It consists of pits, fireproof
walls and underside of the roof. It is also being called hatchway. The hoistway consists
of few components, which are the guide rail for car and counterweight, counterweight,
suspension rope,
Landing (hoistway) doors and buffers in the pit. Guide rails which are constructed of steel
and T are run along the hoistway, acts as a path for the vertical movement of car. The
guideway is attached to the hoistway by using steel brackets and counterweight guide
rail. The counterweight is suspended from cable and travel along its own guide rail. It
balances the mass and load of car and reduces the power consumption for moving
elevator. Thus, SCM implements this system and improves energy efficiency for all the
elevators. Complementing the system,suspension ropes which made of steel wire are
used to move and support the car. The ropes are half an inch in diametre. Apart from
that, landing doors are installed for each floors and are opened or closed by electric
motors. It can be opened or closed manually for emergency incidents. Situated at the
bottom floor, a buffer is equipped to stop a descending car and to minimize the force
during emergency.
Suspension rope
Figure 6.1.3.3
Car guide rail Components of
hoistway
Landing doors
Counterweight
Counterweight guide rails
Counterweight buffers
Buffers in pits
ELEVATOR
Table 6.1.3.3 (a) : Specification of machine roomless elevator hoist system at Setia City Mall
ELEVATOR
Table 6.1.3.3 (b) : Specification of machine roomless elevator hoist system at Setia City Mall
ELEVATOR
The machine drive system in SCM is much smaller and it is located in the hoistway
instead of a designated room. It raises or lowers the elevator, control the speed to
ensure a safe transportation of passengers. The design and components of the
machine and drive system in machine roomless elevator of SCM features energy
saving properties, maximum energy efficiency.
1. Regenerative Drive
2. Gearless Machine
3. Polyurethane Steel Belt
4. Governor
5. Door System
6. Safety Gear
7. Resistance Based Inspection
8. Buffer
Regenerative drive is an energy saving features that controls the machine roomless
elevator. It uses up to 70 % less energy that normal drive for equivalent elevator motion. It
transfer the potential energy to green electrical power and send to internal grid.
Gearless machine is located on top of hoistway. It consists of electrical motor, direct current,
traction sheave or drum, rotor in case of alternating current motor, brake, machine bed
plate, deflector or double warp sheave and brake. It save the building space as it is only
25cm wide and 100cm long. Hence, it ease the installation of machine and minimize the
energy consume. For SCM, the machine is 50% more efficient that a conventional geared
machine and 15% more efficient than a shaft-construction machine. Complementing the
gearless machine, polyurethane-coated steel belt is used. Compared to normal steel belt, it
is much lighter, greener, tougher and flexible.
Safety gear is equipped to stop the car by gripping the guide rails when the car speed
exceeding an unexpected value in downward direction of travel. It is mounted at the lower
part of car sling and operated by coordinating with governor. It limits the forces on the car,
counterweight and balances the weight and load to a permissible value. The safety gear
used in SCM is tested 25 times freefall and runaway test and is qualified by the E3 policy to
ensure it works safely.
Overspeed governor coordinates with safety gear, actuate it if the car speed exceeds
115% of its rated value.
A buffer is used to stop the car or counterweight if they move beyond its normal limit. It
reduces and minimizes the force when the car runs into the pit during an emergency. The
elevators at SCM use oil buffer which consists both spring and oil to cushion the
descending car or counterweight.
The operation of elevators involves all the elements stated in 6.1.3 to accelerate, speed,
travel, decelerate, open and close the door, signal the hall lantern and move to the desired
level. The control system aims to move the passengers to the desired and correct floor,
save travel time, accelerate, decelerate and travel within the speed limit as well as provide
comfort to the passenger who uses the elevators. It receives input signals such as button
signals and produces outputs which cause the cars to move and the door to open. Users
send inputs, which include door buttons, floor buttons, direction buttons and emergency stop
buttons to the elevator control system. Consequently, the control system receives the input
messages and will produce outputs, which indicate the user selected floor and direction. It
will then send instruction to both door controller and lifting system to move the car and open
the door at the correct selected floor. On the other hand, if maintenance is needed, operator
will send input to switch on or off the system and control the car at the building service
control room.
In SCM, the elevator will decelerate and stop at lowest floor when the car is not in use to
conserve energy and minimizes energy consumption.
ELEVATOR
6.1.4.2 Green building feature in SCM
When the machine roomless elevator moves up or down with light load and heavy load, it
converts the reduced potential energy to power energy to be refiltered by regenerative driver
to be fed back to the internal grid.
