Atlas of Sectional Radiological Anatomy for PET/CT

Mehmet T. Kitapçı

Atlas of Sectional Radiological

Anatomy for PET/CT
Mehmet T. Kitapçı, M.D.
Department of Nuclear Medicine
Gazi University School of Medicine
Ankara, Turkey
kitapci@gazi.edu.tr

ISBN 978-1-4614-1526-8 ISBN 978-1-4614-1527-5 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1527-5
Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011942260

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012

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To my parents Mükerrem and Nihat Kitapçı
with deepest gratitude…
MTK
Preface

Integrated positron emission tomography (PET) with computed tomography (CT) has been
increasingly used in cancer diagnosis and management. This new imaging tool combines two
scan techniques in one exam merging those two (PET and CT) into one set of images combining
the usefulness and reducing the limitations of those two distinct imaging modalities.
This book grew out of discussions among the radiologists and nuclear medicine specialists about
the limitations of PET and CT. It is an important fact that functional changes in tumor processes
happen before morphological changes. Therefore, PET has been a valuable tool in oncology. It is
well known that attenuation, which is the loss of detection of true coincidence events, remains as an
important challenge when PET images are used alone. This makes harder to interpret particularly in
cancer diagnostic and staging images or radiotherapy treatment planning. Meanwhile, CT, providing
detailed cross-sectional views of all tissues, is one of the best and fastest tools in morphological
imaging. Using those two techniques has grown particular interest in recent years. For PET/CT,
CT-scan parameters need to be optimized to minimize radiation exposure to the patient. This optimi-
zation requires not giving contrast agents and having less quality images than regular conventional
diagnostic CT images taken with the higher scan parameters and with longer time of radiation
exposure. We believe it is essential to reeducate ourselves for better evaluation of those lower quality
images which are normally used for PET/CT hybrid imaging.
We certainly hope that this atlas will be a user friendly guide to nuclear physicians, radiologists,
clinicians, and medical students to consider three dimensions in the mind’s eye and the interpretation
of the PET/CT properly.
I express my deep gratitude to my mentor and dear friend Dr. R. Edward Coleman for encouraging
this work. Certainly producing this book needed time, professional work and collaboration. I want
to thank my dear friend Nadir Gülekon, MD, for all his great work with the expertise of being an
anatomist as well as a clinical radiologist. I thank for those valuable images taken in Integra Imaging
Center and my colleagues M. Ali Gürses, MD and Burcu E. Akkaş, MD. I also thank Andrew Moyer,
editor of radiology and nuclear medicine at Springer for the valuable efforts and patience in ensuring
the successful publication of this book. Finally I thank my lovely wife Ayşın for her remarks and
patience.

Ankara Mehmet T. Kitapçı, MD

vii
Contents

1 Head and Neck .................................................................................................................... 1

2 Thorax .................................................................................................................................. 29

3 Abdomen .............................................................................................................................. 57

4 Pelvis..................................................................................................................................... 87
Pelvis (Female) ..................................................................................................................... 91
Pelvis (Male) ......................................................................................................................... 103

Index ........................................................................................................................................... 113

ix
Contributors

Burcu Esen Akkaş, M.D. Abdurrahman Yurtaslan Ankara Oncology Education and
Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
.
I. Nadir Gülekon, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Anatomy, Gazi University,
School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
Mehmet Ali Gürses, M.D. Integra Medical Imaging Center, Ankara, Turkey
Mehmet T. Kitapçı, M.D. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Gazi University,
School of Medicine, Consultant at Integra Medical Imaging Center, Ankara, Turkey

xi
Chapter 1
Head and Neck

M.T. Kitapçı, Atlas of Sectional Radiological Anatomy for PET/CT, 1

DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1527-5_1, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012
Adapted and modified from Moore KL, et al.
* Moore KL, Dalley AF. II. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 4th ed.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
4 1 Head and Neck

Head and Neck

Consecutive sections were obtained with 3-mm slice thickness and without intravenous contrast.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Computed Tomography (CT) images obtained from the
same level were given side to side for comparison. All anatomic structures in an image were num-
bered and given in the explanation section at the bottom of the page. Vertebral levels were marked
on each vertebra.
1 Head and Neck 5

Fig. 1.1 Axial scan at the level of the hyoid bone (scm Fig. 1.2 Axial scan at the level of the bottom of the
sternocleidomastoid muscle, smg submandibular gland, cricoid arch
t trapezius muscle)

Fig. 1.3 Axial scan at the level of the bottom of the Fig. 1.4 Axial scan at the level of the upper mediastinum
cricoid arch (scm sternocleidomastoid muscle, as anterior (ms manubrium sterni, iv innominate vein)
scalene muscle, t trapezius muscle)
6 1 Head and Neck

Keys
Level I The submental and submandibular nodes. They lie above the hyoid bone, below the
mylohyoid muscle, and anterior to the back of the submandibular gland (sbg) (Fig. 1.1)
Level IA The submental nodes. They lie between the medial margins of the anterior
bellies of the digastric muscle.
Level IB The submandibular nodes. On each side, they lie lateral to the level IA nodes
and anterior to the back of each submandibular gland.
Level II The upper internal jugular nodes. They extend from the skull base to the level of the
bottom of the body of the hyoid bone. They are posterior to the back of the submandibu-
lar gland and anterior to the back of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (scm) (Fig. 1.1).
Level IIA A level II node that lies either anterior, medial, lateral or posterior to the
internal jugular vein. If posterior to the vein, the node is inseparable from
the vein.
Level IIB A level II node that lies posterior to the internal jugular vein and has a fat
plane separating it and the vein.
Level III The middle jugular nodes. They extend from the level of the bottom of the body of the
hyoid bone to the level of the bottom of the cricoid arch. They lie anterior to the back of
the sternocleidomastoid muscle (Fig. 1.2).
Level IV The low jugular nodes. They extend from the level of the bottom of the cricoid arch to
the level of the clavicle. They lie anterior to a line connecting the back of the sterno-
cleidomastoid muscle and the posterolateral margin of the anterior scalene muscle (as).
They are also lateral to the carotid arteries (Fig. 1.3).
Level V The nodes in the posterior triangle. They lie posterior to the back of the sternocleido-
mastoid muscle from the skull base to the level of the bottom of the cricoid arch and
posterior to a line connecting the back of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the poste-
rolateral margin of the anterior scalene muscle from the level of the bottom of the cricoid
arch to the level of the clavicle. They also lie anterior to the anterior edge of the trapezius
muscle (t) (Figs. 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3).
Level VA Upper level V nodes extend from the skull base to the level of the bottom of
the cricoid arch.
Level VB Upper level V nodes extend from the level of the bottom of the cricoid arch
to the level of the clavicle, as seen on each axial scan.
Level VI The upper visceral nodes. They lie between the carotid arteries from the level of the
bottom of the body of the hyoid bone to the level of the top of the manubrium sterni (ms)
(Fig. 1.3).
Level VII The superior mediastinal nodes. They lie between the carotid arteries below the level of
the top of the manubrium and above the level of the innominate vein (iv) (Fig. 1.4).
Supraclavicular nodes They lie at or caudal to the level of the clavicle and lateral to the carotid
artery on each side of the nodes of the neck, as seen on each axial scan.
Retropharyngeal nodes Within 2 cm of the skull base, they lie medial to the internal carotid
arteries.
1 Head and Neck 7

np – nasopharynx
op – oropharynx
e – epiglottis
hc – hyoid cartilage/bone
lp – laryngopharynx
cc – cricoid cartilage
lv – laryngeal vestibule
t – trachea
sgr – supraglottic region
igr – infraglottic region

References

1. Mancuso AA, Harnsberger HR, Muraki AS, Stevens MH. Computed tomography of cervical and retropharyngeal
lymph nodes: normal anatomy, variants of normal, and applications in staging head and neck carcinoma, parts I
and II. Radiology 1983;148:709–23.
2. Silverman PM. Lymph node imaging: multidetector CT. Cancer Imaging 2005;5:57–67.
3. Som PM, Curtin HO, Mancuso AA. An imaging-based classification for the cervical nodes designed as an adjunct
to recent clinically based nodal classifications. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;125:388–96.
4. Som PM, Curtin HO, Mancuso AA. Imaging-based nodal classification for evaluation of neck metastatic
adenopathy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;174:837–44.
8 1 Head and Neck

Picture 1

Picture 2

Keys
1. Nasal spine of frontal bone 16. Head of mandible
2. Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone 17. Zygomatic process of temporal bone
3. Ethmoidal air cells 18. Lateral part of occipital bone
4. Rectus medialis 19. Foramen magnum
5. Optic nerve 20. Mastoid process of temporal bone
6. Eyeball 21. Mastoid air cells
7. Rectus lateralis 22. Squamous part of occipital bone
8. Frontal process of zygomatic bone 23. Semispinalis capitis
9. Greater wing of sphenoid bone 24. Trapezius
10. Sphenoidal sinus 25. Splenius capitis
11. Body of sphenoid bone 26. Temporalis
12. Basilar part of occipital bone 27. Internal carotid artery
13. Foramen lacerum 28. Internal jugular vein
14. Foramen ovale 29. Sigmoid sinus
15. Petrous part of temporal bone * Mucosal thickening
1 Head and Neck 9

Picture 3

Picture 4

Keys
1. Nasal bone 15. Internal carotid artery
2. Nasal septum 16. Internal jugular vein
3. Ethmoidal air cells 17. Basilar part of occipital bone
4. Maxillary sinus 18. Levator and tensor veli palatini
5. Vomer 19. Mastoid process
6. Eyeball 20. Mastoid air cells
7. Lens 21. Occipital bone
8. Zygomatic bone 22. Foramen magnum
9. Zygomatic arch 23. Splenius capitis
10. Temporalis 24. Semispinalis capitis
11. Greater wing of sphenoid bone 25. Trapezius
12. Head of mandible 26. Masseter
13. Lateral pterygoid 27. Auditory tube
14. Styloid process
10 1 Head and Neck

