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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) IN ARCHITECTURE

BUILDING SERVICES / BLD 60903

PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES IN PUBLIC


BUILDINGS

SITE: SETIA CITY MALL, SHAH ALAM

JONATHAN LIM
LEONG DARREN
RACQUEL OOI
SHUM LI SZE
WEE SUE WEN
YANG JING LOO
1.0 ABSTRACT

2.0 SITE INTRODUCTION


2.1 Floor Plans

3.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION


3.0.1 Literature Review
3.0.2 Overview

3.1 Components of Mechanical Ventilation in SCM


3.1.1 Overview of Exhaust and Supply Ventilation
3.1.2 Location of Mechanical Exhaust and Supply Ventilation
3.1.3 Operating Systems of Exhaust Fans
3.1.4 Components of the Exhaust Ventilation
3.1.5 Components of Ventilation System

3.2 Smoke Extraction System


3.2.1 Smoke Clearance Ventilation System
3.2.2 Fire Dampers
3.2.3 Smoke Extraction System
3.2.4 Ductwork

3.3 UBBL Compliance

4.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM


4.0.1 Literature Review
4.0.2 Overview and Equipment Connections

4.1 Active Fire Protection


4.1.1 Overview
4.1.2 Fire Detection System
- Heat Detector
- Smoke Detector
- Flame Detector
4.1.3 Fire Notification System
- Fire switch
- Fire telephone
- Fire Alarm with Siren and Flashlights
- Break Glass Call Point
- Fire Bell
- Fire Indicator Panel (FIP)
4.1.4 Fire Fighting System
- Fire Extinguisher
- Fire Hose Reels
- Fire Hydrant Systems
- Automatic Sprinkler System
- Fire Storage Tank and Pumps
4.1.5 UBBL Compliance

4.2 Passive Fire Protection


4.2.1 Overview
4.2.2 Fire Rated Walls and Floors
4.2.3 Fire Rated Door
4.2.4 Fire Roller Shutter
4.2.5 Fire Staircase
4.2.6 Fire Lift
4.2.7 Firemans switch

4.2.8 UBBL Compliance

4.3 Summary

5.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM


5.0.1 Literature Review
5.0.2 Overview and Equipment Connections
5.0.3 Location of Equipment

5.1 Cooling Tower


5.1.1 Overview
5.1.2 Location in A/C System
5.1.3 Components in Cooling Tower
5.1.4 Process

5.2 Chiller Room


5.2.1 Overview
5.2.2 Centrifugal Compressor
5.2.3 Chiller System
5.2.4 Chilled Water Pump Unit (CHWP)
5.2.5 Air Diffusers
5.3 Air Handling Units (AHU)
5.3.1 Overview
5.3.2 Location of Air Handling Unit (AHU) in A/C System
5.3.3. Components in AHU

5.4 Ductwork

5.5 UBBL Compliance

6.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION

6.1 Elevator
6.1.1 Overview
6.1.2 Type of Elevator and Location in Building
6.1.3 Components in Elevator
6.1.4 Operation of Elevator
6.1.5 Installation and Maintenance
6.1.6 UBBL Compliance

6.2 Escalator
6.2.1 Overview
6.2.2 Type of Escalator and Location in Building
6.2.3 Components in Escalator
6.2.4 Operation in Escalator
6.2.5 UBBL Compliance

6.3 Travelator
6.3.1 Overview
6.3.2 Type and Location in Building

7.0 References
1.0 Abstract

This assignment aims to enhance the architectural understanding of how a building


functions in building services. As to grasp a greater depth in the understanding in the
operation of building services, a case study is conducted in (SCM) Setia City Mall, Shah
Alam; whereby it is a 4-storey high building. Throughout this case study, it is analysed
that the SCM building is comprised of several building services; which is the mechanical
ventilation, fire protection, air-conditioning and mechanical transportation system.

The Setia City Mall (SCM) is chosen as a case study building as it is the first retail mall
in Malaysia that incorporates green architecture, hence its sustainability in building
services today is widely acknowledged and recognised. Thus, the SCM is a well
qualified building that is able to provide us with sufficient data in regards to our study.

Information in the following report will be referred to the UBBL (Uniform Building
By-Laws 1984); as to comprehend if the building requirements are met by the building
services, based on our observance.
Image of the exterior perspective of the Setia City Mall (SCM) in Shah Alam.

2.0 Site Introduction

Building services influences the architecture of a building and hence plays an important
role on the sustainability and energy demand of a building. Building services are required
to be integrated in the early design stages of the general form of the building. Other than
playing a part in the design strategies and standards, the facade engineering, the weight,
the size and location of heavy equipments and plants are also affected by the building
services.

The Setia City Mall (SCM) is a building that is proposed to be Malaysias first green mall.
The mall, covering 740,000 square feet of Net Lettable Area sits at the center of Setia
Alam, Shah Alam, Malaysia; a 4000 acre township. The SCM building comprises of four
levels with 240 retailers; and just adjacent to its building; sits 2,500 car parks (separated
from its commercial area).

The SCM is the first mall that has been awarded both the Singapore Building and
Construction Authority (BCA) Green Mark Gold award and the Malaysian Green Building
Indexs (GBI) provisional certification. The SCM consists great quantities of
implementations of sustainable features; as part of green architecture.
2.1 loor Plans of Setia City Mall

CAR PARK

COMMERCIAL

COMMERCIAL

Lower Ground Floor Plan

CAR PARK

COMMERCIAL

COMMERCIAL

Upper Ground Floor Plan


CAR PARK

COMMERCIAL COMMERCIAL

Level 1 Floor Plan

CAR PARK

COMMERCIAL

ROOF TOP

COMMERCIAL

Level 2 Floor Plan


3.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION
MECHANICAL VENTILATION

3.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION

3.0.1 Literature Review

Mechanical ventilation is the operation of replacing outside air and circulating in an


enclosed space using mechanical devices; rather than relying on natural air flow. Indoor
air is withdrawn and replaced by fresh air simultaneously. Stale air containing carbon
dioxide, water vapour and other pollutants are expelled, then outside air from clean
external resources are drawn into the building. Then, the air is circulated throughout the
building. The requirements for the amount of fresh air supply in buildings varies according
to the occupancy of the building and the activities conducted in the specific place.

Mechanical ventilation is used for air supply and air extraction. In certain buildings,
mechanical ventilation is used for both air supply and air extraction; which makes a
balanced ventilation within the room.

Figure 3: Overall process of mechanical ventilation and the flow of fresh


supply air and exhausted air
MECHANICAL VENTILATION

Location of Mechanical Ventilation and Air - Conditioning Rooms


MECHANICAL VENTILATION

3.0.2 Overview

In commercial developments such as the Setia City Mall, mechanical ventilation throughout
the building is channeled by Air Handling Unit (AHU), connected to ductwork systems that
supplies and extracts air from the indoor of a building. In Setia City Mall, central exhaust
system is utilised, whereby there is more than one fan that drawing the air from the entire
building, using a network of ducts. Mechanical ventilation systems used in the restaurant
kitchens for the withdrawal of heat, moisture and odors are different compared to the rest of
the building facilities. Restaurant kitchens in the Setia City Mall uses FCU (Fan Coil Unit);
whereby it has no ductworks and can be functioned or installed by itself. However, the
mechanical ventilation used in the entire building including bathrooms to reduce odor and
humidity is AHU (Air Handling Unit) whereby it channels air through ducts and is connected
to a central exhaust system. The mechanical ventilation found used in the SCM is the
exhaust and combined ventilation system.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION

3.0.2 Types of Typical Mechanical Ventilation System

Supply ventilation system

Mechanical ventilation is used for air supply (inlet); and natural outlet is to extract air out.

Figure 3.0.2 (a) : Schematic diagram demonstrating the process of supply ventilation system

A typical supply ventilation system utilised in a building comprises of a mechanical means


of supplying air and a natural air outlet. Outside air supply is thus provided by mechanical
means; usually a central supply fan to pull the air into the room, to maintain a positive
pressure. This further causes the inside air out through the air outlets in the room.

The advantages of utilising supply ventilation system is that it allows better control of flow
of air entering the building; thus minimising outdoor pollutants into the internal space; as
the incoming air is filtered. Supply ventilation devices are cost friendly and easily
installed. However, the setbacks of utilising this system is that the device may not be able
to filter incoming air when encountered with moisture.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION

Exhaust ventilation system

Mechanical ventilation is used for air extraction (outlet); and natural inlet is to supply air.

Figure 3.0.2 (b) : Schematic diagram demonstrating the process of exhaust ventilation system

A usual exhaust ventilation system utilised in a building is comprised of natural air inlet
and a mechanical method of extracting air. Fresh air flows in naturally into the building;
and hence the stale indoor air is extracted through a mechanical system - causing the
internal pressure of the building to reduce below the outdoor air pressure.

The advantages of exhaust ventilation system is that it works well in cold climates, and it
is easily installed; hence prevents moisture entering into the building; unlike the supply
ventilation system. The disadvantages of the exhaust ventilation system is that it is
inappropriate for hot climates as it may pull outdoor air pollutants into the interior space
which is unsuitable to the thermal comfort in the building.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION

Combined system (combination of supply and extract system)

Mechanical ventilation is used for both air supply and air extraction

Figure 3.0.2 (c): Schematic diagram demonstrating the process of combined ventilation system

The balanced ventilation system is a combination of having mechanical systems for both
air supply and air extract ventilation. Fresh air is pulled into the internal spaces, while stale
indoor air is exhausted to the outside.

The advantages of utilising a combined ventilation system is that it is suitable to be used in


all climates, as pressurisation does not occur in the internal space; while allowing the use
of filters to remove dust and air pollutants from outdoor. The disadvantages of this system
is that is price costly as the installation requires two different sets of ductworks and fans.
Moisture is also not removed from the incoming air; hence the level of humidity in the
room may not be easily controlled.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION

3.1 Components of Mechanical Ventilation in SCM

3.1.1 Overview of Exhaust and Supply Ventilation

Exhaust systems are necessary in a typical commercial building as to remove heat and
humidity and circulate cool air, as to maintain the indoor air quality, ensuring thermal
comfort for the people. The exhaust systems in Setia City Mall are found located in the
kitchen and restaurants.

3.1.2 Location of Mechanical Exhaust and Supply Ventilation

Most mechanical exhaust systems in SCM are found in the kitchen restaurants, whereby
the components include the exhaust fan and exhaust hood; to remove fumes, airborne
grease, heat and odor of the kitchen. The mechanical exhaust ventilation system is used
to extract the indoor air towards outdoor through its ducts.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION

3.1.3 Operating Systems of Exhaust Fans

The typical operation system of exhaust fans are conducted either manually or
automatically; whereby a room light switch and speed control is used to conduct
manually. In the case of automated system the exhaust fans are activated with sensors;
whereby when a specific level of humidity is reached, the exhaust fan is activated.
Alternatively, there is also a timer sensor whereby the fan is switched on automatically to
be operated for a period of time that has been set; and later shut down.