6.1.5.1 Installation
Submission of contract for installation lift system is given to NSC and MC has to provide
facilities for NSC such as storage space for lift components, lift shaft structure, anchorage
for lifting, equipments and electricity. NSC will then carry our survey and inspection of lift
shaft and site layout. After that, any defects of the lift shafts need to be rectified to inform
MC. NSC will then conduct adjustment test on the lift system before carry out testing and
commissioning. This process will be witnessed by NSC, Department of Operational Safety
and health, BOMBA, client and representative (SCM architect). It will be tested by NSC and
supervised by Department of Operational Safety and Health and BOMBA. Workmanship,
performance and safety feature of lift is crucial. After that, the system will be commissioned
by Department of Operational Safety and Health and BOMBA. Lastly, Department of
Operational Safety and Health will issue certificate of fitness for lifting Machine.
The installation of lift is by zone system and one system zone is used by SCM as the
building is not more than 15 levels. In this system, elevators cars will stop at every level of
SCM.
6.1.5.2 Maintenance
Maintenance needs to be carried out to ensure the quality of elevator service to maximize
passenger comfort and ensure safety. Operators need to check and correct the travel time
between floors, leveling, door operation, starting and stopping of car, response time as well
as hall call lights and floor indicators to maintain proper elevator operation. Emergency
lighting, alarms and communication devices need to be checked and repaired. Moreover,
physical condition of elevator need to be cleaned, and greasing and checking of machines
need to be done to ensure safety. The aspects include lubrication, inspection, testing,
review and adjustment of the system.
ELEVATOR
124. Lifts.
For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at
least one lift shall be provided.
152. (1) Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other
suitable means of protection lift to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided.
These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may be
approved by the D.G.F.S.
(2) Landing doors shall have a FRP of not less than half the FRP of the hoistway structure
with a minimum FRP of half hour.
(3) No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vision in which case any vision
panel shall or be glazed with wired safety glass, and shall not be more than 0.0161 square metre
and the total area of one of more vision panels in any landing door shall be not more than 0.0156
square metre.
(4) Each clear panel opening shall reject a sphere 150 millimetres in diameter.
(5) Provision shall be made for the opening of all landing doors by means of an emergency
key irrespective of the position of the lift car.
ELEVATOR
153. (1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.
(2) Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by
light beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty
seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time.
154. (1) On failure of mains power all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor,
commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any cat or landing calls and park with doors open.
(2) After all lifts are parked the lifts on emergency power shall resume normal operation:
Provided that where sufficient emergency power is available for operation of all lifts, this
mode of operation need not apply.
ESCALATOR
6.2 Escalator
6.2.1 Overview
Escalator moves at a constant speed by alternating current motors and its speed can be
reached approximately 0.5m/s by using 100 horsepower. The angle lies between 30 degree
to 35 degree depending on the usage and the floor heights.
In Setia City Mall, it provides immediate transportation for the users and was able to
continuously move large number of them from one floor to another floor.
Escalators are implemented in a few location to move the pedestrian traffic in places where
the usage of elevators is impractical. Escalators are installed in every 70 metres to ensure a
smooth flow and circulation of users in the buildings.
There are three types of arrangement of escalators found in Setia City Mall.
Type Quantity
Figure 6.2.2.1 (a) : One way traffic escalator at Figure 6.2.2.1 (b) : On-site Sketch
Parkson, SCM
Figure 6.2.2.2(a) Parallel two way traffic escalator at Figure 6.2.2.2 (b) On-site Sketch
SCM
This type of escalator arrangement is implemented at the place in the mall where
large passenger flow is found. It fulfill two way continuous flow of large passenger
flow, avoid congestions during the peak hour. This arrangement requires more
space compare to other escalator arrangement.
Balustrade
Steps
6.2.3.1 Truss
The truss is a hollow metal structure that connected to the lower and upper landings. The
ends of the truss are attached to the top and bottom landing platforms by using steel and
concrete support. The rigidity of the structure is able to carry the entire load of escalator
equipment and maintain close operating tolerances.
Control panel
Drive unit
Drive chain
Sprocket
Main Track
Trailing track
Moving Handrail Unit
Operating Panel
Moving
Figure 6.2.3.1 Handrail
Drive Chain
Truss Section
Inlet Guard
Sprocket (Bottom)
The track in the truss system is built together with the step chain, pulls the steps from
bottom platform to the top platform continuously in an endless loop. There are two tracks,
the step wheel track which is situated at the front wheels of the steps and trailer-wheel track
which is situated at the back of the wheel. The height difference between the step wheel
track and the trailer-wheel track forms a staircase. The top and bottom of the escalator
coordinate, so both of these wheels will be in a straight line, causing the steps to have a flat
arrangement. Hence, they can move along the curved railing track without any problem.
This system create a staircase configuration.
