Module 7 2.

landslide
Available from 12:05am Tue 31 Aug
2010 to 11:55pm Mon 06 Sep 2010

NSTP Module 7 - 1st Semester a slide of a large mass of dirt and rock
down a mountain or cliff or massive and outward
AY: 2010-2011 movement of slope forming materials. It has its

Disaster driving and resisting force causes of which is

excessive rain producing floods, earthquake and

Awareness &
other forces unseen by a naked eye underneath
but can or might only be seen with scientific
instruments,
Preparation 3. tsunami
Lesson 1: Introduction & Disasters
it is a series of waves that is created when large
Lesson 2: Hailing & First Aid
volume of a body of water such as ocean is
rapidly displaced.
INTRODUCTION
“The Philippines ranked first worldwide in the 4. meteorological hazards
most number of disasters that hit a country. . .”
- the center for research and epidemiology these are tropical cyclones, monsoon, floods and
disasters (CRED) alike.

The Philippines is part of the Pacific Belt zone, B. MAN-INDUCED

commonly known as the “pacific ring of fire”,
which made our country prone to many natural This second type of disaster, as the name itself
disasters like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, implies, is helped or caused by human
tropical cyclones/typhoons and floods. intervention

1. accidents
DISASTER
1. What is a disaster? Fire, chemical, vehicular

2. environmental
Disasters are progressive or sudden events
brought about by natural or human-induced
Red tide, pollution, epidemic
hazards that cause losses and sufferings the
consequence of which results to people and
3. conflict
communities undertaking extra-ordinary
measures to cope with their impacts.
mass actions, war, terrorism
Types of disaster
A. natural disasters, be natural or man-induced, cause a
lot of damage not only on properties and lost of
B. man-induced a life, oftentimes its effects will affect even
longer than just the time the incident happened.
trivia: It can happen anytime to anyone. What we need
there are 22 active and 88 inactive volcanoes int to do is be aware and be prepared.
the country.
II. SEARCH AND RESCUE OPERATIONS FOR
COLLAPSED STRUCTURES
A. NATURAL
Structural triage

1. earthquake A rapid assessment of buildings during a CSSR

(collapsed structure search and rescue)
a weak violent shaking of the ground operation, for the purpose of selecting those
produced by the sudden movement of rock structures in which there is a greater likelihood
materials below the earth’s surface. of finding, accessing, and rescuing live victims.

Search and rescue:

There are 2 types of earthquakes: tectonic
and volcanic Composition of search squad:

