S T D - N F P A F P H S E C T I O N 30-LO-ENGL b117444b 0 5 5 3 5 7 3 3TA
Section O/Chariter 1O
RESCUE
OPERATIONS
Rescue operations are a major component of the multifaceted fire
and emergency service system. These service professions have tra-
ditionally made the protection of life and property the primary focus
of their mission in the community, and have consistently exhibited
their unique ability to overcome the challenges of a rapidly chang-
ing society and working and living environments therein.
The complexity of rescue responses can vary greatly with the
incident being handled. Typical training levels and the expertise and
innovation of operating companies and personnel determine the ef-
fectiveness and efficiency of these responses.
SPECIALIZED TECHNICAL RESCUE
The rescue emergency services system involves more than basic
structural fire rescue and extrication capabilities; it extends into oth-
er areas that impact incident response capabilities. Specialized tech-
nical rescue response teams have evolved as traditional and typical
functional areas are transcended.
Specialized technical rescue response capabilities are recog-
nized as a tactical component in the emergency response delivery
system. In many instances, the need for specialized technical rescue
capabilities has slowly developed due to identified community risk
factors in incident responses or through specific incident occur-
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rences that have shown the deficiencies that were present within the
response system.
Operational Deployment
Specialized technical rescue encompasses numerous areas of oper-
ational deployment, and includes, but is not limited to:
High- and low-angle rope rescue
Motor vehicle extrication operations
Industrial extrication and entrapment rescue
Confined-space entry and rescue operations
Trench and excavation rescue
Below-grade rescue
Christopher J. Naum, a 21-year fire service veteran, is president of L.A.
Emergency Management & Training Consultants, Syracuse, NY. He is a
member of the NFPA 1670 Committee on Technical Rescue and the Struc-
tural Collapse Rescue and Confined Space Rescue Task Groups, and chair-
person of the Trench Rescue Task Group.
COPYRIGHT 2003; National Fire Protection Association
ChristopherJ. Naum
Structural collapse rescue
Surface and underwater rescue
Swift-water rescue
Icerescue
Wilderness search and rescue
Urban search and rescue
Agricultural and farm rescue
Hazardous materials (HAZMAT) rescue operations
High-rise rescue
* Helicopter rescue
Heavy rescue applicable to: air, rail, and maritime
Large-scale disaster response rescue
The need for specialized rescue teams is typically based on the
historical perspective of a community or jurisdiction, local and re-
gional conditions and trends, and capabilities and deficiencies en-
countered in incident operations, coupled with the degree of risk
potential that exists.
The acceptable level of risk is determined by local conditions,
and must be identified and balanced with the capabilities of the
emergency service delivery system.
Rescue deployment and operations ability is based upon the
degree of awareness, knowledge, training, resources, and planning
that are present, coupled with the potential, frequency, magnitude,
and impact that these factors may have on the specialized agencys
ability to carry out the necessary functions dictated by the incident
response.
The development of a specialized technical rescue component
within any jurisdiction requires a thorough understanding of the in-
herent hazard potential present at specific technical rescue re-
sponses; the degree of commitment required in the way of financial
support, training, and skill enhancement; resource allocation and
equipment requirements; and logistical planning and legal ramifica-
tions that will impact the conceptualization, implementation, and
ultimate operation of a specialized rescue team. In many situations,
a regional approach to organizing, staffing, and funding a technical
rescue team will be the most practical answer.
The development of specialized technical rescue teams will
continue to be a major influencing factor in the national emergency
service community. The need for specialization YS. the generalist
10-131
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 10-132 ORGANIZING FOR FIRE PROTECTION
approach toward operations will continue to drive the development
of this unique delivery system. The emergency service community
must maintain both proficiency in the delivery of their services and
the safety of the personnel who perform those various responsibili-
ties. Identification of, and planning for, specialized rescue situations
enhances incident response capability. Knowledge, skills, and un-
derstanding of these special conditions are limited by unique oper-
ational parameters and safety considerations. In summary,
successful outcome and termination of special rescue incidents re-
lies on skills, training, preplanning, and deployment of adequately
prepared and outfitted resources and personnel.
COMMUNITY RESOURCE PLANNING
(CRPI
The typical demands associated with a site-specific technical rescue
incident or a regionwide disaster can quickly overwhelm even the
largest of responding emergency service agencies. Even with an ef-
fective in-place incident management system, the planning and lo-
gistical demands placed upon incident managers, coupled with the
requirements for meeting tactical deployment requests, can impede
or impair the most efficient of organizations or departments.