Picture 5

Picture 6

Keys
1. Nasal bone 17. Longus capitis
2. Nasal septum 18. Parapharyngeal space
3. Ethmoidal air cells 19. Basilar part of occipital bone
4. Maxillary sinus 20. Styloid process
5. Vomer 21. Internal jugular vein
6. Eyeball 22. Internal carotid artery
7. Zygomatic arch 23. Occipital bone
8. Masseter 24. Sternocleidomastoid
9. Coronoid process of mandible 25. Mastoid process
10. Temporalis 26. Longissimus capitis
11. Lateral plate of pterygoid process 27. Rectus capitis posterior minor
12. Neck of mandible 28. Semispinalis capitis
13. Lateral pterygoid muscle 29. Splenius capitis
14. Levator and tensor veli palatini 30. Trapezius
15. Nasopharynx 31. Odontoid process of axis (C2)
16. Auditory tube 32. Middle nasal concha
1 Head and Neck 11

Picture 7

Picture 8

Keys
1. Nasal bone 15. Ramus of mandible
2. Nasal septum 16. Parapharyngeal space
3. Nasal cavity 17. Parotid gland
4. Maxillary sinus 18. Longus capitis
5. Zygomatic bone 19. Internal carotid artery
6. Zygomatic arch 20. Internal jugular vein
7. Masseter 21. Atlas (C1)
8. Temporalis 22. Dens axis (C2)
9. Lateral pterygoid muscle 23. Sternocleidomastoid
10. Tensor veli palatini 24. Rectus capitis posterior minor
11. Nasopharynx 25. Semispinalis capitis
12. Levator veli palatini 26. Splenius capitis
13. Pharyngeal recess (Rosenmüller’s fossa) 27. Trapezius
14. Lateral plate of pterygoid process 28. Styloid process
12 1 Head and Neck

Picture 9

Picture 10

Keys
1. Nasal bone 16. Longus capitis
2. Nasal septum 17. Atlas (C1)
3. Maxillary sinus 18. Dens axis (C2)
4. Inferior nasal concha 19. Foramen transversarium of atlas
5. Maxilla 20. Spinal cord
6. Zygomatic bone 21. Obliquus capitis superior
7. Masseter 22. Rectus capitis posterior major
8. Ramus of mandible 23. Semispinalis capitis
9. Lateral pterygoid muscle 24. Splenius capitis
10. Medial pterygoid muscle 25. Sternocleidomastoid
11. Levator and tensor veli palatini 26. Trapezius
12. Nasopharynx 27. Medial plate of pterygoid process
13. Parapharyngeal space 28. Lateral plate of pterygoid process
14. Parotid gland 29. Styloid process
15. Internal carotid artery and vein
1 Head and Neck 13

Picture 11

Picture 12

Keys
1. Nasal bone 14. Parotid gland
2. Nasal septum 15. Internal jugular vein
3. Maxillary sinus 16. Internal carotid artery
4. Inferior nasal concha 17. Atlas (C1)
5. Maxilla 18. Axis (C2)
6. Zygomatic bone 19. Longus capitis
7. Masseter 20. Spinal cord
8. Ramus of mandible 21. Deep muscles of neck
9. Medial pterygoid muscle 22. Semispinalis capitis
10. Superior pharyngeal constrictor 23. Splenius capitis
11. Soft palate 24. Sternocleidomastoid
12. Oropharynx 25. Trapezius
13. Parapharyngeal space 26. Uvula
14 1 Head and Neck

Picture 13

Picture 14

Keys
1. Nasal septum 14. Internal jugular vein
2. Nasal cavity 15. Internal carotid artery
3. Maxillary sinus 16. Longus capitis
4. Maxilla 17. Axis (C2)
5. Palatine bone 18. Deep muscles of neck
6. Soft palate 19. Splenius capitis
7. Masseter 20. Semispinalis capitis
8. Ramus of mandible 21. Trapezius
9. Medial pterygoid muscle 22. Sternocleidomastoid
10. Superior pharyngeal constrictor 23. Spinal cord
11. Oropharynx 24. Uvula
12. Parapharyngeal space 25. External carotid artery
13. Parotid gland 26. Tongue
1 Head and Neck 15

Picture 15

Picture 16

Keys
1. Nasal septum 12. Internal carotid artery
2. Nasal cavity 13. Longus capitis and longus colli
3. Alveolar process of maxilla 14. Foramen transversarium of axis
4. Tongue 15. Spinal cord
5. Masseter 16. Levator scapulae
6. Mandible 17. Sternocleidomastoid
7. Medial pterygoid muscle 18. Deep muscles of neck
8. Uvula 19. Splenius capitis
9. Oropharynx 20. Semispinalis capitis
10. Superior and middle pharyngeal constrictor 21. Trapezius
11. Internal jugular vein 22. External carotid artery
16 1 Head and Neck

Picture 17

Picture 18

Keys
1. Nasal septum 11. Oropharynx
2. Ala of nose 12. Longus capitis and longus colli
3. Alveolar process of maxilla 13. Sternocleidomastoid
4. Tongue 14. Levator scapulae
5. Masseter 15. Splenius capitis
6. Mandible 16. Semispinalis capitis
7. Submandibular gland 17. Semispinalis cervicis
8. External carotid artery 18. Nuchal ligament
9. Internal carotid artery 19. Spinal cord
10. Internal jugular vein 20. Trapezius
1 Head and Neck 17

Picture 19

Picture 20

Keys
1. Alveolar process of maxilla 10. Internal jugular vein
2. Mandible 11. Sternocleidomastoid
3. Tongue 12. Longissimus cervicis
4. Masseter 13. Levator scapulae
5. Submandibular gland 14. Splenius capitis
6. Middle pharyngeal constrictor 15. Semispinalis capitis
7. Oropharynx 16. Trapezius
8. Longus capitis and longus colli 17. External jugular vein
9. Common carotid artery 18. Semispinalis cervicis
18 1 Head and Neck

Picture 21

Picture 22

Keys
1. Upper teeth 10. Internal jugular vein
2. Mandible 11. Longus capitis and longus colli
3. Genioglossus 12. Sternocleidomastoid
4. Submandibular gland 13. External jugular vein
5. Palatine tonsil 14. Levator scapulae
6. Laryngopharynx 15. Semispinalis capitis and splenius capitis
7. Epiglottic cartilage 16. Semispinalis cervicis
8. Hyoid bone 17. Trapezius
9. Common carotid artery 18. Piriform fossa
1 Head and Neck 19

Picture 23

Picture 24

Keys
1. Upper teeth 10. Internal jugular vein
2. Mandible 11. Sternocleidomastoid
3. Geniohyoid 12. Levator scapulae
4. Submandibular gland 13. Semispinalis capitis and splenius capitis
5. Hyoid bone 14. Deep muscles of neck
6. Piriform fossa 15. Longissimus cervicis
7. Laryngopharynx 16. Trapezius
8. Longus capitis and longus colli 17. External jugular vein
9. Common carotid artery 18. Vallecula
20 1 Head and Neck

Picture 25

Picture 26

Keys
1. Upper teeth 11. Longus capitis and longus colli
2. Lower teeth 12. Sternocleidomastoid
3. Mylohyoid 13. Anterior scalene
4. Anterior belly of digastricus 14. Middle and posterior scalene
5. Submandibular gland 15. Levator scapulae
6. Hyoid bone 16. Trapezius
7. Laryngopharynx 17. Semispinalis capitis and splenius capitis
8. Piriform fossa 18. Deep muscles of neck
9. Common carotid artery 19. External jugular vein
10. Internal jugular vein 20. Nuchal ligament
1 Head and Neck 21

Picture 27

Picture 28

Keys
1. Mandible 11. Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
2. Anterior belly of digastricus 12. Sternocleidomastoid
3. Mylohyoid 13. Anterior scalene
4. Hyoid bone 14. Middle and posterior scalene
5. Prelaryngeal fat body 15. Levator scapulae
6. Infrahyoid muscles 16. Trapezius
7. Laryngeal vestibule 17. Deep muscles of neck
8. Common carotid artery 18. External jugular vein
9. Internal jugular vein 19. Nuchal ligament
10. Longus capitis and longus colli
22 1 Head and Neck

Picture 29

Picture 30

Keys
1. Mandible 10. Laryngeal vestibule
2. Mylohyoid 11. Anterior scalene
3. Infrahyoid muscles 12. Middle and posterior scalene
4. Thyroid cartilage 13. Levator scapulae
5. Sternocleidomastoid 14. Deep muscles of neck
6. Internal jugular vein 15. Trapezius
7. Common carotid artery 16. External jugular vein
8. Longus colli 17. Spinal cord
9. Prelaryngeal fat body
1 Head and Neck 23

Picture 31

Picture 32

Keys
1. Mandible 10. Middle and posterior scalene
2. Mylohyoid 11. Levator scapulae
3. Thyroid cartilage 12. Trapezius
4. Infraglottic cavity 13. Deep muscles of neck
5. Sternocleidomastoid 14. Acromion
6. Internal jugular vein 15. Lateral cervical region
7. Common carotid artery 16. External jugular vein
8. Longus colli 17. Acromial end of clavicle
9. Anterior scalene 18. Deltoid
24 1 Head and Neck

Picture 33

Picture 34

Keys
1. Mandible 11. Levator scapulae
2. Sternocleidomastoid 12. Deep muscles of neck
3. Thyroid gland 13. Trapezius
4. Infraglottic cavity 14. Acromion
5. Oesophagus 15. Deltoid
6. Longus colli 16. Clavicle
7. Common carotid artery 17. External jugular vein
8. Internal jugular vein 18. Nuchal ligament
9. Anterior scalene 19. Posterior scalene
10. Middle scalene 20. Supraclavicular fossa
1 Head and Neck 25

Picture 35

Picture 36

Keys
1. Sternocleidomastoid 10. Middle scalene
2. Thyroid gland 11. Posterior scalene
3. Cricoid cartilage 12. Levator scapulae
4. Trachea 13. Deep muscles of neck
5. Oesophagus 14. Trapezius
6. Longus colli 15. Scapula
7. Common carotid artery 16. Supraspinatus
8. Internal jugular vein 17. Clavicle
9. Anterior scalene 18. Deltoid
26 1 Head and Neck

Picture 37

Picture 38

Keys
1. Sternocleidomastoid 11. Levator scapulae
2. Thyroid gland 12. Deep muscles of neck
3. Trachea 13. Trapezius
4. Oesophagus 14. Supraspinatus
5. Longus colli 15. Scapula
6. Common carotid artery 16. Deltoid
7. Internal jugular vein 17. Head of humerus
8. Anterior scalene 18. Clavicle
9. Middle scalene 19. Supraclavicular fossa
10. Posterior scalene 20. Subclavian artery
1 Head and Neck 27

Picture 39

Picture 40

Keys
1. Sternocleidomastoid, sternal head 15. Trapezius
2. Sternocleidomastoid, clavicular head 16. Subscapularis
3. Thyroid gland 17. Scapula
4. Trachea 18. Subclavian artery
5. Oesophagus 19. Supraspinatus
6. Common carotid artery 20. Spine of scapula
7. Internal jugular vein 21. Infraspinatus
8. Longus colli 22. Deltoid
9. Anterior scalene 23. Head of humerus
10. Middle scalene 24. Neck of scapula
11. Posterior scalene 25. Subclavius
12. 1st rib 26. Clavicle
13. Levator scapulae 27. Supraclavicular fossa
14. Deep muscles of neck
Chapter 2
Thorax

M.T. Kitapçı, Atlas of Sectional Radiological Anatomy for PET/CT, 29

DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1527-5_2, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012
Adapted and modified from Mountain CF and Dresler CM.
* Mountain CF and Dresler CM. Regional lymph node classification
for lung cancer staging. Chest 1997;111:1718–23.
32 2 Thorax

Adapted and modified from Mountain CF and Dresler CM.