1. squad leader

responsible for searching plan, drawing
diagrams, keeping documentation and making
recommendations to the incident commander,
performs the duties of the safety officer and is
responsible for monitoring security during the
search operation.
2. rescuers
They physically carry out the search operations
as outlined by the squad leader.
Basic equipment required for physical search
1. complete set of personal protective
equipment (PPE) and emergency
medical kit.
2. minimum personal supplies required to
function unassisted for at least 12
hours:
drinking h2o, food, proper clothing, basic tools,
radio equipment (walkie-talkie); bldg and work
site marking supplies (paint, chalk, flags, cones,
markers); warning and alert
devices(megaphones, whistle, hammer, flanges,
horn); reconnaissance and vision; search
diagrams, pencils, color pens, clipboards;
technical search equipment, specialized or
improvised; hazardous gas detector of/and
hazardous materials response guide manual.
LESSON 2
Void space
A physical space in a collapsed structure where
a person trapped within could remain alive for a
short period.
Search and locating techniques
1. physical void search
to be effective the physical in void search must
be organized and conducted in a logical and
systematic manner to reduce duplication of
effort and to locate as many victims as possible
in the shortest amount of time while visually
assessing all accessible void spaces.
2. hailing search method
Since the ability to locate victims by actually
seeing them during a void space search is
limited, the hailing search method is also used
during the physical search.
This method can be used by CSSR members
working in teams of two during the physical void
search or by several CSSR team members in a
coordinated fashion as an array of listeners
deployed in an encircling or grid pattern around
the collapse site.
The area is quieted and a bullhorn or other
hailing method is used to provide direction to
potentially trapped victims. CSSR team
members listen and attempt to pin-point the
location of any noises being made in response to
the directions.
Hailing directions given to potential victims:
This method has a higher success rate when
potential victims are told to yell and knock on
something solid between 3 and 5 times at the
same time.
The collapse pattern, building materials and a
multitude of other variables can cause voices to
be heard clearer than knocking and sometimes
knocking can be heard clearer than voices.
Known location of entrapped victims
The search team should take the safest and
most direct route to that location to verify the
location of the victims.
After locating the victims the search team may
take any one of the following actions based on
their current assignment and stage of the rescue
operation.
The victims may be rescued by the search team
if the rescue can be easily accomplished.
The search team requests appropriate resources
to extricate severely entrapped victims.
The search team notifies the CSSR team about
the location of the victim(s) and then continue
to conduct a search of the entire building.
FIRST AID TREATMENT
First aid is the temporary help given to an
injured or a sick person before professional
medical treatment
Open wounds
1. Expose the entire injury site.
2. clean the surface of the wound
(blood, debris, loose particles)
to prevent contamination
3. control bleeding using clean
cloth, dressing and bandage. If
avulsion injury, return skin
flap to original position. For
abdominal wound, cover the
expose organ using bulky
dressing and secure with
bandage
4. cover the patient with blanket
(shoulder to toes)
5. treat for shock- elevate the
legs max. of 12inches provided
he has no fractures on the
lower extremities, no open
wounds in the abdomen,
heart.
Suspected fracture, dislocation
 1. treat for wounds and control bleeding-
cover with dressing, avoid direct
pressure over broken bone ends. Use
pressure points as needed if bone ends
protrude from injury, use caution not to
allow bone ends tore-enter wound.
2. prepare your splinting materials.
Carefully splint individual injuries ( or
immobilize the whole body on a long
spine board)
3. important: reassess pulse, motor
function and sensation (P.M.S.)
4. treat for shock.
Elbow injury
1.important:splint In position ground, do
not attempt to straighten.
2. sign and symptoms: pai ,swelling,
deformity
3. treatment: if arm is bent at elbow, splint
with sling and saw the alternate is pillow
and blanket. If below is straight, splint
entire arm, armpit to fingertips, both sides.
Splinting the lower extremities
1. sign and symptoms: pain, deformity,
rigidity, shortened limb.
2. treatment: if you fins the leg in a
straight position-use two padded
boards- one along inner thigh from
groin to the foot, the other along the
outer thigh from the armpit to the foot.
Secure with cravats.
How to control external bleeding
a. direct pressure
place clean cloth over the injured site and happy
fingertip pressure directly to the point of
bleeding. If does not stop, remove the dressing
and apply direct pressure with your fingertips to
the point of bleeding.
b. elevation
elevate the arm or leg above the level of the
heart to slow the flow of blood and aid in
clotting. if extremity is painful, swollen or
deformed indicating fracture or joint injury, do
not elevate the extremity.
c. pressure points
for bleeding in the upper extremity, use the
brachial pressure points.
For bleeding in the lower extremity, use femoral
pressure points using the heel of the hand.
d. Tourniquet method
Last resort when all other methods to control
bleeding have failed but can cause damage to
nerves and blood vessels. It can result to the
loss of an extremity. Be sure to record the time
you did the tourniquet method.
General treatment for trapped victims
1. do not remover the source of pressure
until treatment has begun.
2. check for ABC’s (airway, breathing,
circulation)
3. protect the patient from possible
hazards resulting from the rescue
attempt
4. administer oxygen
5. immobilize the neck and spine
6. maintain body temperature
7. protect the patient from the
environment
8. monitor the patient cardiac state
9. allow qualified medical personnel to
provide the required treatment
10. place the patient on the stretcher,
immobilize and proceed with removal
from the site using correct procedure
11. remember the protocols for contact
with victims
immobilizing patient on a backboard
1. stabilizing the patient’s head
2. place the cervical collar
3. roll the patient onto the backboard
4. inspect the patient’s back
5. center the patient on the backboard
6. immobilize the patient onto the
backboard
7. check pulse, motor function and
sensation after immobilizing the patient
8. transport ASAP in treatment area
conclusion
disaster awareness and preparedness
education is very timely more than ever. Its
vital role is to lessen the loss of life.
Preservation of life is important. Disasters
may come as a challenge that may bring
out the best in us by saving lives and
showing compassion to others in need.
These trials produce new heroes, diminish
the social stratification and unite the people.
Knowing how to respond and protect
yourself is crucial to survival. . . only then
you can go on saving others.
LGNOTES<3AiShiteru