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ChemicalEngineering Science. 1972, Vol. 27. pp. 567-576. Pergamon Press.

Printed in Great Britain

Heat transfer in packed beds

A. P. DE WASCH and G. F. FROMENT


Laboratorium voor Petrochemische Techniek, Rijksuniversiteit, Gent, Belgium

(Receioed 6 July 197 1)

Abstract-The heat transfer between a fluid flowing through a packed bed and the wall is interpreted
according to a one-dimensional model characterized by an overall heat transfer coefficient, h, and by
two-dimensional models with one parameter, the effective thermal conductivity, k, or two parameters,
the effective thermal conductivity A, and the wall heat transfer coefficient o, The experimental results
for h,, k,, X, and a, are correlated as a function of Reynolds number, packing and tube diameter.
The correlations with respect to the Reynolds number are all linear. Correlations between the para-
meters of the various models are also given.

I. INTRODUCTION the fluid are taken as a continuum and all heat


THE SITUATION considered in this paper is the transfer in radial direction is considered to occur
heating or cooling of a fluid flowing through a by effective conduction. Evidently, the effec-
packed bed and exchanging heat with the wall. tive conductivity characterising this mode of
Until a few years ago this phenomenon was heat transfer is not a conductivity in the true
described by a one dimensional continuum sense: it contains contributions of conduction
model which considers the temperature of the in both fluid and solid, convection in radial
fluid to be uniform in a section perpendicular direction and radiation, again in both phases.
to flow. The heat exchange with the wall is then Bunnell, Irving, Olson and Smith[l5] have
characterized by means of a so called overall interpreted their heat transfer data according to
heat transfer coefficient, h, (Max Leva[9-121; such a model. When this effective conductivity
Maeda[7,8]; Schliinder[l3, 141). is calculated in various points of a section per-
The condition of radial uniformity is generally pendicular to flow it is found that it is decreasing
not fulfilled, especially in chemical reactors strongly in the vicinity of the wall: it is as if a
with important heat effects. In such cases it may supplementary resistance were experienced near
be of importance to take the radial gradients into the wall. Two attitudes are possible: either take
account. This more detailed approach may be a mean value over the whole section, k,, or intro-
required, e.g. when it is necessary to check if duce an additional coefficient accounting for the
the temperatures in the axis do not exceed a wall effect. With the latter point of view the
certain value which would cause the reactor to heat transfer in radial direction is characterized
be oversensitive. It has been shown that the by the effective thermal conductivity A, and the
mean temperature predicted by the one-dimen- wall heat transfer coefficient, (Y,. Most of the
sional model may differ significantly from the two dimensional heat transfer measurements
true radial mean (Froment[5,6]). These con- were interpreted along the latter lines - (Coberly
siderations led to the use of a two-dimensional and Marshall [ 11, Yagi and Kunii [2,3], Calder-
model. In such a model heat transfer in radial band and Pogorsky [16], Kunii and Smith[4]).
direction is superposed upon the heat transfer The data show considerable scatter however,
by convection in the flow direction. Several especially those on the wall heat transfer co-
mechanisms are involved in the heat transfer efficients. It was shown recently that the pre-
in radial direction. In order to limit the com- cision of the available data is insufficient for a
plexity of design calculations the packing and satisfactory prediction of reactor operation for
567
A. P. DE WASCH and G. F. FROMENT