* Mountain CF and Dresler CM. Regional lymph node classification
for lung cancer staging. Chest 1997;111:1718–23.
2 Thorax 33

2 ThoraxConsecutive sections were obtained with 3-mm slice thickness and without intravenous
contrast. Computed Tomography (CT) images were shown both with mediastinal and lung window
settings. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scintigraphic and CT images obtained from the same
level were given side to side for comparison. All anatomic structures in an image were numbered
and given in the explanation section at the bottom of the page. Vertebral levels were marked on each
vertebra.
34 2 Thorax

Picture 1 Picture 2

Keys
1. Sternocleidomastoid, sternal head 17. Head of humerus
2. Right internal jugular vein 18. Coracoid process
3. Right common carotid artery 19. Glenoid cavity
4. Right subclavian artery 20. Spine of scapula
5. Vertebral artery and vein 21. 1st rib
6. Pectoralis major 22. Clavicle
7. Subscapularis 23. Thyroid gland, left lobe
8. Latissimus dorsi 24. Levator scapulae
9. Deltoideus 25. Supraspinatus
10. Supraspinatus 26. Subclavius
11. Trapezius
12. Rhomboideus
13. Erector spinae Lung parenchymal window
14. Axillary artery and vein 1. Trachea
15. Oesophagus 2. Apical segment, right lung superior lobe
16. Trachea 3. Apicoposterior segment, left lung superior lobe
2 Thorax 35

Picture 3 Picture 4

Keys
1. Sternocleidomastoid, sternal head 18. Oesophagus
2. Right internal jugular vein 19. Trachea
3. Left common carotid artery 20. Thyroid gland, right lobe
4. Vertebral artery and vein 21. Levator scapulae
5. Subclavian artery 22. 2nd rib
6. Subclavius 23. 1st rib
7. Pectoralis major 24. Clavicle
8. Pectoralis minor 25. Neck of humerus
9. Axillary artery and vein 26. Neck of scapula
10. Subscapularis 27. Spine of scapula
11. Latissimus dorsi 28. Thoracic duct
12. Infraspinatus
13. Deltoideus
14. Supraspinatus Lung parenchymal window
15. Trapezius 1. Trachea
16. Rhomboideus 2. Apical segment, right lung superior lobe
17. Erector spinae 3. Apicoposterior segment, left lung superior lobe
36 2 Thorax

Picture 5 Picture 6

Keys
1. Sternocleidomastoid, sternal head 21. Left brachiocephalic vein
2. Right brachiocephalic vein 22. Scapula, medial border
3. Right common carotid artery 23. Infraglenoid tubercle
4. Right subclavian vein 24. Spine of scapula
5. Right subclavian artery 25. 2nd rib
6. Pectoralis major 26. 1st rib
7. Pectoralis minor 27. Clavicle, sternal end
8. Subscapularis 28. Trachea
9. Latissimus dorsi 29. Oesophagus
10. Infraspinatus 30. Anterior jugular vein
11. Deltoideus 31. Left subclavian vein
12. Supraspinatus 32. Serratus anterior
13. Rhomboideus 33. 3rd rib
14. Erector spinae
15. Trapezius
16. Thoracic duct
17. Left subclavian artery Lung parenchymal window
18. Axillary artery 1. Trachea
19. Axillary vein 2. Apical segment, right lung superior lobe
20. Left common carotid artery 3. Apicoposterior segment, left lung superior lobe
2 Thorax 37

Picture 7 Picture 8

Keys
1. Sternocleidomastoid, sternal head 20. Left common carotid artery
2. Right brachiocephalic vein 21. Left brachiocephalic vein
3. Right common carotid artery 22. Anterior jugular vein
4. Right subclavian artery 23. 3rd rib
5. Pectoralis major 24. 2nd rib
6. Pectoralis minor 25. 1st rib
7. Axillary vein 26. Clavicle, sternal end
8. Serratus anterior 27. Scapula, medial border
9. Subscapularis 28. Infraglenoid tubercle
10. Latissimus dorsi 29. Spine of scapula
11. Infraspinatus 30. Axillary fossa
12. Deltoideus 31. Intercostal muscles
13. Supraspinatus
14. Trapezius
15. Rhomboideus
16. Erector spinae Lung parenchymal window
17. Oesophagus 1. Trachea
18. Left subclavian artery 2. Apical segment, right lung superior lobe
19. Trachea 3. Apicoposterior segment, left lung superior lobe
38 2 Thorax

Picture 9 Picture 10

Keys
1. Sternocleidomastoid, sternal head 19. Scapula, medial border
2. Right brachiocephalic vein 20. Spine of scapula
3. Brachiocephalic trunk 21. Scapula, lateral border
4. Left brachiocephalic vein 22. 3rd rib
5. Left common carotid artery 23. 2nd rib
6. Left subclavian artery 24. 1st rib
7. Trachea 25. Clavicle, sternal end
8. Oesophagus 26. Intercostal muscles
9. Pectoralis major 27. Breast
10. Pectoralis minor 28. Manubrium of sternum
11. Latissimus dorsi
12. Teres minor
13. Subscapularis Lung parenchymal window
14. Infraspinatus 1. Trachea
15. Supraspinatus 2. Apical segment, right lung superior lobe
16. Rhomboideus 3. Apicoposterior segment, left lung superior lobe
17. Erector spinae 4. Posterior segment, right lung superior lobe
18. Trapezius 5. Anterior segment, right lung superior lobe
2 Thorax 39

Picture 11 Picture 12

Keys
1. Manubrium of sternum 19. Scapula, medial border
2. Right brachiocephalic vein 20. Spine of scapula
3. Left brachiocephalic vein 21. Scapula, lateral border
4. Brachiocephalic trunk 22. 4th rib
5. Trachea 23. 3rd rib
6. Left common carotid artery 24. 2nd rib
7. Left subclavian artery 25. 1st rib
8. Oesophagus 26. Breast
9. Pectoralis major 27. Serratus anterior
10. Pectoralis minor LN Lymph node
11. Latissimus dorsi
12. Teres major
13. Subscapularis Lung parenchymal window
14. Teres minor 1. Trachea
15. Infraspinatus 2. Apical segment, right lung superior lobe,
16. Rhomboideus 3. Anterior segment, right lung superior lobe
17. Trapezius 4. Posterior segment, right lung superior lobe
18. Erector spinae 5. Apicoposterior segment, left lung superior lobe
40 2 Thorax

Picture 13 Picture 14

Keys
1. Manubrium of sternum 22. 4th rib
2. Right brachiocephalic vein 23. 3rd rib
3. Left brachiocephalic vein 24. 2nd rib
4. Brachiocephalic trunk 25. Intercostal muscles
5. Left common carotid artery 26. Breast
6. Left subclavian artery 27. Superior caval vein
7. Trachea 28. Aortic arch
8. Oesophagus 29. Tracheal bifurcation
9. Pectoralis major 30. Azygos vein
10. Pectoralis minor 31. 5th rib
11. Serratus anterior 32. Anterior mediastinal fat pad
12. Latissimus dorsi
13. Teres major
14. Teres minor
15. Infraspinatus Lung parenchymal window
16. Subscapularis 1. Trachea
17. Rhomboideus 2. Apical segment, right lung superior lobe
18. Erector spinae 3. Anterior segment, right lung superior lobe
19. Trapezius 4. Posterior segment, right lung superior lobe
20. Scapula, medial border 5. Apicoposterior segment, left lung superior lobe
21. Scapula, lateral border 6. Anterior segment, left lung superior lobe
2 Thorax 41

Picture 15 Picture 16

Keys
1. Manubrium of sternum 19. Scapula, lateral border
2. Superior caval vein 20. 5th rib
3. Aortic arch 21. 4th rib
4. Tracheal bifurcation 22. 3rd rib
5. Oesophagus 23. 2nd rib
6. Azygos vein 24. Breast
7. Pectoralis major 25. Anterior mediastinal fat pad
8. Pectoralis minor LN Lymph node
9. Intercostal muscles
10. Latissimus dorsi
11. Teres major Lung parenchymal window
12. Teres minor 1. Trachea
13. Infraspinatus 2. Apical segment, right lung superior lobe
14. Subscapularis 3. Anterior segment, right lung superior lobe
15. Rhomboideus 4. Posterior segment, right lung superior lobe
16. Trapezius 5. Apicoposterior segment, left lung superior lobe
17. Erector spinae 6. Anterior segment, left lung superior lobe
18. Scapula, medial border 7. Superior segment, left lung inferior lobe
42 2 Thorax

