PETRONAS TECHNICAL STANDARDS

HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT

STANDARD

EXCAVATION

PTS 60.2116
NOVEMBER 2010

2010 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise)
without the permission of the copyright owner.
2 PTS 60.2116
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 PREFACE

PETRONAS Technical Standards (PTS) publications reflect the views, at the time of
publication, of PETRONAS OPUs/Divisions.

They are based on the experience acquired during the involvement with the design,
construction, operation and maintenance of processing units and facilities. Where appropriate
they are based on, or reference is made to, national and international standards and codes of
practice.

The objective is to set the recommended standard for good technical practice to be applied by
PETRONAS' OPUs in oil and gas production facilities, refineries, gas processing plants,
chemical plants, marketing facilities or any other such facility, and thereby to achieve
maximum technical and economic benefit from standardisation.

The information set forth in these publications is provided to users for their consideration and
decision to implement. This is of particular importance where PTS may not cover every
requirement or diversity of condition at each locality. The system of PTS is expected to be
sufficiently flexible to allow individual operating units to adapt the information set forth in PTS
to their own environment and requirements.

When Contractors or Manufacturers/Suppliers use PTS they shall be solely responsible for
the quality of work and the attainment of the required design and engineering standards. In
particular, for those requirements not specifically covered, it is expected of them to follow
those design and engineering practices which will achieve the same level of integrity as
reflected in the PTS. If in doubt, the Contractor or Manufacturer/Supplier shall, without
detracting from his own responsibility, consult the owner.

The right to use PTS rests with three categories of users:

1) PETRONAS and its affiliates.

2) Other parties who are authorised to use PTS subject to appropriate

contractual arrangements.

3) Contractors/subcontractors and Manufacturers/Suppliers under a contract

with users referred to under 1) and 2) which requires that tenders for projects,
materials supplied or - generally - work performed on behalf of the said users
comply with the relevant standards.

Subject to any particular terms and conditions as may be set forth in specific agreements with
users, PETRONAS disclaims any liability of whatsoever nature for any damage (including
injury or death) suffered by any company or person whomsoever as a result of or in
connection with the use, application or implementation of any PTS, combination of PTS or
any part thereof. The benefit of this disclaimer shall inure in all respects to PETRONAS and/or
any company affiliated to PETRONAS that may issue PTS or require the use of PTS.

Without prejudice to any specific terms in respect of confidentiality under relevant contractual
arrangements, PTS shall not, without the prior written consent of PETRONAS, be disclosed
by users to any company or person whomsoever and the PTS shall be used exclusively for
the purpose they have been provided to the user. They shall be returned after use, including
any copies which shall only be made by users with the express prior written consent of
PETRONAS.

The copyright of PTS vests in PETRONAS. Users shall arrange for PTS to be held in safe
custody and PETRONAS may at any time require information satisfactory to PETRONAS in
order to ascertain how users implement this requirement.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 7

2.0 PURPOSE .................................................................................................................................... 7

3.0 SCOPE ......................................................................................................................................... 7

4.0 DEFINITION ................................................................................................................................. 7

5.0 RESPONSIBILITIES .................................................................................................................... 9

6.0 EXCAVATION REQUIREMENTS .............................................................................................. 11

6.1 SHALLOW EXCAVATIONS ............................................................................................ 11

6.2 UNSUPPORTED EXCAVATIONS ................................................................................... 11

6.3 DEEP EXCAVATIONS ..................................................................................................... 12

6.4 DEEP FOUNDATIONS..................................................................................................... 12

6.5 MECHANICAL DIGGING ................................................................................................. 12

6.6 HEADINGS & TUNNELS ................................................................................................. 12

6.7 PREPARATION & PERMIT REQUIREMENTS ............................................................... 13

6.8 SUPPORT SYSTEM DESIGN & REQUIREMENTS ........................................................ 13

6.9 WRITTEN EXCAVATION PLAN ...................................................................................... 14

6.9.1 General Considerations .................................................................................... 14

6.9.2 Preparation ......................................................................................................... 15

6.9.3 Work Planning.................................................................................................... 15

6.10 UNDERGROUND SERVICES AVOIDANCE TOOLS ..................................................... 15

6.10.1 Prior to Start Work ............................................................................................. 15

6.10.2 Other Scanning Machine .................................................................................. 16

6.11 PILOT TRENCHING ......................................................................................................... 16

6.11.1 Requirements for Pilot Trenches ..................................................................... 16

6.11.2 Pilot Trenching - Method B ............................................................................... 17

6.12 DISPOSAL OF SOIL & BACKFILLING ........................................................................... 18

6.12.1 Disposal of Soil .................................................................................................. 18

6.12.2 Backfilling ........................................................................................................... 18

6.13 GAS TESTING ................................................................................................................. 19

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 6.14 VENTILATION .................................................................................................................. 19

6.15 LIGHTING ......................................................................................................................... 19

6.16 WATER REMOVAL .......................................................................................................... 20

6.16.1 Rain Water & Surface Water ............................................................................. 20

6.16.2 Ground Water ..................................................................................................... 20

6.17 ACCESS & BARRIERS ................................................................................................... 21

6.17.1 Access ................................................................................................................ 21

6.17.2 Gangways & Bridges ......................................................................................... 21

6.17.3 Barriers ............................................................................................................... 22

6.18 CHECKLIST ..................................................................................................................... 22

7.0 EXCAVATION PROCEDURE .................................................................................................... 23

7.1 PREPARATION ................................................................................................................ 23

7.2 DURING EXCAVATION ................................................................................................... 24

7.3 COMPLETION OF EXCAVATION ................................................................................... 24

8.0 PRECAUTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 24

8.1 GENERAL PRECAUTIONS ............................................................................................. 24

FAILURE MODES ...................................................................................................................... 26

8.1.1 Soft Clay ............................................................................................................. 26

8.1.2 Stiff Clay ............................................................................................................. 26

8.1.3 Rock .................................................................................................................... 26

8.2 SUPPORT SYSTEMS ...................................................................................................... 26

8.2.1 Supports Design & Specified On-site .............................................................. 26

8.2.2 Supports Design by Specialist Engineers ...................................................... 27

8.3 ACCESS ........................................................................................................................... 27

8.4 BARRIERS ....................................................................................................................... 27

8.5 MEANS OF ESCAPE ....................................................................................................... 27