Due to the potential complexities associated with rescue situa-
tions and the variety of conditions and parameters that may be
present at site-specific or large-scale disaster incidents, external re-
source allocation and deployment may become necessary in order
to enhance and support operational incident requirements.
The need for comprehensive community risk assessment and
planning for complex collapse or disaster responses forms the foun-
dation for subsequent incident operations. One component of com-
munity risk assessment planning focuses upon the development of
a data base of external resources that could be deployed and utilized
in order to facilitate strategic and tactical objectives.
Community resource planning (CRP) provides the means by
which an agency or jurisdiction can enhance identified internal de-
ficiencies and provide a system for external resource allocation that
will provide on-scene incident commanders with the necessary re-
sources to augment the agencys ability to respond and operate at
rescue incidents.
As with any incident response, the successful intervention,oper-
ation, and termination of the incident is directly related to the degree
of resources available or deployed, coupled with the effectivenessand
efficiency of their respective tactical assignments, objectives, and
time management parameters.
Effective deployment of a community resource plan provides
for a pre-determined and coordinated means of supporting the plan-
ning and logistical demands associated with rescue incidents, and
allows for the substantial reduction in the time allotments required
to identify, locate, and subsequently contact and call-out resources
for anticipated or required deployment needs.
Community resource planning is not an entirely new concept
within the fire and emergency service delivery system. The identifi-
cation and utilization of mutual-aid agencies and companies to aug-
ment daily fire, rescue, and emergency medical service (EMS)
alarm assignments is commonplace in many jurisdictions. Supple-
mentation of local jurisdictional manpower and equipment needs
with mutual-aid agencies allows the receiving agency to: (1) deploy
adequate resources at a given incident and (2)increase the ability to
mitigate the incident conditions.
The size, organizational structure, internal capab
sources, operating environment, and technical rescue capabilities of
the department, coupled with the identified community risk hazards,
will determine to what extent the community resource plan will be
COPYRIGHT 2003; National Fire Protection Association
developed. The magnitude, severity, and frequency of related inci-
dents and responses will also dictate the methodology of the plan-
ning process.
The identification and formulation of select resource criteria
and subsequent development of the community resource directory
(CRD) is unique to each department or agencys community re-
source plan. The CRP and CRD augment and enhance the limita-
tions of the jurisdictions capabilities during rescue operations, and
provide the framework and operating structure to build effective,
safe, and timely rescue operations.
The basis of the community resource plan is to establish con-
tacts; identify procedures; and initiate agreements with local, juris-
dictional, regional, andior state and national entities for the
procurement of identified resource needs. Through careful and thor-
ough research and preplanning, a useful data base can be developed
that includes established procurement procedures and memoranda
of agreement.
DEVELOPMENT OF A CRP DATABASE
There are four basic functional areas that can be generally associat-
ed with the categories of resource planning for rescue response.
These include, but are not limited to: (1) equipment, (2) supplies,
(3) services, and (4) technical support.
Since the basis of the community resource plan and resource
directory are established and defined by the identification of internal
agency/department limitations or deficiencies, they are also directly
related to the degree of risk potential to which the community and
jurisdiction are susceptible. The relationship of current operational
capabilities, coupled with the influence of existing mutual-aid
agreements and assignments, will provide a measurement by which
the parameters of the community risk profile and analysis can be
factored in order to determine the existing limitations and deficien-
cies. This provides the foundation for the research and development
of an external resources data base.
The following lists provide an overview of items that could
comprise the data base. These lists are not all-inclusive.