Picture 17 Picture 18

Keys
1. Sternum 23. 4th rib
2. Superior caval vein 24. 3rd rib
3. Ascending aorta 25. 2nd rib
4. Aortopulmonary window 26. Internal thoracic artery
5. Thoracic aorta 27. Breast
6. Oesophagus 28. Serratus anterior
7. Tracheal bifurcation 29. Anterior mediastinal fat pad
8. Azygos vein 30. Right main bronchus
9. Pectoralis major 31. Left main bronchus
10. Pectoralis minor
11. Intercostal muscles
12. Latissimus dorsi
13. Teres major Lung parenchymal window
14. Teres minor 1. Carina (bifurcation of the trachea)
15. Infraspinatus 2. Anterior segment, right lung superior lobe
16. Subscapularis 3. Posterior segment, right lung superior lobe
17. Rhomboideus 4. Superior segment, right lung inferior lobe
18. Trapezius 5. Apicoposterior segment, left lung superior lobe
19. Erector spinae 6. Anterior segment, left lung superior lobe
20. Scapula, medial border 7. Superior segment, left lung inferior lobe
21. Scapula, lateral border 8. Right main bronchus
22. 5th rib 9. Left main bronchus
2 Thorax 43

Picture 19 Picture 20

Keys
1. Sternum 22. 6th rib
2. Superior caval vein 23. 5th rib
3. Ascending aorta 24. 4th rib
4. Pulmonary trunk 25. 3rd rib
5. Left pulmonary artery 26. Breast
6. Thoracic aorta 27. Serratus anterior
7. Oesophagus 28. Anterior mediastinal fat pad
8. Right main bronchus 29. Right pulmonary artery
9. Left main bronchus
10. Pectoralis major
11. Pectoralis minor
12. Latissimus dorsi
Lung parenchymal window
13. Teres major 1. Right main bronchus
14. Infraspinatus 2. Anterior segment, right lung superior lobe
15. Subscapularis 3. Posterior segment, right lung superior lobe
16. Intercostal muscles 4. Superior segment, right lung inferior lobe
17. Rhomboideus 5. Apicoposterior segment, left lung superior lobe
18. Trapezius 6. Anterior segment, left lung superior lobe
19. Erector spinae 7. Superior segment, left lung inferior lobe
20. Scapula, medial border 8. Left main bronchus
21. Scapula, lateral border 9. Right superior lobar bronchus
44 2 Thorax

Picture 21 Picture 22

Keys
1. Sternum 22. 5th rib
2. Superior caval vein 23. 4th rib
3. Ascending aorta 24. 3rd rib
4. Pulmonary trunk 25. Breast
5. Right pulmonary artery 26. Anterior mediastinal fat pad
6. Left pulmonary artery 27. Serratus anterior
7. Right main bronchus 28. Left superior lobar bronchus
8. Left main bronchus
9. Oesophagus
10. Thoracic aorta
11. Pectoralis major Lung parenchymal window
12. Pectoralis minor 1. Right intermediate bronchus
13. Latissimus dorsi 2. Anterior segment, right lung superior lobe
14. Teres major 3. Posterior segment, right lung superior lobe
15. Infraspinatus 4. Superior segment, right lung inferior lobe
16. Subscapularis 5. Apicoposterior segment, left lung superior lobe
17. Rhomboideus 6. Anterior segment, left lung superior lobe
18. Trapezius 7. Superior segment, left lung inferior lobe
19. Erector spinae 8. Left main bronchus
20. Intercostal muscles 9. Medial segment, right lung middle lobe
21. 6th rib 10. Lateral segment, right lung middle lobe
 Picture 23 Picture 24

Keys
1. Sternum 25. 5th rib
2. Superior caval vein 26. 4th rib
3. Ascending aorta 27. 3rd rib
4. Right auricle 28. Breast
5. Pulmonary trunk 29. Left atrium
6. Left coronary artery 30. Left superior pulmonary vein
7. Left pulmonary artery 31. Right superior pulmonary vein
8. Right superior pulmonary artery
9. Oesophagus
10. Thoracic aorta
11. Left inferior pulmonary artery Lung parenchymal window
12. Pectoralis major 1. Right intermediate bronchus
13. Intercostal muscles 2. Anterior segment, right lung superior lobe
14. Latissimus dorsi 3. Lateral segment, right lung middle lobe
15. Serratus anterior 4. Medial segment, right lung middle lobe
16. Teres major 5. Superior segment, right lung inferior lobe
17. Infraspinatus 6. Left main bronchus
18. Subscapularis 7. Left superior lobar bronchus
19. Rhomboideus 8. Anterior segment, left lung superior lobe
20. Trapezius 9. Superior segment, left lung inferior lobe
21. Erector spinae 10. Superior lingular segment, left lung superior lobe
22. 7th rib 11. Right middle lobar bronchus
23. 6th rib 12. Right inferior lobar bronchus
24. Scapula 13. Left inferior lobar bronchus
46 2 Thorax

Picture 25 Picture 26

Keys
1. Sternum 23. 6th rib
2. Right atrium 24. Scapula
3. Ascending aorta 25. 5th rib
4. Infundibulum 26. 4th rib
5. Left atrium 27. 3rd rib
6. Right superior pulmonary vein 28. Breast
7. Left superior pulmonary vein 29. Right inferior pulmonary vein
8. Oesophagus
9. Thoracic aorta
10. Right inferior pulmonary artery Lung parenchymal window
11. Left inferior pulmonary artery 1. Right middle lobar bronchus
12. Pectoralis major 2. Medial segment, right lung middle lobe
13. Intercostal muscles 3. Lateral segment, right lung middle lobe
14. Latissimus dorsi 4. Superior segment, right lung inferior lobe
15. Serratus anterior 5. Right inferior lobar bronchus
16. Teres major 6. Left inferior lobar bronchus
17. Infraspinatus 7. Superior lingular segment, left lung superior lobe
18. Subscapularis 8. Anterior segment, left lung superior lobe
19. Rhomboideus 9. Superior segment, left lung inferior lobe
20. Trapezius 10. Inferior lingular segment, left lung superior lobe
21. Erector spinae 11. Medial segmental bronchus of right lung middle lobe
22. 7th rib 12. Lateral segmental bronchus of right lung middle lobe
2 Thorax 47

Picture 27 Picture 28

Keys
1. Sternum 21. 5th rib
2. Right atrium 22. 4th rib
3. Aortic bulb 23. 3rd rib
4. Right ventricle 24. Breast
5. Left atrium 25. Left ventricle
6. Right inferior pulmonary vein
7. Left inferior pulmonary vein
8. Oesophagus Lung parenchymal window
9. Thoracic aorta 1. Medial segment, right lung middle lobe
10. Pectoralis major 2. Lateral segment, right lung middle lobe
11. Intercostal muscles 3. Superior segment, right lung inferior lobe
12. Serratus anterior 4. Anterior basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
13. Latissimus dorsi 5. Lateral basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
14. Infraspinatus 6. Posterior basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
15. Rhomboideus 7. Superior lingular segment, left lung superior lobe
16. Trapezius 8. Inferior lingular segment, left lung superior lobe
17. Erector spinae 9. Superior segment, left lung inferior lobe
18. 7th rib 10. Anterior basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
19. Scapula 11. Lateral basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
20. 6th rib 12. Posterior basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
48 2 Thorax

Picture 29 Picture 30

Keys
1. Sternum 20. 6th rib
2. Right atrium 21. 5th rib
3. Right ventricle 22. 4th rib
4. Left ventricle 23. Breast
5. Left atrium 24. Azygos vein
6. Right inferior pulmonary vein
7. Oesophagus
8. Thoracic aorta Lung parenchymal window
9. Left inferior pulmonary vein 1. Medial segment, right lung middle lobe
10. Pectoralis major 2. Lateral segment, right lung middle lobe
11. Intercostal muscles 3. Medial basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
12. Serratus anterior 4. Anterior basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
13. Latissimus dorsi 5. Lateral basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
14. Rhomboideus 6. Posterior basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
15. Erector spinae 7. Inferior lingular segment, left lung superior lobe
16. Trapezius 8. Medial basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
17. 8th rib 9. Anterior basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
18. 7th rib 10. Lateral basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
19. Scapula, inferior angle 11. Posterior basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
2 Thorax 49

Picture 31 Picture 32

Keys
1. Sternum 20. 5th rib
2. Right atrium 21. 4th rib
3. Right ventricle 22. Breast
4. Left ventricle 23. Inferior caval vein
5. Left atrium 24. Hemiazygos vein
6. Oesophagus
7. Azygos vein
8. Thoracic aorta Lung parenchymal window
9. Pectoralis major 1. Medial segment, right lung middle lobe
10. Intercostal muscles 2. Lateral segment, right lung middle lobe
11. Serratus anterior 3. Medial basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
12. Latissimus dorsi 4. Anterior basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
13. Rhomboideus 5. Lateral basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
14. Trapezius 6. Posterior basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
15. Erector spinae 7. Inferior lingular segment, left lung superior lobe
16. 8th rib 8. Medial basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
17. 7th rib 9. Anterior basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
18. Scapula, inferior angle 10. Lateral basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
19. 6th rib 11. Posterior basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
50 2 Thorax

Picture 33 Picture 34

Keys
1. Sternum 19. 6th rib
2. Right atrium 20. 5th rib
3. Right ventricle 21. 4th rib
4. Left ventricle 22. Breast
5. Inferior caval vein
6. Oesophagus
7. Azygos vein Lung parenchymal window
8. Thoracic aorta 1. Medial segment, right lung middle lobe
9. Pectoralis major 2. Lateral segment, right lung middle lobe
10. Intercostal muscles 3. Medial basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
11. Serratus anterior 4. Anterior basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
12. Latissimus dorsi 5. Lateral basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
13. Rhomboideus 6. Posterior basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
14. Erector spinae 7. Inferior lingular segment, left lung superior lobe
15. Trapezius 8. Medial basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
16. 9th rib 9. Anterior basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
17. 8th rib 10. Lateral basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
18. 7th rib 11. Posterior basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
2 Thorax 51

Picture 35 Picture 36

Keys
1. Sternum 19. 6th rib
2. Right atrium 20. 5th rib
3. Right ventricle 21. Breast
4. Left ventricle 22. Liver
5. Inferior caval vein
6. Oesophagus
7. Azygos vein
8. Thoracic aorta Lung parenchymal window
9. Thoracic duct 1. Medial segment, right lung middle lobe
10. Intercostal muscles 2. Lateral segment, right lung middle lobe
11. Serratus anterior 3. Medial basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
12. Latissimus dorsi 4. Anterior basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
13. Rhomboideus 5. Lateral basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
14. Erector spinae 6. Posterior basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
15. Trapezius 7. Anterior basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
16. 9th rib 8. Medial basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
17. 8th rib 9. Lateral basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
18. 7th rib 10. Posterior basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
52 2 Thorax