more or less drastic conditions (Froment[5]). The thermocouples are connected to the com-
This conclusion led to the work reported here. pensating cables in the lower cross. They extend
The purpose of this work was to determine 18 cm down from this cross. It was found
precise parameter values for the three models necessary to hold the junction of the couple
discussed above and to correlate them as a exactly in the desired radial position. Therefore,
function of the flow rate and the tube to particle a very thin third cross was attached to the above
dia. ratio. mentioned lower cross at 1 cm above the thermo-
couple junction.
2. APPARATUS AND EXPERIMENTAL The radial location of the couples can be seen
TECHNIQUE from Fig. 1. The thermocouples were located
The experimental equipment is similar to that slightly above the packing, at a distance of one
used by previous investigators [ 1,161. The particle diameter. From this distance onwards
packed bed itself was contained in a copper the radial temperature profile was completely
cylinder surrounded by a concentric cylinder smooth.
also made of copper. Saturated steam con- The wall-temperature was taken equal to the
densed in the annulus at 100C. The construc- temperature of the steam condensing on the
tion permitted easy interchange of the inner outer surface of the copper wall.
cylinder in order to investigate the influence For every bed height and flow rate eight profiles
of packing to tube dia. were measured by turning the crosses over 45.
The fluid, air, was delivered by a two-stage This was done in order to minimize deviations
blower with a capacity of 160 m3/hr at zero from the radial position and effects of irregular-
pressure drop and 40 m3/hr with a packed bed of ities in the bed surface.
1 m height. Flow rates larger than 30 mYhr were Steady state was attained after about 1 hr.
measured with an orifice, British norm B.S.
726, having a pressure drop of 1 m water at the 3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
maximum flow rate of 100 m3/hr. The experimental program and conditions are
Flow rates lower than 30 m3/hr were measured shown in Table 1.
by means of a rotameter. At high flow rates the Figure 1 shows a typical radial temperature
air was heated considerably by the blower. profile.
Therefore, a heat exchanger was installed before
the packed bed, so as to maintain the inlet
temperature of the air to the bed at 30C -+O*lC
in all cases.
The experiment consists of measuring the
radial temperature profile in the fluid just above
the packing. This is done for several bed heights.
For each bed height a wide range of fluid
velocities is used. The thermocouples were
chrome1 alumel Philips Thermocoax AB-AC 10
with diameter 1 mm. The emf was read on a Pye
potentiometer thermocouple testing set.
Twelve such thermocouples were mounted on
a cross which has springs guiding it along the I 1 I
inner cylinder wall. The center of the cross is 20 40 60 7
r, mm
attached to a vertical rod extending to the top
of the cylinder, where another cross helps keep- Fig. 1. Radial temperature profiles; V&-catalyst.
ing the rod in the center axis of the inner cylinder. dt = 0.1575 m; d,, = 04057 m; z = O-293 m; Re = 252.

568
Heat transfer in packed beds

Table 1. Experimental program and conditions z=L t=t u

ddd, Re Bed height t, constant for all z.


(ml
After integration the wall heat transfer coefficient
Iron oxide catalyst for ammonia synthesis
0.099 0.0095 10.4 200-900 0.3-1.0 is obtained from
0.1575 o%t95 16.6 90-400 0.4- 1.4

Vanadium pentoxide catalyst for sulfuric acid


production
0.099 0.0059 16.7 60-600 0.4-1.0
0.1575 o+lo59 26.7 25-300 0.4-0.8 The mean outlet temperature tu is obtained from
Vanadium pentoxide catalyst for phthalic the radial outlet profile from the formula:
anhydride synthesis
0.099 0.0057 17.4 150-400 0.3-1.0 2 f rtdr
0.1575 oGl57 27.6 50-260 0.2-1.1 tu= O
R2 *
All three catalysts are of cylindrical shape
with height = dia.
In all cases the fluid is air. (b) Two-dimensional models
(1) With one parameter, k,
In this case a heat balance on a volume element
The hump in the profile is typical It is located
of the bed leads to
at a distance of 1 to 1.5 d, of the wall and its
magnitude increases as dJd, increases. It
probably corresponds to a non uniformity in the Gc at+
velocity profile, due to the packing. Indeed, Pa2
Schwartz and Smith[24] found a maximum in with B.C.:
the velocity at a distance from the wall of about
t = to z=o
l-5 d,. Schertz and Bischoff[22] came to the
same conclusion. g=O r=O
At greater bed lengths the hump is less pro-
nounced, due to the decreasing difference in
t=t, r=R.
temperature between the bed and the wall.
When k, is invariant with r and z integration
4. MATHEMATICAL MODELS AND
COMPUTATION OF PARAMETERS over the whole bed leads to:
As mentioned in the Introduction three models
may be considered for heat transfer in packed e-ah7?ZJo(h,p) (3)
beds:

(a) One dimensional model where A, are the roots of Jo(x) = 0;


A heat balance on a volume element of the
bed leads to the following differential equation: k
a=&andp=r/R
CC&

Rypg = h,(t,- t) ( 1) (2) With two parameters A, and (Y,:


