Title tion and education village for young drug addicts Author(s) | Ng, Ka-ling, Sarah; Ng, K.S.[ ]. (2000). Rehabilitation and education village for Citation _| Young drug addicts. (Thesis). University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b3198538 Issued Date | 2000 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10722/26042 Rights _| The author retains all proprietary rights, (such as patent rights) and the right to use in future works.Rehabilitation and Education Village for Young Drug Addicts Thesis Re Ng Ka Ling, Sif 199401ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Mr S.C. Lo for his many enlightening comments and patience to steer the entire project, and my advisor, Mr N. Matsuda, for his advice and guidance through the whole process, and Ms D.T.M. Cheung and Mr W.J. Wang for their comments and advices in the juries, ‘And sincere thanks to the following people who have offered me genuine assistance in various ways during my research work of thesis. MrH.S. Lam Mr Chan Siu Cheuk Prof. Nelson Chow Ms Ho Kit Mui Mr Li Yiu Sum Ms Chu Ms Ivy Chan Director Christian Zheng Sheng Association Ltd. Headmaster Christian Zheng Sheng College Department of Social Work and Social Administration The University of Hong Kong Department of Social Work and Social Administration The University of Hong Kong Officer Correctional Services Department ‘Supervisor Wu Oi Christian Centre Supervisor PS33, Hong Kong Christian ServicesDepartment of Rehabilitation and Education > Village for Young Drug Addicts. 2. + iJ 9 a NG Ka Ling, Sarah § ing, a Thesis Report z 1999/2000 e Bachelor of Arts in Architectural Studios er of Architecture Mastar of Landscape Archivactita Master of Urban Desian Department of Architecture The University of Hong Kona Pokiulam Road, Hong Kang , Te! (852) 28592133 » Fax (882) 25596484ehabiltation and Education Vilage for ¥¢ Addicts CONTENTS Acknowledgement 1 Synopsis 2 Objectives 2.1 Definitions 2.2 The Issue 221 The Hong Kong Drug Scene 2.22 — Government policy on treatment and rehabilitation 223 — Changing role of rehabilitation village: Zheng Sheng College 2.24 — Existing merits and deficiencies 2.3 Hypothesis 28.1 Healing vs curing 232 — The healing process 233 — Hypothetical objectives 3 Research 3.1. Understanding Young Drug Abusers 3.1.1 Characteristics of young abusers 3.1.2 Physiological and psychological turmoil 3.1.3 Temptations to relapse 32 Approaches to Healing 3.2.1 Ant therapy 322 Contemplation 323 Therapeutic landscape 4 — Selected Case Studies 41 Case Studies (Overseas) 4d Paimio Tuberculosis Sanatorium 4.1.2 Hospital in Lasur 4.1.3 Boarding Schoo! in Morella 41.6 Casa Koshino 4.2 Case Studies (Local) 42.1 HeiLing Chau Addiction Treatment Gentre 4.2.2 The Bliss Lodge Youth Training Centre 5 Destgn Programme ‘Design Components 82 ‘Schedule of Activity 521 Activity 5.2.2 Proposed daily programme 5.3 Schedule of Accommodation 33.1 Assumptions 5.3.2 AccommodationAiehabittation and Education Vilage for Young Drug Adicts 6 Site and Context 6.1 Site Location 6.2 Site Particulars 62.1. Zoning conditions 6.2.2 History and ownership of the land and existing buildings 62.3 Access and transportation 62.4 Topography, natural drainage and services 62.5 — Geological and geotechnical studies 6.3 Site Analysis 68.1 Climatic analysis 63.2 Topographical analysis 63.3 Sequence of approach 63.4 Visual analysis 635 —Horticutural analysis 7 ~~ Appendix BibliographyRehabiitetion and Education Vitage for Young Drug Addicts 1 SYNOPSIS Unlike in the past, drug rehebiltation now endeavours to provide ‘emotional support along with medical care, rather than aiming at removal of physical dependence on drugs only. Programmes like art therapy and meditation are new treatment trend. These, together with the dropping age of drug addiction in Hong Kong, have brought about the changing role of rehabilitation centre as a place for healing and learning in recent years. ‘Although many voluntary institutions do not possess the dehumanized atmosphere as in compulsory centres, there are few architectural attempts which relate spatial quality to the rehabilitation programmes and respond to the more precise needs of young addicts in relation to the surroundings. Also, relationships with nature and site features are often denied by rigid and insensitive site planning and architectural design. In this thesis, the rehabilitation village aims at providing a therapeutic environment in which architecture and landscape are sensitively located and designed for rehabilitation, a process of rebirth, and incorporated with naw therapeutic programmes. Potentials of natural site features like topography, outcrops, stream and trees ate explored and responded in order to provide a better place for healing and leaming for young drug addicts.‘habitation and Education Vilage for Young Drug Addicts 2 OBJECTIVES 2.1 Definitions Rehabilitation ‘The ultimate goat of rehabilitation is to restore to normal life. ‘A Healing Place To be healing, a place must be harmonious, bringing change as an organic development so that new buildings seem not to be imposed aliens but inevitably belong where they are. They must respond to the surroundings. Places and buildings must be nourishing to the human being.’ The problems of drug addiction or dependence, being complex in themselves, are subject to added confusion because of the often quite different meanings attached to them by different people. Some drugs produce psychological dependence only, while others produce physical as well as psychological dependence. Contrary to widespread popular misconception, it is psychological rather than physical dependence which in the long run may be more difficult to ‘overcome. All dependence-producing drugs are capable of creating state of mind in certain individuals which is termed psychic dependence, which is a psychic drive that requires periodic or chronic administration of the drug for pleasure or discomfort. “Christopher Day, Places of the SoulAlehabiitation and Education Vilage for Young Drug Addicts 2.2 The Issue 2.2.1 The Hong Kong Drug Scene Drug Abuse is a long-standing problem in Hong Kong. Last year the Narcotics Division of the Government Secretariat revealed record of children addicted to drug at an age of 11, and the number of newly reported young drug addicts in 1998 has exceeded that of previously reported for both sexes.” Although the total number of young drug addicts has decreased in 1998, some outreaching social workers criticize the reliability of these data, and doubt that the amount of unreported cases is several times the reported number. ree PERE EEE “Drug addicts as young as 11: young drug addiction gets common"® Doctors, psychologists, social workers and teachers are not optimistic about the adolescent drug abuse problem. Statistics of Kwai Chung Hospital show that there was a 30% increase in the number of people aged 16-25 receiving treatment in their clinic last year. Besides, drug abuse can be “infectious” among young people. There was a case in which a 15-year-old luenced 30 schoolmates to take drugs. ‘Also, teenagers have become the main target for drug traffickers, especially in parties and entertainment venues. 2.2.2 Government Policy on Treatment and Rehabilitation Hong Kong has adopted a multi-modality approach by developing a wide range of treatment programmes using various methods and techniques. This approach is Necessary because one form of treatment suitable for some abusers may not be suitable for others, owing to differences in age, history and addiction, pers background, employment and other characteristics.* The main types of treatment programmes include a compulsory placer] programme operated by the Correctional Services Department, a voluntary patient methadone programme provided by the Department of Health, and volur| residential treatment programmes run by the Society for the Aid and Rehabilit of Drug Abusers (SARDA) and other non-governmental organizations. ® Contra i 8 Wing Pao on 4.10.1998 “ Lachlan MacQuarrie, Drug Dependence in Hona Kong 1980-1Alehabiltation and Education Vilage for Young Drug Addicts Deficiencies At present, only drug treatment and rehabilitation centres, which provide medical detoxification, are registered as nursing homes by the Department of Health. Centres, which adopt a non-medical approach in the treatment and rehabilitation of drug abusers, are not subject to any registration control.” With regard to these non-medical drug treatment and rehabilitation centres, there are deficiencies in their facilities, staffing and services: SOT SE HO SSH a SSH a ‘* Accommodation Most of these centres are accommodated in stone or wooded huts in remote areas. The building and fire safety measures of these centres are of bare minimum. Some of them are not fitted with proper electricity and water supplies. Therefore, they have high risk in building safety, fire safety and environmental health when accidents happen. ‘+ Management and operation , TURARRE The qualification and suitability of staff vary SE Sealants from centre to centre. There are also 7a cee, concerns that proper medical care should be esas ww? provided if drug patients experience withdrawal symptoms during treatment or suffer from other iliness when they are undergoing the programme. > 5 0 i WE OR FOREN Sk EO ii if i i ean i | ty Government Contro! Due to the above observations, the Government has proposed a registration scheme in 1998 so as to improve the existing environment and services of non-medical drug treatment and rehabilitation centres. The proposed registration require are similar to those provisions of the Hospitals, Nursing Homes and Maternity | Registration Ordinance (Cap. 165) which currently apply to medical drug tre: and rehabilitation centres. All non-profit making centres may apply to the Le|} Fund for upgrading their accommodations and facilities in meeting the nec|} requirements.*Rehabilitation and Education Vilage for Young Drug Addicts 2.2.3 Changing Role of Rehabilitation Village: Zheng Sheng College Located on Lantau Island, Zheng Sheng College is a boarding school with drug treatment and rehabilitation programmes. Due to the restriction of the Hong Kong education system, an ordinary drug treatment and rehabilitation centre can only provide very limited education courses, just like private tutorials. Therefore, Zheng Sheng College is registered in the Education Department as a special school for young drug addicts since 1998. This recognition enables the school to get adequate staff and resources, and provide all-rounded rehabilitation for its students. Zheng Sheng College accepts students (age under 18) who want drug treatment and rehabilitation voluntarily and may not be suitable in their previous schools due to their emotional and behavioral problems. Currently there are 34 students, in the college, of whom 30 are male. They are required to stay in the school for about two years to complete the whole rehabilitation programme. The school believes that understanding of oneself, his family, society and the world can help students establish a healthy self-image and attitude to life, so education, vocational training and therapeutic programmes on personal growth, psychological and personality development courses are offered. To accommodate the varied standards of students, “self-paced programmed learning” and “target- oriented teaching” are adopted to give more flexibility. Besides, by “hand-in-hand” teaching, a combination of teaching, training, counselling and demonstrating in, real life is possible. Teachers also play the role of a counsellor, a coach and a friend. By living together, working together and sleeping together, a realistic and complete picture of life is shown to students. The curriculum covers academic courses for F.1-F.5, including Chinese, English, Mathematics, Chinese Literature, Chinese History, Geography, Economics, Accounting, Typing, Computer Studies, and also vocational courses like piano tuning and, maintenance, computer aided design, computer repair and maintenance, and interior design. Zheng Sheng Colege 3g we aw Students enjoying schoo! iteRiehabiitstion and Education Village for Young Drug Adlets ‘Admission to Zheng Sheng College Public| | Education | |Sociai work] | Para-medical |! Modical || Court | | Rehabiitation || Sei Profession | | profession || Profession || Profession Service || referral Referrals received by Zheng Sheng College | Collect information Interview Case assessment Medical check | ‘Suitable for out-patient Suitable for in-patient programme programme + 1 Not prefer schoo! lite Prefer schoo! life Referred to other rehabilitation services Rehabilitation and Education VillAlshablltation and Education Vilage for Young Drug Addicts 2.2.4 Existing Merits and Deficiencies For the redevelopment of Zheng Sheng College, it is crucial to analyze the present condition in terms of planning and organization; facilities; form and scale; programme; and human relationship so that existing merits and deficiencies become guidelines and reference for future design. Plannin ni Without any planning, existing structures sit indigenously on the sloping site randomly, leaving the valley open and allowing views over the valley. A stream flowing down the slope adds to the tranquil setting of the site. However, since the existing buildings were built by separate individuals, there is no organization for the whole development. Buildings are scattered and discrete, with no intention to cluster together to form community. So, interaction is not encouraged when the site is used as a rehabilitation village. Facilities In terms of facilities, the provision is obviously not to the standard. There are altogether five small single- storey buildings housing the classrooms, study, library, office, dormitories and store. Workshop, assembly and dining area are covered and semi-open. to external air. As classrooms are small, flexibility in, class size, which is important to accommodate the varied standards of students, is restricted Sometimes, classes have to be held outside the classroom as a result. A container which houses the ‘computer room is added next to the office, showing the need of expansion in facilities. Also, there is no medical service in the existing rehabilitation village, as students usually have passed through the withdrawal stage before referral or during the admission assessment. However, this will not be the case when the rehabilitation village has expanded in size and can accommodate more students. It is, ‘obvious that there will be an increasing demand on medical services in the future.