Picture 37 Picture 38

Keys
1. Sternum, xiphoid process 17. 7th rib
2. Right atrium 18. 6th rib
3. Right ventricle 19. 5th rib
4. Left ventricle 20. Sternocostal joint
5. Inferior caval vein
6. Liver
7. Oesophagus
8. Thoracic aorta Lung parenchymal window
9. Azygos vein 1. Anterior basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
10. Intercostal muscles 2. Lateral basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
11. Serratus anterior 3. Medial basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
12. Latissimus dorsi 4. Posterior basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
13. Erector spinae 5. Medial basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
14. Trapezius 6. Anterior basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
15. 9th rib 7. Lateral basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
16. 8th rib 8. Posterior basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
2 Thorax 53

Picture 39 Picture 40

Keys
1. Sternum, xiphoid process 17. 9th rib
2. Liver 18. 8th rib
3. Right ventricle 19. 7th rib
4. Left ventricle 20. 6th rib
5. Inferior caval vein 21. 5th rib
6. Coronary sinus 22. Osteochondral junction
7. Oesophagus
8. Thoracic aorta
9. Azygos vein
Lung parenchymal window
10. Hemiazygos vein 1. Anterior basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
11. Serratus anterior 2. Lateral basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
12. Latissimus dorsi 3. Posterior basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
13. Intercostal muscles 4. Medial basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
14. Erector spinae 5. Anterior basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
15. Trapezius 6. Lateral basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
16. 10th rib 7. Posterior basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
54 2 Thorax

Picture 41 Picture 42

Keys
1. Right lobe of liver 17. 7th rib
2. Inferior caval vein 18. 6th rib
3. Right ventricle 19. 5th rib
4. Left ventricle 20. Osteochondral junction
5. Oesophagus 21. Left lobe of liver
6. Azygos vein 22. Thoracic duct
7. Thoracic aorta
8. Hemiazygos vein
9. Serratus anterior Lung parenchymal window
10. Latissimus dorsi 1. Anterior basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
11. Intercostal muscles 2. Lateral basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
12. Erector spinae 3. Posterior basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
13. Trapezius 4. Medial basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
14. 10th rib 5. Anterior basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
15. 9th rib 6. Lateral basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
16. 8th rib 7. Posterior basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
2 Thorax 55

Picture 43 Picture 44

Keys
1. Right lobe of liver 19. 9th rib
2. Right hepatic vein 20. 8th rib
3. Intermediate hepatic vein 21. 7th rib
4. Left hepatic vein 22. 6th rib
5. Inferior caval vein 23. Osteochondral junction
6. Left lobe of liver 24. Rectus abdominis
7. Oesophagus 25. Stomach, cardia
8. Azygos vein 26. Fundus of stomach
9. Thoracic aorta
10. Gastroesophageal junction
11. Thoracic duct
12. Hemiazygos vein
Lung parenchymal window
13. Serratus anterior 1. Anterior basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
14. Latissimus dorsi 2. Lateral basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
15. Intercostal muscles 3. Posterior basal segment, right lung inferior lobe
16. Erector spinae 4. Anterior basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
17. Trapezius 5. Lateral basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
18. 10th rib 6. Posterior basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
56 2 Thorax

Picture 45 Picture 46

Keys
1. Right lobe of liver 16. Erector spinae
2. Right hepatic vein 17. 10th rib
3. Intermediate hepatic vein 18. 9th rib
4. Left hepatic vein 19. 8th rib
5. Inferior caval vein 20. 7th rib
6. Left lobe of liver 21. 6th rib
7. Body of stomach 22. Rectus abdominis
8. Azygos vein 23. 11th rib
9. Thoracic duct
10. Thoracic aorta
11. Hemiazygos vein Lung parenchymal window
12. Spleen 1. Posterior basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
13. Serratus anterior 2. Anterior basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
14. Latissimus dorsi 3. Lateral basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
15. Intercostal muscles 4. Posterior basal segment, left lung inferior lobe
Chapter 3
Abdomen

M.T. Kitapçı, Atlas of Sectional Radiological Anatomy for PET/CT, 57

DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1527-5_3, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012
Adapted and modified from Moore KL, et al.
* Moore KL, Dalley AF. II. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 4th ed.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
60 3 Abdomen

Consecutive sections were obtained with 3-mm slice thickness and without intravenous contrast.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scintigraphic and Computed Tomography (CT) images
obtained from the same level were given side to side for comparison. All anatomic structures in an
image were numbered and given in the explanation section at the bottom of the page. Vertebral levels
were marked on each vertebra.
3 Abdomen 61

Picture 1

Picture 2

Picture 3

Keys
1. Sternum, xiphoid process 12. Latissimus dorsi
2. Liver 13. Intercostal muscles
3. Right ventricle 14. Erector spinae
4. Left ventricle 15. Trapezius
5. Inferior caval vein 16. 9th rib
6. Coronary sinus 17. 8th rib
7. Oesophagus 18. 7th rib
8. Thoracic aorta 19. 6th rib
9. Azygos vein 20. 5th rib
10. Hemiazygos vein 21. 10th rib
11. Serratus anterior
62 3 Abdomen

Picture 4

Picture 5

Picture 6

Keys
1. Right lobe of liver 15. 9th rib
2. Inferior caval vein 16. 8th rib
3. Right ventricle 17. 7th rib
4. Left ventricle 18. 6th rib
5. Oesophagus 19. 5th rib
6. Azygos vein 20. Costochondral joint
7. Thoracic aorta 21. Left lobe of liver
8. Hemiazygos vein 22. Thoracic duct
9. Serratus anterior 23. Right hepatic vein
10. Latissimus dorsi 24. Intermediate hepatic vein
11. Intercostal muscles 25. Left hepatic vein
12. Erector spinae 26. Gastro-oesophageal junction
13. Trapezius 27. Cardia of stomach
14. 10th rib
3 Abdomen 63

Picture 7

Picture 8

Picture 9

Keys
1. Right lobe of liver 14. Serratus anterior
2. Right hepatic vein 15. Intercostal muscles
3. Intermediate hepatic vein 16. Latissimus dorsi
4. Left hepatic vein 17. Erector spinae
5. Inferior caval vein 18. 10th rib
6. Left lobe of liver 19. 9th rib
7. Thoracic duct 20. 8th rib
8. Azygos vein 21. 7th rib
9. Thoracic aorta 22. 6th rib
10. Cardia of stomach 23. Rectus abdominis
11. Hemiazygos vein 24. Costochondral joint
12. Spleen 25. 11th rib
13. Body of stomach
64 3 Abdomen

Picture 10

Picture 11

Picture 12

Keys
1. Right lobe of liver 15. 8th rib
2. Inferior caval vein 16. 7th rib
3. Left lobe of liver 17. 6th rib
4. Body of stomach 18. Rectus abdominis
5. Azygos vein 19. Linea alba
6. Thoracic duct 20. Left adrenal gland
7. Thoracic aorta 21. Upper pole of left kidney
8. Hemiazygos vein 22. Splenic artery
9. Spleen 23. Right crus of diaphragm
10. Latissimus dorsi 24. Left gastric artery
11. Erector spinae 25. Transverse colon
12. 11th rib 26. Pyloric antrum of stomach
13. 10th rib 27. Body of pancreas
14. 9th rib 28. Left colic flexure
3 Abdomen 65

Picture 13

Picture 14

Picture 15

Keys
1. Right lobe of liver 16. Left crus of diaphragm
2. Left branch of portal vein 17. 11th rib
3. Left lobe of liver 18. 10th rib
4. Inferior caval vein 19. 9th rib
5. Right crus of diaphragm 20. 8th rib
6. Thoracic duct 21. 7th rib
7. Thoracic aorta 22. 6th rib
8. Hemiazygos vein 23. Left colic flexure
9. Rectus abdominis 24. Latissimus dorsi
10. Linea alba 25. Spleen
11. Transverse colon 26. Erector spinae
12. Pyloric antrum of stomach 27. Tail of pancreas
13. Left gastric artery 28. Round ligament of liver
14. Body of pancreas 29. Right branch of portal vein
15. Left kidney 30. Portal vein
66 3 Abdomen

Picture 16

Picture 17

Picture 18

Keys
1. Right lobe of liver 16. Linea alba
2. Portal vein 17. Obliquus externus abdominis
3. Round ligament of liver 18. Erector spinae
4. Left lobe of liver 19. Latissimus dorsi
5. Right adrenal gland 20. 11th rib
6. Inferior caval vein 21. 10th rib
7. Abdominal aorta 22. 9th rib
8. Head of pancreas 23. 8th rib
9. Jejunum 24. 7th rib
10. Left kidney 25. 6th rib
11. Spleen 26. Porta hepatis
12. Descending colon 27. Celiac trunk
13. Left colic flexure 28. 12th rib
14. Transverse colon 29. Duodenum
15. Rectus abdominis
3 Abdomen 67

Picture 19

Picture 20

Picture 21

Keys
1. Right lobe of liver 14. Left kidney
2. Gall bladder 15. Erector spinae
3. Left lobe of liver 16. 12th rib
4. Porta hepatis 17. 11th rib
5. Right adrenal gland region 18. 10th rib
6. Inferior caval vein 19. 9th rib
7. Abdominal aorta 20. 8th rib
8. Duodenum 21. Obliquus externus abdominis
9. Transverse colon 22. 7th rib
10. Rectus abdominis 23. 6th rib
11. Jejunum 24. Latissimus dorsi
12. Descending colon 25. Upper pole of right kidney
13. Spleen 26. Superior mesenteric artery
68 3 Abdomen

