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Chapter 17: Troubleshooting Tools

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Chapter 17 Objectives
The Following CompTIA Network+ Exam Objectives Are
Covered in This Chapter:

4.2 Given a scenario, analyze and interpret the output of


troubleshooting tools
Command line tools
o ipconfig
o netstat
o ifconfig
o ping/ping6/ping -6
o tracert/tracert -6/traceroute6/traceroute -6
o nbtstat
o nslookup
o arp
o mac address lookup table
o pathping

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Protocol Analyzers

Used to capture packets in their raw


format as they cross the network.

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Throughput Testers
Work much like a protocol analyzer in that they
measure the traffic seen on the network and
can also classify the types of traffic that are
eating up bandwidth

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Connectivity Software
Designed to allow you to make a connection to
the machine, see the desktop, and perform
any action you could perform if you were
sitting in front of it.

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Command Line Tools
Most of us are running Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Version 4 on our
networks these days so we absolutely need a way to
test IP connectivity.
We also need be able to test and verify IPv6 networks.
Several utilities to verify TCP/IP function on Windows
workstations for both IPv4 and IPv6
The utilities are fairly platform independent and most of
them can now use both IPv4 and IPv6.

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Command Line Tools
traceroute / tracert
Traceroute (trace for short) displays the path a packet
takes to get to a remote device by using
Time-To-Live (TTL)
Time-outs
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) error messages

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Command Line Tools
ipconfig and ifconfig
The utilities known as ipconfig (in Windows), and
ifconfig (in Unix/Linux/Mac) will display the current
configuration of TCP/IP on a given workstation
Current IP address
DNS configuration
Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) configuration
Default gateway

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Command Line Tools
IPConfig Options
Ipconfig /all
Ipconfig /release
Ipconfig /renew

To release your current


DHCP TCP/IP
information in Vista,
you must elevate your
command prompt

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Command Line Tools
The ping Utility
Ping is the most basic TCP/IP utility, and its included with
most TCP/IP stacks for most platforms.
In most cases, ping is a command-line utility, although
there are many GUI implementations available.
You use the ping utility for two primary purposes:
To find out if a host is responding
To find out if you can reach a host

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Command Line Tools
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is part of the
TCP/IP protocol stack.
Uses broadcasts to translate TCP/IP addresses to MAC
addresses.
The ARP table in Windows includes a list of TCP/IP
addresses and their associated physical (MAC) addresses.
The ARP table contains two kinds of entries:
Dynamic
Static
The arp Utility (using arp a)

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Command Line Tools
The nslookup Utility
A command-line utility that allows you to perform a
single DNS lookup for a specific entity.
The nslookup utility comes with Windows NT and later,
as well as most versions of Unix and Linux, but not
with Windows 95/98.
It is run from a Windows command prompt.
At the command prompt, you can start the nslookup
utility by typing nslookup and pressing <enter>.

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Command Line Tools
The Mtr Command
Mtr or My traceroute is a computer program that
combines the functions of the traceroute and ping utilities
in a single network diagnostic tool.
Mtr is great if you have Linux or Unix, but by default, its
not installed on Windows devices.
Third-party applications of Mtr are available to install on
Windows
Microsoft includes its own version of Mtr called pathping

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Command Line Tools
The Route Command
The route command is used to employ both static and
default routing on Windows Vista and Server 2008

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Command Line Tools
The nbtstat Utility
Microsoft Windows uses an interface called Network
Basic Input/Output System (NetBIOS) relating names
with workstations
It is an upper-layer interface that requires a transport
protocolusually, TCP/IP, but IPv6 can be used as
well.
Deploying the nbtstat utility will achieve these three
important things:
Track NetBIOS over TCP/IP statistics
Show the details of incoming and outgoing
NetBIOS over TCP/IP connections
Resolve NetBIOS names

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NBTStat
The nbtstat a command:

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NBTStat
The nbtstat c command:

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NBTStat
The nbtstat n command:

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NBTStat
The nbtstat r command:

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NBTStat
The nbtstat S command:

The nbtstat s command:

The nbtstat s command produces the same output as nbtstat S except


it will also attempt to resolve remote-host IP addresses into host names.

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Command Line Tools
The netstat Utility
netstat is a great way to check out the inbound and
outbound TCP/IP connections on your machine.
Packet statistics like how many packets have been sent
and received, the number of errors, etc. can be viewed.

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NetStat
The netstat a command:

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Command Line Tools
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
FTP has become a cross-platform protocol for transferring
files.
Windows TCP/IP stack includes a command-line ftp utility.
To start the ftp utility, enter ftp at a command prompt.
The result is an ftp command prompt:

To display a list of all the commands you can use at the ftp
command prompt, type help or ? and press <Enter>

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Command Line Tools
The Telnet Utility
Part of the TCP/IP protocol suite,
Telnet is a Terminal Emulation program designed
to be used over the network
telnet allows you to make connections to remote
devices, gather information, and run programs.
Telnet was originally developed to open terminal
sessions from Unix workstations to Unix servers.

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Command Line Tools
Dont Use Telnet, Use Secure Shell (SSH)
Telnet is totally unsecure
Telnet sends all data in clear text including your name
and password.
It has to be really bad thing these days; consider
Microsoft doesnt even enable it on their latest Oss
(you know it really must be unsecure)

SSH is the tool to use.


SSH provides the same options as Telnet, plus a lot more
It doesnt send any data in clear text
Your servers, routers, and other devices need to be
enabled with SSH.
SSH is not configured by default on most devices.

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Summary

Summary
Exam Essentials Section
Written Labs
Review Questions

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