- ce ef a tee we =a “E ATRehabilitation and Education Vilage for Young Drug Addicts Form and Scale Human scale, which bases on the dimensions and proportions of the human body, is ‘one of the most noticeable merits of the rehabilitation village. Space possesses qualities of shelter and intimacy. The pattems on the building surfaces, the size and disposition of openings all have human meaning and are related to the dimensions of the human body. (On the other hand, the existing buildings were built to satisfy the basic needs of accommodation by Chinese immigrants in the fifties, not for the use of a rehabilitation village, so there is no variation in spatial qualities in different rooms. The activities inside different spaces are not catered for, and are not expressed on the outside. Also, qualities of the site and the environment are not fully exploited. For instance, the land solely acts as the foundation of the buildings, but the interweaving of the two is possible and can be explored. Activities Daily activities of students are mainly related to learning classes and vocational training. Little time is allocated for students to express their thinking and needs, and regular therapy workshops, for example, with the aid of painting, sculpture and collage, are not provided. These are the activities in which students can freely express themselves through media other than words and find out more about their subconscious self. ‘Walking n the valley The journey in the valley is a frequent event to students. At present, the disposition of buildings along the path, their sequence and visual relationship bear no special meanings. The experience of walking in the valley can actually be enriched by spatial variation and incorporation of other activities along the path. Human Relationship From my observations, there is close relationship between students and This may be the result of the absence of hierarchy and differentiation be| them. Students and staff have equal access to all places, and they share thi dormitory, the same dining area, and the same bathroom. This encot communication and interaction between them. However, not much is done to enhance the relationship between students anc| families. During family visits, they just walk around the rehabilitation villag|]. « -; have conversations. They also talk with the teachers and social workers sol] [ UI have more understanding of the students. In fact, workshops and therapy se {-! Si for both the students and their families can be provided to encourage interactio!Fehabitiation and Education Village for Young Drug Adicts 2.3 Hypothesis 2.3.1 Healing vs Curing Curing is sciontitic, technological, and focused on patients as bodies. Healing is spiritual, experiential, ‘and focused on patients as people. Curing is high tech. Healing is high touch. / A heating healthcare institution integrates both dimensions ‘in an overall patient experience.” Dr. Leland Kaiser 2.3.2 The Healing Process The term ‘healing” is usually taken for granted by design and healthcare professionals. What actually is healing? 1s there @ common definition of what healing represents? Many people think that surgery is a healing procedure, but there is also a need to heal as a result of surgery. This seems to be how society has embraced the term “healing” when referring to a very traumatic or invasive physical procedure. We actually have to heal from the very curing treatment that we have allowed ourselves to go through, and time is one of the crucial factors in healing. In consideration of creating a healing environment, more questions about “healing” arise: Is healing an event or is healing a never-ending process? Where does healing come from? Does it come from outside the human being or does healing come from within the person? What is it that heals? Is it our bodies, our minds, our emotions, our relationships, our attitudes, our perspectives, our spirit? As suggested by Mir Patrick E. Linton in the Fifth Symposium on Healthcare Design in 1992, healing involves not only the human body, but also touches upon the mental, emotional and spiritual aspects of what It means to be a human being. Healing primarily comes from sources within the patient, therefore, it is influenced by the patient himself. As a result, healthcare institutions need to expand beyond the medical mode of curing to newly developed models of healing that recognize and consciously work with the body, the mind and the spirit. Healing is also a continuing process of connection, or reconnection. This con connection can be applied to family and social relationships, within i} connects to his individual history and heritage. Connections to nature ar Powertul healing media. Connections to deeper parts of ourselves in the cont process of self-discovery are part of the healing journey. 7 Sara O. Marberry, Healthcare Designs * Sara O. Marberry, Innovations in Healthcare Designs‘ehabiltation and Education Village for Young Drug Addicts 2.3.3. Hypothetical Objectives With the changing role of rehabilitation centre for young abusers, increasing demand for drug treatment with schooling, existing deficiencies in Zheng Sheng College, Government new policy on rehabilitation centres, the need of redevelopment of the rehabilitation village is apparent. In view of the future rehabilitation programme for young abusers, it should no longer aim at removal of physical dependence on drugs and vocational training only. Instead, with the understanding of the difficulties and needs of the young abusers, the rehabilitation village should be a place for healing and learning for them. To achieve the purpose of rehabilitation, which is to restore to normal life, good health, education, relationship with others, and self-understanding are essential elements. Particularly, aided by art therapy, contemplation and therapeutic landscape, students can discover more about themselves and their surroundings. Hence, in this thesis, the rehabilitation village aims at providing a therapeutic environment in which architecture and landscape are sensitively located and designed for rehabilitation, a process of rebirth, and incorporated with new therapeutic programmes. Potentials of natural site features like topography, outcrops, stream and trees are explored and responded in order to provide a better place for healing and learning for young drug addicts. "Where am I? Who am I? WE Self-portrait ofRehabilitation and Education Village for Young Drug Adolcts 3 RESEARCH 3.1 Understanding Young Drug Abusers 3.1.1. Characteristics of Young Abusers (Once addicted to drugs, adolescents become vulnerable to its influence. Personality, attitude and behaviour are all upset, both consciously and subconsciously.” Emotion ‘Adolescence is a time of fluctuations in mood. However, the fluctuations are more intense and ‘extreme in the case of young drug abusers. They may have unexplainable feeling of happiness and excitement at one time, but depression and anxiety at another moment. Motivation Regular drug use is often indicative of loss of motivation. It can also impair interest and performance in activities normally regarded as pleasurable. As a result, young abusers do not ‘show interest in things they are normally interested in, for example, friends, school, sports and extra- curricular activities. School Life ‘Some common signs of problems are abandoning school, problems with teachers, acting out behaviour, failing or lowered grades, and fights and arguments with friends. Young abusers show difficulties in studying and completing assignments, and teachers may complain that they are sleeping or inattentive in class. ‘Addicts suffer trom depression and anxiety without drugs, Negative Activities Young abusers usually engage in activities that are neither healthy nor productive, and may be potentially damaging. Such activities include physical violence, ‘emotional abuse of others, disregard for others’ property, excessively staying un late at night, weekend long parties, and association with triad members. Relationship with Others It is the usual practice for young abusers to abandon old friends and seek ou with similar attitudes and behaviours. On the other hand, they have troubl their parents, relatives, and neighbours. Lying, stealing and cheating becon | habits, and conflicts and mistrust with others lead to greater gap in relationshif ° Richard Fields, Drugs in PerspectiveRehabilitation and Education Vilage for Young Drug Addicts 3.1.2. Physiological and Psychological Turmoil Without hope When undergoing drug treatment, drug addicts encounter disturbance both physiologically and psychologically. As physical dependence is the direct result of the pharmacological action of some drugs with sufficient amount and time of administration, withdrawal symptoms resulted from discontinuous use of drugs are inevitable. Stages of drug recovery include:"” Withdrawal stage (0-15 days) Most of the physical aspects of withdrawal clear up after 3-7 days.. Emotional feeling of anxiety, fatigue, pain, and depression persists throughout the first 15 days. Patients require counselling and encouragement during this stage. Honeymoon stage (16-45 days) Cravings for drugs are reduced and moods improve. Patients feel energetic, confident and optimistic, but they may go through a manic cycle, doing many things and overextending themselves, and these behaviours may disrupt recovery process. The wall stage (46-120 days) Patients become vulnerable to relapse as they start thinking about personal ‘emotional issues and trying to sort out their problems. They may lose hope and motivation to continue the recovery process, and this is the time when therapy is most needed. Adjustment stage (121-180 days) There is new hope and energy for recovery in patients, who begin to realize th’ have the ability to stay away from drugs for a long time. Resolution stage (180+ days) The emphasis is on psychotherapy and relationship-building, in order to have understanding of one self and others, develop new areas of interest, an important, to restore to normal life. ® DiNitto, Chemical Dependencehabitation and Education Vilage for Young Drug Adicts ‘A more detailed description of the symptoms is given below. Behavioral Cognitive Emotional Relationship Withdrawal stage Increased needior | > Difficulty > Depression > Hostlty sleep concentrating | «Anxiety + Confusion «Behavioral Cravings for drugs |» Set-doubt + Maladeptive coping inconsistency Shor-ien memory | « Shame responses + Impulsive, erratic ‘isrution (inappropriate behaviour actions and + Anergia (lack of behaviour, energy) + Fear Honeymoon stage + High energy Tnabilty to prontize | + Optimiem * Denial of adsiction {pethaps manic) ‘Abbreviated * Overconftence disorder + Poorly directed tension span + Feelings of being | « Desire for things to behaviour Inabiity to cured retum to normal + Excessive work or |” recognize relapse + Confits in play potential relationship The wall stage + Sluggishness, “Cognitive rehearsal | » Depression + Matual Ding anergia (lack of ‘of relapse, thinking, | + Amdety + ertabany energy) planning, or * Fafigue + Devaluation of + Insomnia playing overthe | Boredom progress ‘ea ctrelapse | 2 Anhedonia Euphoric rocal, (inabilty to foot remembering the plosoure with feelings and good {things that normally times of drug use ‘ve pleasure) Increased + natty frequency of drug thoughts, dreams, and cravings. Denying or rationalizing ‘emotional feelings ‘and reactions Ditfcutty ‘concentrating Adjustment stage + Retumtoactiviies | « Reduced > Reduced > Emergence offong- that may have frequency of drug depression, term relationship been inappropriate | thoughts, creams anaiaty, initability ‘and had relapse and eraviegs| + Continued . Potential in early boredom stages + Loneliness + Rotum to normal behaviour Resolution stage + Emergence of Guestioning the |» Emergonoe of «= other excessive needs forlongrierm | psychodynamic behaviour pertems | monitoring and material support Boredom with abstinenceehabiltation and Education Vilage for Young Drug Addicts 3.1.3 Temptations to Relapse Withdrawing from drugs is just the beginning of the rehabilitation, while resisting the temptations to relapse is the most difficult struggle for recovering addicts, ‘especially adolescents. The first 120 days of drug treatment require the most effort because it is a significant period of time to establish maintenance. Even after this primary period ‘of maintenance, there is still no guarantee. Stressful situations, interpersonal conflicts and social pressure may still cause a relapse. Even after one year of maintenance, there are pressures as evidenced by the many addicts who have problems at their one-year anniversary of sobriety. This is even more obvious in the case of young drug addicts. According to Richard Fields, the Director of Family and Addiction Conferences and Educational / Counselling Services, only after two or more years of maintaining sobriety, drug use is not a choice for most, even during stressful periods. Therefore, isolated rehabilitation for about two years may be a solution to minimize temptations to relapse during unstable period. Also, while staying in the rehabiltation village, young abusers can lean ‘more about relapse prevention strategies which will help them stay away from drugs in the future.