8.6 DISCOVERY OF SUSPICIOUS OBJECTS ..................................................................... 27

9.0 COMPETENCY & TRAINING .................................................................................................... 28

9.1 TRAINING CONTENTS.................................................................................................... 28

9.2 EXPERIENCE ................................................................................................................... 28

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10.0 AUDIT & REVIEW ...................................................................................................................... 28

11.0 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 29

APPENDIX 1 GROUND CONDITION AND SLOPES .................................................................... 30

APPENDIX 2 - CHECKLIST FOR EXCAVATION PLAN .................................................................. 32

APPENDIX 3 - CHECKLIST PRIOR TO START OF WORK ............................................................ 33

APPENDIX 4 - CHECKLIST WHILST WORK IS IN PROGRESS ....................................................... 34

APPENDIX 5 SUPPORT AND SHORING OF EXCAVATION ....................................................... 36

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

This standard provides the minimum requirement for all excavation activities conducted at
PETRONAS and JVs (with operational controls) facilities and installations. It shall be used in
conjunction with local guidelines, regulations and statutory requirements

2.0 PURPOSE

The purpose of this procedure is to ensure that all excavation work carried out within the
OPUs/JVs does not cause harm to persons carrying out the excavation work or working within
the excavation and does not cause damage to buried services, pipelines, properties or the
environment

3.0 SCOPE

This procedure covers the minimum requirements necessary for safely carrying out
excavation work for:
Brownfield projects within the OPUs/JVs.
Greenfield projects adjacent to existing Brownfield area in OPUs/JVs.
Greenfield projects which are less than 250 meters away from existing Brownfield or
occupied areas (residential or industrial).

More stringent requirements may be implemented or may have to be adopted due to local,
state or national legislation or experience gained in specific areas of excavation.

Except for established gardens, all excavations or penetration of the ground over 150 mm in
depth require a Permit to Work and Excavation Certificate. For excavation below 1.5 meters
from ground level, it is categorized as confined space. Thus requirements under PTS 60.2105
Entry to Confined Space shall apply. If excavation is carried out in classified hazardous
location requirements under PTS 60.2123 ignition source control shall apply.

This procedure shall also apply to all piling work and borehole drilling to be carried out in all
OPU/JV

4.0 DEFINITION

Contractor: The party that carries out all or part of the design, engineering, procurement,
installation, and commissioning or management of a project or operation of a facility. Owner
may sometimes undertake all or part of the duties of the Contractor.

Owner: The party that initiates the project and ultimately pays for its design and construction.
The owner will generally specify the technical requirements. The owner may also include an
agent or consultant, authorized to act for the owner.

Batter: The inclination of a slope expressed as vertical units/ horizontal units

Benching: Excavation of a sloping ground in horizontal steps

Excavation: The removal, boring or penetration of soil, sand, clay, or the breaking of
concrete, asphalt, or rock to a depth of greater than 150 mm, by manual, mechanical or other
means.

Excavation Plan: A document in the format prescribed by this guideline signed by a

competent person specifying controls and precautions for the excavation. The plan is also
signed by the Approving Authority of the work indicating agreement with the controls. It does
not replace a Permit to Work.

Fill: Material removed from the ground whether soil, sand, rock, vegetation, stones, or such
like material.

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Maximum Allowable Slope: The Angle to the horizontal at which the material in the cut face
is stable and does not fall away. The Greatest Angle Above The Horizontal Plane At Which A
Material Will Lie Without Sliding. For faces above the water table, the slope is not to exceed 1
Vertical: 1 Horizontal, and for saturated soils the slope is not to exceed 1V:1.5H

Pegging Out: A means of marking out the area to be excavated with the use of wooden or
metal pegs hammered into the ground or by the use of paint or other visual means.

Borehole: A narrow shaft drilled in the ground, either vertically or horizontally.

Shoring System: A structure such as a metal hydraulic, mechanical or timber shoring system
that supports the sides or roof of an excavation and which is designed to prevent cave-ins.

Sheeting: The sections of a shoring system that retain the earth in position and in turn are
supported by other members of the shoring structure.

Wales: The shoring structure that supports the sheeting.

Shallow Excavation: An excavation which lowers the existing ground level to a depth of less
than 1.5 meters.

Unsupported Excavation: An excavation where the sides of the work are battered (i.e.
sloped or raked) away from the bottom of the excavation to ground level, without support.

Deep Excavation: Any excavation which lowers the existing ground level to a depth of 1.5
metres or more.

Supported Excavation: An excavation where the sides of the work are supported by
timber, steel, concrete or other materials.

Hand Digging: Excavation using spades and other hand tools, but does not include use of
spikes, pickaxes and the like, unless specifically permitted in writing.

Mechanical Digging: The use of excavators, breakers, or any similar power assisted tools.

Total Working Area: The area which is used to get the work done, i.e. the location of the
trenching, the planned area where spoil is stockpiled and the area where heavy equipment
travels.

Dewatering: The removal of water from the water table by means of a mechanical
pumping unit in order to minimize water in the excavation / soil.

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5.0 RESPONSIBILITIES

1. Senior Management
The Senior Management shall:
establish a site procedure on excavation in line with the requirements of this PTS and
local regulatory requirements
ensure adequate resources including manpower and equipment for excavation
activities are made available
ensure availability of Emergency Response Plan in the event of an emergency
ensure availability of site inspection / audit plan to check compliance to procedure
and standards
conduct review based on the incident reports, inspection, audit findings and new
regulatory requirements

2. HSE Department
The HSE Department shall:
coordinate training and promote awareness on excavation procedure to all staff and
contractors
coordinate excavation audit on a regular basis and ensure close-out of audit findings
coordinate incident investigation and disseminate the lessons learned

Engineering Department / Project Management Team (PMT)

The Engineering Department / Project Management Team (PMT) shall:
Enforce the requirement of excavation procedures throughout the duration of the
contracts
Audit the excavation activities as per audit plan and ensure close-out of audit findings
Enhance the excavation procedures based on audit & investigation findings

3. Contractor Management
Contractor management shall:
Ensure adequate resources including manpower and equipment for excavation
activities are made available.
Ensure their workers comply with the excavation procedure.
Communicate the requirements on excavation procedure to their workers including
emergency response.
Ensure availability of Emergency Response Plan for emergency during excavation.

4. Specialist Engineer
Specialist engineer shall:
Ensure an excavation which needs side support i.e. timber, steel, concrete or other
materials are properly designed and constructed.