In Setia City Mall, the exhaust fans can be manually activated from the control room as
well as there is an automated system.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION

3.1.4 Components of the Exhaust Ventilation

Exhaust Fans

Exhaust fans are ventilation appliances utilised vent out the unwanted indoor air that
consists of unwanted odors, airborne gas, smoke, fumes that decrease the level of
thermal comfort and simultaneously, pulling fresh natural air from the outside. Exhaust
fans are usually located in the toilet, kitchen, walls and ceilings.

In Setia City Mall, propeller and axial fans are used and located as high as possible as it
is easier to pull hot air upwards for extraction; since hot air rises.

Propeller/ Axial Fan

The axial exhaust fan increases the pressure of the air flowing through it. The blades on
the axial fans allow air to move parallel to the shaft about which the blades rotate. The
design concern in the axial fan revolves around the design of the propeller which
establishes a difference in pressure; hence the suction force that retains the flow of air
across the fan. The function and operations of the axial fan is designed to save space
and operate efficiently as it requires less energy to operate.

Figure 3.1.4 (a) : Flow of air Figure 3.1.4 (b): Exhaust fans used in restaurants of
moving parallel to the shaft SCM
MECHANICAL VENTILATION

Combined Ventilation System

In SCM, the kitchen restaurants utilize a combined ventilation system whereby it


includes supply and extract system; in which an exhaust hood, ceiling air grille and a
heat-recovery ventilator (HRV) is used.

Figure 3.1.4 (c): Exhaust hood and ceiling air grille installed in the kitchens of the
restaurants of SCM

In this scene, the stale indoor air consisting of airborne grease, fumes, unwanted odour
are extracted to the exhaust hood and ceiling air grille, then travels to the heat recovery
ventilator (HRV); then converted to stale cool air from inside to be exhausted outside.
Then, fresh cold air from outside is drawn in, travels to the HRV; then converted to fresh
heated air, which is to be sent to the spaces in the building.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION

Figure 3.1.4 (e) : Schematic diagram of the flow of air ventilation using the exhaust
ventilation system and heat-recovery ventilator (HRV); utilised in SCM

Heat Recovery Ventilator (HRV)

Warm, stale air is Fresh, cold air


drawn from the from outside is
kitchen drawn in

Stale, cool air


Fresh, heated air from inside is
is sent to the exhausted
spaces in the outside
building

Figure 3.1.4 (f) : Schematic diagram of the process of air exchange through HRV
MECHANICAL VENTILATION

3.1.5 Components of Ventilation System

Extract System

Extract system can be found in the washrooms of SCM, whereby the outlet vents extract
stale air from indoor to outdoor. In this scenario, the central fan in outlet vents create
negative pressure on its inlet side of the room, hence air inside the room moves towards
the outlet vent and thus extracted to outside.

Figure 3.1.5 (a) : Outlet vents in the toilets of SCM

Figure 3.1.5 (b): Schematic diagram of the flow of stale air from bathroom being
exhausted outside
MECHANICAL VENTILATION

3.2 Smoke Extraction System

The smoke extraction system controls smoke upon the event of a fire; whereby it
removes smoke from the building to aid the building occupants means of escape and
thus provides a clear and unobstructed access for firefighting services.

In a usual building, as for fire protection system, a fire damper is used to block or channel
the ignition floor, hence the fire and smoke within the ignition floor is trapped; by the fire
damper to prevent the fire from spreading out to another. While this occurs, the rest of the
fire dampers in other rooms in the building remain open to enable the pressurization of
the other floors by the supply ventilation system, through its components such as
pressurisation fans, while the fire dampers in the exhaust ventilation remains closed.
Thus, occupants are enabled to escape and firefighters are able to battle the fire.

Components of Smoke Ventilation System in SCM

1. Smoke vents in fire escape stairs


2. Fire dampers
3. Smoke extraction system
4. Ductwork
MECHANICAL VENTILATION

3.2.1 Smoke Clearance Ventilation System

Figure 3.2.1 (a) : Smoke clearance ventilation system in the fire stairs in SCM

Smoke ventilation system is used to release smoke or hot air from a building; in case of any
fire. This prevents the building from collapsing and hence brings in cool air from the outside to
enter, aiding to cool the building down quicker. Smoke ventilation system also aids in saving
the lives of those who may be still trapped; as well as assisting fire fighters when they arrive
at the scene.

In smoke clearance ventilation system of SCM, in the case of fire, smoke is vented out of the
building; and the layer of clean air coming from the smoke ventilation window allows building
occupants to walk out of the building; to be able to see the escape routes clearly and thus
quickly escape unharmed.

Figure 3.2.1 (b) : Schematic


diagram of an example of how
smoke clearance ventilation system
works in a typical building
MECHANICAL VENTILATION

Location of Smoke Vent at Fire Escape Staircase


MECHANICAL VENTILATION

3.2.2 Fire Dampers

Fire dampers are used in HVAC (heating, ventilating and air conditioning) ducts to stop fire
from spreading inside the ductwork; from one side of a fire-rated separation to the other.

Figure 3.2.2 (a) : Fire damper prevents fire from spreading

A typical fire damper works when heat from the fire affects the normal temperature of a
room to increase about 70 to 80 degrees celsius. The fusible link that is joined to the
damper would melt, hence causing the door of the damper to close. However in rooms
where the normal temperature is on consistently higher, a higher degree fusible link would
be joined to the damper. These particular fusible links would then melt at a temperature of
100 degree celsius. Thus, there are two types of fire damper designs utilised to aid in
preventing the flames from spreading, which are a dynamic fire damper and a static fire
damper.

Figure 3.2.2 (b) : HVAC


Ducting through a firewall
MECHANICAL VENTILATION

Dynamic Fire Damper

Figure 3.2.2 (c) : Dynamic fire damper

Dynamic fire dampers are usually positioned in vertical barriers and thus having a spring
loaded design; in which doors the dynamic damper consists of a spring-like-action when
they are forced to shut. As the fan of the HVAC is remain activated, the air pressure from
the fan will aid the doors of the damper to spring shut.

Figure 3.2.2 (d) : Static fire damper

Static Fire Damper

Static fire dampers are positioned in horizontal barriers where the HVAC system fan will be
shut off during fire. When the HVAC system fan is turned off, there is no air pressure and
the door of the damper will fall due to gravity.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION

3.2.3 Smoke Extraction System

A process involving smoke extraction and fresh air supply by the supply and extract
ventilation system of buildings in order to ensure safe evacuation of people in case of fire in
any of the spaces. In a usual building, smoke extraction system is installed to vent smoke
and heat developed by a fire inside the building. Smoke extraction system is vitally important
in a building as clears the smoke after fire - smoke purging, for firefighter access and life
safety. This system is a reliable and functional fire fighting control used by firefighters to
increase visibility and reduce heat exposure.

Vents

- Located at the highest floor of the mall as hot air rises.

Figure 3.2.3 (a) : Fire in a building equipped with Smoke Control System (Inclusive of smoke vents)

Figure 3.2.3 (b) : Schematic diagram of fire smoke escape from building through smoke vents
MECHANICAL VENTILATION

Figure 3.2.3 (c) : Flow of smoke and heat through smoke vents from indoor to outdoor

Figure 3.2.3 (d) : Smoke extraction system located on rooftop


MECHANICAL VENTILATION

3.2.4 Ductwork

Figure 3.2.4 (a) : Ductwork

Ductwork is a component that provides pathway for the heating, ventilation and
air-conditioning (HVAC) system to deliver and exhaust air throughout the building; in which it
involves drawing the hair throughout the building into the air conditioner/heater, where it is
heated or cooled, then is pushed back through the ducts into the internal space of the
building. If vents are poorly designed, the air pressure, heating and cooling systems will be
unstable and the there will be deterioration of climatic control in the building, air leakage and
malfunctioning of the heating or air-conditioning equipments in the building.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION

Ductwork Insulation

Figure 3.2.4 (b) : Ductwork insulation in silver foil

Galvanised steel ducts insulated with silver foil; to prevent condensation and dripping from
the ducts. This is done as un-insulated cold air ducts will often have surface temperatures
below the local dew point; whereby at this temperature, condensation will take place and
eventually drip off, resulting to uncontrolled accumulation of moisture on the outside surface
of the duct. Hence, duct insulation eliminates the accumulation of condensate and
consequently prevents rusting and staining.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION

3.3 UBBL Compliance

41. UBBL 1984 Mechanicals ventilation and air conditioning

(1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the


relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and
heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority.

(2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be
considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is
provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned
enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing,
not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be
introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning
system is not functioning.

(3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to
buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.

(4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories,


water-closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in
accordance with the requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-laws,
the provisions of these By-laws relating to natural ventilation and natural
lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or
corridors.
4.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
FIRE PROTECTION
4.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

4.0.1 Literature Review

Active Fire Protection


- A system require action or motion to work effectively when there is a fire

Passive Fire Protection


- Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is a group of systems that compartmentalize a building
through the use of fire-resistance rated walls/floors. Compartmentalizing the building
into smaller sections helps to slow or prevent the spread of fire/smoke from one room
to the next. PFP helps to limit the amount of damage done to a building and provides
its occupants more time for evacuation. PFP includes fire/smoke dampers, fire doors,
and fire walls/floors. Dampers are used to prevent the spread of fire/smoke
throughout the building through its ductwork. Fire doors help to compartmentalize a
building. Firestopping helps to separate the building into compartments.
Photoluminescent egress path markers help light the way to safety.

4.0.2 Overview and Equipment Connections

The role of fire detection and alarm systems are to identify a developing fire emergency in a
timely manner, and to alert the building's occupants and fire emergency organizations..
Depending on the anticipated fire scenario, building and use type, number and type of
occupants, and criticality of mission, these systems can provide several main functions.

First they provide a means to identify a developing fire through either manual or automatic
methods and second, they alert building occupants to a fire condition and the need to
evacuate.

Another common function is the transmission of an alarm notification signal to the fire
department or other emergency response organization. They may also shut down electrical,
air handling equipment or special process operations, and they may be used to initiate
automatic sprinkler systems.

Control Panel + Fire Detector > Alarm Output Services > Automatic Sprinkler system
FIRE PROTECTION

4.1 Active Fire Protection

4.1.1 Overview

Active Fire Protection (AFP) is a group of systems that require some amount of action or
motion in order to work efficiently in the event of a fire. Actions may be manually operated,
like a fire extinguisher or automatic, like a sprinkler, but either way they require some
amount of action. AFP includes fire/smoke alarm systems, sprinkler systems, and fire
extinguishers as well as firefighters. Fire/smoke alarm systems are used to detect whether
there is fire and/or smoke in a building. Sprinkler systems are used to help slow the growth
of the fire. Fire extinguishers and firefighters are used to help put out the fire altogether.

Fire control room to be placed at the entrance floor of the building with communication
systems to all floors and facilities for receiving the message from different floors.