‘Rehabilitation and Education Village for Young Drug Adicts 3.2 Approaches to Healing 3.2.1 Art Therapy “Art is not a medicine that must be Free art expression, produced by a drug- taken three times a day after meal. ga bein However, it can feed the soul, ‘motivate an individual to want to recover and, in certain circumstances, cause physiological changes in the body." Bernie Warren As in art, the essence of therapy is communication. By deliberating patients from the restrictive confinement of ‘words and setting them loose in the much wider vocabulary of paint and clay, art therapy enables them to formulate the meaning of their predicament, and by mobilizing the creative resources latent within their own personalities, it assists them to heal themselves. * “No more misuse ‘of morphine” Art therapy can be termed as the art of letting things happen. Carl Jung once wrote, The art of letting things happen, action through inaction, letting go of oneself, as taught by Meister Eckhart, became for me the key ‘opening the door to the way. We must be able to let things happen in the psyche. For us, this actually is an art of which few people know anything. Consciousness is forever interfering, helping, correcting, and negating, and never leaving the simple growth of the psychic process in peace. It would be simple enough, if only simplicity were not the most difficult of all things. “The dying morphinist” ‘Art therapy is the opportunity for the patient to express his subconscious self, to realize what lies within himself, to discover inner resources and give them form in outer reality. a iF Yat 9 Ragen wes es Boy "\ Bernie Warren, Using the Creative Ars in Therapy "Edward Adamson, Art as HealingAlshabiltation and Education Vilage for Young Drug Addicts Application Patients are invited to join art therapy session, rather than directed to do so. When they come, they can do an artwork including painting, sculpture, collage, etc, with whatever medium of their choice, like pastels, crayons, felt tip pens, clay, or even pebbles collected by the patients themselves. An adequate variety of colours and sizes of paper, and enough clay is provided. No suggestions on what to draw or paint Mil will be given, as it is essential that the subject ideas" me~ lame on the way to ne are entirely theirs. In a relatively loose studio set up, ‘oe sufficient working space can facilitate spontaneity in the patients, which is crucial in attaining communication through art therapy. Art therapy can also be carried out with other family members. In these sessions, they are required to draw their perceptions of the family and make joint pictures to explore family dynamics. Follow-up discussion provides all parties with an integrated understanding of what has been revealed. “The death of my friends” Spatial Implication For art therapy, a quiet, private and well-defined space, requisite for other forms of therapy, is needed. With ample space, adequate lighting, suitable art materials, clean-up equipment and informal furniture setting, spontaneity and creativity of participants are enhanced. In a group setting, there should be suitable physical distance among members while engaged in the artwork and in the follow-up discussion. Close proximity between participants and their own artwork during discussion allows the creation to be experienced as an extension of its creator. Ideally, it is best to have all the previous artwork stored in a handy place, in case a previous picture or sculpture may be referred to, although sometimes space considerations make storing all the material impractical.Rehabilitation and Education Village for Young Drug Adicts 3.2.2 Contemplation Contemplation is a practice to calm down the mind, to control it and to release its potentials. Through this process, the body and mind seem to come together in harmony because the duality of them is diminished, and sometimes even absent. Personal equanimity is achieved as a result.”* Psychologists who use contemplation with patients have produced case studies to ‘show that, when used with suitable individuals, contemplation is helpful in reducing tension, anxiety, stress-related abnormalities, and self-blame, which are ‘common in addicts during rehabilitation. They have also found it effective in increasing a sense of personal identity, Improving mood, and facilitating emotional expression. In this way, the underlying discomfort that recovering addicts have can be progressively eliminated. Unlike art therapy which tries to provide alternative mode of communication with ‘other people, contemplation seeks to enhance communication within oneself, contributing to another perspective of self-discovery. Application it is necessary to relax the body before contemplation. There are many ways, the most of which is to lie down and relax every part of the body in turn. For instance, start with the toes and feet. Visualize the muscles. Tense them and then relax them. Pass in tum to the calves, thighs, hips, the stomach, chest, back, neck, the arms, shoulders and face, the head as a whole. As a result, consciousness is withdrawn ‘rom the whole body and lies only in the concentrated position of the brain. Also, slow breathing helps fixity of attention and relaxation of both body and mind. Theretore, before contemplation, participants take a few deep calming breaths and slow it down to a rhythmic natural breathing. * Participants then enter into a trance, during which attention is focused upon a specific idea or situation, and insights and visions emerge in response. By this, the self is open to revelation. Spontaneous responses, rather than responses after thoughts help participants arrive at a sense of setf-understanding. ‘Space for Contemplation Contemplation is not necessary to be carried out in a special room. Rather, a “itis of space for contemplation is needed for different people and under different conditions. For example, outdoor space is constantly under the influence of t ‘environment, thus generating many contemplation opportunities. Tranquility i| main concem, as people can be easily distracted by noise. Ample space shou! provided for lying down and sitting in a comfortable position. 'S Harold Kampf, In Search of Sarenity q * David Fontana, The Mediators Handbookehabiltation and Education Vilage for Young Drug Addicts 3.2.3 Therapeutic Landscape “People from a planet without flowers would think we must be mad with joy the whole time to have such things about us,” wrote novelist Iris Murdoch'®. Most people would agree. We have always known inherently that nature restores and heals. This is why ‘we bring a plant or flowers to people in the hospital. This gift represents life. It gladdens the heart and lifts the spirit. Environmental psychologists reveal that plants, daylight, water elements, and the sounds and smell of nature can contribute to the patients’ ability to activate the body's inner healing process. Besides, when asked to draw their optimum healing setting, three-quarters of people draw outdoor spaces, while the other quarter draws interior settings that always contain elements related to the outdoors, for example, a prominent window through which are sky, trees, sun, a garden or yard, and indoor Potted plants, flowers and growing things. ‘al Medical Centre, Phoenix, Arizona Winning the top award of the Martinez, California based centre for health design in 1997, the garden inside the medical centre is designed specifically to support the healing process by awakening patients’ senses of sight, smell, and touch and prompting body movement by inspiring the patient to explore the garden. Within the 20,000-square-foot garden, a continuous seat wall of the terraced planters places the plants and water within reach of all visitors, and at the same time offers a variety of seating opportunities. Plants Water feature offer interactive were selected from the rich desert flora for their rexperionce of touch historic medicinal associations as well as for their ability to attract birds and butterflies. A water feature, symbolizing the cyclical nature of life, moves through the garden just behind the seat wall, offering the interactive experience of touch. ‘Although no systematic post-occupancy study is carried out, a visitors’ response book at the coffee bar has yielded a handful of heartful messages, including: 1am suffering with HIV and coming here makes me forget some of my problems. What a great idea and what better place than here, where it's so much needed. ‘Sara O. Marberry, Healthcare Desions‘ehabiltation and Education Village for Young Drug Adglots Abstraction of Imagery Harrison Hospital, Bremerton, Washington Is the green, lush garden the only landscape type that can support healing? The 12,000-square-foot roof garden of Harrison Hospital shows room for other models of healing garden. The design was inspired by the rock-strewn shores of ‘a nearby beach. In order to create an effect of tides washing across a wild beach, 40 tons of stones are laid in flowing, wave-like patterns punctuated by hefty chunks of columnar basalt. The concrete “beach walk’, equally flowing, weaves through the rock garden, and the small planted areas, representation of vegetated dunes. The overall design employs abstraction of familiar, local imagery to focus on healing and therapy realization. Paved and planted areas are perceived as washing up against each other in undulating tides, juxtaposing smooth and rough, light and dark, curves and angles. ‘chunks of columnar basalt ‘Amedemist, abstract composition in stone, wood, and concrete Activities Different functions can be accommodated in the open space, making it full of activities. Gathering and outdoor dining in a non-institutional setting enhance relaxation and conversation. On the other hand, contemplation, an important asset for patients, family and staff, can also find its place in the natural environment. 20lehabiltation and Education Vilage for Young Drug Addicts 4 SELECTED CASE STUDIES 4.1 Case Studies (Overseas) 4.1.1, Paimio Tuberculosis Sanatorium, Paimio, Finland By Alvar Aalto This is Alvar Aalto's winning entry to the competition. At that time, it was the major ‘example for the systematic construction of sanatoria. Programme The competition called for the design of a comprehensive and self-sufficient medical facility for the rehabilitation tuberculosis patients. The programme involves main hospital functions as well aS numerous service and support facilities, including a range of staff housing. Designing for Patients The sanatorium is organized into three main wings with @ central spine which changes orientation in response to their varying axes. The patient wing is on a southwest axis so that patient rooms can face southwest to catch the morning sun and avoid the glaring western exposure. By having single-loaded corridor, all rooms can enjoy the preferred exposure. On the other hand, sun terraces are oriented to the south to maximize solar gain for patients. In front of the roof-level parapet are planters, of special pine trees that were said to give off ozone, thus helping rehabilitation of patients. As in many other aspects of Paimio, nature and architecture are integrated into an organic symbiosis. Site The Sanatorium is located in the midst of an area of moraine hills, surrounded by think woods and far from vilages and farmhouses. Since the only known cure for tuberculosis at that time was a healthy environment of sunshine, fresh air, and exercise, the architecture and the siting of the facilities were critical to patient rehabilitation.lehabiltation and Education Vilage for Young Drug Addicts ‘An extended period of confinement can be depressing for a patient, and conventional hospital rooms are not designed for them. Because of their illness, patients are especially sensitive to light, colour, heat, noise and room form. As a result, the ceilings are in quiet, dark hues, to mimic the sky plane. Heating is by a radiant celling, with concentrated radiation directed at the patient's feet. For fresh air-intake, natural pre-heating is facilitated When the cold outside air enters diagonally between the window panes. To avoid noise, one wall in the Patient room is sound absorbing, and wash basins are especially designed so that the flow of water from the tap hit the porcelain noiselessly In this project, Aalto demonstrated how architecture can be functional from the point of view of psychology and physiology. From site planning to furniture detailing, the patients’ feeling is put into consideration. This is the kind of architecture intended to adapt to the patients’ subtlest physical and mental needs, thus enhancing rehabilitation. (Chait for patients 4.1.2. Hospital in Lasur, Maharastra, India By Jan Olav Jensen and Per Christian Brynildsen Being a home for Hansen's disease patients, this hospital is built in a society without many of the institutionalized systems typical of the modern world. Site The site is at the border of the forested Satpura Hills. To the south is a flat and cultivated plain. The surrounding landscape is hostile. It is very hot in summer, arid and desert-ike, and partially flooded in rainy season which lasts for four months. In this region, buildings are concentrated in villages for defensive reasons and are placed near water and numerous trees. This gives the impression of small forests in an otherwise open landscape of fields. As a result, the houses get shade, water and protection from the community.habitation and Education Vilage for Young Drug Addicts Programme This hospital is designed to accommodate 40 in-patients with Hansen's disease and also staff housing, workshops and farm facilities in a village setting The “Paradise” for all people This idea is to create a “paradise” for these patients, and the Persian interpretation of paradise means “a water garden in the desert’. Thus, the rooms are so arranged to create such an enclosed protected garden with shade and water elements. This great introvertedness shelters patients from the harsh reality of the outside world ‘There is no clear differentiation between patients and doctors, office and workshop. All people have equal access to the “paradise”. ‘The wards and staff quarters are oriented in the north-south direction. Both on plan and elevation, the transitional spaces between wards or different activities can be easily distinguished. Solidity of the enclosed wards is in great contrast to openness ‘on the fagade of other rooms. Due to flooding in rainy season, living units are raised on a build-up base, with veranda sitting on silts, lift above ground. legend: 1.guest, 2,nurse quarters, 3,future staff quarters, 4.storage, Skitchen, 6.dining porch, ‘female ward, 8.clinic, 9.epidemic ward, 10.tollets. 