Picture 22

Picture 23

Picture 24

Keys
1. Right lobe of liver 14. Latissimus dorsi
2. Gall bladder 15. Erector spinae
3. Left lobe of liver 16. 12th rib
4. Upper pole of right kidney 17. 11th rib
5. Transverse colon 18. 10th rib
6. Duodenum 19. 9th rib
7. Inferior caval vein 20. 8th rib
8. Abdominal aorta 21. 7th rib
9. Left renal vein 22. Linea alba
10. Superior mesenteric artery 23. Rectus abdominis
11. Jejunum 24. Obliquus externus abdominis
12. Descending colon 25. Left renal pelvis
13. Left kidney
3 Abdomen 69

Picture 25

Picture 26

Picture 27

Keys
1. Right lobe of liver 15. Descending colon
2. Gall bladder 16. Cisterna chyli
3. Left lobe of liver 17. Left renal artery
4. Right kidney 18. Erector spinae
5. Transverse colon 19. 12th rib
6. Duodenum 20. 11th rib
7. Inferior caval vein 21. 10th rib
8. Abdominal aorta 22. 9th rib
9. Left renal vein 23. 8th rib
10. Superior mesenteric artery 24. 7th rib
11. Superior mesenteric vein 25. Linea alba
12. Jejunum 26. Rectus abdominis
13. Left renal pelvis 27. Obliquus externus abdominis
14. Left kidney 28. Latissimus dorsi
70 3 Abdomen

Picture 25

Picture 26

Picture 27

Keys
1. Right lobe of liver 15. Latissimus dorsi
2. Gall bladder 16. Erector spinae
3. Right colic flexure 17. 12th rib
4. Right kidney 18. 11th rib
5. Transverse colon 19. 10th rib
6. Duodenum 20. 9th rib
7. Inferior caval vein 21. Rectus abdominis
8. Abdominal aorta 22. Linea alba
9. Psoas major 23. Transversus abdominis
10. Jejunum 24. Obliquus externus abdominis
11. Left renal pelvis 25. Intercostal muscles
12. Left kidney 26. Right renal artery
13. Descending colon 27. Obliquus internus abdominis
14. Quadratus lumborum
3 Abdomen 71

Picture 28

Picture 29

Picture 30

Keys
1. Right lobe of liver 15. Ileum
2. Right colic flexure 16. Latissimus dorsi
3. Transverse colon 17. Erector spinae
4. Right kidney 18. Quadratus lumborum
5. Duodenum 19. 12th rib
6. Right renal vein 20. 11th rib
7. Inferior caval vein 21. 10th rib
8. Abdominal aorta 22. Rectus abdominis
9. Superior mesenteric vein 23. Linea alba
10. Superior mesenteric artery 24. Transversus abdominis
11. Jejunum 25. Obliquus internus abdominis
12. Psoas major 26. Obliquus externus abdominis
13. Left kidney 27. Left ureter
14. Descending colon
72 3 Abdomen

Picture 31

Picture 32

Picture 33

Keys
1. Right lobe of liver 15. Descending colon
2. Right colic flexure 16. Psoas major
3. Transverse colon 17. Erector spinae
4. Right kidney 18. Quadratus lumborum
5. Right renal vein 19. Latissimus dorsi
6. Duodenum 20. 11th rib
7. Inferior caval vein 21. 10th rib
8. Abdominal aorta 22. Rectus abdominis
9. Jejunum 23. Linea alba
10. Superior mesenteric vein 24. Transversus abdominis
11. Superior mesenteric artery 25. Obliquus internus abdominis
12. Left ureter 26. Obliquus externus abdominis
13. Left kidney 27. Right renal pelvis
14. Ileum
3 Abdomen 73

Picture 34

Picture 35

Picture 36

Keys
1. Right colic flexure 11. Descending colon
2. Transverse colon 12. Erector spinae
3. Right kidney 13. Quadratus lumborum
4. Psoas major 14. Obliquus externus abdominis
5. Right ureter 15. Obliquus internus abdominis
6. Inferior caval vein 16. Transversus abdominis
7. Abdominal aorta 17. Rectus abdominis
8. Left ureter 18. Linea alba
9. Jejunum 19. Ascending colon
10. Ileum
74 3 Abdomen

Picture 37

Picture 38

Picture 39

Keys
1. Ascending colon 11. Descending colon
2. Transverse colon 12. Quadratus lumborum
3. Right kidney 13. Erector spinae
4. Psoas major 14. Obliquus externus abdominis
5. Right ureter 15. Obliquus internus abdominis
6. Inferior caval vein 16. Transversus abdominis
7. Aortic bifurcation 17. Rectus abdominis
8. Left ureter 18. Linea alba
9. Jejunum 19. Inferior mesenteric artery
10. Ileum 20. Inferior mesenteric vein
3 Abdomen 75

Picture 40

Picture 41

Picture 42

Keys
1. Ascending colon 12. Quadratus lumborum
2. Transverse colon 13. Erector spinae
3. Lower pole of right kidney 14. Obliquus externus abdominis
4. Psoas major 15. Obliquus internus abdominis
5. Right ureter 16. Transversus abdominis
6. Inferior caval vein 17. Rectus abdominis
7. Right common iliac artery 18. Linea alba
8. Left common iliac artery 19. Inferior mesenteric artery
9. Left ureter 20. Inferior mesenteric vein
10. Ileum 21. Umbilicus
11. Descending colon
76 3 Abdomen

Picture 43

Picture 44

Picture 45

Keys
1. Ascending colon 11. Quadratus lumborum
2. Transverse colon 12. Erector spinae
3. Psoas major 13. Obliquus externus abdominis
4. Right ureter 14. Obliquus internus abdominis
5. Inferior caval vein 15. Transversus abdominis
6. Right common iliac artery 16. Rectus abdominis
7. Left common iliac artery 17. Umbilicus
8. Left ureter 18. Right common iliac vein
9. Ileum 19. Left common iliac vein
10. Descending colon 20. Sigmoid colon
3 Abdomen 77

Picture 46

Picture 47

Picture 48

Keys
1. Ascending colon 10. Descending colon
2. Psoas major 11. Quadratus lumborum
3. Right ureter 12. Erector spinae
4. Right common iliac vein 13. Obliquus externus abdominis
5. Right common iliac artery 14. Obliquus internus abdominis
6. Left common iliac vein 15. Transversus abdominis
7. Left common iliac artery 16. Rectus abdominis
8. Left ureter 17. Umbilicus
9. Ileum 18. Sigmoid colon
78 3 Abdomen

Picture 49

Picture 50

Picture 51

Keys
1. Ascending colon 12. Erector spinae
2. Psoas major 13. Iliac crest
3. Right ureter 14. Obliquus externus abdominis
4. Right common iliac vein 15. Obliquus internus abdominis
5. Right common iliac artery 16. Transversus abdominis
6. Left common iliac artery 17. Rectus abdominis
7. Left ureter 18. Linea alba
8. Ileum 19. Left common iliac vein
9. Sigmoid colon 20. Caecum
10. Descending colon 21. Terminal ileum
11. Quadratus lumborum
3 Abdomen 79

Picture 52

Picture 53

Picture 54

Keys
1. Caecum 12. Gluteus medius
2. Terminal ileum 13. Erector spinae
3. Psoas major 14. Obliquus externus abdominis
4. Right common iliac vein 15. Obliquus internus abdominis
5. Right common iliac artery 16. Transversus abdominis
6. Left common iliac vein 17. Rectus abdominis
7. Left common iliac artery 18. Linea alba
8. Left ureter 19. Ileum
9. Sigmoid colon 20. Left internal iliac artery
10. Descending colon 21. Left external iliac artery
11. Iliac crest
80 3 Abdomen

Picture 55

Picture 56

Picture 57

Keys
1. Caecum 12. Descending colon
2. Terminal ileum 13. Iliacus
3. Psoas major 14. Iliac crest
4. Right common iliac vein 15. Erector spinae
5. Right external iliac artery 16. Gluteus medius
6. Right internal iliac artery 17. Obliquus externus abdominis
7. Left common iliac vein 18. Obliquus internus abdominis
8. Left internal iliac artery 19. Transversus abdominis
9. Left external iliac artery 20. Rectus abdominis
10. Ileum 21. Linea alba
11. Sigmoid colon 22. Gluteus maximus
3 Abdomen 81

Picture 58

Picture 59

Picture 60

Keys
1. Caecum 13. Descending colon
2. Terminal ileum 14. Iliacus
3. Psoas major 15. Iliac crest
4. Right external iliac artery 16. Erector spinae
5. Right external iliac vein 17. Gluteus medius
6. Right internal iliac artery 18. Gluteus maximus
7. Right internal iliac vein 19. Obliquus externus abdominis
8. Left internal iliac vein 20. Obliquus internus abdominis
9. Left internal iliac artery 21. Transversus abdominis
10. Left external iliac vein 22. Rectus abdominis
11. Left external iliac artery 23. Linea alba
12. Sigmoid colon 24. Ileum
82 3 Abdomen

Segmental Liver Anatomy

Left lobe Right lobe
I. Caudate (posterior) segment V. Anterior medial (anterior inferior) segment
II. Lateral posterior (lateral superior) segment VI. Anterior lateral (posterior inferior) segment
III. Lateral anterior (lateral interior) segment VII. Posterior lateral (posterior superior) segment
IV. Medial (medial superior and inferior) segment VIII. Posterior medial (anterior superior) segment
The labels above reflect the new International Anatomical Terminology. Previous terminology is in brackets.

References

1. Moore KL, Dalley AF. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Fifth Ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.
2006, p: 294–295.
2. Skandalakis JE, Branum GD, Colborn GL, Mirilas P, Weidman TA, Skandalakis LJ, Kingsnorth AN, Skandalakis
PN, Zoras O. Liver. In: Skandalakis JE (Ed. in Chief), Skandalakis’ Surgical Anatomy. Vol. II, Ch. 19. Paschalidis
Medical Publications, Athens. 2004, p: 1026–1036.
3. Borley NR, Toogood G. Hepatobiliary System: Liver. In: Standring S (Ed. in Chief), Gray’s Anatomy. Ch. 85,
Thirty-Ninth Ed., Elsevier Churchill-Livingstone, Edinburgh. 2005, p: 1216–1218.
4. Csillag A. Anatomy of the Living Human: Atlas of Medical Imaging. Könemann, Köln. 2000, p: 204–205.

Adapted and modified from Moore KL, et al.