Equipment
Aerial lifts
Air tools
Backhoes
Bulldozers
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Cellular phone compadies
Compressors
Computer equipment supply and rental companies
Concrete construction form suppliers
Concrete cutting, breaking, and sawing firms
Construction equipment
Conveyors and material handlers
Cranes, rigging/erectors
Excavators
Fire equipment and supply firms
Flood lighting and searchlights
Forklifts
Generators
Ham radio operators groups
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RESCUE OPERATIONS 10-133

Hydraulic, pneumatic, mechanical Rubbishdumpster suppliers and haulers

Hydraulic tool distributors Tire distributodrepair forms
Light and heavy equipment firms Towing services
Loaders, trenchers, skid-steer loaders 9 Transportation service
Portable pumps Tree- and debris-removal firms
Public works agencies Trucking and leasing companies
Radio communications and equipment suppliers
Technical Support
Sawing and cutting equipment
Scaffolding American Concrete Institute
Shoring American Institute of Architects
Television and communications companies American Institute of Steel Construction
Tent suppliers and distributors American Public Works Association
Welding supply companies American Society of Consulting Engineers
Association of Building Contractors American Society of Safe-
Supplies ty Engineers
9 Bag, burlap, and canvas manufacturers . Association of Engineering Geologists
Battery distributors Association of General Contractors
Building materials supply firms Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute
Chemical supply and distributor companies Construction Specification Institute
Compressed gases supply distributors International Association of Bridge, Structural, and Ornamen-
Fire equipment and supply firms (1ocaVregional) tal Iron Workers
Fuel distributors Local and regional professional societies, associations, and
trade groups
Grocers and food suppliers
National Society of Professional Engineers
Hardware supply firms
Physicians and Surgeons Professional Associations
Ice
Lumberyards Contractors
Medical supply companies Demolition
Portable shelter and tent firms
Drilling and boring
Power tool suppliers
Excavation
Rental service and supply companies
General contractors
Restaurants
Heavy-equipment operators

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Utility companies
Steel erectors and Fabricators
Services Utility
Aviationhelicopter services Consulting Engineers and Architects
Awning and canopy manufacturers
Architects
Baking companies
Chemical
Banquet and party supply companies
Civil engineers
Beverage supply and distributors
Construction engineers
Boat supply companies
Environmental
Bottled water distributors
Buses, public, private; school districts Marine

Catering companies Mechanical

Fencing companies Safety, health, and hygiene
Glasslwindshield repair companies Sanitary
Ice distributors Soil
Motorcycle, all-terraidATV firms Structural
Portable restroom supply companies Surveying
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10-134 ORGANIZING FOR FIRE PROTECTION

Other CONCEPTUALIZATION AND PLANNING

Electric equipment and supply distribution
PROCESS
The conceptualization and planning process is defined by the fol-
Environmental and remedial contractors
lowing ten parameters. Each must be thoroughly identified and ad-
Hazardous waste abatement companies dressed.
Highway and transportation agencies 1. What type of specialized rescue team(s) is required?
2. What risk factors are present or potential within the jurisdiction?
Industrial rescue teams
3. What level of expertise currently exists within the organization?
Land surveyors 4. How can system enhancement be best achieved?
Search-and-rescue dog handlers Short term
Wilderness search groups/associations Intermediate

After the appropriate CRP data base items are identified, the Long term
data collection process must identify local, regional, statewide, or 5. What level or degree of technical capabilities can the plan
other appropriate contacts, e.g., companies, firms, agencies, or indi- achieve?
viduals that will ultimately provide the identified resource needs. 6. How can the services be best achieved?
Interdepartmental
CRP AGREEMENTS Local
The next phase in the community resource plan requires the initia- Regional
tion, preparation, and adoption of appropriate types of agreements Countywide
that clearly define the scope and conditions for the provision of ser-
vices, equipment, and/or supplies established by the CRP. These Intercounty
agreements can take the form of the following: Cooperative agreements with industrial or private teams
Memoranda of agreement (MOA) Outside agencies
Mutual-aid agreements (MAA) 7. What is the current projected level of interest of staff and per-
sonnel?
9 Service agreements (SA)
Interest
Service or retainer contracts (SWSC)
Motivation
These agreements should be reviewed and approved by the le- Availability for staffing requirements
gai council having jurisdiction within the organization structure of
the department to ensure that the agreement and its parameters are Previous levels of specialkpecific training
equitable, concise, and that all liability issues have been addressed. Employmen/trade experience
Fire/rescue/EMS response experience
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INFORMATION MAINTENANCE Educational Background

I The documents and data contained within the CRD yellow pages Time commitment requirements
1I for complex incident management provide for the timely identifica-
Personal nsk factors
tion, call out, and deployment of required resources, based upon
specific incident parameters. Dedication
As with any resource or reference document, the community 8. What are the projected financial considerations and impacts?
resource directory and data base should be updated and revalidated Short term
on an annual basis, so to ensure that individual contact names,
phone numbers, and conditions are valid and current. In addition, it Intermediate
is important to identify and document any changes in the resource Long term
listing that may affect its usefulness within the data base. It is not
9. What influencing regulations/standards must be complied with,
uncommon for products, services, or materials to change or be with-
or basis achieved?
drawn, especially when dealing with equipment, supply, or service
companies. This, obviously, can compromise the dependability a n d NFPA
or function of the CRP. OSHA
Financial constraints, budgets curtailments, staffing limita- ANSI
tions and reductions, and limited resource acquisitions can prevent
the initiation of programs or delay expansion of existing services. NIOSH
All proposals must be thoroughly assessed, properly planned, and DOT
adequately developed in order to effectively implement program DOL
goals. Technical rescue team development relies heavily on a thor-
ough understanding of the issues surrounding the needs associated API
with such a team, coupled with an appropriate planning process that NASAR
will ultimately lead an agency toward its established goal of en-
hanced rescue capabilities or deployment of specially trained and AAUS
adequately outfitted personnel for technical rescue responses. Other
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10. What is the time commitment for organization, development,
and implementation of the program initiative?