The differential heat balance is identical to (2);
with
with the effective thermal conductivity now
z=o t=to being represented by A,, however. The boundary
569
C.E.S. Vol. 27 No. 3-H
A. P. DE WASCH and G. F. FROMENT

conditions are different: ments on a radial profile. Evidently, from the


concept itself A, and CX,are invariant with the
t = to x=0 radius and the bed height considered.
Since no differentials are involved each bed
at_O r=O height can be treated independently. The
dr-
method therefore does not require rigorously
identical flow rates for the different bed heights.
R The procedure is as follows. The group m is
calculated from first estimates of the parameters
Integration now leads to: A, and (Y,. Then b, is calculated from the trans-
cendental equation (5) by iteration. Upon this
the right hand side of (4) may be calculated and
(4) from this t( r, z). The series converges very
rapidly; only three terms were necessary, even
where
in the most unfavorable cases. The estimated
A %LJ temperature was then compared with the experi-
a=&$ m=A, mental. These calculations were performed for
all the radial positions.
and b, are the roots of Several methods were used to reach the mini-
mum of (6) by successive improvement of the
parameters A, and CY,. The shape of the F-
b,=m#. (5)
1 n surface is such that neither the method of steep-
est descent nor the method of Fletcher-Powell
Coberly & Marshall determined A, from the [23] is the most efficient, especially as the
differential Eq. (2) by determining graphically gradient . has to be calculated numerically.
first and second derivatives from the experi- Preference was given to the relaxation method.
mental profiles both in z and r direction. The only advantage of both methods first men-
cu, is then calculated from the integrated tioned with respect to relaxation lies in the
Eq. (4) by plotting the logarithm of the left hand initial step, leading to the first minimum, which
side versus the logarithm of the first term of the may be closer to the final minimum than the one
right hand side. obtained by relaxation.
The drawbacks of this method are obvious: The relaxation method does not involve
the graphical differentiation introduces consider- gradients. One parameter is kept constant while
able scattering-as high as 40 per cent depend- the other is being varied until F is minimum.
ing upon the individual - and taking the derivative Then, starting from this first minimum the other
in z-direction requires experiments at different parameter is varied and so on, until the differ-
bed heights but with exactly the same flow rate, ence between two successive F-minima is
which is not always easy to realize. smaller than O-01. Advantage was taken from the
In this work an objective method was used. It observation that extrapolation of the curves
is based on the integrated version of the basic through the minima arrived at by varying each
differential equation and minimizes the sum of parameter permits a very accurate determination
squares of residuals on the outlet temperatures of the real minimum of the F-function and there-
by the choice of A, and (Y,. fore of the optimum values of A, and (Y,. This
is illustrated in Fig. 2.
F= Ii (texp- &ad2
1
(6) The calculation of one set of the parameters
for a given flow rate and one height took about
where N is the number of temperature measure- 15 min on the I.B.M. 360-30.
570
Heat transfer in packed beds

F=L(T,-T,)

35
0 _

&

Fig. 3. h, vs. bed height for Re = 300.


d,(m) 4(m)
I I curve 1: 0499 04095
I ,5 2 2.5 CurYe 2 :o. 1575 o.o095 VG-cat for SOS-synthesis
I
cwe 4 :o. 1575 Iron-cat for NH,-synthesis
curve 3 : 0499 ~:~5~1
Fig. 2. Determination of A, and (Y,by a relaxation procedure. curve 5 : 0499 .
F-contours in the A, - (Yeplane.
Cwe 6 :o. 1575 8.::: IVzO,-cat for PA-synthesis.
V.&-catalyst; dr = 0.099 m; d,, = 0.0095 m; z = 0.291 m;
Re = 903.
section with the ordinate may be considered as
In the calculation of k,, the parameter of the a static contribution, h,O. Except for the lowest
two dimensional model with one parameter the bed height of 0.218 m, at which the profile is not
three dimensional error-surface (F, A,, (rW) is yet fully developed, all straight lines extrapolate
reduced to a curve in a plane with coordinate to the same h,O. The slope depends on the bed
axes F and k,. The best value of k, corresponds height but tends to a limiting value.
to the minimum of this curve. Similar results are obtained with the other tube
diameter and the other catalysts.
5. CORRELATIONS The final correlation for the three catalysts
(a) One dimensional model and the two tube diameters is as follows:
Figure 3 shows how for a given Reynolds
number, h, depends on the bed height, due to h, = h,O+*y
the development of the temperature and velocity Re for30< Re < 1000
P
profiles. It tends to a limiting value, which
depends on both dp and dt. Given d, the height or in dimensionless form:
required to attain this limit increases with the
tube diameter. Given dt the height required to h,d,-h,od,+O024(,Re
attain the limit decreases with d,. It follows that A, - A, *
the limit height increases with d,/d,.
Figure 4 shows the relation between h, and the where the h,O for the different catalysts are
Reynolds number, based on the particle diameter given in Table 2. h,O is a function of the tube
for the V,O, catalyst for phthalic anhydride diameter and the catalyst geometry and proper-
production. The relationship is linear, in contrast ties. The slope of hJp/hB vs. Re is identical for
with what has been published to date. The inter- the three catalysts, however.
571
A. P. DE WASCH and G. F. FROMENT