- Fire Detection System


- Fire Notification System
- Fire Fighting System
FIRE PROTECTION

4.1.2 Fire Detection System

The fire detection system is a system when the detectors are activated, it will signal the
location of activation to the fire indicator panel.

Heat Detector

Figure 4.1.2 (a) : Heat Detector

Heat detectors are normally used in dirty environments or where dense smoke is produced.
It may be less sensitive, but are more appropriate than a smoke detector in some particular
environments. The most common heat detectors either react to a broad temperature change
or a predetermined fixed temperature.

Heat detectors consist of thermistors that are sensitive to temperature changes. They will
decrease in resistance as the temperature rises. One thermistor is sealed and protected
from the surrounding temperature while the other is exposed. A sharp increase in
temperature reduces the resistance in the exposed thermistor, which allows a large current
to activate the detector's alarm.

Smoke Detector

5m

Figure 4.1.2 (b) : Figure 4.1.2 (c) : Distance between


Smoke Detector smoke detectors

Smoke detectors detect the visible or invisible smoke particles from combustion. Each
smoke detectors in the building are located 5 meters apart. The two main types are
ionization detectors and photoelectric detectors.
FIRE PROTECTION

The ionization detector contains a small radioactive source that is used to charge the air
inside a small chamber. The charged air allows a small current to cross through the
chamber and complete an electrical circuit.

A photoelectric sensor emits a light beam (visible or infrared) from its light-emitting element.
A reflective-type photoelectric sensor is used to detect the light beam reflected from the
target. A beam type sensor is used to measure the change in light quantity caused by the
target crossing the optical axis.

Flame Detector

Figure 4.1.2 (d) : Flame Detector

Flame detectors are line-of-sight devices that look for specific types of light such as infrared,
visible, ultraviolet, that are emitted by flames during combustion. When the detector
recognizes this light from a fire, it sends a signal to activate an alarm.
FIRE PROTECTION

4.1.3 Fire Notification System

This is system is alarm messaging system that dispatches time critical messages based on
activation triggered by events. It will be activated automatically from smoke detectors, heat
detectors as well as manual fire alarm activation. It is used to notify people when smoke,
fire, carbon monoxide or other emergencies are present.

Alarms can motorize the bells, wall mountable sounders or horns. Fire protection system in
the control room will be notify if any of the fire alarm is activated.

Fire Switch

Figure 4.1.3 (a) : Fire Switch

A specialized switch that allows firefighters to quickly disconnect power from high voltage
devices that may pose a danger in the event of an emergency. It is located near the fire
staircase

Fire Telephone

Figure 4.1.3 (b) : Fire Telephone

The fire telephone handsets are permanently installed throughout the building, usually
located near the fire exits. This is to allow the firefighters to do emergency communication
with the main control panel.
FIRE PROTECTION

Fire Alarm with Siren and Flashlights

Figure 4.1.3 (c) : Fire Alarm

It is an automatic fire alarm system output devices. When it is activated, the alarm will sound
and flash signals to notify people there is a fire or even evacuate.

Break Glass Call Point

1.4m
Figure 4.1.3 (e) :
Figure 4.1.3 (d) :
Distance of Break Glass
Break Glass Call Point
Call Point from Floor

A break glass call point is a device allow occupants to activate the alarm by breaking the
glass. They should be mounted 1.4m from the floor and located where people can easily
find. It is usually located at landings of staircases and exits to open air. It is best to be
positioned not exceed 30m from the greatest travel distance from any point of the building.

Fire Bell

The fire bell commences to ring continuously to signal the


occupants theres emergency event.

Figure 4.1.3 (f) : Fire Bell


FIRE PROTECTION

Fire Indicator Panel (FIP)

Floor plan for


indication for fire
escape

Activation buttons,
lights up when
activated

Monitor showing maps


and indicating zones of
activated detectors
Indicator panel
and fire
telephone

Figure 4.1.3 (g) : Fire Indicator Panel

A controlling component of a fire alarm system. The panel receives information from the
detectors such as heat detector and smoke detector that detect changes in the surrounding
associated with fire such as smoke.

This panel is a warning system designed to communicate warning and evacuation directions
to occupants at the detection of a fire.

Upon activation of an alarm, the system will activate and tones and sirens will commence,
directing the occupants of a building to evacuate. Some fire alarm panels may be connected
to monitoring device which will contact the fire brigade.
FIRE PROTECTION

There are 2 different types of fire alarm panels:

Conventional
- Organises detectors into zones which are monitored by fire alarm panel. When alarm
is registered, that zone will be considered to be in alarm, giving you indication of what
area of the building the fire is located. These fire alarm panels are advantageous to
properties such as small unit blocks, restaurants and properties that require fire alarm
detection. However, it will have limited areas as zones.

Addressable
- A more complex system than traditional conventional fire alarm panel. An
addressable has LCD display so that emergency services are able to identify the
detector in alarm and knowing its exact location. Each detector has its own unique
address that is able to state the following:

- Loop
- Detector number
- Type of detector
- Location of detector

The conventional fire indicator panel is used in Setia City Mall and is located in the control
room of the building.
FIRE PROTECTION

4.1.4 Fire Fighting System

Fire Extinguisher

Figure 4.1.4 (a) Fire Extinguisher in the building

Safety Pin Handles

Hose Pressure Gauge

Nozzle
Tube

Data Plate

Figure 4.1.4 (b) : Parts of fire extinguisher

A hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel containing an agent which can be discharged to


extinguish a fire.

Fire extinguishers are provided for primary fire fighting, generally undertaken by the
occupants of the building before fire service arrive. It is important that occupants are familiar
with fire extinguisher type and to use on which type of fire.

Most rire start as a small fire and may be extinguished if the correct type and amount of
extinguishing agent is applied whilst the fire is small and controllable.
FIRE PROTECTION

Extinguishing Agent Principle Use

Water Wood, paper fires

Foam Flammable liquid fires

Carbon Dioxide Electrical fires

Dry Chemical Flammable liquids and electrical fires

Wet Chemical Fat fires

Special Purpose Various (metal fires)

Steps for using fire extinguisher (PASS):


- Pull the pin
- Aim the nozzle at the base of fire from a safe distance
- Squeeze the operating lever to discharge the fire extinguishing agent
- Sweep the nozzle from side to side until the fire is out

Move forward or around the fire area as the fire diminishes. Watch the area in
case of re-ignition

It is not intended for use on an out-of-control fire, such as one which has reached
the ceiling that will endangers the people.

Fire extinguishers are usually located at big units of shop, restaurants, rooftop,
entrances or exits and parking lots of Setia City Mall.
FIRE PROTECTION

Fire Hose Reels

Figure 4.1.4 (c) Fire Hose Reels in the building

Hose Reel

Hose

Hose Guide Arm


Nozzle
Lock Main Valve

Figure 4.1.4 (d) : Parts of the Hose


Reel
Fire Hose Reels are provided for occupants to fight the fire, it may also be used by
firefighters.

Hose reels:
Discharges 30 per minute of water with 6 meters coverage 30m in length, 25mm in
diameter for every 800sqm. Located in each floor along escape routes/ next to exit doors,
staircases as well as car park.

Hose reel pump, running pump, standby pump:


Driven by emergency genset or diesel driven. Fuel supply shall be adequate for 1 hour
operation. Sized of flow rate of 4 hose reels in operation 120 /min at running pressure of 2
bars. Pump room can be located anywhere in building but must be ventilated (naturally or
mechanically)
FIRE PROTECTION

Hose reel tanks:


Sizes 2,275 for first hose reel, 1,137.5 for every additional hose reel until maximum 9,
100 level indicator provided

Pipe work:
For hose reels is generally 50mm in diameter
Feed to hose reels should be > 25mm in diameter
Valves

To depressurize hose:
- Attach the nozzle end to the hose reel valve
- Close the hose reel valve
- Open the nozzle to relieve any pressure in the wound hose
- Close the nozzle

The hose reel seal will last longer than permanently pressurized. When is next used, the
operator will be forced to turn on the isolating valve, thus charging the hose reel with
pressurized water supply, before being able to drag hose to the fire. A potential danger
exists if the operator reaches the fire and finds no water is available because the hose reel
valve is still closed.

Fire hose reels are generally located next to an exit. In an emergency it is possible to reach
a safe place simply by following the hose.
FIRE PROTECTION

Fire Hydrant Systems

Figure 4.1.4 (e) : Fire Hydrant

Hose Outlet
and Valve
Operating Seal
Stem

Drain
Hole Main Valve

Figure 4.1.4 (f) : Parts of Fire


Hydrant

Fire hydrant systems are installed in buildings to help firefighters quickly attack the fire.
Essentially, a hydrant system is a water reticulation system used to transport water in order
to limit the amount of hose that firefighters have to lay. Thus, speeding up the fire fighting
process.

Fire hydrants are for the sole use of trained firefighters, including factory fire fighting team.
Because of the high pressures available serious injury can occur if untrained persons
attempt to operate the equipment connected to such installations.

Fire hydrant systems sometimes include ancillary parts essential to their effective operation
such as pumps, tanks and fire service booster connections. These systems must be
maintained and regularly tested if they are to be effective when needed.
FIRE PROTECTION

The placement of fire hydrant needs to closely interface with fire service operational
procedure; simply complying with deemed to satisfy code provisions is a potential recipe for
disaster. The fire hydrant shall be:

- Located less than 30m away from the breeching inlet for the building
- More than 6m from the building
- Each located less than 90m apart along the roadside
- Minimum width of access road is 6m

75m 12m

Figure 4.1.4 (g) : Distance between each Figure 4.1.4 (h) : Distance between
Fire Hydrant Building and Fire Hydrant

The water supply for a fire hydrant system can be derived from a reliable source of water
such as street mains, static water supply such as tank or dam.
FIRE PROTECTION

Automatic Sprinkler System

Figure 4.1.4 (i) : Sprinkler in the building

Automatic sprinkler systems are one of the most reliable methods available for controlling
fires. Automatic fire sprinkler systems offer protection of life and property from the effects of
fire.

A sprinkler head is connected to a pressurised water system. When the fire heats up the
sprinkler head, it opens at a preset temperature, thus allowing pressurised water to be
sprayed both down onto the fire and also up to cool the hot smoky layer and the building
structure above the fire. This spray also wets combustible material in the vicinity of the fire,
making it difficult to ignite, thereby slowing down or preventing fire spread and growth.

When a sprinkler head operates, the water pressure in the system drops, activating an
alarm which often automatically calls the fire brigade via a telephone connection. Only those
sprinkler heads heated by the fire operate; all sprinklers in a building do not operate at once.
FIRE PROTECTION

Sprinkler heads used in this building is installed hidden in the ceiling. Generally each
sprinklers are 2 meters apart.