Efforts must be made early in the conceptualization and plan-
ning process to ensure that the commitments and objectives being
developed can be achieved within the organization. Initial interest
may be high with any new program, but may quickly wane as the
demand of increased training and time commitments take their toll.
State/Federal Regulations
Regulatory impact of associated state/federal regulations, along
with the influence of recognized national standards, will also influ-
ence and help direct the planning, organization, and training pro-
cess. NFPA has standards under development that will cover
technical rescue operations and the professional qualifications of
rescue technicians. These regulations and standards may assist the
planning group or committee in identifying relevant issues that may
impact the development of objectives, goals, and organizational
scope for the subsequent teams deployment.
Research and Data Gathering
Efforts should be taken by respective departments and agencies to
research and obtain information from other departments and teams
around the country, in order to gain the wealth of information that
can be analyzed and disseminated, with applicable information ap-
plied and augmented in order to meet with local conditions, factors,
and team objectives. This research and data-gathering network can
save a tremendous amount of time and effort, by avoiding redundan-
cy in program planning and technical rescue team applications.
Those departments that have developed technical response teams
over the years, and the process by which they developed the meth-
ods utilized for operations and the equipment utilized, coupled with
the revisions that have been adopted through field-proven situations,
can only help to provide time-proven data and information.
TECHNICAL RESCUE TEAMS
It is imperative that departments and agencies considering develop-
ing specialized technical rescue teams understand the long-term
commitments and the level of dedication required to fulfill the op-
erability and usefulness of team activation. A department or agency
must identify the appropriate types and levels of technical service(s)
necessary as the needs or risks within the jurisdiction or community
change. In the 1980s, many jurisdictions quickly implemented haz-
ardous materials teams as the wave of this concept and need swept
throughout the emergency services only to find that the demands of
time, financial support, and commitment levels necessitated a re-
evaluation of their level of commitment and degree of involvement.
Rescue Specialties
The following list is designed to assist any agency or organization
in identifying the specialties necessary to safely and effectively un-
dertake technical rescue operations.
1. Ropehigh-angle rescue operations
2. Confined space rescue operations
3. Trench rescue operations
4. Structural collapse rescue operations
5. Water/ice rescue operations
6. Motor vehicle rescues
7. Industrial/agricuIturd rescue operations
COPYRIGHT 2003; National Fire Protection Association
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m b 4 7 4 4 4 b 0553595 T 4 3 9
RESCUE OPERATIONS 10-135
Technical Rescue Specialties Program
Examples
The following examples are typical technical rescue program ele-
ments that can facilitate the development of rescue operation capa-
bilities for technical rescue specialties!
Rope rescue: Rope techniques are a basic underlying skill for
most other types of rescue. Most fire fighters will be familiar with
basic rope techniques and knot tying as part of the basic fire fighter
curriculum.
An awareness of rope skills can be taught to rescuers in only a
day. It could include topics such as rope characteristics, strengths,
basic knots, hardware, hazards to be aware of when using rope, and
dangerous techniques to avoid.
An operation-level could cover rope rescue techniques. Rescu-
ers could be taught basic techniques of rappelling, rigging, belay-
ing, safety, anchoring, and simple mechanical advantage systems.
Additional operational techniques could include patient packaging,
low-angle evacuations, and simple pickoff maneuvers. This could
be taught in 2 days.
A detailed technician-level program could be conducted in ap-
proximately one week, covering basic and advanced rigging tech-
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niques, anchor systems, belays, simple and complex mechanical
advantage systems, and advanced patient extrication techniques and
stokes basket operations. Low- and high-angle rescue techniques,
including telpher and Tyrolean systems, could be included.
Some specialty topics could include advanced techniques for
helicopter operations, ladder operations and bridging techniques,
and other topics. Practical and teaching experience should be re-
quired. Urban rope techniques could be incorporated for areas
where high-angle rescues may be adapted to an urban environment.