5. Excavation Supervisor
Excavation supervisor shall ensure that:
No excavation is allowed to be carried out in an area without the prior knowledge and
approval of the Asset Owner
A written plan is prepared and submitted for asset owner approval for all excavations
which exceed 1.5 meters in depth.
All worksite supervisors are properly trained in the relevant permit to work and
safety requirements for each proposed excavation. All possible steps have been taken
to identify all underground services in the vicinity of the intended excavation and
precautions taken to prevent damage to them
a system of review and control is established to ensure that the safety
requirements of excavation activities are reviewed on a regular basis

6. Worksite Supervisor
Worksite supervisor shall:
A permit to work, supported by an excavation certificate, has been obtained before

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 work commences and that permit conditions are observed.
All personnel wear the correct personal protective equipment at all times whilst
undertaking the work.
All persons are properly supervised at all times whilst the work is taking place.
The excavation is adequately protected against possible collapse.
The excavation is properly protected, having proper regard to location, depth and
public accessibility.
The safety aspects of the excavation work are properly addressed, and that any
written excavation plan is properly followed.

7. Worker
Worker shall:
Ensure that all excavation work is carried out safely based on the written work
instructions and PTW requirements.
Ensure that all safety precautions are adhered at all times at work site.
Comply with rules and regulations related to safe excavation.

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6.0 EXCAVATION REQUIREMENTS

6.1 SHALLOW EXCAVATIONS

Unless unusual conditions are encountered, e.g. loose sand or the like, a
shallow trench may usually be excavated without being battered or supported
(see Figure 1)

Figure 1 - Shallow Excavations: Trench Depth of 1.5m Maximum

The maximum angle of batter permitted, in optimum conditions for any unsupported
excavation, shall be 45 degrees from the horizontal

6.2 UNSUPPORTED EXCAVATIONS

Unsupported excavations shall only be allowed if:

The excavation depth does not exceed 1.5 meters,
The characteristics of the ground are known and
The behavior of the soil can be accurately predicted.

Appendix 1 gives a set of guidelines for the estimation of ground conditions

and relevant slope angles.

Dewatering is necessary if the water table is less than 0.5m from the bottom
of the intended maximum dept of the excavation (i.e more than 1.7m
depth). A dewatering plan is to be submitted to the relevant Site
Supervisor for approval in these cases.

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6.3 DEEP EXCAVATIONS

All deep excavations shall be either battered, benched or shored (see

Figures 2 and 5). A written excavation plan and sketch must be prepared for
all excavations greater than 1.5 meters in depth (see Section 6.9). Meanwhile
excavations intended to be greater than 3 meters deep, the written
excavation plan must be approved by the Project Engineer.

6.4 DEEP FOUNDATIONS

It is highly likely that dewatering will be necessary for deep foundations. Deep
dewatering may have a significant impact on the surrounding environment,
e.g. subsidence of roads, buildings, pipelines and etc.

6.5 MECHANICAL DIGGING

Mechanical digging is not permitted unless the area to be excavated has been
checked by use of a cable/metal locating tool and pilot trenches have been
dug (see Section 6.10 and 6.11).

The location of any encountered services shall be clearly marked with a red
peg and the type of service (cable or pipe) identified. A record, usually a
drawing, shall be made showing the exact location of encountered services
and shall be submitted to the relevant Site Supervisor. Only after he is
satisfied that all necessary precautions have been taken shall mechanical
digging proceed.

All mechanical digging equipment shall be suitable for the area classification
of the plant and comply with permit requirements.

6.6 HEADINGS & TUNNELS

Prior to commencement of the work, the contractor shall be provided with all
available soil investigation reports. Requirements for any additional soil
investigation should be clearly specified in the contract.

In addition to requiring an excavation plan, the following shall be detailed for

all headings and tunneling:
the potential hazards which may be encountered.
the specification and quality of materials.
the excavation techniques which will be used.
the level of workmanship which will be required.
the level of supervision which will be required.

A detailed design shall be included for the full length of the heading or tunnel.

A competent civil engineer shall design the excavation plan for:

any heading or tunnel which exceeds 2 meters in height or width, and
any heading which is to be cut into rock.

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 Figure 2 - Trench Depth between 1.5 m and 3.0 m without Shoring

6.7 PREPARATIONS & PERMIT REQUIREMENTS

All excavation work on behalf of the Company involving disturbance of

the ground, in buildings or workshops and on demolition sites shall be
carried out under a work permit issued in accordance with Permit to Work
Procedure.

No excavation may be carried out without the knowledge and approval

of the Asset Owner.

6.8 SUPPORT SYSTEM DESIGN & REQUIREMENTS

The use of supports which are designed and specified on-site shall only be
allowed for (refer Appendix 5):

i. Double sided, narrow trench support, not exceeding 6 meters in depth

in non-water bearing ground.

ii. Shallow pits or shafts, not exceeding 6 meters in depth, in non-water

bearing ground.

Where water problems have been eliminated by other means and the
limitations in (i.) and (ii.) above have not been exceeded.

All support requirements which do not fall within the specifications laid
out above shall be specially designed. This includes excavation adjacent to
sectional foundations where standard excavation is not possible.

Specialist advice shall be sought if there are any doubts as to the safety
and sufficiency of any support system which has been designed and specified
on-site.

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6.9 WRITTEN EXCAVATION PLAN

A written excavation plan must be prepared for all excavations intended to

be greater than 1.5 meters deep. This must be approved by the relevant
owner prior to application for any Permit to Work.

For excavations intended to be greater than 3 meters deep, the Site

Supervisor should consult with and gain written approval for the excavation
plan from the owner.

6.9.1 General Considerations

The excavation plan and attached sketches should show that consideration
has been given to the following:

purpose and proposed depth of the excavation.

the location and nature of underground services.
predicted nature of the ground to be excavated.
expected presence or absence of water in the ground.
potential for water to run into the excavation from the surface.
support system design.
stages at which timbering or sheet piling shall be placed in the
excavation as work proceeds.
presence of loose pockets in what is otherwise firm, stable ground.
nearness of any buildings or roads and the weight of traffic.
whether any other important work is to be carried out adjacent to the
proposed excavation.
whether any materials are likely to be stacked nearby.
stages of the excavation which are to be dug by machine or by hand
tool.
amount of room which will be needed for raising and lowering
material in the course of work.
whether the sides of the proposed excavation can be splayed to
allow more freedom and make wedging easier, the period that the
excavation will be open, the maximum allowable trench length and
the weather that may be expected.
whether the timbering or sheet piling can be removed safely as the
backfilling proceeds.
access to and egress from the excavation.
emergency evacuation of the excavation.
requirements for a gas testing programme.
arrangements for temporary site shelters at long-duration
excavations in open areas.