Connect to piping
network
Plug to seal of water
above Glass Bulb

Deflector to create suitable


water spray pattern

Figure 4.1.4 (j) : Components in


Sprinkler Head

2m

Figure 4.1.4 (k) : Distance between each


Sprinkler Head

The sprinkler heads are located throughout the whole building, hidden in the ceiling just by
the cover plate. Sprinkler heads that are exposed is located in the carpark area.
FIRE PROTECTION

Fire Storage Tank and Pumps

Figure 4.1.4 (l) : Fire Storage Tank and Pumps

Fire Storage Tank


The water is usually stored in concrete underground tanks. It is essential to ensure that this
store of water always remains full, so it must have no outlets apart from the ones that lead to
the fire pumps. These tanks are separate from the tanks used to supply water to occupants,
which are usually called domestic water tanks. Water in the fire tanks should not get
stagnant and develop algae, which could clog the pipes and pumps, rendering the system
useless in a fire.

Fire Tank
Part of fire sprinkler systems water supply and powered by electric, diesel or steam. The
pump intake is either connected to the public underground water supply piping, or a static
water source such as tank, reservoir and lake. The pump provides water flow at a higher
pressure to the sprinkler system risers and hose standpipes.

The pumps should be located at the level just below the bottom of the fire tank, so that all
the water in the tanks can flow into the pumps by gravity.
FIRE PROTECTION

The pump is controlled by pressure sensors. When a fire fighter opens hydrant or when a
sprinkler comes on, water gushes out of the system and the pressure drops. The pressure
sensors will detect this drop and switch the fire pumps on. But the only way to switch off a
fire pump is for a firefighter to do this manually in the pump room.

The capacity of the pumps is decided by considering:


- Area covered by hydrants / standpipes and sprinkler
- Number of hydrants and sprinklers
- Assumed area of operation of the sprinklers
- Type and layout of the building

Fire Storage Tank and Pumps are located at the lower ground floor of Setia City Mall near to
the control room at the back of the building.
FIRE PROTECTION

Location of Active fire protection equipments..


FIRE PROTECTION
FIRE PROTECTION

4.1.5 UBBL Compliance

227. Portable extinguishers.

Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall
be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar
extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.

228. Sprinkler valves.

(I) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall
be readily accessible to the Fire Authority.

(2) All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide
immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.

237. Fire alarms.

(1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

(2) All premises and buildings with gross floor area excluding car park and storage areas
exceeding 9290 square metres or exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a
two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected
section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section.

(3) Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master
control.

238. Command and control centre

Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a
command and control centre located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor
the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, waterflow detectors, fire detection and
alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by passing the
switchboard.

239. Voice communication system

There shall be two separate approved continuously electrically supervised voice communications
systems, one a fire brigade communications system and the other a public address system
between the central control station and the following areas:

(a) lifts, lift lobbies, corridors and staircases;

(b) in every office area exceeding 92.9 square metres in area;

(c) in each dwelling unit and hotel guest room where the fire brigade system may be combined with
the public address system.
FIRE PROTECTION

4.2 Passive Fire Protection

4.2.1 Overview

Passive fire protection (PFP) is a form of fire safety provision that remains dormant.

During normal conditions but becomes active in a fire situation. It is an integral component
of structural fire protection in a building, which is designed to contain fires or slow their
spread. The purpose of PFP is to contain the spread of fire for sufficient time to permit

i) the safe evacuation of all occupants of the premises and

ii) the arrival of the fire brigade.

Person responsible for fire safety are responsible to care towards members of the
emergency services, for instance, firefighters, who may have to enter the premises during
the course of a fire; in slowing the spread of flames, smoke and hot gases.

PFP also serves to ensure the building remains as safe as possible for entry in this situation.

PFP provision is required in all buildings, whether domestic or non-domestic, with the
purpose of containing / compartmentalising / retarding the spread of fire.

Every service that is installed in a building, such as water pipes, electrical sockets, cable
trunking and lighting units, can compromise the fire resistance of a room by creating
openings in its walls, floors and ceilings. The role of PFP is to seal the gaps these
penetrations create should the worst happen and fire break out. All products designed to
fulfil this criteria are fire rated, for example certified to resist fire for a specified length of
time, which can be anything from 30 minutes to 4 hours.
FIRE PROTECTION

4.2.2 Fire-Rated Walls and Floors

Three main classifications of fire rated walls are: fire walls, fire barriers, and fire partitions.

Fire Rated Wall is an assembly of fire resistance materials to prevent the spread of fire from
space to another, to isolate certain area of space. It also provides independent structural
stability and are designed to withstand and resist fire approximately 2 hours before failure.

Fire-Rated Floor and Ceilings in Setia City Mall are separated into fire compartments and
act as barriers to resist fire from spreading.

2 x 4 stud framing

Sheetrock Brand Gypsum Panels

1 Sheetrock Brand Gypsum Liner Panels

Sound batts

Min airspace between 2 area


separation wall and wood framing

2 H-studs 24 o.c.

2 USG - Runners

USG aluminium breakaway clip

Fire blocking

Fire blocking

Figure 4.2.2 : Components of Fire Rated Wall


FIRE PROTECTION

4.2.3 Fire-Rated Door

Fire door also known as fire resistant door, It provides barrier between fire and building. The
main objective of fire doors as a part of passive fire protection system in shopping malls is to
save lives and property during fire hazards. Besides that, it is much essential as fire doors
able to slows down a rapid increase in fire, smoke and other toxic gases. It creates escape
routes through corridors and stairways. The types of fire doors has different resistant levels
and withstand the attack of fire for 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 minutes.

Fire Exit doors function by opened a push bar. Speakers were provided on fire exits for
guidance during the case of emergency.

Figure 4.2.3 (a) : Single leaf Figure 4.2.3 (b) : Double leaf
door door
FIRE PROTECTION

4.2.4 Fire Roller Shutter

Fire Roller Shutters is a type door consist of repetitive horizontal slats hinged together and
are operable steel barriers that save lives and property by moving to close gaps between
zones, thus affecting fire compartmentalization for up to 4 hours.

Operation of the door is motorized. The drive unit consists of a suitably-sized linear drive
motor operator mounted parallel to and behind the door roll. It has an integrated gearbox
and a chain-operated sheave wheel for manual operation in case of power failure. The
control box is lockable, with a set of push buttons for Up', 'Down' and 'Stop' operations. The
door operation would automatically stop at the desired upper and lower limits than limit the
adjustable switches.

For safety reasons, the 'DOWN' button shall require the operator to push and hold when
closing the shutter. This is to ensure the closing operation is being supervised. Upon
sighting an obstruction, the operator will automatically release the push button by reflex.
This will instantly stop the downward travel of the shutter and prevent accidents.

Figure 4.2.4 (b) : Motor


Operator Fire Roller Shutter

Figure 4.2.4 (a) : Components of Fire


Roller Shutter
FIRE PROTECTION

Fire Roller Shutters can be close automatically in two methods:

Fire Alarm Interface

When linked to a suitable fire alarm system, the roller shutter will descend at a controlled speed on
activation of the fire alarm.

Fire Control Panel,

with optional Audio/Visual & Battery Backup System which can be programmed to work in a number
of ways, when linked to a suitable fire alarm system, the roller shutter will descend at a controlled
speed on activation of the fire alarm.

The curtain is built using traditional rolled formed steel galvanised laths and is secured using steel
endcaps. T profile bottom rail fitted to the base of the roller shutter curtain.

In the event of power failure, manual override is achieved by pulling a pull cord to close the shutter
under controlled descent and a hand chain to open. The hand chain override is designed for
emergency use only.

Figure 4.2.4 (a) : Fire Roller Shutter at supermarket


area
FIRE PROTECTION

4.2.5 Fire Staircase

Fire escape also known as emergency exit, usually outward of the opening door with a push
bar on it and lead with an exit signs. Placement are usually outside of a building or
occasionally inside but separate from the main areas of the building. It is strategically
located It provides a method of escape during a fire breakout or other emergencies.

Setia City Mall has bigger area compared to smaller scale building, the number of fire exits
required for a building of a given size is different. In our observation, every main floors of
Setia City Mall has approximately 16 emergency staircases around the building.

Figure 4.2.5 (a) : Fire staircases Figure 4.2.5 (b) : Area in fire staircases
FIRE PROTECTION

4.2.6 Fire Lift

High-rise buildings such as Setia City Mall above 8 storeys or 24 metres in habitable height
required to have a fire lift. In total there are 5 service lifts, in a fire rated enclosure and
equipped with an emergency power supply. When fire alarm is activated during a fire
emergency, the fire lift is programmed automatically to the ground floor. Firefighters use fire
lift to support the fire fighting operation and progress with the evacuation for instance: help
the occupants with disabilities.

Figure 4.2.6 : Fire


lift
FIRE PROTECTION

4.2.7 Firemans Switch

Firemans Switch typically located beside the elevator of Fire-rated lift. There are two types
of firemans switch; key switch and toggle switch. Key switches are used in Setia City Mall.

Fireman's elevator operates in two phases;

Phase One:

1) Activated smoke detectors or hallway keyswitches direct elevators to go to a fire


recall floor.
2) Elevators move away from designated landing reverse direction without stopping.
Passengers able to exit the elevator and building safely after reaching the designated
landing.
3) Then, elevators are changed to normal service. After removed away from normal
service, the elevators will not accept calls from communication devices.

Phase Two:

1) Elevator reached its designated landing which all passengers are safely evacuated,
firefighters able to take control of the elevator by utilizing special Firefighters Service
Key switch and allows firefighters to continue using the elevator to rescue people
from other floors.
FIRE PROTECTION

Figure 4.2.7 (a) : Firemans Figure 4.2.7 (b) : Firemans


switch switch next to Fire-rated lift

As for triangle-shaped toggle key switch fireman's elevator operates in one phase only.

1) When toggle switch is active, fireman's elevator will go to a fire recall floor.
2) Elevators travel away from the designated landing reverse direction without stopping.
3) Arriving to the designated landing, passengers are able to exit the elevator safely.
4) The elevators are then removed from normal service, the elevators will no longer
function and accept calls.
5) When firefighters are in the elevator, it will be unecessary to use special Firefighters
Service Key switch because it is already active by a toggle switch. This mode of Fire
Service allows firefighters to continue to utilize the elevator to rescue people because
it will stop at the nearest floor by the firemen registered and call cancelled
automatically.
FIRE PROTECTION
FIRE EXITS AND FIRE STAIRCASES

LOWER GROUND

UPPER GROUND

LEVEL 1

Fire exits
and fire
staircases
LEVEL 2
4.2.8 UBBL Compliance FIRE PROTECTION

155. Fire mode of operation

(1) The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which
may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.
(2) If main power is available all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor,
commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls, overriding the
emergency stop button inside the car, but not any other emergency or safety devices,
and park with doors open.
(3) The fire lifts shall then be available for use by the fire brigade on operation of firemans
switch.
(4) Under this mode of operation, the fire lifts shall only operate in response to car calls but
not to landing calls in a mode of operation in accordance with by-law 154.
(5) In the event of mains power failure, all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the
designated floor and operate under emergency power as described under paragraphs
(2)-(4).

162. Fire doors in compartment walls and separating walls

(1) Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided.