I I
100 200 300 400 5 )
Re

Fig. 4. h, as a function of Reynolds number. V,O,-catalyst; dl: 0.099 m; rl, = O-0057m.


Bed height
line 1:0*284m
line 2:0*582m
line3:0.875m
line4:1.016m

Table 2. Static contributions to the parameters of the different bed heights extrapolate to the same
different models static contribution, keo, except again that of
0.218 m. The slope tends to a limiting value
Lo k he0 %I which depends on dAd,. In the limit the follow-
d,, $2 d,, d,, d,, d,, d,, d,, ing correlation is obtained:

SO, cat 5.2 14.0 0.138 0.223 0.176 0.240 17.0 5190 0.0022
PA cat 6.6 13.3 0.173 0.219 0.241 0.224 16.2
NH, cat 10.0 20.5 0.270 0.320 0.360 0.350 31.0
70.0
85.0
ke = keo+ 1+ 120 (dJdr)Re (8)

d,, = 0.1575 m. where the k,Ofor the different catalysts are given
dt2 = 0499 m. in Table 2. The mean deviation between cal-
culated and experimental values is 3.75 per cent.
The mean deviation between calculated and From the analogy between heat and mass trans-
experimental values is 3.75 per cent. fer the dynamic contribution to k, may be written

(b) Two dimensional model with one parameter


k,= ho%.
The same trends as for h, were found for k,:
given d, the height required to attain the limit
value of k, increases with d,; given dt the height The d,,/d, dependence of the dynamic con-
required to attain the limit decreases with d, tribution in (8) is inspired from Fahien and
The relation k, = f(Re) is shown in Fig. 5 for Smiths[25] correlation for the Peclet number
the phthalic anhydride synthesis catalyst and a for radial effective transport:
tube diameter of O-099 m. Again the relation is
linear, while static and dynamic contributions Pe
= 10 (Re > 50).
are apparent. All straight lines corresponding to 1 + 19.4 (d,/d#

572
Heat transfer in packed beds

I 1
200 300 400 0
Re

Fig. 5. k, as a function of Reynolds number. Same catalyst, d,, d, and z as in Fig. 4.

Re

Fig. 6. A, as a function of Reynolds number. Same catalyst 4, d, and z as in Figs. 4 and 5.

Bunnell et al. correlated their data according to the higher c&/d, the longer the bed has to be, to
this model[15]. If their dP and dt values are reach the limit for A,.
substituted in (8) a value of 040153 is found for Figure 6 shows the relation h,=f(Re) is
the slope, in excellent agreement with their value linear, with the slope tending to a limit value as
of O-0015. the bed height increases.
The correlation for the limit value is as follows:
(c) Two dimensional model with two parameters
(1) Radial e$ectiue thermal conductivity. The 04025
trends are analogous to those observed for k,: = *O+ 1 +46(dP/dJ2 Re (9)