The intended installation or removal of sheet piling can cause significant

vibrations and thus affect sensitive computer equipment. Information on the
intended use of sheet piling shall be submitted to owner for approval prior to
commencement of the work.

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 6.9.2 Preparation

The excavation plan shall show that checks have been made to locate:

electric cables (including overhead cables if a mechanical excavator is

to be used).
gas, water and oil pipes.
telephone, TV and radio cables.
storm water, sewage and other underground transportation systems.
the proximity of any foundations which may be affected by the
excavation.
roots of trees.
The excavation plan shall detail the relevant requirements to deal with
the above obstructions in a safe manner.

6.9.3 Work Planning

The excavation plan shall specify:

permit and excavation certificate requirements.

detailed description of the work to be done.
duration of the excavation work and the period for which the
excavation will be open.
details of mechanical excavation areas.
types of machinery to be used.
details of hand digging areas.
amount of materials (timber, sheet piling etc.).
air and gas monitoring equipment.
ventilation requirements and breathing equipment.
methods of removal of water from the excavation.
ladders.
safety barriers, warning signs and fluorescent tape.
fire extinguishers and first aid requirements.
access points, gangways and bridges.
lighting equipment.
pumps and compressors.
disposal of excavated soil/waste and transportation of sand for top-
up trenches, including numbers and types of vehicle required, and
the route they will use to and from the excavation site.
emergency arrangements.

The excavation plan shall show that checks have been made to ensure that
the persons who will be responsible for supervising the work at site are
competent to do so.

6.10 UNDERGROUND SERVICES AVOIDANCE TOOLS

6.10.1 Prior to Start Work

The presence of any underground services is to be established prior to

commencement of any excavation works by taking the following steps:

Examine plots of underground services.

The total working area shall be checked on underground service
plans and shall be scanned using an approved cable avoidance tool
to ascertain the presence of electrical cables and underground

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 services.
Obtain the necessary work permits, supported by the excavation
certificate.

6.10.2 Other Scanning Machine

Where mechanical digging is to be used, the use of a cable avoidance tool or

similar, to identify possible buried services, is mandatory.

The use of mechanical diggers or graders or any other mechanical

means for the removal of topsoil or grass and vegetation, prior to
digging pilot trenches is strictly forbidden.
Use of the cable locator shall be restricted to trained persons only.
Underground services identified shall be marked with posts
specifying the types and size of services.
Scanning shall not be limited to the trench width, but shall include
any additional areas used for drain points, battering, benching etc.
Where the excavation is to be greater than 1 meter width, scan at
both sides of the proposed excavation and at every 5 meters across
the trench.

6.11 PILOT TRENCHING

6.11.1 Requirements for Pilot Trenches

Prior to use of mechanical digging, pilot trenches shall be dug in order to

locate any underground services.
Note that pilot trenching may not be required if there is clear indication that the
presence of underground services could be extremely unlikely e.g. in virgin
jungle locations.

Pilot trenches shall always be dug by hand in maximum depth steps

of 1.5 meters, relative to the adjacent ground level.
The cable avoidance tool shall be used in conjunction with pilot
trenching in order to locate underground services. If any are
detected, their whole length within the proposed excavation shall be
exposed by hand digging.
Pilot trenching shall be carried out in accordance with either Method
A or Method B described on the following pages.
The proposed routing for pilot trenching shall be the responsibility of
the Site Supervisor.

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 Figure 3 - Pilot trenching prior to Mechanical Excavation

6.11.2 Pilot Trenching - Method B

Request updated drawings of underground services in the vicinity of the

proposed trench.

Use a pipe or cable location tool to scan the proposed trench.

Excavate longitudinal pilot trench by hand along the middle of the
proposed trench to either the required depth plus 0.3 meters, or to a
maximum depth of 1.5 meters.
Excavate transverse pilot trenches by hand every 5 meters, to the full
width of the proposed excavation and to the same depth as the main
pilot trench.
Repeat the scanning of the trench with the pipe or cable location tool.
Mechanical excavation of the areas between the hand dug pilot
trenches but not exceeding the proposed maximum width of the
trench may now proceed to a maximum depth of 1.2 meters below
original ground level.
Where the proposed depth of the mechanical excavation exceeds 1.2
meters, further pilot trenching by hand in maximum depth steps of
1.5 meters to a maximum depth of 3.0 meters must be repeated,
following the general methods above, prior to further mechanical
excavation.
Note: Method B becomes uneconomic where the transverse pilot
trench width exceeds 7 meters.

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 Figure 4 - Pilot trenching prior to Mechanical Excavation

6.12 DISPOSAL OF SOIL & BACKFILLING

6.12.1 Disposal of Soil

Unshored excavations:

Spoil may be disposed of along the sides of the excavation, provided that the
distance to the edge of the nearest portion of the spoil heap is not less than
the final excavation depth (see Figure 1).

Shored excavations:

Spoil may be disposed of along the sides of the excavation, provided that the
distance to the edge of the nearest portion of the spoil heap is greater than 1
meter (see Figure 5).

6.12.2 Backfilling

Where backfilling using wheeled or tracked vehicles is to take place, or the

excavation is in an area where it is foreseeable that vehicles may attempt to
approach close to the excavation, stop boards should be fitted at a distance of
1.2 meters from the excavation.

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6.13 GAS TESTING

A gas testing programme shall be established and maintained in

circumstances where:

work must be suspended if oxygen content is greater than 21%.

there is a potential for oxygen deficient atmospheres to occur.
Work must be suspended in atmospheres where the oxygen content
is 20% or less.
the excavation takes place in ground which is known or suspected to
be contaminated with oil or other potentially flammable materials to
such a degree that a flammable atmosphere may occur. Work must
be suspended if a Lower Explosion Limit (LEL) of 1% is exceeded.
depending on the nature of the excavation and the location of
supporting equipment, there is a potential for a buildup of toxic
gases such as Carbon Monoxide (emitted from internal combustion
engines) or Hydrogen Sulphide (produced as a by-product of
bacterial decay). Work must be suspended if half of the
Occupational Exposure Standard (O.E.S) or the Short Term
Exposure Limit (S.T.E.L.) for the toxic gas is reached.