(2) Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door
having a FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth
Schedule to these By-laws.
(3) Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of not less
than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to
these By-laws but in no case less than half hour.
(4) Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by fire
doors having FRP of half-hour.
(5) Fire door including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be shown to
meet the requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in accordance with section 3 of
BS 476:1951.

164. Door closers for fire doors.

(1) All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring
operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in the case of
sliding doors.
(2) Double doors with rabbeted meeting stiles shall be provided with co-ordinating device to
ensure that leafs close in the proper sequence.
(3) Fire doors may be held open provided the hold open provided the hold open device
incorporates a heat actuated device to release the door. Heat actuated devices shall not
be permitted on fire doors protecting openings to protected corridors or protected
staircases.
FIRE PROTECTION

168. Staircases.

(1) Except as provided for in By-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of egress via at
least two separate staircase.
(2) Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for
escape purposes the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of
any one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh
schedule to these By-laws.
(3) The required width of a staircase shall be clear width between walls but handrails may be
permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75 millimetres.
(4) The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including landings.
(5) Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point
encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.

173. Exit doors.


(1) All exit doors shall be openable from the inside without the use of a key or any special
knowledge or effort.
(2) Exit doors shall close automatically when released and all door devices including magnetic
doors holders, shall release the doors upon power failure or actuation of the fire alarm.
FIRE PROTECTION

4.3 Summary

Active fire protection system takes action in helping to put out the fire, but may not always
function the way they are designed to work. Sprinklers could fail due to the lack of
maintenance, water supply problems like frozen pipes, or even inadequate water pressure.
On the other hand, passive fire protection uses systems that help control and prevent the
spread of fire/smoke. It does not, however, take any type of action, such as putting out the
fire. Therefore, both AFP and PFP are meant to work together during a fire, not one in place
of the other. Both active and passive fire protection systems can control fires. Together they
help protect lives.
5.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
AIR CONDITIONING

5.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

5.0.1 Literature Review

The air-conditioning system provides the benefit of thermal comfort within in an enclosed
space. The A/C system is able to control air temperature, relative humidity, air movement
and air purification through the usage of mechanical equipment. These parameters are to
accommodate certain factors within a building which are the human comfort level,
performance of services, purity of air for health and equipment that requires cooling/cool
environment. Other building services that contribute to the A/C system are electrical supply
and water supply systems (for bigger and more complex systems).

5.0.2 Overview and Equipment Connections

Setia City Mall uses a Plant System that consist of the Air Handling Units (AHU)s, the
chillers and the cooling towers. Each of the mentioned items work together as separate 3
cycles to ensure the exchange of heat and cool air between the inside and outside of the
mall. It is a larger and more complex system but retains the basic working principle of
air-conditioning.
The working principle of an air-conditioning system can be explained through the diagram
below.

Image from Air Conditioning Circuit and Cycle Diagram by Air Conditioning and Refrigeration
Guide

1. The compressor converts the warm air in low pressure into high pressure gas.
2. The condenser converts the high pressure gas into liquid form where a fan cools it to
release its heat into the atmosphere.
3. The cooled high pressure liquid then flows to the expansion valve where the pressure
of the liquid is lowered.
4. Now, a fan draws in the warm air from the room to be blown over the tube coils with
the liquid refrigerant which cools the air through the process of evaporative cooling
to be released back into the room.

The heat collected in the liquid refrigerant flows to the compressor to repeat the cycle.
AIR CONDITIONING

(Image from Garden Chiller)

The diagram above illustrates the 3 connections between the Air Condition Unit (AHU), the
chiller and the cooling tower. In the AHU and chiller connection, water is cycled through
piping for cooling of coils in the AHU.
The chiller cycle contains the compressor, expansion valve, condenser and the evaporator
using a refrigerant purposed for the cooling of water from the AHU. The cooling tower and
chiller cycle collects the heat from the condenser to release into the atmosphere while it
sends refreshed water to use again in the chiller.

5.0.3 Location of Equipments


AIR CONDITIONING

5.1 Cooling Tower

5.1.1 Overview

Figure 5.1.1 : Cooling Tower

The cooling tower functions as the medium to release the heat received from the condenser
via pipe works through the process of evaporative cooling. It is able to achieve optimum
cooling when it is placed at an elevated position such as the roof.
The cooling towers consists of several mechanical components that function together with
water tanks to cool the chiller water to recycle back into the A/C plant system. From there,
fresh air-conditioning is supplied from several AHU rooms on every floor of Setia City Mall to
the rest of the spaces within building via ductworks and diffusers.
AIR CONDITIONING

5.1.2 Location in A/C System

Figure 5.1.2 : Cooling Tower at Rooftop

It is located on the rooftop of the Setia City Mall. There are six cooling towers organized in a
2x3 grid, protected by a louvered screen that serves as a separator of spaces and to shield
the towers from unwanted pest such as birds. The rooftop area is a high open space above
the mall where it receives a constant air movement allowing for optimum ventilation in the
cooling towers.
Besides, the cooling tower grid is is a standalone structure placed adjacent to the water
tank shed. This is so that there are no obstructions against the prevailing wind for cross
ventilation through the towers.
AIR CONDITIONING

5.1.3 Components in Cooling Tower

Figure 5.1.3 : Image from index by Asako Cooling Tower

As seen in the diagram above is an isometric view of a cooling tower and its components.
Listed below are the functions of each component:

1. Motor - The main motor that drives the fan in the cooling tower.
2. Motor Support - Supports to hold the motor in place.
3. Fan - It ventilates the fill/packing and removes hot moisture from the cooling tower. It
is usually made of Aluminum, Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP), Glass fiber and
hot-dipped galvanized steel.
4. Fan Stack - It is venture shaped to allow for proper flow of air.
5. Water Distribution System - It is to regulate hot water flow from the condenser pipe
and distributed evenly to the fill/packing cells.
6. Water Drift Eliminator - To reduce drift loss in the fill. Drift loss refers to the loss of
entrained water through hot air in the atmosphere.
7. Water Inlet Pipe - To channel the hot water in the CHWR (chilled water return) pipe
for cooling at the tower.
8. Fill/Packing - It is the main area for the heat transfer from hot water to cold air. It is
usually made of PVC, Polypropylene or wood.
9. Automatic Water Supply Device - To ensure water is constantly supplied.
10. Overflow Pipe - To discharge excess water in the case of an overflow of water level.
11. Water Outlet Pipe - To channel the cold water in the CHWS (chilled water supply)
pipe to the chiller for use.
12. Water Collection Chassis - The base frame for the water collection basin.
13. Water Basin - To collect cold water from the tower and acts as a storage for it.
Usually made from RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete).
14. FRP Casing - Fiber Reinforced Plastic used as part of the structure for the tower.
15. Steel Frame - The main structural framing for the tower.
16. Louvers - It is to retain the circulating water and to evenly distribute airflow to the
fill/packing in the cooling tower. It is usually made of Asbestos sheets.
17. Tower Foot - The base support for the main structure.
AIR CONDITIONING

5.1.4 Process

Figure 5.1.4 : Image from How cooling Towers Work by Cooling Tower Products

The first stage of the process takes place at the top of the cooling tower where water is
supplied through the water inlet pipe.Water is sprayed down from the distribution sprinkler
system into fine water particles.
The water particles falls into the surface of the fill/packing until they drip from the bottom of
the
fill/packing on the same level as the air mesh inlet that allows for cross breeze to cool the
water. The heat from the particles is transferred to the passing air, this phenomenon is
known as evaporative cooling.
The fill/packing now contains hot moisture from the transfer of heat from its top to bottom.
The motor fan above ventilates the fill/packing which releases the hot moisture out from the
top of the tower and to create negative internal air pressure to draw in positive air pressure
from the outside.
The water is collected at the sump below and pumped into the water outlet pipe that
connects to the chiller.
AIR CONDITIONING

5.2 Chiller
5.2.1 Overview

A chiller is an equipment that remove heats via a refrigeration system that cools a
process liquid. A chiller uses either a vapor compression or absorption cycle to cool.

The cooled liquid flows through pipes in a building and passes through coil air handlers,
fan coil units, or other system. There are two types of chillers, air cooled, and water
cooled.

Setia City Mall uses water-cooled chillers which are placed in the plant room where the
chiller is directly connected with the cooling towers and work as a whole. The heat from
the chillers are circulated to the cooling towers that are placed outdoor.

Setia City Mall operates through a centrifugal compressor, and has a total of 6 units with
a total 5000RT capacity (4 units with 1000 RT, 2 units with 500 RT). The chiller units do
not run simultaneously due to maintenance purposes, but rather two units of the chillers
are sufficient to serve the Air-Handling units in the building. The additional units allows
additional efficiency when needed.

Figure 5.2.1 (a): A centrifugal compressor in the plant room


AIR CONDITIONING

Figure 5.2.1 (b ): Diagram denoting all HVAC equipments


AIR CONDITIONING

5.2.2 Centrifugal Compressor

A centrifugal chiller consists of the follow components as shown in Figure 5.2 (a). The main
components are the compressor, condenser, and evaporator.

Figure 5.2.2 (a)

Figure 5.2.2 (b): Components in a centrifugal pump

A centrifugal chiller operates by exerting centrifugal force on a working fluid

The compressors consist of two main components: the impeller and the volute casing. The
refrigerant enters the compressor at the center of the impeller. As the impeller spins, it
forces the refrigerant outside towards the walls of the volute casing. The refrigerant pushes
against the walls, building up pressure until it reaches the exhaust vent and is released back
into the system at a higher pressure.

The impeller is driven by an AC motor that is controlled by a variable frequency drive (VFD).
The VFD modulates the speed at which the impeller spins.
AIR CONDITIONING

5.2.3 Chiller System

Figure 5.2.3 (a)

Figure 5.2 (c) shows the working principle of the centrifugal chiller. There are 3 fluid streams
; refrigerant, primary water, and condenser water. The refrigerant is shown in green, and is
pumped through the chillers main components to complete the vapor compressor cycle.

In the evaporator, the refrigerant absorbs heat from the primary water flow as it changes
phase from liquid to vapor. This heat absorption process, represented by the blue arrow,
cools the primary chilled water supply flow. Which is subsequently routed to the air handling
units and heat exchangers.

After passing through the evaporator, the refrigerant is passed through the compressor,
where its temperature and pressure increases. Subsequently at the condenser, the
refrigerant flow changes phase back from vapor to liquid.

During the phase change, the refrigerant rejects heat to the condenser water as represented
by the red arrow.

An evaporative cooling tower cools the condenser water after it has absorbed heat from the
refrigerant.
AIR CONDITIONING

5.2.4 Chilled Water Pump Unit (CHWP)

Figure 5.2.4 (a)

A Chilled Water Pump Unit (CHWP) (figure 5.2 (d) is a component under the chiller system.
It functions as to circulate chilled water through the evaporator, air handling units (AHU) and
fan coil units (FCU) located at different parts of the building.