573
A. P. DE WASCH and G. F. FROMENT

where the h,O for the different catalysts are where the olwoare given in Table 2.
given in Table 2. The correlation for (Y, is far superior to
The mean deviation between calculated and those published until now. The mean deviation
experimental values is only 1.1 per cent. This between calculated and experimental values is
linear relationship was found already by previous only 6 per cent.
investigators using this model (Coberly and Figure 8 finally shows the agreement between
Marshall [l] ; Campbell and Huntington [ 17,181;
Calderbank and Pogorskyll61, Yagi and Kunii
[2,3]) and is predicted by theoretical models
(Yagi and Kunii [2,3]; Kunii and Smith [4]).
The slope of the A, vs. Re line is dependent on
ddd,, as can be seen from (9). When the slopes
obtained by previous investigators are com-
pared with those predicted by Eq. (9) for corres-
ponding d, and d,, excellent agreement is found
for those presented by Plautz and Johnstone [ 191
and Quinton and Storrow [20].
(2) Wall heat transfer coeficient. (Y, also varies
up to a certain extent with bed height. The ten-
dency is analogous to that obtained for h,, A,:
the higher dJd, the longer the bed has to be to
reach the limit value. 701 I I 1
20 40 60 7 7
Figure 7 shows the relation (Y, =f(Re) for
r, mm
the phthalic anhydride-catalyst. Again a linear
relation is found, in contrast with Coberly and Fig. 8. Calculated and experimental radial temperature
Marshall and Calderbank and Pogorsky, but in profiles. V,O,-catalyst.
d( = O-1575m; d, = 040!95 m; Z_= 1.345 m
agreement with Yagi and Kunii. In the limit the curves 1, 2, 3: calculated profiles. Two-dimensional models
following correlation has been obtained: with 2 parameters A, and %. Correlations (9 and 10).
Curve 1 :Re = 81
Curve 2: Re = 188
Curve 3 : Re = 358
%J = a,O+0*01152$Re (10) Points : corresponding experimental measurements.
*,

Fig. 7. a, as a function of Reynolds number. Same catalyst, d,, dt and Las in Figs. 4,5 and 6.

574
Heat transfer in packed beds

the experimental profiles and those calculated at which this limit is attained increases with
on the basis of the two-dimensional model with W,.
two parameters using the correlations (9) and All correlations of the parameters in function
(10). There is only a slight difference in the of the Reynolds number lead to straight lines
immediate vicinity of the wall. which intersect the heat transfer coefficient axis,
indicating there is a static and a dynamic con-
6. RELATIONS BETWEEN THE PARAMETERS tribution. The static contribution is independent
of bed height, except for very shallow beds, but
Some relations between the static contribu-
clearly dependent on the conductivity of the
tions of the different models were established:
particle. Correlations were also set up between
the parameters of the various models. The mean
h,O = (j.,$
t deviation on the correlations is very low: the
data show very little scatter. This is believed to
be due to the great precision with which the
with the dimensions used in this paper. The
thermocouples were located and to the optimiza-
form of this expression is analogous to that
tion procedure used for determining the para-
observed by Verschoor and Schuit [2 11. Further:
meters.
A

t!
0
-- k=0413
_

0.42 Acknowledgment-The authors are grateful to R. Van den


Bussche for assistance in performing the experiments. One
of the authors (A.D.W.) is also grateful to I.W.O.N.L.-
(Y,O= 20 k,O/d, I.R.S.I.A. for a research fellowship for the period 1967-1969.
The computations were performed in the Rekenlaboratorium
The accuracy of these relations is illustrated by of Rijksuniversiteit, Gent.
the excellent agreement between experimental
values for Ace, aWoand h,O and those calculated
NOTATION
from k,Oe.g. the mean deviation does not exceed
2.8 per cent for heo, 10.5 per cent for CX,Oand nth root ofx-m(Jo(x)/J,(x)) = 0
2.7 per cent for h,O. specific heat, kcal/kgC
Finally, h, may be calculated from A, and (Y, equivalent particle dia., dia. of a sphere
using the relation (Froment [S]): with equal volume, m
tube dia., m
mass flow velocity, superficial, kg/m* hr
hw = (R/4&J : (l/c&) zero-th order Bessel function, first kind
first order Bessel function, first kind
The h, calculated from A, and cw, are in excel- overall heat transfer coefficient, kcal/m2
lent agreement with those directly measured: hr C
the deviation never exceeds 4 per cent. static contribution to above coefficient,
kcal/m2 hr C
overall effective conductivity, kcal/m hr C
7. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS static contribution to above coefficient,
In this work heat transfer data in packed beds kcal/m hr C
were interpreted according to various models. total height of bed, m
The heat transfer parameters of these models radial coordinate, m
were correlated in function of flow rate, tube radius, m
and particle dia. For a given Reynolds number temperature, C
the values of the parameters tend to a limit inlet temperature, C
as the bed height is increased. The height mean outlet temperature, C
A. P. DE WASCH and G. F. FROMENT