11,porch, 12.male ward, 13future ward, 14.water tower, 15.well, 18.workshop, 17.buffalo shed, 18,poulty shed, 19.garage, 20.watchman, 21.office, 22.doctors’ quarters, 23.berich, 24.laboratory, 25.chapel, 26.prayer room, 27.dove shed, Materials Local materials, with local technology and local masons are employed in build hospital. External guidance and maintenance are kept to the mil Environmental consciousness is revealed from the roof cladding, whic!]] for maximum reflection of heat, while coloured ones are placed over verand| ‘open to the outside air, thus optimizing heat reflective effect.‘ehabiltation and Education Village for Young Drug Addicts 4.1.3 Boarding School in Morella, Spain By Enric Miralles In order to connect to the panoramic prospect of the country and the chamfered mass of the town, the schoo! building is made very subtle, and it appears to be part of the rocky topography, or even disappear in the landscape. eS The boarding school is located up the hill from the town of Morelia, with the mountaintop as its backdrop. The sloping and rocky site gives potentials and enhances the generation of the informal organization of building __ volumes and movement both inside and outside the school building, Programme This elementary school and kindergarten can accommodate 250 students, in which 50 of them are boarding students. The building repeats the movement of the town towards the best orientation. This 120° twist from. the entrance level facilitates the placement of the classrooms and dormitories, and provides privacy to various zonings. The school's principal space, the assembly hall, which is also used for civic events, is housed in the upper layer, and the refectory, library and open work/play area are located nearby. The ‘common areas form the limit of the building which follows the topography. In harmony with the sitelehabiltation and Education Vilage for Young Drug Adokcts In terms of composition, there is a split down the hill INI between the daytime activity zone and the compressed zigzag of overnight accommodation. The essence of this project is to seek a relationship, with the landscape. The jagged and fragmented geometries are intrinsic response to the topography Of the site and the particularities of the programme. Also, the bifurcation of forms enables each segment to develop their own language through specific programme analysis. Conventional corridors are substituted by access routes, which encourage visual stimulation and meeting points by spatial expansion and contraction. Stairways are hidden within and carved from the hillside, connecting the various strata of the school. Therefore, the juxtaposition and fragmentation of volumes down the hillside, the use of intermediate spaces as access routes, and the village setting of the school enhance good relation with the topography and the surroundings. 4.1.4 Casa Koshino, Ashiya, Japan By Tadao Ando “Architecture is autonomous, and at the same time, its basic significance lies in the construction of a distinctive place. However, no matter how autonomous architecture is, it cannot be cut off from the site. Traces of the distinctive meaning inherent in the site must be preserved in the architecture.” Casa Koshino is situated in the verdant slope of @ natural park. The original house consists of two inorganic concrete boxes, arranged in parallel and partially buried into the slope. These two boxes are of different sizes and are linked by an underground corridor. The. box has two levels, with the double heig room, kitchen and dining room on th] level, and the master bedroom on th: level. The smaller box accommock| rooms for children and tatami rooms row. a lobby, and a bathroom. The atelier was added four years after the hoil} completed. A new composition is achieved by the introduction of a curve original rectilinear scheme. The addition is located on the upper part of the si is buried in the ground.ehabiltation and Education Vilage for Young Drug Addicts Appreciation of the site The landscape is appreciated in such a way that it collaborates with the building without acting as a mere foundation. The courtyard is an outdoor living room and its stepping is symbolic of the intrinsic quality of the site, Natural light trickling through the trees is received and reflected by the stage for everyday life. For the interior, sits are cut in the orderly fashion in the walls facing the courtyard. Diverse intersections of light and shadow are generated by them. In the added atelier, a slit along the curved wall provides a top- light, and the introduced light makes complex, intersecting patterns of curves on the wall. This is in strong contrast to the rectilinear pattems of light in the earlier building. The opaqueness in the exterior is revealed from the interior as a subtle superimposition of planes and volumes. Due to this opaqueness, the exterior is disassociated and decomposes into elements which penetrate into the interior to achieve a precise composition. 6‘ehabiltation and Education Vilage for Young Drug Adgicts 4.2 Case Studies (Local) 4.2.1 Hei Ling Chau Addiction treatment Centre Hei Ling Chau Addiction Treatment Centre is one of the compulsory in-patient centres under the administration of the Correctional Services Department. Located on the tiny, hilly island of Hei Ling Chau, the treatment center is isolated from the outside world. It has 25 years of history and provides accommodation for both young and adult male drug abusers. Extract of interview with Mr Li Yiu Sum, Officer of the Correctional Servi tment What kinds of people are sent to compulsory drug treatment and how many of them are on Hei Ling Chau? When a drug addict is found guilty of an offence, punishable by imprisonment, the courts have the option to sentence him to detention in a drug addiction treatment center, as an alternative to sending him to jail. For Hei Ling Chau Addiction Treatment Centre, the main center houses 784adult male inmates, while the annex accommodates 180 young male inmates. What are the aims of the compulsory drug treatment programme? There are three main goals: detoxification and restoration of physical health, up-rooting of psychological and emotional dependence on drugs, and preparation for reintegration into society. What do the inmates actually do to achieve these aims? During the period of treatment, the institution provides various kinds of work for the inmates. Work is assigned according to their capabilities, skills, fitness and interest. Carpentry, metal-work, tailoring, laundry services, as well as outdoor work. such aS gardening, construction and maintenance are common workshops. Young inmates are required to work six hours a day. Besides, they are assisted to gain better insight into their drug. problems ‘through individual and group counseling sessions. Recreational and sports activities are arranged atter work and during holidays. Dormitory Staff quarter nea 7‘Rehabiltation and Education Village for Young Drug Addicts What facilities are provided inside the center? Previously named Peace Haven, Hei Ling Chau was used as a leprosarium by missionary doctors before it was converted into an addiction treatment center in 1975. A lot of stone buildings were left behind and they now house the administration block, medical facilities, dormitories, departmental workshops, canteen and chapel. Some new concrete buildings are constructed to accommodate more staff quarters on the island. In general facilities for staff and inmates are separated and are far apart. Is security and discipline prime issues in the center? To some extent. Compared to prisons, addiction treatment centres have minimum security measures. As inmates can move around in workshops, workshop area is bounded by one layer of low fence. For dormitory, canteen and medical unit, inmates are locked up. Strict rules, like the way of making bed, have to be observed. Beds are made according to rule How long do inmates stay here and can they have contact with the outside? The period of treatment ranges from a minimum of two to a maximum of twelve months. The actual length of treatment is determined by the inmate's health and progress and the likelihood of his remaining free from drug addiction after release. During the treatment period, family members of the inmates can visit them twice a month inside a visiting room under the supervision of CSD staff. Television, radio newspaper and letter are allowed also. Observations The restriction of an institutional setting is very dominant and obvious in the center. There is clear differentiation of space between staff and inmates. This hierarchy is even extended to differentiate senior and common staff, evidenced from separate canteens and quarters. 4.2.2. The Bliss Lodge Youth Training Centre The Bliss Lodge Youth Training Centre on Island is one of the voluntary in-patient ac treatment center in the territory. Organized by Christian Centre, it provides residential tre Programme to help young male drug abu: retum into the society through Christian rehabi know Jesus Christ and to depend on Him | building up of their new lives.lehabiltation and Education Vilage for Young Drug. —<— The Bliss Lodge Youth Training Centre mitts accepts drug abusers who come to them on a 7 voluntary basis. At present, it can { accommodate up to thirty students, who participate in the Foundation Holistic Rehabilitation Approach Programme. There are five recovery phases focusing on different targets in the programme.”* During the rehabilitation period, students are engaged in education classes, vocational training, Bible study and group counseling. Also, students have interest courses, recreational activities and free time. In terms of facilities, there are altogether seven three-story buildings which house the classrooms, hall, dining room, reading room, TV room, computer room dormitories and office. There was also farmland, garden and basketball court when the center was able to rent some land nearby in the past. Students have close relationship with the staff and there is not much spatial differentiation between tem. Also, the center believes that lives impact lives. Overcomers are encouraged to serve the newcomers and help them face their problems. As they have been there, they can help and care for others in a practical way. Although students are not allowed to leave the center, communication with their family is very encouraged. Some rooms have a home setting so that during special ‘occasions (usually two to three times a year), family members are invited to come to the center and live with the students for two to three days. This is to enhance family relationship and interaction between them. Unlike institutions of compulsory in-patient treatment, students can enjoy more free time and movement. There are no security measures to control them. 29Rlehabittation and Education Vilage for Young Drug Addicts 5 DESIGN PROGRAMME 5.1 Design Components Restoring health Medical service ‘+ Intensive care is provided to new comers who are undergoing withdrawal ot drugs and are suffering from its symptoms. * Basic services for sick students is also available in the rehabilitation village. Exercise and sports ‘* Walking in the valley is the most basic exercise for the students every day. ‘The walking experience can have more meanings other than movement of the body, * Sports like basketball and table tennis enhance good health by motion and coordination of different parts of the body. Education Special education programmes ‘* Since students have different academic levels, they are not grouped into classes by their age. Instead, the curriculum is tailor-made individually, and the most suitable subject level is arranged for them. Therefore, a student may be studying subjects from cifferent grades at the same time. © The scope of subject is the same as normal school. This is to prepare students to return to normal schoo! after their rehabilitation. Vocational training + The acquirement of skills gives students more opportunities in career development in the future. Relationship with others Between students ‘Interaction among students is encouraged, as making new friends in an unfamiliar place is essential. Also, during rehabilitation, peer support is a valuable souroe of energy. Between student and staft ‘* Students and staff live together without the usual hierarchy. In art therapy and contemplation, staff helps students to explore and to find out. Mutual trust is established between them. As they spend a lot of time together, they know each other personally. Between student and family ‘+ Family support is crucial to the rehabilitation of students. Although th: separated from their families most of the time, they know each othe | through their participation in group art therapy and monthly visit. | = Through contemplation and art therapy, students explore, find out, unde and lear to express themselves. Spontaneity is the goal, since | thoughts are not a true representation of the subconscious self. 30habitation and Education Village for Young Drug Addicts 5.2 Schedule of Activity 5.2.1 Activities ‘The rehabilitation corresponding activities are shown below. illage is divided into seven layers of programmes, and their (1) Medical (5) Accommodation and + Withdrawal treatment catering + “Basic medical service © Community tiving © Dining (2) Counselling + Exercise « Arttherapy «Contemplation © © Workshops Seminars and courses (3) Academic and training + Academic courses (7) Servicing and supporting + Vocational courses facitities + Soif-study + Lavatories + Reference * Cleaning services «Practice «Maintenance + Storage (4) Recreational ‘© Electrica/mechanical ‘+ Indoor activities provision * Outdoor games © Interest group + Relaxation * Amusement and entertainment 5.2.2 Proposed Daily Programme Based on the research regarding rehabilitation and needs of the young abusers, a daily programme is proposed. It is supposed to be a regular schedule for reference and is subject to adaptations and modifications according to different seasons and weekdays. For easy comprehension, a sample weekday is taken for programming. The « is to provide many possibilities in the curriculum. As each student has 1 needs, potentials and interests which are different from other students al ‘change during the process of rehabilitation, flexibility in programmin concem. This allows involvement of both students and staff in the constru their unique curriculum. 