Refrigerant evaporates in the evaporator by absorbing latent heat from the circulated water.
The chilled water will then flow from the evaporator to the cooling coil of the AHU and FCU.
Blowers of AHU and FCU will blow air towards the cooling coils to transfer heat from the
circulating air to the chilled water. The treated cold air is then circulated to the
air-conditioned spaces. After absorbing heat from the cooling coils, the chilled water is
pumped back again to the evaporator of the chiller to cool down, the cycle is then repeated.

Figure 5.2.4 (b) shows the cycle in a diagrammatic format.


AIR CONDITIONING

5.2.5 Air Diffusers

Figure 5.2.5 (a): Diffusers placed on the ceilings

Air diffusers serves as a distribution equipment to a space and functions to provide


conditioned air. It is also designed to mix conditioned air with the air which is already in the
space. This is to properly distribute fresh air into the space and to avoid stagnant air via
low-velocity air movement, this also helps ventilates the space.

Figure 5.2.5 (b): External units placed outside of the control room

5.2.6 Air Cooled Split Unit

A split unit air conditioner consists of two main parts which are the outdoor unit and the
indoor unit. The outdoor unit is installed outside the space and houses the compressor,
condenser coil, and the expansion coil and capillary tubing.

The indoor unit contains the cooling coil, a long blower and an air filter. Setia City Mall uses
air cooled split units which are inverter units. There are a total of 19 units in the mall which
are located at administrative rooms and surveillance rooms. Inverter units allows desired
temperature to be achieved at a faster rate.
AIR CONDITIONING

5.3 Air Handling Units (AHU)


5.3.1 Overview

Air handling unit is a device used in regulating and circulating air, as part of the HVAC
(heating, ventilating, air-conditioning) system. Air handling unit systems consist of a large
metal box, comprising a blower, heating and cooling components, chambers, sound
attenuators and dampers. In the Setia City Mall, the air handler is connected to a ductwork
ventilation system which distributes the conditioned air through the building, then returns it
to the the AHU.
AIR CONDITIONING

5.3.2 Location of Air Handling Unit (AHU) in A/C System


AIR CONDITIONING

5.3.3. Components in AHU

5.3.3 (a) : (Image from Schrader 2017)

Each AHU room in the building comprises of the AHU which works in the similar way as the
diagram shown above.

Filter

5.3.3 (b) : filter

The air filtration in AHU is to remove dust or other matter from the air prior to contact with
the coils as for the purpose of efficient mechanical maintenance; as well as to prevent the
distribution of contamination throughout the conditioned space.

Outside air travels through the air ducts, immediately filtered through the filters, before
channeled through the other components.
AIR CONDITIONING

Heating/ Cooling Components

5.3.3 (b) : heating/cooling components

After the AHU fan has blown the cool air from the cooling coils containing cool water into
building ducting, it returns the used water through the CHWR pipe to the chiller to be cooled
again. At the chiller, the used water is refrigerated to a cool temperature once more and is
supplied back to the AHU through the CHWS pipe.
The CHWS supplies the cool water to be passed through the cooling coils again where the
fan blows the air from the coils into the building ducting again.

Mixing Chamber

5.3.4 (c) : (Image from vent-market.com.ua)

To maintain the indoor air quality, mixing chamber that has dampers is used to control the
ratio between return, outside and exhaust air. The air is then merged with the recirculated
air and outside air in the chamber after being filtered.
AIR CONDITIONING

Blower/ Fan

5.3.4 (d) : (Image from Enviro Tech Industrial Products)

AHU consists of a large cage blower driven by an AC induction electric motor to channel
the air. Multiple blowers are present in the large commercial AHU unit as Setia City Mall is a
large commercial building hence the heavy occupancy, Blowers are typically positioned at
the end of the AHU and the beginning of the supply ductwork (fans). They are usually
amplified by fans in the return air duct (return fans) pushing the air into the AHU. A region of
low pressure is established by the fan positioned before the supply spigot. This further
drives in the air through the mixing chambers into the chilled water coils, where the heat
exchange occurs.

5.4 Ductwork

5.4 (a) : (Image from Enviro Tech Industrial Products)


The conditioned and dehumidified air is then drawn through the supply spigot and into the
ductworks. Conditioned air is distributed through the ducts of the building to the diffusers
and then returned to the AHU to be cooled again.
AIR CONDITIONING

5.5 UBBL Compliance

41. UBBL 1984 Mechanicals ventilation and air conditioning

(1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant


building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms
may be waived at the discretion of the local authority.

(2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in
addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative
approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an
hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh
air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when
the air-conditioning system is not functioning.

(3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which
are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.

(4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets,


bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the
requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws
relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories,
water-closets, bathrooms or corridors.
6.0 ELEVATORS AND ESCALATORS
ELEVATOR
6.1 Elevator
6.1.1 Overview

Elevator is a mechanical permanent lifting equipment that serves as a vertical transportation


for passengers or goods from one landing level to one landing level. It is normally powered
by electric motor, driven by hoist or hydraulic pump and traction cable. The benefits of lift is
the convenience and efficiency to bring users from one level to higher level in building.
There are a few types of lift that can be found in the industry such as trade lift, hospital lift,
high residential lift, institution lift, store lift and lift of cars.

6.1.1.1 Elevator Hoist Mechanism Type


There are a few types of elevator and the installation of elevator is based according to hoist
mechanism, building height, building type, elevator location and special uses. The four main
types of hoist mechanism are hydraulic elevators, climbing elevator, traction elevator and
pneumatic elevator.

Figure 6.1.1.1 (a) Conventional Hydraulic Elevator, Telescopic Hydraulic Elevator,


Non-telescoping Hydraulic Elevator, Roped Hydraulic Elevator

Figure 6.1.1.1 (b) Geared Traction Elevator , Gearless Traction Elevator,


Machine-Roomless Elevator
ELEVATOR

Figure 6.1.1.1 ( c ) Climbing Elevator Figure 6.1.1.1 (d) Pneumatic Elevator

6.1.1.2 Design factor

The design and installation of lifts highly dependable on the general requirement and
physical requirements of the building. Utility must be taken into consideration to identify
whether the lift is suitable for the selected buildings. Capacity and number of lifts depends
on the building access and circulation. The speed of the lift must be catered based on the
number of users and the user needs. Type and size of lift gate can be determined
depends on the function of the lift. For physical design requirement, size of the lift shafts,
depth of light shaft , the area of space in lift and mechanical room size affects the design
of lift and usage of equipment in the elevator. The waiting time for each building type is
different to cater the needs of users.
ELEVATOR

6.1.1.3 Application
The application of elevator is classified according to the building type which are the hospital
elevators, residential elevators, industrial elevators, park building elevators, commercial
elevators and agricultural elevators. In hospital, hospital bed elevators and hospital stretcher
elevators are used to transport patient smoothly with minimal amount of jostling and
bumping to maximize patient comfort.
On the other hand, the residential elevators was built in multilevel residence to carry a few
people safely and comfortably. Stairway elevators are catered to provide convenience for
people who are less mobility. In agriculture industry, bucket elevators are used to transport
heavy harvested crops into silo easily, which can be moved vertically, horizontally or at an
incline. For industrial levators, hoist and incline elevators are used in construction,
warehouses and shipyards to carry heavy and huge load.

Figure 6.1.1.3 (a) : Hospital Elevator

Figure 6.1.1.3 (b) : Passenger Elevator Figure 6.1.1.3 (c) : Stairway Elevator
ELEVATOR

Figure 6.1.1.3 (d): Vertical Wheelchair elevator, Figure 6.1.1.3 (e):


Wheelchair elevators Dumbwaiters elevators

Figure 6.1.1.3 (f) : Vertical bucket Figure 6.1.1.3 (g) : Industrial Hoist Elevators
elevators
ELEVATOR

6.1.2 Type of Elevator and Location in SCM Building

Figure 6.1.2 (a) : Machine Roomless elevator at Setia City Mall Level 2

Setia City Mall uses machine roomless elevators in the building. This type of escalator does
not require space for machine room, thus saving building space. Unlike other elevator, the
machine is mounted within the hoistway itself. As a green building, SCM implements
machine roomless elevators to save building electricity up to 70%, improving energy
efficiency by lower the energy consumption. Apart from that, construction of it is lower
compared to other type of elevators. In term of aesthetic value, machine roomless elevator
improves aesthetic value of building, allowing architects to design flexibly.

Figure 6.1.2 (b) : Machine roomless elevator diagram


ELEVATOR

6.1.2.1 Location in Building

Figure 6.1.2.1 (a) : Location of elevators at lower Ground Floor Plan of SCM

Machine roomless elevator

Bomba Lift

There are 9 machine roomless elevators altogether at Setia City Mall. The installation of
elevators are set at a few places to cater users from different places. 3 elevators are
situated next to the multilevel carpark to move users from floors to floors. 1 elevator is
located near the loading bay, 4 elevators near to shops and 1 elevator near the entrance.
The distance of elevator to elevator is 90 metre averages, to ease the circulation and
movement of users at the mall. A constant distance of elevators prevent congestion of
passengers at one area.

Figure 6.1.2.1 (b) : On-site Sketches.of distance between elevator to elevator


ELEVATOR

6.1.2.2 Dimension and Size of Elevator (arrangement)

Figure 6.1.2.2 : On-site Sketches of Elevator at Lower Ground Floor of SCM

6.1.2.3 Arrangement and Lift Grouping

The arrangement of car elevator need to be done to ensure zero interference between
passengers who wish to get into the lift. The wise arrangement ensure passenger can get into
the lift easily with reasonable travel distance. The elevator in SCM is arranged side by side
where width of corridor is equal to the width of car lift.

Figure 6.1.2.3 : Arrangement of lift


ELEVATOR

6.1.3 Component

Machine roomless elevator consists of a few components, which complements each other to
function the elevator. The basic elevator components are car, hoistway, machine and drive
system, control system and safety system.

6.1.3.1 Elevator Lobby

Hall Position
Indication

Controller Space

Call button

Call button

Figure 6.1.3.1 : Components at Lobby at Lower ground and Level 2


ELEVATOR

6.1.3.2 Car

Car is the vehicle that move passengers from one floors to one floors. It is constructed of
steel frame surrounding a wood and metal panels. The type of car used in SCM is normal
cabin which consists of only one entrance. The car consists of car sling (a metal framework),
elevator cabin and mechanical accessories. The car sling is composed of upper transom,
lower transom and side frame. As for elevator car cabin, it is enclosed by walls, ceilings and
walls. The car floor is constructed of ceramic tiles, has sufficient mechanical strength during
operation to sustain force whereas the car ceiling is able to support the weight of at least
two person during the maintenance operation, without deformation. The car wall of SCM is
made of stainless steel upon requirement. Apart from that, the front panels of elevator
defines the opening height and location of door, which is high.

Figure 6.1.3.2 (a) : Elevator Car Components

Figure 6.1.3.2 (b) : Interior of car Figure 6.1.3.2 (c) : Stainless steel car
Walls and front panels
ELEVATOR

The car operating panel is mounted at the interior, next to the car door. It controls the
operation of car such as the opening and closing of door, call register button, alarm
emergency stop and other bottoms and switches. Once the passenger pressed the
emergency button, signal will be sent to the building system control room and management
will be communicating with the passenger through the speaker.