The gas testing programme shall form part of the excavation plan. In
circumstances where a hazardous atmosphere is found to exist, the
work shall be suspended and the excavation shall be treated as a
Confined Space

6.14 VENTILATION

In conjunction with the gas testing programme, excavations which have a

potential for:
oxygen deficient atmospheres,
the build up of flammable gas mixtures or
the build up of toxic gases to occur shall be artificially ventilated by
means of air scoops or electric blowers.
In general, internal combustion engines should not be used inside
excavations, except on a short term basis such as compaction
machines for backfilling. Where internal combustion engines are used
near the edge of an excavation, care shall be taken to ensure that the
exhaust fumes are directed away from the excavation.

All electrically operated blowers must be classified for the hazardous area in
which they are to be used.

6.15 LIGHTING

Consideration should be given to illuminating excavations during the hours of

darkness, especially where excavations are outside the Company operating
areas and to which the public may have access.

When work is in progress during the hours of darkness, or in deep

excavations, shafts and tunnels, sufficient lighting shall be provided to allow
work to progress safely. Such lighting shall be suitable for the environment in
which it will be used.

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6.16 WATER REMOVAL

6.16.1 Rain Water & Surface Water

Wherever surface ditches, streams etc. are incapable of draining off excess
water, trenches shall be constructed to carry the water away from the
excavation.

The trenches shall be designed to cope with the maximum rainfall which may
be expected whilst the excavation is in progress. If unexpectedly high
rainfall occurs during excavation operations, water removal by manual or
mechanical means shall be carried out.

Mud trap may need to be installed around excavation site to trap mud debris
from flowing into the public storm drain.

6.16.2 Ground Water

Where the presence of ground water may create difficult working conditions
or may endanger the stability of the sides and/or floor of the excavation, the
excavation shall be:

surrounded by interlocking steel sheeting, an in-situ concrete

diaphragm or a grout curtain to prevent the water from entering the
excavation, or,
a ground de-watering programme shall be used to keep excavations
clear of water whilst work proceeds or to reduce the loads which bear
on the earthworks support materials.

The ground de-watering programme shall be either by drainage, or

by installing well-points around the site and pumping out the water to
lower the ground water table to below that of the excavation (see
Figures 1 and 2)

Before a ground de-watering programme is instigated, specialist

advice may need to be taken to establish:

the feasibility of such a programme in the ground conditions

pertaining to the excavation,
that, as a result of de-watering no fine materials will be drawn from
under adjacent structures with consequent risk of settlement.

20 PTS 60.2116
NOVEMBER 2010
 Figure 5 - Trench Depth less than 3.0m with Shoring

6.17 ACCESS & BARRIERS

6.17.1 Access

Access to all excavations shall be controlled and restricted to the minimum

number of personnel required for the performance of the work.

A safe means of access to and egress from the excavation shall be provided
for personnel and machinery.

Reflective or illuminated barriers shall be considered where the ambient

lighting is inadequate. This is mandatory in public areas and places with a
high volume of pedestrian traffic.

6.17.2 Gangways & Bridges

Personnel Access

Safe means of access shall be provided where personnel are required to

cross excavations. Any gangway provided shall be suitable for the intended
task, and where the span or materials used warrant it, shall be approved by
competent engineers as suitable for the intended task.

Where personnel may fall 2 meters or more, gangways shall:

be fitted with guardrails and toe boards

be at least 0.46m wide personnel access and 0.6m wide for materials
access.

21 PTS 60.2116
NOVEMBER 2010
 Material and Vehicle Access

Bridges shall be installed where plant and vehicles are required to cross
excavations. All bridges shall be specifically designed and constructed by
competent engineers to ensure:

the safety of drivers, vehicles and loads

that the edges of the excavation are not damaged or excessively loaded.

All bridges shall be clearly signposted to indicate the maximum permissible

loads. Flashing lights shall be installed on bridges that are to remain
"switched-on" at night.

The construction of temporary bridges across excavations by the use of

simple steel plates, scaffold boards etc. is prohibited

6.17.3 Barriers

All excavations, irrespective of the depth, shall be suitably barricaded to

restrict access by personnel not associated with the excavation activities.

Barriers and stop blocks shall be erected at a suitable distance from the
excavation to prevent:

personnel or vehicle traffic from damaging the excavation and,

accidental access to the excavation of personnel and equipment.

Additionally, the edges of all excavations, where personnel may fall more
than 2 meters shall be protected by rigid barriers or, alternatively,
excavations shall be securely covered.

Non-rigid barriers may be used in areas where access for persons and
transport is not required. The materials used shall give an obvious warning
by being immediately apparent and brightly colored.

Wherever barriers are set back from the edge of the excavation, all access to
the excavation shall be confined to proper paths and roads and materials
should not be stacked in the space between the barriers and the edge of the
excavation.

6.18 CHECKLIST

The following checklists are contained in the appendices of this document:

Appendix 2 is a checklist to be followed at the design stage of an excavation

plan.
Appendix 3 is a checklist to be followed prior to the commencement of
excavation work.
Appendix 4 is a checklist to be followed on a regular basis whilst work is in
progress.

22 PTS 60.2116
NOVEMBER 2010
7.0 EXCAVATION PROCEDURE

7.1 PREPARATION

Prior to the commencement of an excavation the Engineer/Supervisor in

Charge shall assess the ground condition to determine its composition.

The proposed area of excavation shall be clearly defined on a drawing(s) with

dimensions to permanent reference points. The drawing(s) shall be attached
to an Excavation Certificate. The proposed excavation shall be reviewed by
the approving authority making reference to any of the following drawings:
Underground Composite Drawings
Facility Buildings Underground Services Drawings
Electrical Cable Trench Drawings
Instrument Cable Trench Drawings
Telecom Underground Cable Plans
Local Authority Area Underground Services Drawings
Any other drawings known to identify underground service, structures or
foundations whether held by the OPU or by the local authority

After assessment of the underground services which are known or may be

known to exist, an excavation plan shall be drawn up. The plan shall clearly
specify:
Method of excavation
Equipment to be used
Depth of excavation
Disposal of excavation spoil
Support system to be used for excavation walls
Supports to be used for adjacent structures (if any)
Excavation access and egress points
Barricading / Marking
Temporary access bridges
Dewatering requirements
Lighting requirements

The Excavation Plan with its attached excavation drawings shall be approved
by approving authority that is responsible to ensure that the location has
been checked against the underground services drawings for civil,
mechanical, electrical, instrumentation, and telecommunications obstacles
and to provide the appropriate controls. The area of the proposed excavation
shall be surveyed to identify/confirm the locations of the underground
services.
The Excavation Certificate Approving Authority shall:
Ensure that the scope of work is adequately documented.
Visit the site.
Ensure the extent of excavation is adequately marked.
By reference to the drawings listed above, determine the existence of all
and any underground services, structures or foundations and where
possible mark these.
Stipulate any special precautions on the excavation plan.
Specify the requirements of emergency and rescue plan

Excavations deeper than 1.5 meters where the width is narrower than the
depth shall not be undertaken unless other alternatives have been duly
considered.