3Bohabiltation and Education Vilage for Young Dnsg Adalcts Proposed daily programme: a sample weekday 6:20 — Wake up 7:00= ‘Morning exercise 7:30 ~ 8:00 __j Breakfast 8:00-9:00 | Moming assembly ‘9:00 = 10:30 | Academic courses 10:30 11:00_| Break 11:00 — 12:30 _{ Academic courses / counseling 30_| Lunch Vocational courses Break ‘Counseling / interest group 7 sports Free time. 18:30 — 19:30_| Dinner 19:30 — 20:30 _| Self-study / recreation / special night program 20:30 — 22:00 | Free time. 10= 6:20 | Sleep 5.3 Schedule of Accommodation 5.3.1 Assumptions According to the reported cases in the Central Registry of Drug Abuse in 1998, there are over 2800 young drug abusers in Hong Kong". However, some of them may be suitabie for out-patient treatment, and only a considerable number of in-patients can be served by the rehabilitation village. Based on the statistics from Zheng Sheng College, the number of young abusers served is then deduced: No. of students in 1998 No. of students in 1999 Therefore, expansion ratio =28 = 30/26 = 115% Assume that the student expansion ratio is an invariable factor. By the year 2009, No. of students = 30 x (115%)"° = 120 Assume that the boy / girl ratio is the same as reported cases, In 1998, No. of young male abusers young drug abusers (30 girls and 90 boys), ‘Hong Kong Narcotics Report 1999 Hong Kong Nareotics Report 1899 2‘Rehabilitation and Education Vilage for Young Dnug Adoicts 5.3.2 Accommodation Description No.of | Area] No. | GFA Renan users_| (sq.m) ()__Medicat Reception area 3 1 [30 General office z 30 i [30 Examination and xe 15 2 [30 consultation room “Treatment room xe 7B 2 [0 Dispensary = 15 1 [15 Lounge = 50 i_[-50 ‘Nurse station 2 9 on) Ware 2x5 18 5 | 90 _| Family members may ‘accompany students during withcrawal Toit 2x 70 2 | 3 Subtotal: — 324 (2) Counselling ‘Art therapy room - small | 4x6 25, 6 _[ “750” | individual an therapy ‘Ar therapy room large | 8x4 50 2| 100 | Group at therapy ‘Artwork storage * 50 T | 80 _| Storage of material and at work produced Gontemplaiion room | 5x2 2 | 80 Individual contemplation = small exercise Contemplation room | i0x2 | & 7] 80 _ | Group contemplation ange exercise Counseling room Bxa 2 =|” 48) Commurication between student, family, counsellor and therapist ‘Seminar room x 7 T_| 79 Landscape = = =| mex, Therapist office é 30 430 ‘Counsellor office é 30 1 [90 Interview room 5 10 220 Gonference room 12 30 + [30 ~| Discussion between counselor and therapist con the progress of cases Toilet 2x8 si 380 Subtotal — 708 (3) Academic and Training ‘iassroom TExT0 | 80 75 | 800” | About 72 student class Soninar oor 2xt [100 T7069, Library 5 100. +1100) ‘Audio-visual f0o7h 35 60 +160 ‘Computer laboratory 5 60 +160 Toilet axa 15. 4169 2BRehabilitation and Education Vilage for Young Drug Addicis Desoription| No.of | Area No. | GFA Romarks users | (sq.m) [Tiaining section Exhibition gallery = 60 2] 720 ‘Wood workshop 20 "100. 1} 100, Metal workshop 20 100. 1 [100 ‘Needlework room 20 100. 1_| 100 Storage = 45 2 | 90 Tojlet axa 15 4 60 1450 Recreational ‘Assembly plaza = o =| Social gathering ‘Mutt-function room: 3x2 | 100 2 | 300, Television room, 20 40. 1_| 40 Interest group room Ox 50, 2100, Lounge. = 30, +_[ 30 Storage = 50, 1_| 50 Toilet 3x4 15 4 | 60 ‘Outdoor play area - . - + __| theluding ball games field, nature tral, rest garden, communal area ‘Subtotal: 480 (5)__Accommodation and Catering | Student section Dormitory (boys) Sxie 2, 168 | 50 ‘Dormitory (girls) 5x6 30, 6 | 180, Bed space for 1x24 6 24 [144 | Integrated into the housemaster student area to enhance closer interaction among students and statt Communal area Texte | 3 12 | 420 _| Social interaction among students Bath toilet = @ 24_| 288 Fe jeep segtn ‘unit 2x20 Ea 20 | 400 | Accommodation for student and family member Bath toilet zs 4 20_| 80 Others Dining area = 150. 1_| 150 Kitchen and store = 50 1 | 80) Laundry : 40 4 | Subtotal: 2292 (6) __ Staff and Administration Reception 10 50 1 5 ‘General office 6 50, +50 Statt room, 12 120 1_[ 120 Meeting room 4 15 1 [15 Conference room 2 25 135 ‘Teaching aid room. = 45 1_| 15 Staff rest room 5 25 1} 25 ‘Student record room 5 20 120. Mhabitiation and Education Vilage for Young Drug Addicie Pantry a 25 1 [35 Toilet 2x2 10 2] 20 Subtotal: 365 (7)___Ancillary space Pier z 300, 1] 300 Building services area : 1200 1} 1200 [including mechanical and electrical room, ‘pump room, water tank, refuse collection ‘Subtotal: 1500 Total GFA: 7.119 asRehabilitation and Education Vilage for Young Drug Addicts — 6 ‘SITE AND CONTEXT 6.1 Site Location x The present site of Zheng Sheng College is at at Ha Keng, Chi Ma Wan Peninsula, south- eastern part of Lantau Island, facing wig Cheung Chau. Situated in the valley, the site is sloping, embraced by the hills on its east, west and north sides, and is next to Lantau South Country Park. Location of Ha Keng, Chi Ma Wan Peninsula, Lantau Island Arial photo ofthe site View of Chi Ma Wan Peninsula from Cheung Chau‘Rehabiltation and Education Village for Young Drug Addhcts 6.2 Site Particulars 6.2.1 Zoning Conditions The site falls into the “Green Belt” zone. Under the Town Planning Board, residential institution, school and social welfare facility may be permitted as alternative land use, so a rehabilitation and education village for young drug addicts may be permitted upon application."° 6.2.2 Ownership of Land and Existing Buildings The land and existing buildings are owned by the Hong Kong Government. Since the fifties, the land is rented to a non-profit making organization in Cheung Chau. It was used for the settlement of immigrants from China and the existing buildings were built at that time, With urban migration, the site became abandoned. Since 1993, the site is turned into a rehabilitation village for drug addicts. 6.2.3 Access and Transportation To access the site one has to take a boat from Cheung Chau (about 15 minutes) and walk up the valley from the pier. No other transportation is available currently as the is separated from the road by the Lantau South Country Park. 6.2.4 Topography, Natural Dr nage and Services The site is located on a natural slope, with gradient ranging from 1:3 to 1:10. A stream meanders down from the northwest, separates the site into two halves, and enters the sea between Lantau Island and Cheung Chau. Water supply, public sewer and electricity are available to the area, while gas is not yet provided. Notes to Outline Zoning Plan 7Rehabilitation and Education Vilage for Young Drug Addicts 6.2.5 Geological and Geotechnical Studies The geology” of the site consists of both alluvium (principal materials: silt, sand and gravel) and slope debris (principal materials: sand, gravel, cobbles and boulders in silt matrix). For the geotechnical conditions”, the site falls into the categories of Class Il and Class Ill. The details are summarized by the table below: lass] Geotechnical | Suitability for | Engineering cost | Intensity of site limitations _| development_| for development _| investigation required T ‘Moderate Moderate, Normal Normal im High Low High Intensive ‘Geatechnical conditions Geological conditions ® Geological Survey, Geotechnical Control Office *" Geotechnical Survey, Geotechnical Control OficeAehabiltation and Education Vilage for Young 6.3 Site Analysis 6.3.1. Climatic Analysis The site is in a valley, sheltered by hills on its east, west and north, so it is exposed to monsoon wind from the southeast. In summer, there is chance for typhoon to come close to the site, just like Typhoon York in September 1999” Water in the stream becomes less in winter, about half of that in summer. Near the sea, a lot of rocks are exposed when the tide is low. * Monthly Weather Report: September 1999 Weather record near the site during Typhoon York in September, 1999 Drug AddictsRehabilitation and Education Vilage for Young Drug Addicts 6.3.2 Topographical Analysis Since the site is situated on a sloping terrain. A study on the existing topography is a necessity. Various gradients are displayed by sections cutting through terraces where the existing buildings are sitting on.Alshabilitation and Education Vilage for Young Drug Addicts 6.3.3. Sequence of Approach “This photographic record shows the sequence of access to the site, 6.3.4 Visual Analysis The site provides view of Cheung Chau across the sea, Outcrops are seen up the hill, and houses are found behind trees at the opposite slope. 41‘ehabiltation and Education Vilage for Young Drug Addicts Photo record 6.3.5 Horticultural Analysis The site is covered with a lot of trees and shrubs. Some of them are fruit tree: by the Chinese immigrants in the fifties. The following analysis helps to st different horticultural elements”, thereby changing the perception of sight, sn touch. This then provides basis for interaction between natural and ma environment. ® Hong Kong Trees: Omnibus Volume 2‘Rehabilitation and Education Vilage for Young Drug Addicts bracts. Round, corange-ted fruit Name Description Colour otieat? | Flowering’ | Remarks flower/ fruit | fruiting time ‘Chinese red pine _ | May giow upto 25m. Yellow Flowering | Native pine in Straight, thick unk. Barkis | conspicuous | inspring | HK. Used in local reddish-brown to grayish, | cluster of afforestation deeply cracked and faking | flowers. Woody off in large angular plates | cone ‘Acacia ‘15m high. Slender ‘Smallfiowers | Flowering | Flowers are ‘crooked branches. Bark | group together | in summer | fragrant. Grow in ‘coloured orange or green | in spherical groups. Good by growth of algae on the | yellow heads wind:-breaker, but surface not good shade ‘tee. Plant on slopes ‘Swamp mal Fast growing. May grow up | Flowers change | Flowering | Grown for to 25m. Straight trunk. from white to | in amenity and Fibrous brown bark yellow. Woody | September | afforestation ‘capsule, coyindricl fruit Lychee 10-12m high. Low Regular, small, | Flowering | Chinese fruit tree spreading crown. Shor | yellow flowers. | in spring, ttunk. Crooked branchlets | Round, red, | Fruiting in succulent fruit. | mid- summer ‘Wampi ‘Small evergreen tres, Wiite flowers in| Flowering | Native of South Grow to about 4.5m high | cluster. Hairy | inspring | China. yollowish brown | Fruits ‘Commonly grown fruit mature in| in orchards or uly ‘ear vilages Lun Way grow up to 14m. Yellowish-white | Flowering | Native of Desely-foliaged, round | flowers. Round | in April | Southern China. crown fruit with brite Planted for brown shel shade, omament land frut ‘Woolly Machilus | May grow up to 10m. Yellowish-white | Flowering | Small evergreen ‘Smooth grey bark. flowers in dense | in autumn | tree \ Branches and branchlets | cluster. Fruit a with a close coat of yellow | bery, round, << hairs: ‘dep purple to . black Deciduous ee. Grow upto | Leaves change | Flowering | Naive wee in ‘14m high. Dark grey, from green to | atthe end | South China. ‘smooth bark deep ted betore | of summer | Seeds provide falling in winter. winter food for Numerous white ‘seod-cating birds flowers in a broad cluster. Pale brown, star-shaped fruit Aeronychia Sill evergrean Deep shining | Flowering | Flowers indigenous tree. Dense | green leaves. | in summer. | fragrant. foliage crown and siender | Small yellowish | Fruiting in | Commor| branches. 2-4m high ‘green flowers. | September | in HK wo| py Greenish yellow area. fruit, round in ‘shape ‘Serew pine “Small evergren trea with | Very small, Flowering | Ocsursi ing trunk. numerous in summer | thickets ‘Aerial roots. 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Aaron, Chemical Dependence. Prentice all, 1994. Fields, Richard. Drugs in Perspective. Brown and Benchmark Publishers, 1995. Gabe, Janice E. Professional Flesource Publications, 1993, George, Rickey L. Counseling the Chemically Dependent. Prentice Hall, 1990. MacQuarrie, Lachian. Drug Dependence in Hong Kong. The Schoo! of Social ‘Work, Hong Kong Polytechnics, 183. Peele, Stanton. The Meaning of Addiction. Lexington Books, 1985. Ross, George R. Treating Adolescent Substance Abuse. Allyn and Bacon, 1994. Therapy / Contemplation ‘Adamson, Edward. Art as Healing. R James Hall Typesetting & Book Production Services, 1984. Fontana, David. The Meditator’s Handbook. Element Books Limited, 1992. Jakab, Irene. Psychiatry and Art: Transcultural Aspects of Psychiatric Art. S. Karger, 1975. Kampf, Harold. In Search of Serenity. Thorsons Publishers Limited, 1976. Lucas, Carol and Rathbone Josephine. Recreation in Total Rehabilitation. Thomas Books, 1970, ‘Osho. What is Meditation? Element Books Limited, 1995. Wadeson, Harriet. Art Psychotherapy. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1980. Warren, Bernie. Using the Creative Arts in Therapy. Routleledge, 1993. Wilson, John Rowan. The Mind. Time-Life Books inc., 1980. Architectural Writings and Works Day, Christopher. Places of the Soul. The Aquarin Press, 1990. Fieig, Kari. Alvar Aalto Band | 1922-1962. Rizzoli International Pubiications, 1990. Marberry, Sara O. Innovations in Healthcare Designs. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1995. Marberry, Sara O. Healthcare Designs. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997. Moller, Citfford B. Architectural Environment and Our Mental Health. Hi Press, 1968. Nesmith, Eleanor Lynn. Health Care Architecture: Deigns for the Futur: Rockport Publishers, Inc., 1995. Schildt, Goran, Alvar Aalto: Masterworks. Universe Publishing, 1998, 41Rehabiltation and Education Vilage for Young Drug Addhots Journals Reports * Case Studies of Drug Abuse Among Young People. The Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groupe, 1994. Architecture and Urbanism, vol. 331, April 1998. El Groquis 30+49/50: Enric Miralles. 1990, 1994 El Croquis 44+58: Tadao Ando. 1983, 1993 Landscape Architecture, vol. 88 no. 4, April 1998. ‘Spot Light, issue no. 24, December 1995, ‘Spot Light, issue no. 25, April 1996. ‘Spot Light, issue no. 28, November 1998. The Narcotics Drision, "oe Henabiltaton Gentres- The Narcotics Division, 1998. . Hone Kona Narcotics Repor 1999, Action Committee Against Narcotics, . Report -on Drug Addiction Treatment Centre Admissions 1997. The Correctional Services Department, 1998. . .-Year Plan on Drug Treatment ar il Servi Kong (1997-1999). The Narcotics Division, 1997. + Wu) Christian Centre Annual Report 1998, Wu Oi Christian Centre, 1999. 