Overload & Car


position
indicator

Speaker

Emergency
alarm button

Floors button

Door open button Door close button


Key switch Key switch

Figure 6.1.3.2 (d) : Car operating panel at SCM

Stainless steel handrails are installed to the all side of the car as a support for the
passenger. There are two types of handrail which are the flat type handrail and cylindrical
handrail. In SCM, flat type handrails are used for all the elevators.

Figure 6.1.3.1 (e) : Flat type handrail at SCM


ELEVATOR

The ceiling of elevator in SCM is constructed of stainless steel as well, providing lightings.

Figure 6.1.3.2 (f) : Stainless steel ceiling of car

The door of elevator at SCM is constructed of single speed center-opening door, which
consists of 2 power operated panels that open at the same time, noiseless motion. The
opening of door is powered by a unit which contacts with the hoistway door to release the
door latch. The power unit controls the closing and opening of car door, which opens the
hoistway door.

Figure 6.1.3.2 (g) : Door operator system at elevator of SCM


ELEVATOR

6.1.3.3 Hoistway

The hoistway is an enclosed shaft for the travel of elevators. It consists of pits, fireproof
walls and underside of the roof. It is also being called hatchway. The hoistway consists
of few components, which are the guide rail for car and counterweight, counterweight,
suspension rope,
Landing (hoistway) doors and buffers in the pit. Guide rails which are constructed of steel
and T are run along the hoistway, acts as a path for the vertical movement of car. The
guideway is attached to the hoistway by using steel brackets and counterweight guide
rail. The counterweight is suspended from cable and travel along its own guide rail. It
balances the mass and load of car and reduces the power consumption for moving
elevator. Thus, SCM implements this system and improves energy efficiency for all the
elevators. Complementing the system,suspension ropes which made of steel wire are
used to move and support the car. The ropes are half an inch in diametre. Apart from
that, landing doors are installed for each floors and are opened or closed by electric
motors. It can be opened or closed manually for emergency incidents. Situated at the
bottom floor, a buffer is equipped to stop a descending car and to minimize the force
during emergency.

Suspension rope

Figure 6.1.3.3
Car guide rail Components of
hoistway
Landing doors

Counterweight
Counterweight guide rails

Counterweight buffers
Buffers in pits
ELEVATOR

Table 6.1.3.3 (a) : Specification of machine roomless elevator hoist system at Setia City Mall
ELEVATOR

Table 6.1.3.3 (b) : Specification of machine roomless elevator hoist system at Setia City Mall
ELEVATOR

6.1.3.4 Machine and Drive System

The machine drive system in SCM is much smaller and it is located in the hoistway
instead of a designated room. It raises or lowers the elevator, control the speed to
ensure a safe transportation of passengers. The design and components of the
machine and drive system in machine roomless elevator of SCM features energy
saving properties, maximum energy efficiency.

1. Regenerative Drive
2. Gearless Machine
3. Polyurethane Steel Belt
4. Governor
5. Door System
6. Safety Gear
7. Resistance Based Inspection
8. Buffer

Figure 6.1.3.4 (a) : Machine and Drive System of SCM


ELEVATOR

Regenerative drive is an energy saving features that controls the machine roomless
elevator. It uses up to 70 % less energy that normal drive for equivalent elevator motion. It
transfer the potential energy to green electrical power and send to internal grid.

Figure 6.1.3.4 (b) : Regenerative Driver

Gearless machine is located on top of hoistway. It consists of electrical motor, direct current,
traction sheave or drum, rotor in case of alternating current motor, brake, machine bed
plate, deflector or double warp sheave and brake. It save the building space as it is only
25cm wide and 100cm long. Hence, it ease the installation of machine and minimize the
energy consume. For SCM, the machine is 50% more efficient that a conventional geared
machine and 15% more efficient than a shaft-construction machine. Complementing the
gearless machine, polyurethane-coated steel belt is used. Compared to normal steel belt, it
is much lighter, greener, tougher and flexible.

Figure 6.1.3.4 (c) : Gearless machine and polyurethane-coated steel belt


ELEVATOR

6.1.3.5 Safety system and components


Safety components such as locking landing doors, governor, buffers, progressive safety
gear, Final Limit switches are installed. Locking landing doors is unable to be opened when
the car operates unless it has stopped. The locking door mechanism lock the hoistway door
and the car cannot leave a landing unless the doors are fully secured and closed.

Figure 6.1.3.5 (a) : Locking landing door

Safety gear is equipped to stop the car by gripping the guide rails when the car speed
exceeding an unexpected value in downward direction of travel. It is mounted at the lower
part of car sling and operated by coordinating with governor. It limits the forces on the car,
counterweight and balances the weight and load to a permissible value. The safety gear
used in SCM is tested 25 times freefall and runaway test and is qualified by the E3 policy to
ensure it works safely.

Figure 6.1.3.5 (b) : Safety gear


ELEVATOR

Overspeed governor coordinates with safety gear, actuate it if the car speed exceeds
115% of its rated value.

Figure 6.1.3.5 (c) : Governor

A buffer is used to stop the car or counterweight if they move beyond its normal limit. It
reduces and minimizes the force when the car runs into the pit during an emergency. The
elevators at SCM use oil buffer which consists both spring and oil to cushion the
descending car or counterweight.

Figure 6.1.3.5 (d) : Buffer


ELEVATOR

6.1.4 Operation of Elevator


6.1.4.1 Inputs and Outputs of Elevator

The operation of elevators involves all the elements stated in 6.1.3 to accelerate, speed,
travel, decelerate, open and close the door, signal the hall lantern and move to the desired
level. The control system aims to move the passengers to the desired and correct floor,
save travel time, accelerate, decelerate and travel within the speed limit as well as provide
comfort to the passenger who uses the elevators. It receives input signals such as button
signals and produces outputs which cause the cars to move and the door to open. Users
send inputs, which include door buttons, floor buttons, direction buttons and emergency stop
buttons to the elevator control system. Consequently, the control system receives the input
messages and will produce outputs, which indicate the user selected floor and direction. It
will then send instruction to both door controller and lifting system to move the car and open
the door at the correct selected floor. On the other hand, if maintenance is needed, operator
will send input to switch on or off the system and control the car at the building service
control room.

Figure 6.1.4.1 : Elevator Control System Inputs and Outputs

In SCM, the elevator will decelerate and stop at lowest floor when the car is not in use to
conserve energy and minimizes energy consumption.
ELEVATOR
6.1.4.2 Green building feature in SCM

When the machine roomless elevator moves up or down with light load and heavy load, it
converts the reduced potential energy to power energy to be refiltered by regenerative driver
to be fed back to the internal grid.

Figure 6.1.4.2 Green building elevator features in SCM


ELEVATOR

6.1.5 Installation and Maintenance

6.1.5.1 Installation

Submission of contract for installation lift system is given to NSC and MC has to provide
facilities for NSC such as storage space for lift components, lift shaft structure, anchorage
for lifting, equipments and electricity. NSC will then carry our survey and inspection of lift
shaft and site layout. After that, any defects of the lift shafts need to be rectified to inform
MC. NSC will then conduct adjustment test on the lift system before carry out testing and
commissioning. This process will be witnessed by NSC, Department of Operational Safety
and health, BOMBA, client and representative (SCM architect). It will be tested by NSC and
supervised by Department of Operational Safety and Health and BOMBA. Workmanship,
performance and safety feature of lift is crucial. After that, the system will be commissioned
by Department of Operational Safety and Health and BOMBA. Lastly, Department of
Operational Safety and Health will issue certificate of fitness for lifting Machine.
The installation of lift is by zone system and one system zone is used by SCM as the
building is not more than 15 levels. In this system, elevators cars will stop at every level of
SCM.

6.1.5.2 Maintenance

Maintenance needs to be carried out to ensure the quality of elevator service to maximize
passenger comfort and ensure safety. Operators need to check and correct the travel time
between floors, leveling, door operation, starting and stopping of car, response time as well
as hall call lights and floor indicators to maintain proper elevator operation. Emergency
lighting, alarms and communication devices need to be checked and repaired. Moreover,
physical condition of elevator need to be cleaned, and greasing and checking of machines
need to be done to ensure safety. The aspects include lubrication, inspection, testing,
review and adjustment of the system.
ELEVATOR

6.1.6 UBBL Compliance

124. Lifts.
For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at
least one lift shall be provided.

151. Ventilation to lift shafts.


Where openings to lift shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift shafts shall be
provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square metre per lift located at the top of the shafts. Where
the vent does not discharge directly to the open air the lift shafts shall be vented to the exterior
through a duct of the required FRP as for the lift shafts.

152. (1) Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other
suitable means of protection lift to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided.
These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may be
approved by the D.G.F.S.
(2) Landing doors shall have a FRP of not less than half the FRP of the hoistway structure
with a minimum FRP of half hour.
(3) No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vision in which case any vision
panel shall or be glazed with wired safety glass, and shall not be more than 0.0161 square metre
and the total area of one of more vision panels in any landing door shall be not more than 0.0156
square metre.
(4) Each clear panel opening shall reject a sphere 150 millimetres in diameter.
(5) Provision shall be made for the opening of all landing doors by means of an emergency
key irrespective of the position of the lift car.
ELEVATOR

153. (1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.
(2) Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by
light beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty
seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time.

154. (1) On failure of mains power all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor,
commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any cat or landing calls and park with doors open.
(2) After all lifts are parked the lifts on emergency power shall resume normal operation:
Provided that where sufficient emergency power is available for operation of all lifts, this
mode of operation need not apply.
ESCALATOR

6.2 Escalator

6.2.1 Overview

An escalator is a mechanical, continuous stairway designed to transport passengers up and


down a short vertical distance. It was originally developed in America and used in 1900 Paris
exposition in a New York Subway store. It is called moving staircase and now, it is used in
departmental stores, underground railways, hotels, air terminals, offices and even shopping
complexes. Compared to the regular stairs, they have the capacity to move large number of
people in a certain direction.

Escalator moves at a constant speed by alternating current motors and its speed can be
reached approximately 0.5m/s by using 100 horsepower. The angle lies between 30 degree
to 35 degree depending on the usage and the floor heights.

In Setia City Mall, it provides immediate transportation for the users and was able to
continuously move large number of them from one floor to another floor.

6.2.2 Type of Escalator and Location in Building

Escalators are implemented in a few location to move the pedestrian traffic in places where
the usage of elevators is impractical. Escalators are installed in every 70 metres to ensure a
smooth flow and circulation of users in the buildings.

There are three types of arrangement of escalators found in Setia City Mall.