Confined space rescue: Confined spaces are defined as any area
not designed for human occupancy, with limited entrance and
egress. OSHA has established one of the few standards that is appli-
cable to technical rescue, 29 CFR 1910.146, which requires con-
fined space rescue personnel who enter these spaces to be trained
(although it provides little training specifics).
An awareness of confined space rescue can be taught in a few
hours, and could include background on OSHA regulations, recog-
nition of permit-required spaces, confined space hazard recognition,
how to secure the scene, available resources for confined space res-
cue, and what conditions preclude rescue entry into a space.
Operation-level personnel could be taught safe entry and res-
cue technique, atmospheric monitoring techniques, and how to as-
sess the hazards and risks. An operations level could be achieved
with several days of training.
Technician-level personnel could be trained for a wide range of
skills and hazards assessment. Skills may include patient evacua-
tion, special retrieval systems, use of communications and com-
mand at confined space incidents, familiarity with various types of
confined space, atmospheric monitoring, hazard assessment, and
ventilation techniques. At least 40-60 hr are necessary to train per-
sonnel to the technician level.
Trench rescue: By definition, a trench is deeper than it is wide.
Rescuers have been injured or killed after entering and unshored
trench that suffered a secondary collapse. Awareness of the dangers
of trench incidents can be taught in about 4 hr, covering the basics
of hazard recognition, scene security, rescuer safety, types of trench
collapses, additional resources, and initial actions.
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10-136 ORGANIZING FOR FIRE PROTECTION
An operations level of training can be taught in several days,
with students gaining knowledge of rescue equipment, different
types of shoring, means of securing the site according to departmen-
tal standard operation procedures (SOPS),how to perform a safe en-
try, and other support operations.
Technician-level personnel should become familiar with vari-
ous rescue techniques, shoring techniques, victim retrieval systems,
EMS and patient care skills for trench collapse, control of utilities,
and long-term operations skills. The technician level could be
taught in about 10-14 days.
Trench rescue shares equipment, rescue techniques, and skills
with both confined space rescue and collapse rescue. A course could
be designed to include aspects of each discipline.
Structural collapse: Structural collapse shares many techniques
with trench and confined space rescue. An awareness of the dan-
gers of structural collapse could cover types of construction and
associated hazards, types of collapses, how to secure the scene,
and when to call for help. This could be taught in approximately
8-1 2 hr.
An operations-level of training could also include patterns for
conducting a surface debris search for victims, basic stabilization,
utility control, and atmospheric monitoring. It could be taught in 5
to 8 days.
A technician-level course covering shoring and building stabi-
lization, rescue equipment, search equipment and operations, tunnel-
ing and excavation techniques, hazard stabilization and mitigation,
components of urban search and rescue techniques, and patient care
could be taught in approximately 5-7 days.
Water Rescue
One of the most dangerous types of special rescue is water rescue.
There are several different specialties within the field of water res-
cue. Rescuers may face incidents involving calm water, swift wa-
ter, ice, or even surf conditions. Dive rescue is a specialty within
itself. Courses in each training level could be designed to address
all types of water rescue or individual types (e.g., swift water res-
cue only).
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A basic awareness of water hazards, safety, and shore-based
rescue techniques can be taught in a few hours. Different types of
water rescue may share similar techniques, but pose different dan-
gers.
Operations-level training could cover techniques for in-water
or ice rescue. Rescuers should become familiar with different types
of water rescue techniques, ice and current hazards, hypothermia
and EMS considerations, ice rescue equipment, and shore-based
swift-water rescue techniques. This course could be taught in about
one week, and requires personnel to be able to swim.
The technician level could require knowledge in all facets of
water rescue and how to perform special rescue techniques, such as
victim retrieval using boats or a helicopter. This course could be
taught in about one week.
SUMMARY
The daily demands imposed upon fire and emergency service agen-
cies can, at times, overwhelm the best prepared and trained depart-
ments and their personnel. Changes in society and the built
environment influence fire and emergency incidents. Specialized
rescue operations, and the skills necessary for their safe and effec-
tive deployment and subsequent operations, require that all depart-
COPYRIGHT 2003; National Fire Protection Association
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b1(741(gb 0 5 5 3 5 7 b 98T
ments and agencies prepare appropriately to meet the challenges
and demands associated with the risk potential and hazards present
or projected for the jurisdiction and community.