48Rehabilitation in Natural Surrounding Towards a Therapeutic Environment Special Study for the thesis: Rehabilitation and Education Village for Young Drug Addicts Prepared by: Ng Ka Ling, Sarah M Arch It de awRehabilitation in Nawural Surrounding Comenis Towards a Therapeutic Environment CONTENTS 1 Introduction 2. Psychological Foundations of Therapeutic Environment 2.1 Obstacles to Healing 21.1 Stress 2.1.2 Low Stimulation of Senses 2.2 The Role of Therapeutic Environment 3 Therapeutic Landscape 3.1 Interaction with Nature 3.2 Strategies 3.2.1 Evoking Experience ‘The Institute for Child and Adolescent Development, ‘Massachusetts, US 3.2.2 Stimulating the Senses Good Samaritan Regional Medical Centre, Phoenix, Arizona, US 3.2.3. Abstraction of Familiar Imagery Harrison Hospital, Bremerton, Washington, US 4 Therapeutic Architecture ‘Therapeutic Elements in Architecture 4.1 Kinesthesis 4.1.1 Burhythmics Centre, Alicante, Spain 4.1.2 Niteroi Contemporary Art Museum, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 4.2 Music 4.2.1 Le Cylindre Sonore at Pare de la Villette, Paris, France 43° Sacredness 43.1 Chapel of La Tourette, France 4.3.2. Chapel of Saint Ignatius, Seattle University, Washington, US 4.3.3 Saint Benedict Chapel, Sumvitg, Switzerland 4.4 Light and Shadow 4.4.1 Chapel on Mount Rokko, Kobe, Japan Kidosaki House, Tokyo, Japan Forest of Tombs Museum, Kumamto, Japan Koshino House, Ashiya, Japan 5 Endnotes 6 BibliographyRehabilitation in Natural Surrounding Towards a Therapeutic Environment 1 INTRODUCTION “Our surroundings are potentially the most powerful artform we experience in our lives... we live our daily lives on our surroundings. Whether they will bring illness or healing depends upon all of us whose decisions and actions shape human environment." Christopher Day The design of rehabilitation facilities traditionally has emphasized the functional delivery of healthcare, as expressed in such concerns as providing efficient spaces for various functional needs. This. emphasis _has often produced facilities that are functionally effective but psychologically “hard”. There is a growing recognition that hard designs are unsatisfactory because they are stressful or otherwise unsuited to the psychological needs of patients, visitors and staff. ‘There is increasing scientific evidence that poor design works against the well being of patients and in certain instances have negative effects on physiological indicators of wellness. Research has linked poor design to such negative consequences for patients as, for instance, stress, anxiety, and increased intake of pain drugs. In this Special Study, the means of architecture and landscape as a therapeutic environment, a place with a healing effect, which is intended to be health-giving, would be explored. Analysis and case studies in the special study would look into the elements for architecture and landscape to be therapeutic in order to enhance a therapeutic environment and achieve an _all-rounded rehabilitation, IntroductionRehabilitation in Natural Surroundin Psychological Foundations Towards a Therapeutic Environment 2 PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THERAPEUTIC ENVIRONMENT 2.1 Obstacles to Healing 21.1 Stress A starting point for the psychological foundations of a therapeutic environment is the well- documented fact that most patients experience considerable stress. In very general terms, there are two major sources of stress for patients illness that involve, for instance, reduced physical capabilities and painful medical procedures, and physical-social environments that invade privacy or provide little social support. Patient stress has a variety of negative psychological, physiological and behavioral manifestations that work against wellness.” In addition to patients, stress is a problem for families of patients, visitors in rehabilitation facilities, and for staff. When staff experience considerable stress, problems like high rates of burnout can reduce the quality of rehabilitation and adversely affect patient wellness. To promote wellness, it is fundamentally important that rehabilitation facilities be designed to foster coping with stress. At the very least, facilities should not raise obstacles to coping with stress or contain features that can lead to stress themselves, and thereby add to the total burden of illness. Further, rehabilitation environments should be designed to facilitate access or exposure to physical features and social situations that scientific studies suggest can have a therapeutic, stress-reducing influence. Target groups should include patients, visitors and staff. 2.1.2 Low Stimulation of Senses Research in environmental psychology suggests that human well being is usually fostered when physical surroundings provide a moderate degree of positive stimulation, that is, levels of stimulation that are neither too high nor too low. If stimulation levels are high due to sounds,Rehabilitation in Natural Surrounding. Towards a Therapeutic Environment intense lighting, bright colours, and other environmental elements, the cumulative impact on patients will most likely be stressful. At the other extreme, prolonged exposure to low levels of environmental stimulation produces boredom and often such negative feelings as depression. Also, when there is a lack of extemal positive stimulation or distractions, patients may focus 10 a greater degree on their own worries of stressful thoughts, which can further increase stress. Some of the most striking scientific evidence regarding negative human consequences of poor design has emerged from studies of patients exposed to low stimulation or sensory deprivation in health facilities. For example, sensory deprivation stemming from lack of windows in intensive care units is associated with high levels of anxiety and depression and with high rates of delirium and even psychosis. In intensive care windowless appears to aggravate the deleterious effects of low levels of environmental stimulation associated with conditions like uunvarying lighting and the repetitive sounds of equipment. In addition to research to patients, several studies of employees in different types of workplace in the United States and Europe have found that windowless rooms are consistently disliked and can be stressful. ‘Apart from stimulation levels per se, certain types of environmental elements are especially important in reducing patient stress and promoting wellness. A positive stimulation is an environmental feature or element that elicits positive feelings, holds attention and interest without taxing or stressing the individual, and therefore may block or reduce worrisome thoughts. Responses to positive stimulation also involve positive changes across different physiological systems, such as reduced blood pressure. Some of the most effective positive stimulation are nature elements like trees, water, animals and happy faces. Psychological FoundationRehabilitation in Natural Surrounding Psychological Foundation “Towards a Therapeutic Environment 2.2 The Role of Therapeutic Environment ‘The intuition-based belief that visual exposure to trees, water and other nature tends to produce restoration or recovery from stress dates as far back as the earliest large cities, such as ancient Rome. In the United States in the 19" century, intuition-based arguments about stress reducing, healthful effects of viewing nature were influential in establishing urban pastoral parks, and later in preserving wilderness for public use. A theme running through these beliefs is the notion that if individuals are stressed, views and experience of most natural settings will have stress-reducing influences, This is a therapeutic environment. ‘A small but rapidly expanding body of research ‘on non-patient groups has tested the old belief that contacts with and experience in nature have restorative or —_stress-reducing _influences.* Findings from a sequence of studies on groups such as university students suggest that many nature scenes or elements foster stress recovery because they elicit positive feelings, reduce negatively toned emotions such as fear, anger and sadness, effectively hold attention and interest, and accordingly block or reduce stressful thoughts. In contrast to built or urban scenes lacking nature, experience in natural setting, being a therapeutic environment, foster more and complete restoration in terms of another critical component of stress, the physiological. In laboratory research, even visual exposure to everyday nature has produced significant recovery from stress within only five minutes or less, as indicated by positive changes in physiological measures such as blood pressure and muscle tension. For patients, restorative influences of experiencing nature involve a broad shift in feelings toward a more positive-toned feeling state, positive changes in activity levels indifferent physiological systems, and moderately high levels of sustained attention, so the role of therapeutic environment cannot be denied.Rehabilitation in Natural Surrounding Towards a Therapeutic Environment 3 THERAPEUTIC LANDSCAPE 3.1 Interaction with Nature Studies have addressed on the issue that interaction with nature can increase cognitive functioning, the ability to focus and the tendency to seek out new experiences.’ Interaction with ure would speed up the recovery of those from na illness and promote a sense of well-being Environmental psychologists show us that since daylight, plants, water elements, and the smell nd sound of nature promote inner healing in patients, they are beneficial to the rehabilitation process. Even people without any knowledge of environmental psychology have some understanding of the importance of nature on rehabilitation. ‘People from a planet without flowers would think we must be mad with joy the whole time to have such things about us. Iris Murdoch Most people would agree with this novelist Inherently we have always known that nature has restorative and healing power. This explains why we bring some flowers or a plant for people staying in hospital. The gifts represent life. It gladdens the heart and lifts the spirit. Also, in a drawing research, most patients prefer outdoor spaces as their optimum rehabilitation setting, while the others prefer interior settings that always contain elements related to the outdoors, for example, a prominent window through which are sky, trees, sun, a garden or yard, and indoor potted plants, flowers and growing things. Therapeutic LandscapeRehabilitation in Natural Surrounding Towards a Therapeutic Environment 3.2 Strategies 3.2.1 Evoking Experience The Institute for Child and Adolescent Development, Massachusetts, US By Douglas Reed The institute is a treatment centre for children suffering from a variety of emotional and behavioural disorders resulting from trauma. The garden has a primary purpose which is to afford a series of distinct experiences in order to help children to reveal their inner feelings through behaviour, which they may find difficulty in articulating. These experiences include exploration, seclusion, discovery, risk taking, safety and security. By watching how each child interacts with the landscape, the therapist can have a better understanding of their emotional and behavioural disorder. ‘The landscape design expresses the narrative of a natural feature in the site, water. A sequence of spaces corresponding 0 various stages of recovery is linked by a watercourse, so water becomes the primary organizing element in the garden, It helps to draw the children to various comers of the garden and expresses symbolic value as a source of life. A cave-like ravine evokes the feeling of enveloping security, and it is the space for the frightened and insecure to be drawn. An ‘island’ provides intimacy and seclusion. Risk taking is encouraged by the slopes of the ravine. Since the entire garden is never revealed from a single viewpoint, exploration and discovery are invited by this arrangement. ‘Therapeutic LandscapeRehabilitation in Natural Surrounding Towards a Therapeutic Environment 3.2.2. Stimulating the Senses Good Samaritan Regional Medical Centre, Phoenix, Arizona, US The therapeutic garden is awarded with the top prize of Martinez, California-based centre for health design in 1997. ‘The primary purpose of the garden is to show that although the medical centre is a high-tech facility, it can also be a high-touch place that can appeal to all the senses and soften the stark technical aspect of medicine. As a result, the healing process is supported by awakening patients’ senses of sight, smell, and touch and inviting body movement along the winding path. Incorporating desert trees and a sinuous water feature that winds through planters, the garden is a place of respite for patients to take some fresh air and enjoy the sight of plants growing. Family members whose loved ones are undergoing medical procedures find some solace here from the stress of waiting. Moreover, hospital staff can take a moment here from their high-pressure jobs to enjoy a beverage from the garden’s coffee bar or just a quiet moment in the garden, ‘A continuous seat wall of the terraced planters places the plants and water within reach of all visitors, and at the same time offers a variety of seating opportunities. The terracing also provides a series of low steps for exercise by patients. A water feature symbolizing the cyclical nature of life, moves through the garden just behind the seat wall, offering the interactive experience of touch. The water flows through a sequence of elements: the Source, a shallow pool from which water wells up to represent life’s beginning; the Watercourse, which weaves through the site representing the varied movement patterns of life; and the Return, in which water pours through a metal channel into a shallow reflecting pool, symbolizing life's end. Plants were selected from the rich desert flora for their historic medicinal associations as well as for their ability to attract birds and butterflies. ‘Therapeutic LandscapeRehabilitation in Natural Surrounding Towards a Therapeutic Environment 3.2.3. Abstraction of Familiar Imagery Harrison Hospital, Bremerton, Washington, US ‘When we are stressed, we crave something that is, familiar, nurturing, supportive, and a place that is archetypally, even genetically, appealing.