23 PTS 60.2116
NOVEMBER 2010
 7.2 DURING EXCAVATION

The Engineer/Supervisor in Charge shall visit the excavation site each day or
after every rain storm to check:

the ground conditions.

The support system complies with the design requirements, that the
materials being used are as specified and there is no evidence of
movement or deformation.
Access and egress routes have been provided as specified.
Spoil heaps are at adequate distance from the excavation edge.
Adequate barriers have been put in place to prevent falls.
Access bridges are correctly positioned.
Dewatering is carried out in such a way that it is not affecting soil stability.
There is no deviation from the approved excavation plan.
Stockpile of excavated material do not interfere with site operations or
drainage.
The bottoms of excavations to be protected from softening. Should
softening occur, to remove softened soil and replace with approved
granular material
If stockpile of excavated material is classified as scheduled waste, it
should be disposed in accordance to authority scheduled waste disposal
requirement

In addition a Gas Test shall be carried out each working day by an AGT
before the commencement of work. Additional gas tests shall be carried out
as per requirements specified in the Permit to Work.

7.3 COMPLETION OF EXCAVATION

On completion of all excavation works consideration shall be given to the

adequate reinstatement of the ground. The surface shall be level and clear of
any obstruction. The excavation shall be reinstated with an appropriate
uncontaminated material and compacted to a standard in keeping with its
intended future use.

Prior to back filling the excavation the Engineer/Supervisor in Charge shall

inspect the excavation and ensure any services, structures or foundations are
in good conditions.

The Engineer/Supervisor in Charge shall also inspect the backfilling material

sources prior to approving the backfilling process.

All drawings shall be updated and marked at site to clearly reflect all
underground services, structures or foundations.

8.0 PRECAUTIONS

8.1 GENERAL PRECAUTIONS

Ensure that:
the written excavation plan is followed at all times.
the correct personal protective equipment is being worn.
barriers are in place and are of an adequate construction.
stops for lorries and dumpers are in place to prevent them falling into
the trench.
signs and warning lights are adequate for the purpose.

24 PTS 60.2116
NOVEMBER 2010
tipping areas are clear.
foot bridges and vehicle bridges are in a safe condition, supported
and with rails in place.
debris boards are in place.
safe access and egress is maintained.
the ground and water table is as assumed for the excavation plan.
pumping operations do not remove fine particles from the soil and
weaken the structure.
wedges are secure on timbering and sheet piling and supports are
safe during any compaction operations.
exhausts are positioned clear of the trench or excavation.
trench sides are clear of hazards.
the ground is not deteriorating during the work.
proper slinging arrangements have been made for the removal of
debris.
visibility and lighting is adequate.
the edges of the excavation are clear of soil and debris for a distance
equivalent to the excavation depth, or 1.0 metres in the case of shored
excavations.
work is suspended if an underground service is damaged. Broken
cables and burst pipes must be reported to the asset owner as soon
as possible to obtain isolations and repairs. All incidents must be
reported in accordance with HSE Standard.
Ensure that in deep trenches, pits or shafts, tests for oxygen
deficiency, flammable gases and toxic gases are carried out at least
once per day, before work commences, and when work has stopped
for 1 hour or longer.

25 PTS 60.2116
NOVEMBER 2010
Failure Modes

In shallow and unsupported excavations ensure that the type of ground being
excavated is not liable to the failures which may occur in relatively shallow
excavations.

8.1.1 Soft Clay

Ensure that unsupported or battered excavations in soft clays do not fail due
to rotation.

8.1.2 Stiff Clay

Ensure that unsupported or battered excavations in stiff clays do not fail due
to:

the relief of lateral restraint which allows the top of the excavation to swell
inwards
by rain or other surface water penetrating fissures at the surface and
softening the clay (earth falls (landslide) are more frequent in wet
weather).

8.1.3 Rock

Ensure that the rock being excavated in unsupported or battered rock

excavations are not separated into bedding planes, cleavage planes or
fissures which form planes of weakness along which the rock may slide.

Ensure that all loose rocks hanging to the excavation face are removed as
the digging proceeds.

Large volumes of heavy rock can move short distances very rapidly. Ensure
that rock excavations are supported, even for shallow excavations, if there is
any doubt over the integrity of the rock face.

8.2 SUPPORT SYSTEMS

8.2.1 Supports Design & Specified On-site

Where excavation supports are designed and specified on-site, ensure that:

proper account has been taken of the ground conditions when deciding
the method of support,
the method of support complies with recognized good practice in all
details.

Where proprietary systems are used, ensure that the installation is strictly in
accordance with the manufacturers instructions.

Ensure that the system of work to be adopted is explained in detail to all of

the persons engaged in placing or removing supports, and others who will be
working in the excavation.

If practicable, the system of work should be illustrated with drawings or

sketches, or with suitable proprietary documentation, together with checklists.
Ensure that the method of work and instructions and sketches provided are
strictly adhered to.

26 PTS 60.2116
NOVEMBER 2010
 8.2.2 Supports Design by Specialist Engineers

The design/procedure/instructions specified by the specialist engineer shall

be followed at all times whilst the excavation is in progress.

8.3 ACCESS

Ensure that safe means of access to and egress from excavations is

provided and maintained throughout the duration of the excavation.

Ensure that there is an easy means of escape in the event of an

emergency.

Ensure that access to and from ladders is on firm ground and that the
ladders are:

placed in the supported part of the excavation.

effectively secured, near to the top, to prevent slipping sideways, by
lashing either to adjacent support material or to stakes driven firmly into
the ground for the purpose.