Steps
Demarcation Lines
Safety escalator blue
footprint
Axle Slot
Step Hook (T Bar)
Frame
Yolk
Step Wheel (Trailing Wheel)
The landing platform consists of floor plate and a comb plate. It provides a landing for the
passenger to stand before they step onto the moving stairs. The plate is removable to ease
the maintenance of the machinery below.
The balustrade consists of handrails and the escalator exterior supporting structure. It
extends above the steps, supporting the handrails while functioning. The balustrade is made
up of individual interior panels, deck covers and skirt panels which can be removed
individually. This ease the maintenance, cleaning and component replacement. In Setia City
Mall, glass panel railing are installed at the exterior of the glass panels for safety purposes.
Interior Panel
Handrail guide
Handrail
Deck Interior
Deck Exterior
Skirting
Guard Safety
Switch
Motion Sensor
Coverstock
Body
Pile
Bead
Cotton Slider
Figure 6.2.3.3 (b) : Glass panel at SCM escalator Figure 6.2.3.3 (c) : Handrail components
Handrails are driven from the top sprocket of the escalator. Maintenance is done to
synchronize the speed of handrails to the steps. The maintenance is to keep the assembly
free from any clothing catches, controllers and steps. Handrail with suitable and appropriate
materials provides a convenient handhold while the passengers are riding the escalator. In
an escalator, the handrail is pulled along its track by a chain that is connected to the main
drive gear by a series of pulleys.
ESCALATOR
Being known as a green building, the escalator at Setia City Mall is equipped with motion
sensor design which complies with the principles of economic, social and ecological
sustainability. It slows down when the escalator is not in used and only runs when
passengers are on it. Consequently, it saves energy, reduces cost and energy-efficient.
The handrail inlet cap that is equipped with the sensors detect the passengers and send
signal to the automatic operation. When a passenger is approaching the landing platform,
the escalator then increases speed gradually to the rated speed, which is 0.45m/s to
0.7m/s.
The operation of escalator was coordinated by all the component, driven by one system,
which is the drive system. There are three main elements of drive system, which are the
drive machine and main drive gear, step drive system and handrail drive system. All
these systems are functioning in a continuous loop. The drive machine and main drive
gear is driven by a constant speed alternating current that is located at the top landing
platform. The kinetic of motor moves the main drive gear and main drive chain. The drive
chain then moves the steps that are connected to it. The second drive system, the step
drive system consists of two chains. This drive system connect to the main drive gear to
the step-chain and trailing-chain, forming a loop which pulls the escalator steps.
Complementing both the drive system above, the handrail drive system consists of belts
which is driven by the step drive system. Both of them coordinate and therefore the steps
and handrail move at the same speed.
Figure 6.2.4.2 : Drive System of escalator : Drive machine and main drive gear, step drive system
and handrail drive system
ESCALATOR
Escalator is equipped with safety devices to ensure the safety of SCM passengers.
The system will cut the electrical power to the motor and apply brake to the escalator
to stop the escalator immediately. The problem will be solved and fault will be cleared
before restarting the system.
Other than safety devices, SCM implements some other safety feature in the escalators
such as demarcation line, blue foot print, escalator brush, glass railing panels and acrylic
panels. Demarcation line and blue footprints are to encourage the passenger stand in the
designated area whereas the escalator brush is installed at both sides of the skirting to
ensure a safe distance. This is to avoid passengers clothes or limbs from getting caught in
the gap between the balustrade skirt. Furthermore, the acrylic panels in between the
escalator is to prevent kids from entering that gap.
The maintenance of escalator need to be done only by Setia City Mall authorized people,
who have been approved by SCM management or the electrical engineer. The maintenance
of escalator includes the cleanliness, lubrication, adjustments, inspection, testing and
review.
ESCALATOR
55. (1) The provisions of this Part relating to dead and imposed loads shall apply to -
but shall not apply to the maintenance of; or the replacement of parts of, existing buildings and
structures where there is no change of use.
(2) The dead and imposed loads provided hereinafter shall be in addition to and not in
substitution of provision relating to -
133. In this Part and Part Vlll unless the context otherwise requires -
"exit route" means a route by which persons in any storey of a building may reach a place of
safety outside the building and may include a room, doorway corridor, stairway or other means of
passage not being a revolving door, lift or escalator;
"protected shaft" means a stairway, lift, escalator, chute, duct or other shaft which enables
persons, things or air to pass between different compartments; and which complies with the
requirements of by-law 150.
ESCALATOR
6.3 Travelator
6.3.1 Overview
Travelator Escalator
There are two types of travelator, which are the inclined type and horizontal type.
Travelator is found in SCM near the supermarket. It is used in SCM has an inclination of
15 degree to move passenger from supermarkets to the carpark area. With the
construction of travelator, trolley can be moved from one place to another due to its flat
moving steps. .
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