* Moore KL, Dalley AF. II. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 4th ed.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
3 Abdomen 83

Picture 1

Picture 2

Picture 3

Keys
Left lobe
1. Caudate (posterior) segment
II. Lateral posterior (lateral superior) segment
III. Lateral anterior (lateral interior) segment
IV. Medial (medial superior and inferior) segment
Right lobe
V. Anterior medial (anterior inferior) segment
VI. Anterior lateral (posterior inferior) segment
III. Posterior lateral (posterior superior) segment
IV. Posterior medial (anterior superior) segment
84 3 Abdomen

Picture 4

Picture 5

Picture 6

Keys
Left lobe
I. Caudate (posterior) segment
II. Lateral posterior (lateral superior) segment
III. Lateral anterior (lateral interior) segment
IV. Medial (medial superior and inferior) segment
Right lobe
V. Anterior medial (anterior inferior) segment
VI. Anterior lateral (posterior inferior) segment
VII. Posterior lateral (posterior superior) segment
VIII. Posterior medial (anterior superior) segment
3 Abdomen 85

Picture 7

Picture 8

Picture 9

Keys
Left lobe
I. Caudate (posterior) segment
II. Lateral posterior (lateral superior) segment
III. Lateral anterior (lateral interior) segment
IV. Medial (medial superior and inferior) segment
Right lobe
V. Anterior medial (anterior inferior) segment
VI. Anterior lateral (posterior inferior) segment
VII. Posterior lateral (posterior superior) segment
VIII. Posterior medial (anterior superior) segment
Chapter 4
Pelvis

M.T. Kitapçı, Atlas of Sectional Radiological Anatomy for PET/CT, 87

DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1527-5_4, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012
Adapted and modified from Moore KL, et al.
* Moore KL, Dalley AF. II. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 4th ed.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
90 4 Pelvis

Consecutive sections were obtained with 3-mm slice thickness and without intravenous contrast.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scintigraphic and Computed Tomography (CT) images
obtained from the same level were given side to side for comparison. All anatomic structures in an
image were numbered and given in the explanation section at the bottom of the page. Vertebral levels
were marked on each vertebra.
Pelvis (Female)

91
92 4 Pelvis

Picture 1

Picture 2

Picture 3

Keys
1. Caecum 13. Iliacus
2. Terminal ileum 14. Sacrum
3. Psoas major 15. Erector spinae
4. Right external iliac artery 16. Wing of ilium
5. Right external iliac vein 17. Gluteus medius
6. Ileum 18. Gluteus maximus
7. Left internal iliac vein 19. Anterior superior iliac spine
8. Left ureter 20. Obliquus internus abdominis
9. Left external iliac vein 21. Transversus abdominis
10. Left external iliac artery 22. Rectus abdominis
11. Sigmoid colon 23. Fundus uteri
12. Descending colon
4 Pelvis 93

Picture 4

Picture 5

Picture 6

Keys
1. Iliacus 14. Erector spinae
2. Psoas major 15. Iliac bone
3. Right external iliac artery 16. Gluteus maximus
4. Right external iliac vein 17. Gluteus minimus
5. Right ovary 18. Gluteus medius
6. Fundus uteri 19. Obliquus internus abdominis
7. Sigmoid colon 20. Transversus abdominis
8. Left internal iliac vein 21. Rectus abdominis
9. Left internal iliac artery 22. Linea alba
10. Left external iliac vein 23. Right internal iliac artery
11. Left external iliac artery 24. Right internal iliac vein
12. Descending colon 25. Piriformis
13. Sacrum
94 4 Pelvis

Picture 7

Picture 8

Picture 9

Keys
1. Iliacus 14. Left ovary
2. Psoas major 15. Left external iliac vein
3. Right external iliac artery 16. Left external iliac artery
4. Right external iliac vein 17. Sacrum
5. Corpus uteri 18. Erector spinae
6. Right internal iliac artery 19. Iliac bone
7. Right internal iliac vein 20. Gluteus maximus
8. Urinary bladder 21. Gluteus minimus
9. Rectosigmoid colon 22. Gluteus medius
10. Piriformis 23. Obliquus internus abdominis
11. Sigmoid colon 24. Transversus abdominis
12. Left internal iliac vein 25. Rectus abdominis
13. Left internal iliac artery 26. Sciatic nerve
4 Pelvis 95

Picture 10

Picture 11

Picture 12

Keys
1. Iliopsoas 11. Left external iliac vein
2. Right external iliac artery 12. Left external iliac artery
3. Right external iliac vein 13. Iliac bone
4. Corpus uteri 14. Gluteus maximus
5. Urinary bladder 15. Gluteus medius
6. Left ovary 16. Gluteus minimus
7. Rectum 17. Obliquus internus abdominis
8. Left internal iliac vein 18. Transversus abdominis
9. Left internal iliac artery 19. Rectus abdominis
10. Piriformis 20. Anterior inferior iliac spine
96 4 Pelvis

Picture 13

Picture 14

Picture 15

Keys
1. Iliopsoas 11. Sacral plexus
2. Right external iliac artery and vein 12. Gluteus maximus
3. Piriformis 13. Gluteus medius
4. Right internal iliac artery and vein 14. Gluteus minimus
5. Corpus uteri 15. Obliquus internus abdominis (aponeurosis)
6. Urinary bladder 16. Rectus abdominis
7. Rectum 17. Inferior epigastric artery and vein
8. Left internal iliac artery and vein 18. Round ligament of uterus
9. Left external iliac artery and vein 19. Tensor fasciae latae
10. Ischium 20. Cervix uteri
4 Pelvis 97

Picture 16

Picture 17

Picture 18

Keys
1. Iliopsoas 12. Coccyx
2. Right external iliac artery and vein 13. Piriformis (tendon)
3. Obturatorius internus 14. Gluteus maximus
4. Right internal iliac artery and vein 15. Gluteus medius
5. Right ureter 16. Gluteus minimus
6. Urinary bladder 17. Tensor fasciae latae
7. Cervix uteri 18. Sartorius
8. Rectum 19. Rectus abdominis
9. Left ureter 20. Obliquus internus abdominis (aponeurosis)
10. Left external iliac artery and vein 21. Cervix uteri (vaginal part)
11. Ischium 22. Vagina
98 4 Pelvis

Picture 19

Picture 20

Picture 21

Keys
1. Iliopsoas 14. Gluteus minimus
2. Right external iliac artery and vein 15. Gluteus medius
3. Obturatorius internus 16. Tensor fasciae latae
4. Urinary bladder 17. Sartorius
5. Vagina 18. Rectus abdominis (aponeurosis)
6. Rectum 19. Ischiorectal fossa
7. Coccyx 20. Superior ramus of pubis
8. Coccygeus 21. Pyramidalis
9. Levator ani 22. Rectus femoris
10. Left external iliac artery and vein 23. Femur, greater trochanter
11. Acetabulum (ischium) 24. Gemellus superior
12. Head of femur 25. Anococcygeal ligament
13. Gluteus maximus 26. Obturator artery, vein and nerve
4 Pelvis 99

Picture 22

Picture 23

Picture 24

Keys
1. Iliopsoas 15. Gluteus minimus and medius
2. Right femoral artery and vein 16. Tensor fasciae latae
3. Obturator artery, vein and nerve 17. Rectus femoris
4. Obturatorius internus 18. Sartorius
5. Urinary bladder 19. Left femoral artery and vein
6. Vagina 20. Superior ramus of pubis
7. Rectum 21. Inguinal ligament
8. Anococcygeal ligament 22. Superficial circumflex iliac artery and vein
9. Ischiorectal fossa 23. Levator ani
10. Gluteus maximus 24. Gemellus inferior
11. Ischium 25. Superficial epigastric artery and vein
12. Gemellus superior 26. Pectineus
13. Head of femur 27. Obturatorius externus
14. Femur, greater trochanter
100 4 Pelvis

Picture 25

Picture 26

Picture 27

Keys
1. Iliopsoas 14. Gluteus minimus and medius
2. Right femoral artery and vein 15. Tensor fasciae latae
3. Pectineus 16. Rectus femoris
4. Obturatorius externus 17. Sartorius
5. Obturatorius internus 18. Left femoral artery and vein
6. Vagina 19. Symphysis pubis
7. Anal canal 20. Superficial epigastric artery and vein
8. Ischiorectal fossa 21. Superficial circumflex iliac artery and vein
9. Ischial tuberosity 22. Quadriceps femoris, vastus lateralis
10. Gluteus maximus 23. Saphenous opening
11. Quadratus femoris 24. Greater saphenous vein
12. Neck of femur 25. Femur, lesser trochanter
13. Femur, greater trochanter
4 Pelvis 101

Picture 28

Picture 29

Keys
1. Right femoral artery and vein 12. Neck of femur
2. Greater saphenous vein 13. Iliopsoas
3. Pectineus 14. Quadriceps femoris, vastus lateralis
4. Adductor brevis 15. Tensor fasciae latae
5. Obturatorius externus 16. Rectus femoris
6. Quadratus femoris 17. Sartorius
7. Vagina 18. Left femoral artery and vein
8. Anal canal 19. Rima pudendi
9. Inferior ramus of pubis 20. Ishiorectal fossa
10. Ischial tuberosity 21. Levator ani
11. Gluteus maximus
Pelvis (Male)

103
104 4 Pelvis

Picture 1

Picture 2

Picture 3

Keys
1. Iliopsoas 15. Gluteus medius
2. Right external iliac artery 16. Gluteus minimus
3. Right external iliac vein 17. Ischium
4. Right ureter 18. Tensor fasciae latae
5. Right internal iliac artery 19. Left external iliac vein
6. Right internal iliac vein 20. Left external iliac artery
7. Sigmoid colon 21. Inferior epigastric artery and vein
8. Rectum 22. Rectus abdominis
9. Sacral vertebra 23. Linea alba
10. Piriformis 24. Ductus deferens
11. Left internal iliac vein 25. Transversus abdominis
12. Left internal iliac artery 26. Obliquus internus abdominis
13. Left ureter 27. Urinary bladder
14. Gluteus maximus 28. Seminal vesicle
4 Pelvis 105