8.4 BARRIERS

Ensure that barriers are erected as soon as practicable after excavation

commences. (Barriers may be omitted, or moveable barriers may be placed,
at specific points to allow access of personnel or the movement of plant,
equipment and materials.)

Ensure that:
barriers or stop-blocks are fitted at all locations where cranes,
dumpers, lorries, tippers etc. manoeuvre close to the edge of the
excavation.
the edges of the excavation are protected from damage during vehicle
manoeuvres.
Warning light shall be installed around the excavation site during night
hours.

8.5 MEANS OF ESCAPE

Ensure that the means of escape and rescue are provided and maintained
throughout the duration of the excavation activities.

Ensure that all personnel are trained in the emergency procedures including
escape and rescue plan which shall be followed in the event of an
emergency.

8.6 DISCOVERY OF SUSPICIOUS OBJECTS

On discovery of a suspicious object believed to be an explosive device, e.g.

unexploded bomb, the following action shall be taken immediately:

Stay clear - do not touch or try to move the object.

Notify Corporate Security/ Police on the discovery of suspicious objects.
Evacuate all personnel from the area following the normal evacuation
procedure. Set up road barriers if required. For an object up to 1.0 meter

27 PTS 60.2116
NOVEMBER 2010
 in length, an area with a radius of 100 meters from the object should be
evacuated. An area with a radius of 250 meters should be cleared for
larger objects.
Using poles and flutter tape, set up a cordon round the evacuated area
then notify management of the action taken.
Prevent access to the cordoned-off area
If the object is discovered in or near a company installation, all the
services in the area shall be isolated to minimize the effect of possible
ruptures to pipelines and vessels.

9.0 COMPETENCY & TRAINING

Excavation, if not handled competently, is potentially hazardous. After provision of suitable

equipment, the most important risk-reduction measure is training.

Only adequately trained and competent persons shall be permitted to work. Any person
involved in excavation work shall receive relevant training such as excavation, confine space
entry, Permit to Work system, authorized gas tester, job safety analysis and etc.

Training records for all persons who have attended courses and reached a satisfactory
standard in the test shall be kept by their employing company and are available for
verification.

9.1 TRAINING CONTENTS

For excavation training it should cover the contents of this procedure and
other safety requirements which may be applicable, the use of safety
equipment required for the job, the basic principles of working in excavation
area and safe operating methods for the types of equipments to be used.

9.2 EXPERIENCE

The engineer/supervisor shall be able to demonstrate excavation knowledge

and is capable of selecting the correct equipment relevant to the task and the
operating conditions.

Evidence of competence of trained personnel must be held by their employer

and be available for audit when and where required.

10.0 AUDIT & REVIEW

Inspection and audit plan shall be established for excavation activities on site.
Recommendation and findings arising from the inspection and audits shall be tracked until
closure.

OPUs/JVs management shall conduct excavation system review regularly based on the
incident, inspection, audit findings and new regulatory requirements.

Lessons learnt from excavation incidents shall be shared amongst employees, contractors
and OPUs.

28 PTS 60.2116
NOVEMBER 2010
11.0 REFERENCES

1. BS-CP 2004 - Code of Practice for Foundations

2. BS 4074 - Specification for Metal Props and Struts
3. BS 5930 - Code of Practice for Site Investigations
4. BS 6031 - Code of Practice for Earthworks
5. PTS 60.2105 Entry to Confine Spaces
6. PTS 60.2123 Ignition Source Control
7. PTS 60.2005 Job Safety Analysis
8. PTS 60.2001 Permit to Work

29 PTS 60.2116
NOVEMBER 2010
APPENDIX 1 Ground Condition and Slopes

SAFE TEMPORARY
SLOPES
GROUND TYPE FIELD TESTS AND DESCRIPTIONS
(See notes)
(Degrees from horizontal)

1. Particles visible BOULDERS (>200mm) 35/45 (6) 30/40 (6)

2. Sands feels gritty COBBLES (60-200mm) 35/45 (6) 30/35 (6)
GRANULAR 3. Visually assess GRAVEL SAND (2-60mm) 30/40 10/30
proportion of (0.06-2mm) 30/35 20/30
Boulders/Cobbles/Sand

1. Particles not visible SILT (0.002- 20/40 5/20

2. When damp silt and fine 0.06mm)
sand are shaken i the
hand, water appears on
the surface
3. Soft clay is easily
moulded by fingers
4. Firm clay is moulded CLAY 1.2-3m 10/20
strong finger pressure Trench Depth 3.6m
5. Stiff clay is indented by Soft clay 30/45
strong finger pressure 20/30 20/25
6. Fissure clay should be Firm clay
examined for its 34/45 25/35
COHESIVE
structure Stiff clay 30/40

40/45
35/45
See (6) & (7)

1. Rotten or rotting PEAT (black, Soft non- 10/20 5/10

vegetable matter grey or brown fibrous
2. Smell of decay clayey or 15/25 10/15
3. Fibrous or non-fibrous sandy) Firm non- 35/40 (6) 20/25 (6)
4. Soft, Firm or Stiff fibrous
Firm fibrous 35/45 (6) (7) 25/35 (6)
(7)
Stiff fibrous

1. All type of man-placed As main soil According to According to

material type (eg. Clay, category category
FILL 2. Note constituents sand, gravel above above
including unnatural etc.)
inclusions

1. Mass stronger than the As appropriate Check Check

above soil types to the orientation of orientation of
2. Important to note predominant planes planes
cementation, structure constituents
and orientation (fissures, and
ROCK joints, bedding, layers characteristics
etc.)
3. Closely joined rock may
act as granular and
weak weathered rock as
clay

1. Levels of water Full description See note 1 (d) See note 1 (d)
encountered necessary
GROUNDWATER 2. Rate of entry
3. Standing level
4. Flood conditions

THE SUGGETSED SLOPE ANGLES ARE FOR GUIDANCE PURPOSES ONLY SEE
NOTES

30 PTS 60.2116
NOVEMBER 2010
NOTES ON GROUND CONDITIONS:

1. These are GUIDE figures to slopes based on and subject to:

a) Temporary conditions (i.e. generally 1 to 14 days).

b) Field safety and experience.
c) A safety limit of 45 degrees (but see Note 6 below).
d) Water seepage can cause washout and undermining.

2. Dry site: minor or no seepage from excavated faces. Minor or no surface run off.

3. Wet site: submerged or widespread seepage from excavated faces.

4. The behavior of soils is influenced by the grading, particle size, shape and
density. In mixed soils the maximum grain size of the smallest 15 percent by
weight of the grading tends to characterize the soil.