Specialized technical rescue operations is an emergency inte-
grated system. Through proactive planning, community-based risk
assessment and evaluation, preparedness training, resource devel-
opment, and contingency planning, fire and emergency service
agencies can effectively prepared and anticipate the manner in
which they can handle incident responses, while maintaining the
highest degree and consideration for the safety and well-being of
their personnel and emergency responders. Technical rescue opera-
tions requires a fine balance between training, knowledge and skills,
risk management, and resources.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Reference Cited
1. Federal Emergency Management Agency Technical Rescue Program
Development Manual, FA-159, Feb. 1996, pp. 1.5-1.9. United States
Fire Administration, Washington, DC.
NFPA Codes, Standards, and Recommended Practices
Reference to the following NFPA codes, standards, and recommended
practices will provide further information on rescue operations dis-
cussed in this chapter. (See the latest version of The NFPA CutuZog for
availability of current editions of the following documents.)
NFPA 220, Types of Building Construction
NFPA 1001, Standard for Fire Fighters Professional Qualifications
NFFA 1201, Developing Fire Protection Sewicesfor the Public
NFPA 1470, Standard on Search and Rescue Training for Structural Col-
lapse Incidents
NFPA 1.500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safe@and Health
Program
NFPA 1521, Fire Department Safewty Officer
NFPA 1561,Fire Department Incident Management System
NFPA 1600, Disaster Management
NFPA 1983, Fire Service Life Safety Rope & System Components
Additional Reading
Collins, Larry, An Innovative Approach to Swiftwater Rescue,Firrhouse,
May 1994, p. 83-1 11.
Downey, Ray, The Rescue Company, Fire Engineering Publications,Tulsa,
OK, 1992.
Federal Emergency Management Agency, Earthquake Reduction Series 41,
Rapid Visual Screening for Potential Deismic Hazards, Washington,
DC.
Federal Emergency Management Agency, Earthquake Damaged Build-
ings; An Overview of Heavy Debris and Victim Extrication, FEMA
158, Sept. 1988, Earthquake Reduction Series 43, Washington, DC.
Final Report; Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building Bombing, Fire miblica-
tions, Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, OK. 1996.
Foley, Steven N., Picking up the Pieces,NFPA Journal, MaylJune 1995.
P-52ff
Gallagher, Tim and Steve Storment,Confined Space Rescue,Rescue,
May/June 1994, p. 5149.
IFSTA, Fire Sewice Rescue Practices, Fire protection Publications,Okla-
homa State University, Stillwater, OK, 1996.
Mellot, Kevin, D., Building a Specialized Rescue Capability on a Budget.
Fire Chie$ November 1992, p. 36-39.
Naum, C. J. Basic Training for StructuralCollapse Operations: On-Call,
Vol. 1., No. 5, Nov./Dec.
Naum C . J., Search and Rescue for StructuralCollapse Operations, The
Voice, May 1996; June 1996.
Naum, C. J., Specialty of the houseTechnical Rescue Teams, Firehouse,
Vol. 18, No. 4., April 1993, pp. 86,88,90.
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S T D * N F P A F P H SECTION LO-LO-ENGL
Naum C. J., Developing a Technical Rescue Team, Firehouse, Vol. 18,
No. 5., May 1993, pp. 3841,4445.
Naum, C. J., Trench CollapseResponse, Rescue & EMS Considerations,
Rescue-EMS, Vol. 11, No. 3, May/June 1993, pp. 36-40.
Naum, C. J., Community Resource Planning for CollapseRescue,Fire-
house, Vol. 18, No. 8.,Aug. 1993, pp. 32-34.
Naum, C. J., Search and Rescue Marking Systems for CollapseRescue,
Firehouse, Vol. 19, No. 11, Dec. 1994, pp. 32-37.
Naum, C. J., TrenchCollapseRescue Operations, The Voice,Vol.23, No.
4; AprillMay 1994, pp. 17-19.
Naum, C. J., FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force System, Fire-
Jighter News,June/July 1993,pp. 4243.
Naum, C. J., The Essence of Rescue in the 199Os,FireJighterNe~s,
June/
July 1993,pp. 74-77.
NFPA, KOBE-NFFA Fire Investigation Report, National Fire Protection
Association,Quincy, MA, 1997.
Practical Rescue Manual, Montgomery County Fire and Rescue, 1988.
Superintendentof Documents Publications,Superintendentof Documents,
US. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
COPYRIGHT 2003; National Fire Protection Association
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RESCUE OPERATIONS 10-13 7
Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, 29 CFR 1910.120(OSHA),Hazard-
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