tw wall temperature, C static contribution to above coefficient,


z axial coordinate, m kcal/m* hr C
A&Jthermal conductivity of the gas, kcal/m hr
Greek symbols C
ar, wall heat transfer coefficient, kca1/m2 hr C A, nth root of Jo(x) = 0
Go static contribution to above coefficient, dimensionless radial coordinate
kca1/m2 hr C P: Peclet number
h, effective thermal conductivity of the bed, Re Reynolds number
kcal/m hr C
REFERENCES
[l] COBERLYC.A.andMARSHALLW.R.,Chem.EngngProgr. 195147 141.
[2] YAGI S. and KUNII D.,A.I.Ch.E.JI 1957 3 373.
[3] YAGI S. and KUNII D.,A.I.Ch.E. Jll960697.
[4] KUNII D.andSMlTH J. M.,A.Z.Ch.E. Jl 1960671.
[5] FROMENT G. F., Znd. Engng Chem.1967 18 27.
[6] FROMENT G. F., GenieChimique 196095 2.
[7] MAEDA S., Chem. Engng Japan 1950 14 110.
[8] MAEDA S.,Chem. EngngJapan 1951 15 5.
[9] LEVA M., Znd. Engng Chem. 1947 39 857.
[IO] LEVA M., Ind. Engng Chem. 1950 42 2498.
[ll] LEVA M. and GRUMMER M., Ind. Engng Chem. 1948 40 415.
[12] LEVA,M., WEINTRAUB M., GRUMMER M. and CLARKE E. L., Znd. Engng Chem. 1948 40 747.
[13] SCHLUNDER E. U., Chem. Ing. Techn. 1966 38 967.
[14] SCHLijNDERE.U.,Chem.Zr@.Techn. 196638 1161.
[I 51 BUNNELL D. G., IRVIN H. B., OLSON R. W. and SMITH J. M., Znd. Engng Chem. 1949 41 1977.
[16] CALDERBANK P. H. and POGORSKY L. A., Trans. Instn. Chem. Engrs. 1957 35 195.
, [17] CAMPBELLJ. M. and HUNTINGTON R. L., Petrol. Ref. 195130 127.
[18] CAMPBELL J. M. and HUNTINGTON R. L., Petrol. Ref. 1952 31 123.
[19] PLAUTZ D. A. andJOHNSTONE H. F.,A.I.Ch.E.JI 1955 1193.
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RbumC-Les auteurs interprttent le transfert de chaleur entre la paroi dun tube et un fluide coulant
B travers un lit garni daprks un mod&e B une dimension caract&isC par un coefficient du tmnsfert
global de temptrature, h,, et par des modeles B deux dimensions et B un paramttre, la conductivitt
thermique effective K,, ou ?Ideux paramktres, la conductivitC thermique effective Ae et le coefficient
G du transfer? de chaleur dans la paroi. Les r&ultats expirimentaux pour h,, k,, A, et CU,sont des
fonctions du nombre de Reynolds, et du diametre du tube et des grains. Les corrklations par rapport
au nombre de Reynolds sont toutes linaires. Let auteurs donnent aussi les corr&lations entre les
parametres des diffhrents modeles.

Zusammenfassung - Die Wlnneii~rtragung zwischen einer durch eine FiillkSrperschicht striimenden


Fliissigkeit und der Wand wird gem&s einem eindimensionalem Model& gekennzeichnet durch einen
Gesamtw%rrneiibertragungskoeffizienten h,, und durch zweidimensionale Modelle mit einem Para-
meter, die effektive Wtieleitung k,, oder zwei Parameter, die effektive Wknneleitung Ae und den
Wandiibertragungskoellizienten a, ausgedriickt. Die Versuchsergebnisse fiir h,, k,, A, und a,
werden als Funktion der Reynoldsschen Zahl, der Fiillung und des Rohrdurchmessers in Korrelation
gebracht. Die Korrelationen in bezug auf die Reynoldssche Zahl sind alle linear. Es werden femer
Korrelationen unter den Parametem der verschiedenen Modelle angefiihrt.

576

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