5. Normally consolidated clays are usually stronger within a few meters of ground
level due to desiccation. However, the clay crust is fissured for the same reason
(note the fissures may not be visible) and is seldom more than 4 meters deep.
Due to the fissuring, the face becomes unstable and lumps fall into the
excavation. In deeper excavations there is a risk of toe failure due to underlying
softer clay. The suggested slopes are intended to avoid danger to workers from
these risks and are offered as a guide only.

6. Flatter or steeper slopes may be applicable or required subject to the evidence

on:
a) Incipient (structural) failure planes
b) Safety precautions against small or large falling fragments

31 PTS 60.2116
NOVEMBER 2010
APPENDIX 2 - Checklist for Excavation Plan

The following information will be required in order to determine the method of excavation and
the need for support. In addition, in the case of trench work in particular, what has to go into
the trench or excavation will be important. The handling of such items may well affect the form
of support that can be used. The answers to the following questions need to be considered
before any decisions can be taken.

1. What are the soil types and groundwater conditions?

2. Is there any knowledge of work carried out previously in the area?
3. Is the excavation adjacent to existing structures or roads?
4. Are there any obstructions to the line of the excavation? (e.g. public utility mains or
cables, sewers, industrial mains, overhead cables, or limited clearance on the line of
the excavation which may restrict choice of excavating equipment?
5. Has the condition of adjacent buildings been recorded? (e.g. cracks etc.)
6. Is there any risk of surface flooding whilst the work is being carried out? Is flooding
from services possible?
7. Is the excavation within the Company operating area, or are special precautions
necessary to protect the public?
8. If the excavation is a pipe trench, what are the maximum depths to be supported?
What size and length of pipe have to be handled? Can pipes be tested in short
lengths or does the specification require testing of greater lengths?
9. In the case of wide excavations, what will be the implications of the support system to
the permanent work - and vice-versa?
10. What surcharge loads are likely to arise?
11. Will the support method involve vibration? Will it affect the stability of the excavation
and/or adjacent buildings?
12. Is it possible to formulate a safe excavation plan with the information available, or will
other information be required?
13. Are there sufficient supports?
14. Is there a dewatering and alarm system?

32 PTS 60.2116
NOVEMBER 2010
APPENDIX 3 - Checklist Prior to Start of Work

1. Is the person directly supervising the work, fully experienced and competent in the
support of excavations?

2. Have all services been located and proved as to position?

3. Are the necessary drawings or sketches (where on-site developed support designs
are to be used) available? Have the operatives been properly briefed and instructed
as to what is required of them?

4. Are all materials necessary available on site and in accordance with the
drawings/sketches?

5. Has all machinery to be used in the excavation been certified as fit for use and is it
suitable for the work it will be undertaking?

6. What arrangements are required with regard to site security (especially for those sites
where members of the public may enter the area)?

7. Is there adequate working space for the proposed plant and equipment to be used?

8. Is there adequate room for spoil heaps and are they positioned more than 1.5 metres
from the edge of the excavation?

9. Will bridges or gangways be needed? If so, are the materials and equipment ready?

10. Are there sufficient ladders available for access to and from the excavation?

11. Will lighting be required?

12. Is all the appropriate personal protective equipment available for personnel?

13. Are all personnel competent to carry out this type of excavation without additional
training and/or supervision?

14. Is the Excavation Certificate approved?

33 PTS 60.2116
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APPENDIX 4 - Checklist Whilst Work is in Progress

The following list covers only the main points which need to be checked when
inspections and examinations are being carried out whilst work is in progress.

1. Is access to and from the work face sufficient and secure from danger?

2. Are all working faces secure, wedges tight and support material free from damage?

3. Is there any sign of movement or deflection in the support system?

4. Is the soil condition as predicted? If not, what action should be taken?

5. Are the spoil heaps being properly maintained and positioned more than 1.5 metres
from the edge of the excavation?

6. Are pipes, bricks and other materials kept well clear from the edge of the excavation so
that there is no risk of them falling into the excavation due to accidental dislodgment?

7. Is all plant and machinery kept well clear from the edge of the excavation so that there
is no risk of vibration damaging the support?

8. Are the drawings/sketches being properly followed in installing the support?

(Particularly the spacing of walings and struts.)

9. Are the walings and struts, or proprietary equipment, supported against falling
downward - by hangers, puncheons, lip blocks etc.?

10. Is there any risk of flammable or toxic gases entering the excavation?

11. Is there any risk of an oxygen deficient atmosphere occurring inside the excavation?

12. Has the risk of flooding been properly assessed?

13. Is resuscitation equipment, and a person trained in its use, available?

14. Have all personnel been instructed in the evacuation procedure for the excavation, and
the correct rescue procedure to follow, if someone is overcome by toxic or asphyxiating
gases.

15. Have all support materials been checked before installation in the excavation? In
particular are the correct pins provided in the trench struts?

16. Is the work adequately barriered off? Have all the relevant safety signs been posted at
entry/exit points? Is the work adequately barriered or covered and lit at night? Are
watchmen needed?

17. Are personnel wearing the proper personal protective equipment? Are any other items
of PPE required?

18. In pits, shafts and tunnels, in particular, is adequate lighting provided? Is the temporary
lighting system safe and free from damage?

19. Are gangways and bridges properly designed and constructed and in a good state of
repair? Are they the correct width? Do they have the correct guardrails and toeboards?

20. Where backfilling is required are stop blocks fitted?

21. Is the support withdrawal part of the excavation plan still feasible? Are the persons

34 PTS 60.2116
NOVEMBER 2010
 carrying out the support withdrawal competent to carry out the work and have they
been properly instructed?

22. Where pumping is taking place, is a proper check being kept to ensure that fine material
is not being withdrawn from behind the support system?

23. Are the operatives all working in a safe and competent manner?

24. Is the excavation plan being followed? Is it working or does it require some amendment
so that the task can be performed more safely? Do you require expert assistance in
any of the tasks which are being performed?

25. DOES THE SITE HAVE THE PROPER ONGOING SUPERVISION WHICH IS
ESSENTIAL TO MAINTAIN A SAFE PLACE OF WORK?

35 PTS 60.2116
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APPENDIX 5 Support and Shoring of Excavation

36 PTS 60.2116
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