° The 12,000-square-foot roof garden of Harrison Hospital is a model showing that although familiar reference for patients have to be drawn, there are still rooms for innovative design, and the green, lush garden is not the only landscape type that can enhance the healing process. ‘When the hospital planned a new building to house its surgical facilities, it included a roof deck directly adjacent to waiting areas and examination rooms. The deck would be visible from many of the patient” rooms. With this ‘opportunity, the deck was transformed into an oasis of repose that employs abstraction of familiar, local imagery to focus on healing and therapy realization. The design was inspired by the wild beaches of the Pacific Northwest, specifically by the rock- strewn shores of Puget Sound, which is visible from the deck. In order to create an effect of tides washing across a wild beach, forty tons of graded river rocks are laid in flowing, wave-like patterns punctuated by hefty chunks of columnar basalt. Equally flowing are the edges of the roof deck. The concrete “beach walk” that weaves through the rock garden, and the small planted areas, reminiscent of vegetated dunes. The design does not feature lush or varied vegetation, and has few plants at all, other than shallow-rooted, low growing heather, strawberry, and euphorbia. The deck depends for its effect on its overall design in which by having paved and planted areas wash up against each other in undulating tides, familiar local imagery is reduced to abstraction in terms of smooth and rough, light and dark, curves and angles. ‘Therapeutic LandscapeRehabilitation in Natural Surrounding ‘Therapeutic Architecure Towards a Therapeutic Environment 4 THERAPEUTIC ARCHITECTURE Therapeutic Elements in Architecture 4.1 Kinesthesis “The spirit sees, language sees... the body visits. It always transcends its location by virtue of its ‘movement. The body explores and enumerates all the senses of feeling... The body does not act as a simple passive receiver... it exercises, trains, almost of its own accord, loves movement, becomes willingly involved in it...”” Michel Serres Kinesthesis is one of the primary experiences of architecture, Passing through, visiting, dancing, gestures all allow us to appreciate and explore space. When we move closer and away, go up and down, go round and into, we organize for ourselves what we want to experience by our body, of what we see, hear, feel, smell and touch. ‘The emphasis is based on “the valve of the body is, essential to the production of a rich and empowering architecture”®. Therefore, it is important to involve all of our senses, not only just the visual to examine the body and the experience of space. As early as Greek times, philosophers were engaged in disputations about the body and the mind, and tried to describe the role of the body and its sensory apparatus. This later influenced modem theories of sense perception. Movement of the body can be sensed haptically by detecting the articulation of joints and muscles through the entire bodyscape, not just the hands. This haptic sense, known as kinesthesia, is the sense of touch, and includes all sensations, like pressure, warmth, cold, pain and kinesthetics. ‘The movement of our body around and within buildings are significantly affected by our haptic sense, by the tactile quality of the surfaces and edges we encounter. While rough materials generate movement in wide radii around corners, smooth surfaces invite close contact. Changes inRehabilitation in Natural Surrounding Towards a Therapeutic Environment texture usually indicate the coming up of special events, triggering a slowing down or quickening up of one’s motion. “Body in motion” is the theme in some design projects. Two of them are chosen to illustrate the importance of human circulation. 4.1.1 Eurhythmics Centre, Alicante, Spain by Enric Miralles Eurhythmics Centre is a school and centre for eurhythmics gymnastics. Tt has gymnasiums, a stadium, halls, training rooms and cafeteria. The building is defined by the geometry of the moving people, and is a matrix of crossing paths with different heights. The exterior ground and the ramps elevate the spectators’ entrance, forming a kind of public portico. The ground accommodates the abstract movement of people. ‘When elevated, it directs movement along precise paths. Leaving the ground behind, the ramps bend upon themselves and integrate with other clements like doors, balconies and windows. ‘The movement of the ramps precisely locates the access on the long fagade, which is lined by the vertical supports of the roof. This movement along the fagade opens up the side of the building. It reminds Miralles of the famous Pieta sculptures, in which the body of Christ is stretched out. The building lets us see the articulation of its surfaces and its sprawled limbs. Therapeutic ArchitectureRehabilitation in Natural Surrounding Therapeutic Architecture “Towards a Therapeutic Environment 4.1.2. Niteroi Contemporary Art Museum, Rio de Janciro, Brazil by Oscar Niemeyer A red concrete ramp is used as both a visual and bodily instrument in the museum. Walking along the ramp, one can notice that the panoramic view of the bay passes slowly in the background and nature seems to rotate around the huge circular white volume. The ramp directs movement to two different entrances, the administrative floor at the first entrance and the exhibition hall at the second. At the exhibition level, the feeling of floating in space is generated by the dynamic curved space of the glassed-in verandah, emphasized by the windows inclining outwards. offering magnificent views of the surrounding landscape.Rehabilitation in Natural Surrounding Therapeutic Architecture Towards a Therapeutic Environment 4.2 Music In Concerning the Spiritual in Art, Wassily Kandinsky relates colours to sounds and feelings: ight blue -flute -infinitely satisfying effect darker blue ello still darker blue -double-bass darkest blue organ light warm red trumpet _-feeling of strength, vigor, determination, triumph light cool red -violin -contains distinct bodily or material element Kandinsky describes colours as stimulation that can awaken in the soul our emotions. Although his association of colour with sound is a personal inclination, the use of colour to affect the body and emotion is noticeable in our daily life. For instance, people fee! green colour safe from any intrusion and regard it as a safe refuge’. Also, red and yellow colours can stimulate, while blue and green colours can relax"”. Hearing can be thought of as a dialogue between the inside and outside, resembling that of architecture. In fact sound can be used as a theme for spatial design, with attention on the human aural sense.Rehabilitation in Natural Surroundin Therapeutic Architecture Towards a Therapeutic Environment 4.2.1. Le Cylindre Sonore at Pare de la Villette, Paris, France ‘A sound space is enclosed by the cylinder which sinks into a bamboo-filled valley like landscape. The top of the cylinder is on grade bordered by the tree-lined streets, and forms an integral part of the park promenade. For the sunken space, the inner cylinder is composed of eight perforated precast concrete panels. Three speakers are mounted behind them, at different heights. Sound is composed and elaborated through the voids between the eight panels which act as columns, while the space between the two cylinders serves as a resonator. Eight narrow vertical strips of water are used as acoustical devices, refining the sensorial conditions. In this way, people are attracted to stop, listen to and linger within the space. This work attempts to free space from the burden of representation and to offer it instead as a purely perceptual dimensionRehabilitation in Natural Surrounding “Therapeutic Architecture Towards a Therapeutic Environment 4.3 Sacredness 4.3.1 Chapel of La Tourette, France by Le Corbusier Tn the creation of a sacred space, light is important for practical and symbolic reasons. When a relationship of dependence is established between source of light and space, similar to that of figure and ground, light is perceived as an object. The size of the source is relatively small in relation to the spatial envelope as in the chapel of La Tourette by Le Corbusier. Natural lighting from the canon skylight illuminates the interior, and lighting from behind the altar invites meditation. 6Rehabilitation in Natural Surrounding ‘Therapeutic Architecture Towards a Therapeutic Environment 4.3.2. Chapel of Saint Ignatius, Seattle University, Washington, US by Steven Holl Steven Holl’s Chapel of St Ignatius at Seattle University uses illumination as a metaphor for spiritual life. The light is sculptured by a number of different volumes emerging from the roof. Each of these irregularities aims at different qualities of light, and each light volume corresponds to a part of the worship. The concept of different lights is further developed in the dialectic combination of a pure coloured lens and a field of reflected colour within each light volume. A baffle is constructed opposite the large window of each ‘bottle of light’. Each of the baffles are back painted in a bright colour, and only the reflected colour can be seen from within the chapel. Each bottle combines the reflected colour with a coloured lens of the complementary colour. At night, which is the particular time of gatherings for mass in this university chapel, the light volumes are coloured beacons shining in all directions out across the campus. On occasions, for those constantly praying, the lights will shine throughout the night. The visual phenomena of complementary colours can be experienced by staring at a blue rectangle and then a white surface, and a yellow rectangle can be seen. This play of light and colour is an essential contribution to the sacredness of the place.Rehabititation in Natural Surrounding ‘Therapeutic Architecture Towards a Therapeuite Environment 4.3.3 Saint Benedict Chapel, Sumvitg, Switzerland by Peter Zumthor Sacred space is often associated with thermal coolness. In southern India, the coolest places are the stone temples, with deeply shaded arcades where pilgrims and townspeople go for a prayer, meditation, or just a siesta. In the medieval period, there was the tradition of having a great shade tree as the sacred meeting place at the centre of the villages for stone temple to be constructed. Serving as the social centre of the community, this shaded village centre grew to include other communal and sacred functions, for instance, a sacred shrine, a well or open water tank and a deeply shaded place for the teaching and discussion of religious issues. The village church at Sogn Benedetg by Peter ‘Zumthor stands on a hill above the village houses surrounded by meadows, a site carefully selected for its topography. A meandering path runs from the houses to the church entrance. Following tradition, the form of the church expresses its sacredness and can be distinguished from the other village houses. However, instead of using white stone for building materials, which is a tradition in order to make the church stand out against the vernacular dark wooden farm buildings and used to be the main visual characteristic between the architecture of the church and the village buildings, the church is built of wood, departing from the traditional practice, This one-room building has a slim external shape which is developed from a leaf or drop-shaped plan. This conceals the rounded and concentrated interior and gives a sheltering feeling. Also, this leaf shape appears soft, flowing and fluid. Lighting, an important element for a place of worship, is modulated by the slats in front of the windows.Rehabilitation in Natural Surrounding Towards a Therapeutic Environment 4.4 Light and Shadow A steady state without movement and change is equivalent to pathology, and eventually death. The dynamic feature is in many ways the central reality of life, and marks the essential beauty and mystery of everything alive on earth. A standstill or equilibrium is a dead state, while everything animate in nature is caught up in a hum of flowing rhythms. Natural light, with its evolving yet oscillating current of energy, always transforms and colours, yet always revolves the same way it has since the dawn of time. The light of the sky is always mutating, yet always returns to the same point in space and time. Daylight is ever new in its brightening and dimming, cooling and warming, sharpening and blurring, strengthening and weakening, rising and setting, showing a mobile energy which always recurs but never quite the same. While man could always step outside to watch change unfold in the sky, man has sought to build closer links with the arena of light. By shaping buildings to receive and display solar movement, even to enhance our perception o the changing slant of light, the mobility of the skies is revealed and brought near, and ultimately drawn in to inhibit buildings. Sometimes the building is simplified into a blank canvas for the sun to paint its liquid strikes with every passing moment, moving about freely as if by its own will. Other times the building itself is choreographed to transform, as features would be highlit or coloured by shifting rays, their physical shape perceptually altered, heightened, or even obliterated. In either case, the moving light is not limited to merely illuminating form and space, or tied to their static volumes, both of which it could enter and excite, but is given the power to fluidly come and go, to dapple or skin over solid things, to inhibit empty space. As if something alive, the shapes of light are seen to flicker and grow, colour and age, warm and cool, and eventually exhaust themselves, dying away with the fading hours and seasons. ‘Therapeutic Architecture 19Rehabilitation in Natural Surroundins Therapeutic Architecture Towards a Therapeutic Environment 4.4.1 Chapel on Mount Rokko, Kobe, Japan Kidosaki House, Tokyo, Japan Forest of Tombs Museum, Kumamto, Japan Koshino House, Ashiya, Japan by Tadao Ando Buildings designed to host and move in concert with passing streams of sun are able to keep us connected with