Type Quantity

Crisscross, continuous arrangement (one 2


traffic)

Parallel, interrupted arrangement (two-way 11


traffic)

Parallel, continuous arrangement (two-way 2


traffic)

Table 6.2.2 : Type and Quantity of escalator in SCM


ESCALATOR

Lower Ground Floor Plan of SCM

Upper Ground Floor Plan of SCM

First Floor Plan of SCM

Crisscross continuous one way

Parallel Interrupted two way

Parallel continuous two way

Second Floor Plan of SCM


ESCALATOR

6.2.2.1 Crisscross, Continuous arrangement (one way traffic)

Figure 6.2.2.1 (a) : One way traffic escalator at Figure 6.2.2.1 (b) : On-site Sketch
Parkson, SCM

This type of arrangement and installation is used in Department Stores, Parkson to


allow customers to travel from Upper Ground Floor to Level 1. It allows customers
to move quickly to the Level 1 without any waiting time. The escalator are
positioned such that customers can have visual connection with the next floor,
stimulate customer to move to the next level.

6.2.2.2 Parallel, interrupted arrangement (two-way traffic)

Figure 6.2.2.2(a) Parallel two way traffic escalator at Figure 6.2.2.2 (b) On-site Sketch
SCM

It is installed at the large-size department stores to slow customers travelling time as


customers take time to go up another floor.
ESCALATOR

6.2.2.3 Parallel, Continuous arrangement (two-way traffic)

Figure 6.2.2.3 (a) Parallel continuous two way traffic at SCM

This type of escalator arrangement is implemented at the place in the mall where
large passenger flow is found. It fulfill two way continuous flow of large passenger
flow, avoid congestions during the peak hour. This arrangement requires more
space compare to other escalator arrangement.

Figure 6.2.2.3 (b) On-site sketch of elevator


ESCALATOR

6.2.3 Components in Escalator

Other Truss Part

Bottom Machine Room

Top Machine Room

Balustrade

Steps

Figure 6.2.3 : Basic Components of Escalator at SCM

6.2.3.1 Truss

The truss is a hollow metal structure that connected to the lower and upper landings. The
ends of the truss are attached to the top and bottom landing platforms by using steel and
concrete support. The rigidity of the structure is able to carry the entire load of escalator
equipment and maintain close operating tolerances.

Control panel
Drive unit
Drive chain
Sprocket

Main Track
Trailing track
Moving Handrail Unit
Operating Panel

Moving
Figure 6.2.3.1 Handrail
Drive Chain
Truss Section
Inlet Guard

Sprocket (Bottom)

Figure 6.2.3.1 : Basic components of truss


ESCALATOR

The track in the truss system is built together with the step chain, pulls the steps from
bottom platform to the top platform continuously in an endless loop. There are two tracks,
the step wheel track which is situated at the front wheels of the steps and trailer-wheel track
which is situated at the back of the wheel. The height difference between the step wheel
track and the trailer-wheel track forms a staircase. The top and bottom of the escalator
coordinate, so both of these wheels will be in a straight line, causing the steps to have a flat
arrangement. Hence, they can move along the curved railing track without any problem.
This system create a staircase configuration.

Figure 6.2.3.1(a) : Step wheel and trailer wheel in track system

Figure 6.2.3.1(b) : Track system Figure 6.2.3.1(c) : Lower track components


ESCALATOR

6.2.3.2 Steps and Landing Platform


The escalator steps are constructed of one solid piece of die-cast aluminium or steel which
was linked by a metal chain in the track system that forms a closed continuous loop. It
consists of wheels at the front and back edges, and a frame yolk. The orientation of the
steps are controlled and hold by the position of the tracks.

Steps

Step Plate (Tread)


Escalator Brush

Demarcation Lines
Safety escalator blue
footprint

Figure 6.2.3.2 (a) : Escalator Steps at SCM

Axle Slot
Step Hook (T Bar)
Frame
Yolk
Step Wheel (Trailing Wheel)

Figure 6.2.3.2 (b) : Components of Steps

The landing platform consists of floor plate and a comb plate. It provides a landing for the
passenger to stand before they step onto the moving stairs. The plate is removable to ease
the maintenance of the machinery below.

Figure 6.2.3.2 (c) : Landing platform of Figure 6.2.3.2 (d) :


escalator at SCM Landing Platform
ESCALATOR

6.2.3.3 Balustrade and Handrail

The balustrade consists of handrails and the escalator exterior supporting structure. It
extends above the steps, supporting the handrails while functioning. The balustrade is made
up of individual interior panels, deck covers and skirt panels which can be removed
individually. This ease the maintenance, cleaning and component replacement. In Setia City
Mall, glass panel railing are installed at the exterior of the glass panels for safety purposes.

Interior Panel
Handrail guide
Handrail
Deck Interior
Deck Exterior
Skirting
Guard Safety
Switch
Motion Sensor

Figure 6.2.3.3 (a) : Balustrade and Handrail at SCM

Coverstock
Body
Pile

Bead
Cotton Slider

Figure 6.2.3.3 (b) : Glass panel at SCM escalator Figure 6.2.3.3 (c) : Handrail components

Handrails are driven from the top sprocket of the escalator. Maintenance is done to
synchronize the speed of handrails to the steps. The maintenance is to keep the assembly
free from any clothing catches, controllers and steps. Handrail with suitable and appropriate
materials provides a convenient handhold while the passengers are riding the escalator. In
an escalator, the handrail is pulled along its track by a chain that is connected to the main
drive gear by a series of pulleys.
ESCALATOR

6.2.4 Operation and Safety in Escalator

6.2.4.1 Energy efficiency motion sensor

Being known as a green building, the escalator at Setia City Mall is equipped with motion
sensor design which complies with the principles of economic, social and ecological
sustainability. It slows down when the escalator is not in used and only runs when
passengers are on it. Consequently, it saves energy, reduces cost and energy-efficient.
The handrail inlet cap that is equipped with the sensors detect the passengers and send
signal to the automatic operation. When a passenger is approaching the landing platform,
the escalator then increases speed gradually to the rated speed, which is 0.45m/s to
0.7m/s.

Figure 6.2.4.1 : Motion sensor of escalator at SCM


ESCALATOR

6.2.4.2 Drive System

The operation of escalator was coordinated by all the component, driven by one system,
which is the drive system. There are three main elements of drive system, which are the
drive machine and main drive gear, step drive system and handrail drive system. All
these systems are functioning in a continuous loop. The drive machine and main drive
gear is driven by a constant speed alternating current that is located at the top landing
platform. The kinetic of motor moves the main drive gear and main drive chain. The drive
chain then moves the steps that are connected to it. The second drive system, the step
drive system consists of two chains. This drive system connect to the main drive gear to
the step-chain and trailing-chain, forming a loop which pulls the escalator steps.
Complementing both the drive system above, the handrail drive system consists of belts
which is driven by the step drive system. Both of them coordinate and therefore the steps
and handrail move at the same speed.

Figure 6.2.4.2 : Drive System of escalator : Drive machine and main drive gear, step drive system
and handrail drive system
ESCALATOR

6.2.4.3 Safety Feature

Escalator is equipped with safety devices to ensure the safety of SCM passengers.
The system will cut the electrical power to the motor and apply brake to the escalator
to stop the escalator immediately. The problem will be solved and fault will be cleared
before restarting the system.

Escalator safety devices include :


1. Emergency Stop Button
2. Step Motion Safety Device
3. Overload Detection Device
4. Reversal Stop Device
5. Electromagnetic brake
6. Drive Chain Safety Device
7. Handrail Speed Monitoring Device
8. Stop Level Device
9. Skirt Obstruction Device
10. Comb-Step impact Device
11. Handrail Entry Device
12. Missing Step device
13. Broken Stop-Chain Device
14. Cover Plate
15. Main Line Disconnect

Figure 6.2.4.3 (a) : Safety Device of Escalator


ESCALATOR

Other than safety devices, SCM implements some other safety feature in the escalators
such as demarcation line, blue foot print, escalator brush, glass railing panels and acrylic
panels. Demarcation line and blue footprints are to encourage the passenger stand in the
designated area whereas the escalator brush is installed at both sides of the skirting to
ensure a safe distance. This is to avoid passengers clothes or limbs from getting caught in
the gap between the balustrade skirt. Furthermore, the acrylic panels in between the
escalator is to prevent kids from entering that gap.

Figure 6.2.4.3 (b) : Safety Device of Escalator


Figure 6.2.4.3 (c): Acrylic panels
with Demarcation lines, blue footprint and
escalator brush

6.2.5 Maintenance of Escalator

The maintenance of escalator need to be done only by Setia City Mall authorized people,
who have been approved by SCM management or the electrical engineer. The maintenance
of escalator includes the cleanliness, lubrication, adjustments, inspection, testing and
review.
ESCALATOR

6.2.5 UBBL Compliance

55. (1) The provisions of this Part relating to dead and imposed loads shall apply to -

A. new buildings and new structures;


B. structural alterations and additions to existing buildings and existing structures; and
C. existing-construction on change of use;

but shall not apply to the maintenance of; or the replacement of parts of, existing buildings and
structures where there is no change of use.

(2) The dead and imposed loads provided hereinafter shall be in addition to and not in
substitution of provision relating to -

A. loads on road bridges;


B. loads on rail bridges;
C. loads due to wind;
D. loads due to seismic forces;
E. loads due to explosions;
F. loads on structures subject to internal pressure from their contents such as bunkers, silos
and water tanks;
G. loads incidental to construction;
H. loads due to lifts and escalators;
I. loads due to machinery vibration (except those due to some gantry cranes);
J. loads due to thermal effects; and
K. test loads.

133. In this Part and Part Vlll unless the context otherwise requires -

"exit route" means a route by which persons in any storey of a building may reach a place of
safety outside the building and may include a room, doorway corridor, stairway or other means of
passage not being a revolving door, lift or escalator;

"protected shaft" means a stairway, lift, escalator, chute, duct or other shaft which enables
persons, things or air to pass between different compartments; and which complies with the
requirements of by-law 150.
ESCALATOR

6.3 Travelator

6.3.1 Overview

Travelator is different from moving stairway in application, construction, function and


capacity. It is a moving walkway, driven by conveyor mechanism that transports
passengers or goods across the horizontal or inclined plane. There are few types of
moving walkways, and it can be classified according to their inclination, speed and
moving belts. The travelator is identical to escalator in components, but different in
characteristics. The application of travelator can be found in airport, public transport,
theme park and supermarkets.

Travelator Escalator

The inclination may be horizontal or an The inclination might be 30-35 degree.


incline up to 15 degree.

The moving surface consists of The moving surface consists of


continuous rubber belt or even a series staircase configuration.
of jointed treads.

There are two types of travelator, which are the inclined type and horizontal type.

Figure 6.3.1 : Inclined type and horizontal type travelator


ESCALATOR

6.3.2 Type & Location in Building

Travelator is found in SCM near the supermarket. It is used in SCM has an inclination of
15 degree to move passenger from supermarkets to the carpark area. With the
construction of travelator, trolley can be moved from one place to another due to its flat
moving steps. .

Figure 6.3.2 : Location of travelator in SCM

Figure 6.3.2 (b) : Inclined travelator at SCM


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