a flowing natural world, and share in the pulse of a revolving planet and circling heavens. Some architects seek to employ these natural waves of energy, in order to breath life into spaces and make rooms come alive, and one of them is Tadao Ando. The beams of sun orchestrated by Ando are timed to sweep across empty walls with an exaggerated, almost mythical presence. Long narrow slits at the top of the wall admit raking washes of sunshine, to slowly spread over wide expanses of unfinished concrete, and inhibit dark space. Light is not used to model or clarify stable form, but to prod it awake, to assail and disturb what is sleeping, just as the sun invades earth at dawn, Ando’s conception of the building as a vessel to be brought alive by returning sun, has ties to the very origins of architectural thought. His work recalls the megaliths and temples of remote prehistory, or the framed sunrise at Futamigaura, built to house the arrival of sun as if a regenerative power. The Chapel on Mount Rokko and the Kidosaki House, among many other works, are similarly built into empty stages for dazzling cosmic events to unfold, theatres in which to reenact mankind’s rising out of primal darkness, his gaining of consciousness, and his timeless urge to communicate with the heavens which echo and rotate inside him. 20Rehabilitation in Natural Surrounding 1 believe that ‘architectural materials’ are not limited to wood or concrete that have tangible forms, but go beyond to include light and wind — which appeal to our senses..." Tadao Ando ‘The metamorphoses in Ando’s buildings range from linear beams of sun that shoot for the briefest time over flat tactile walls, to crescent of sun that slowly revolve around curving walls. The later are a central feature in Ando’s cylindrical and semi-cylindrical spaces. A main stair at Jun Port Island, for instance, is set in a cylindrical fragment that is glazed overhead. From late morning on, moving sun is displayed on the concave wall as a parabolic shape streaked with shadow. The sensuous image is initially stretched the full height of wall, and then slowly shrinks and rises, eventually flattens away and disappears. In the Forest of Tombs Museum, there are several complete cylinders that house circles of sun, which glide around the wells from dawn to dusk. ‘The spot lights inch down walls to touch ground by the middle of day, only to rise up again the other side, a complete inversion of the arcing sun in the sky, __ Therapeutic AtRehabilitation in Natural Surrounding Towards a Therapeutic Environment Of Ando’s rectilinear sunbeams, the most spectacular and deservedly famous is that of the Koshino House. ‘The great glory of this house occurs only for a short time each afternoon, as southwest sun flashes into the living room through a slit between wall and roof. The sun spills slowly down a shadowy wall, skimming briefly over and illuminating the surface, before shifting onto the floor and vanishing, but it is the lavish texture of the wall itself which magnifies and celebrates the solar passage, elevating the motion to a drama. Time is not experienced as ticks of a clock, but as a sweep of beautiful mutations, felt through rising and relaxing tensions, the kind of transience Henri Bergson called a “lived time” and an “experienced time”, and which Emest Cassirer called a “consciousness of sequence”, in other words a qualitative rather than quantitative time. Overlaid on the moving wave of light is a long shadow, cast from a beam that interprets the slit above. The shape falling across the wall, brushed as if an enormous stroke of black ink, is far more important than the tiny shape which casts it. The dark figure takes over the glowing surface, making room for itself on the field of light. Although this breath-taking sequence provides one of the supreme images ever created by architecture to reflect man's own transient existence on earth, like life itself, the cycle begins with a light emerging out of darkness, struggling to assert itself and come into a youthful being, slowly reaching the full force of maturity in lavish sensuous tones, turned warm and fertile, blazing there in one culminating peak of incandescent glory, only to ebb away in a loss of vitality, a fading energy which ends in a kind of evening nostalgia, and then extinct into blackness or sleep. When the lifelike sun and its animating spirit are gone, it is as if nothing were there, and the empty room, once more as cold as death, remains haunted by memories of the visit and dreams of return. Therapeutic ArchitectureRehabilitation in Natural Surrounding Endnotes ‘Towards a Therapeutic Environment 5 ENDNOTES, Day, Christopher, Places of the Soul, The Aquarian Press, 1990. Marberry, Sara O., Innovations in Healthcare Designs, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 195,89 Marberry, Sara O., Healthcare Designs, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997,263 Landscape Architecture, January 1985, 60 Marberry, Sara O., Healthcare Designs, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 197,262 Landscape Architecture, April 1998, 89 Serres Michel, The Five Senses, Collective Work, Architecture and Body, Rizzoli New York, 1988, 1 ‘Thomson, Martina, On Art and Therapy, Virago Press, 1989, 78 ‘Thomson, Martina, On Art and Therapy, Virago Press, 1989, 83 Plummer, Henry, Light in Japanese Architecture, A+U, 1995, 366 ne mpemidsvee aS aRehabilization in Nauural Surrounding Bibliography Towards a Therapeutic Environment 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Arquitetura ‘Musue De Arte Contemporanea De Niteroi Collective Work Architecture and Body 1988, Rizzoli New York Christopher Day Places of the Soul 1990 ‘The Aquarin Press Nancy Gerlach- Restorative Gardens: The Healing Landscape 1998 Spriggs Yale University Press Sara. Marberry _—_nnovations in Healthcare Designs 1995 ‘Van Nostrand Reinhold Sara O.Marberry ‘Healthcare Designs 1997 John Wiley and Sons Clare Cooper Marcus Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benefits and 1999 Design Recommendations John Wiley and Sons Clifford B Moller Architectural Environment and Our Mental 1968 Health Horizon Press Charles Willard ‘The Poetics of Gardens 1988 Moore MIT Press Henry Plummer Light in Japanese Architecture 1995 ASU Benedetta Tagliabue Architectural Monographs No.40: 1994 Enric Miralles Mixed Talks Academy Editions ‘Tan Hock Beng ‘Tropical Retreats: The Poetics of Place 1996 Page One Publishing Martina Thomson, On Art and Therapy 1989 Virago Press Peter Zumthor Peter Zumthor Works: Building and Projects 1979-97 Lars Muller Publishers Journals Architectural Review August 1997 Architecture and Urbanism: Peter Zumthor February 1998 Extra Edition El Croquis 30+49/50: Enric Miralles 1990, 1994 El Croquis 93: Steven Holl 1996,1999 El Croquis 44448: Tadao Ando 1983, 1993 Landscape Architecture January 1985 Landscape Architecture November 1997 Landscape Architecture April 1998 4Department of Architecture ~ University of Hong Kong 1. HOY Record of First Jury on Thesis Design 1999/2000 Date 18 November 1999 ‘Student Name Ng Ka Ling, Sarah Class No, _ 45 ‘Thesis Title | Rehabilitation and Education Village for Young Drug Addicts ‘Supervisor Mr. N Matsuda Advisor Ms DTM Cheung 1, Synopsis of presentation A brief description on the nature of the proposed rehabilitation village was presented. Objective of the thesis (2) By questioning the conventional model of rehabilitation, an alternative model is proposed to accommodate the new tend in rehabilitation, Le. preparation for integration into the community. (2) To create a community for rehabilitation, functions are decentralized and fit into the site, thus make use of the full potential of the site. Flexible programmes and sharing of common space among clusters enhance communication and interaction between students and staff, An analysis of site conditions and existing rehabilitation provision was presented. 2. Synopsis of staff observation The design statement should be clarified. The student should concern more on architectural issues than medical issues. Potentials of the existing houses should be explored in greater details, with consideration on their implication of the model of city. ‘The student should question more on isolation and the problems of it, ‘Communication and interaction proposed can be an approach to deal with the problems. ‘The proposed functional organization is still too enclosed by boundary. The extent of overlapping between different levels of function should be considered. 3. Student's response ‘The student would consider more on the architectural implication of isolation. ‘The design statement would be re-examined and made clearer. The existing houses would be analyzed in greater details and as a model of city. ‘The diagrams would be reorganized and refined in order to present the design intention more clearly and specifically. The student would try to develop better strategies regarding the interrelation between individual programmes and their spatial relationship. i e ivRehabilitation and Education Village for Young Drug Addicts BS im EE MOEEDsmromenalsSCC conceptual modelDepartment of Architecture — University of Hong Kong 1 2 Record of 2" Jury on Thesis Design 1999/2000 Date _20 January 2000 Student Name Ng Ka Ling, Sarah Class No._45 ‘Thesis Title Rehabilitation and Education Village for Young Drug Addicts Supervisor Mr S.C_Lo Advisor Wan, 1, Synopsis of presentation ‘The Rehabilitation Village is located on southeastern Lantau Island, When people access the site, they are like pilgrims, moving from the city to the seashore, and from the seashore to the valley. This path marks the beginning of cleansing and leads people to nature which symbolizes the source of life Relating to the site conditions and its potentials, the buildings follow the contour, A sequence of territorial relationships is formed along the path, with water being an important visual and mythical clement symbolizing the source of life and rebirth, ‘The entrance of the village is marked by the plaza and the administrative buildings. ‘The counselling section tums away from the valley and faces Cheung Chau. The classrooms and workshops are located on both sides of the valley which implies a sense of leading further into the hill, Surrounded by hills on three sides, the dormitories are well protected, and the place implies an end to the path. As the middle of the valley is relatively flat, sports and other recreations can take place there. 2. Synopsis of staff observation = The planning and building design should carry features and characteristics of a rehabilitation village so that it can be distinguished from a summer camp. Different building typologies have to be explored more, since they reveal the life of the people living there. - _Interms of overall planning, buildings are too dispersed and people need to walk too far from one place to another. Places with sea view can be used more. - In terms of the building design, more consideration on how the buildings sit on land is necded. Issues like excavation and humidity have to be taken into eecount. = The pond is too small and does not have a natural shape which is suitable for a ural environment. All natural elements should be in their original form. 3, Student's response = The student would study more on the features and characteristics of rehabilitation village in both the overall planning and building design. = Instead of the valley site, places with sea view would be used for the buildir| 9 cluster, andthe distance between different activity zones would be considered | + The student would try to develop better strategies regarding the relationsh | © between buildings and the ground. | = The pond would be refined in oder to present the site feature in its natural form. |Department of Architecture — University of Hong Kong Record of Third Jury on Thesis Design 1999/2000 Date __1 March 2000 Student Name Ng Ka Ling, Sarah Class No. 45 ‘Thesis Title Rehabilitation and Education Village for Young Drug Addicts Supervisor Mr. S.C. Lo Advisor Mr.N. Matsuda 1. Synopsis of presentation ‘The master layout is further developed since the last jury. Buildings are sited according to site characteristics and programmes. The medical centre, dormitories, academic section, workshops and amenities centre are placed near the seashore, with view to Cheung Chau. Psychotherapy is catried out mostly in the valley which is more quiet and has an inward-looking character. = _ A sequence of territorial relationships is formed along the path, from the city to the seashore, and from the seashore to the valley. This path marks the beginning of cleansing and leads people to nature which symbolizes the source of life. - Being an important visual and mythical element, the water body extends from the inet part of the valley to the amenities centre. The pond is in natural shape and hhas bridges and stepping stones linking up both sides of the valley. - ‘The massing and relationship of different built forms ate studied in order to achieve a sense of village. Similarities and variations distinguish different characters for different zones. 2 Synopsis of staff observation The master layout has improved. More buildings and landscape elements should be developed at the inner part of the valley, as a response to the buildings near the seashore, - More bridges and landscape elements have to be incorporated between the two sides of the pond. - Special programmes, like planting and other works that are done more with hands, are considered suitable in this rehabilitation village. = More outdoor space has to be incorporated in the building design, so that ‘whenever there is an indoor space, there should be a corresponding outdoor space. - In otder to differentiate the rehabilitation village from a vacation camp, besides using programmes, the student should try to tackle the problem in terms of site planning and built form. 3. Student's response - Landscape features will be explored in the valley and between the two sides of the pond. - Detailed planning will be revised to incorporate more special programmes and deal with indoor/outdoor relationship. Terraces, decks, verandahs and balconies will be considered. - The character for different zones will be developed more,Sestion 1:00