Picture 4

Picture 5

Picture 6

Keys
1. Iliopsoas 15. Gluteus medius
2. Right external iliac artery 16. Gluteus minimus
3. Spermatic cord 17. Acetabulum (ischial bone)
4. Right external iliac vein 18. Head of femur
5. Urinary bladder 19. Tensor fasciae latae
6. Seminal vesicle 20. Sartorius
7. Ductus deferens 21. Inguinal ligament
8. Right ureter 22. Rectus abdominis
9. Obturatorius internus 23. Linea alba
10. Rectum 24. Left ureter
11. Left sciatic nerve 25. Superficial epigastric artery and vein
12. Left internal iliac artery 26. Superficial circumflex iliac artery and vein
13. Gemellus superior 27. Gemellus inferior
14. Gluteus maximus 28. Coccyx
106 4 Pelvis

Picture 7

Picture 8

Picture 9

Keys
1. Iliopsoas 15. Femur, greater trochanter
2. Right femoral artery 16. Gluteus medius and minimus
3. Right femoral vein 17. Tensor fasciae latae
4. Pectineus 18. Rectus femoris
5. Urinary bladder 19. Sartorius
6. Prostate 20. Left femoral artery
7. Obturatorius internus 21. Left femoral vein
8. Rectum 22. Superior ramus of pubis
9. Levator ani 23. Spermatic cord
10. Prostatic venous plexus 24. Rectus abdominis
11. Coccygeus 25. Linea alba
12. Gluteus maximus 26. Superficial inguinal lymph node
13. Ischium 27. Quadratus femoris
14. Head of femur
4 Pelvis 107

Picture 10

Picture 11

Picture 12

Keys
1. Iliopsoas 15. Head of femur
2. Right femoral artery 16. Neck of femur
3. Right femoral vein 17. Femur, greater trochanter
4. Pectineus 18. Gluteus medius and minimus
5. Superior ramus of pubis 19. Tensor fasciae latae
6. Symphysis pubica 20. Rectus femoris
7. Obturatorius internus 21. Sartorius
8. Prostate 22. Left femoral artery
9. Anal canal 23. Left femoral vein
10. Quadratus femoris 24. Spermatic cord
11. Ischiorectal fossa 25. Rectus abdominis
12. Levator ani 26. Anococcygeal ligament
13. Gluteus maximus 27. Obturatorius externus
14. Ischial tuberosity
108 4 Pelvis

Picture 13

Picture 14

Picture 15

Keys
1. Iliopsoas 15. Neck of femur
2. Femoral artery 16. Quadriceps femoris, vastus lateralis
3. Femoral vein 17. Tensor fasciae latae
4. Pectineus 18. Rectus femoris
5. Adductor brevis 19. Sartorius
6. Obturatorius externus 20. Spermatic cord
7. Obturatorius internus 21. Root of penis
8. Prostate 22. Inferior ramus of pubis
9. Anal canal 23. Femur, lesser trochanter
10. Puborectalis 24. Adductor longus
11. Ischiorectal fossa 25. Greater saphenous vein
12. Ischial tuberosity 26. Long head of biceps femoris
13. Gluteus maximus 27. Body of penis
14. Quadratus femoris
4 Pelvis 109

Picture 16

Picture 17

Picture 18

Keys
1. Femoral vein 14. Adductor magnus
2. Femoral artery 15. Crus of penis
3. Sartorius 16. Root of penis
4. Rectus femoris 17. Adductor brevis
5. Tensor fasciae latae 18. Adductor longus
6. Quadriceps femoris, vastus lateralis 19. Pectineus
7. Neck of femur 20. Femoral nerve
8. Quadratus femoris 21. Greater saphenous vein
9. Long head of biceps femoris 22. Spermatic cord
10. Ischial tuberosity 23. Body of penis
11. Gluteus maximus 24. Ischiorectal fossa
12. Obturatorius externus 25. Femur, lesser trochanter
13. Inferior ramus of pubis
110 4 Pelvis

Picture 19

Picture 20

Picture 21

Keys
1. Greater saphenous vein 14. Tensor fasciae latae
2. Femoral nerve 15. Biceps femoris and semitendinosus
3. Femoral vein 16. Sciatic nerve
4. Femoral artery 17. Gracilis
5. Sartorius 18. Spermatic cord (in the scrotum)
6. Rectus femoris 19. Glans penis
7. Quadriceps femoris, vastus intermedius 20. Scrotum
8. Quadriceps femoris, vastus medialis 21. Adductor longus
9. Quadriceps femoris, vastus lateralis 22. Right head of epididymis
10. Adductor brevis 23. Septum of scrotum
11. Adductor magnus 24. Left head of epididymis
12. Femur 25. Semimembranosus
13. Gluteus maximus 26. Left testis
4 Pelvis 111

Picture 22

Picture 23

Picture 24

Keys
1. Femoral artery, vein and nerve 11. Semitendinosus
2. Sartorius 12. Semimembranosus
3. Rectus femoris 13. Adductor magnus
4. Quadriceps femoris, vastus medialis 14. Adductor brevis
5. Quadriceps femoris, vastus intermedius 15. Adductor longus
6. Tensor fasciae latae 16. Gracilis
7. Quadriceps femoris, vastus lateralis 17. Right testis
8. Femur 18. Left testis
9. Gluteus maximus 19. Deep femoral artery and vein
10. Long head of biceps femoris 20. Sciatic nerve
112 4 Pelvis

Picture 25

Picture 26

Picture 27

Keys
1. Femoral artery and vein 11. Semitendinosus
2. Sartorius 12. Semimembranosus
3. Rectus femoris 13. Adductor magnus
4. Quadriceps femoris, vastus medialis 14. Adductor brevis
5. Quadriceps femoris, vastus intermedius 15. Adductor longus
6. Tensor fasciae latae 16. Gracilis
7. Quadriceps femoris, vastus lateralis 17. Right testis
8. Femur 18. Left testis
9. Gluteus maximus 19. Deep femoral artery and vein
10. Long head of biceps femoris
Index

A Ethmoidal air cells, 7–9

Abdominal aorta, 63–70 External carotid artery, 13–15
Alveolar process of maxilla, 14–16 Eyeball, 7–9
Anterior superior iliac spine, 87
Atlas (C1), 10–12
Auditory tube, 8, 9 F
Axillary artery and vein, 31, 32 Foramen lacerum, 7
Axis (C2), 12, 13 Foramen magnum, 7, 8
Azygos vein, 37–39, 45–53, 58–61 Foramen ovale, 7
Foramen transversarium of atlas, 11
Foramen transversarium of axis, 14
B Frontal process of zygomatic bone, 7
Basilar part of occipital bone, 7–9 Fundus uteri, 87, 88
Body of sphenoid bone, 7

G
C Gall bladder, 64–67
Caecum, 75–78, 87 Gastroesophageal junction, 52, 59
Cardia of stomach, 52, 59, 60 Glenoid cavity, 31
Cisterna chyli, 66 Gluteus maximus, 77, 78, 87–96, 98–106
Clavicle, 5, 22–26, 31–35 Gluteus medius, 76–78, 87–95, 98–101
Coracoid process, 31 Greater wing of sphenoid bone, 7, 8
Coronoid process of mandible, 9
Costochondral joint, 59, 60
Cricoid cartilage, 6, 24 H
Head, 1–26, 31–35, 63, 93, 94, 99–106
Head of humerus, 25, 26, 31
D Head of mandible, 7, 8
Deep muscles of neck, 12–14, 18–26 Hemiazygos vein, 46, 50–53, 58–62
Deltoideus, 31–34 Hyoid cartilage/bone, 4–6, 17–20
Dens axis (C2), 10, 11
Descending colon, 63–78, 87, 88
Duodenum, 63–69 I
Ileum, 68–78, 87
Iliac bone, 88–90
E Iliacus, 77, 78, 87–89
Epiglottis, 6 Inferior caval vein, 46–53, 58–73
Erector spinae, 31–53, 58–78, 87–89 Inferior nasal concha, 11, 12
Esophagus, 23–26, 31–52, 58, 59 Infraglottic region, 6

M.T. Kitapçı, Atlas of Sectional Radiological Anatomy for PET/CT, 113

DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1527-5, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012
114 Index

Infraspinatus, 26, 32–44 Nasal spine of frontal bone, 7

Intercostal muscles, 34, 35, 37–53, 58–60, 67 Nasopharynx, 6, 9–11
Intermediate hepatic vein, 52, 53, 59, 60 Neck, 1–26, 95, 96, 101–103
Internal carotid artery, 5, 7–10, 12–15 Neck of humerus, 32
Internal jugular vein, 5, 7–10, 12–26, 31, 32 Neck of mandible, 9
Neck of scapula, 26, 32

J
Jejunum, 63–71 O
Obliquus capitis superior, 11
Obliquus externus abdominis, 63–78
L Occipital bone, 8, 9
Laryngeal vestibule, 6, 20, 21 Odontoid process of axis (C2), 9
Laryngopharynx, 6, 17–19 Optic nerve, 7
Lateral part of occipital bone, 7 Oropharynx, 6, 12–16
Lateral plate of pterygoid process, 9–11
Lateral pterygoid muscle, 9–11
Latissimus dorsi, 31–53, 58–69 P
Left common carotid artery, 32–37 Palatine bone, 13
Left external iliac artery, 76–78, 87–93, 98 Parapharyngeal space, 9–13
Left external iliac vein, 78, 87–93, 98 Parotid gland, 10–13
Left hepatic vein, 52, 53, 59, 60 Pectoralis minor, 32–41
Left internal iliac artery, 76–78, 88–91, 98, 99 Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone, 7
Left internal iliac vein, 78, 87–91, 98 Petrous part of temporal bone, 7
Left kidney, 61–69 Pharyngeal recess (Rosenmüller’s fossa), 10
Left lobe of liver, 51–53, 59–66 Psoas major, 67–78, 87–89
Left renal artery, 66
Left renal pelvis, 65–67
Left renal vein, 65, 66 R
Left ureter, 68–76, 87, 92, 98, 99 Ramus of mandible, 10–13
Left ventricle, 44–51, 58, 59 Rectus abdominis, 52, 53, 60–62, 64–78, 87–93, 98–101
Lens, 8 Rectus capitis posterior major, 11
Levator and tensor veli palatini, 8, 9, 11 Rectus lateralis, 7
Levator scapulae, 14–26, 31, 32 Rectus medialis, 7
Levator veli palatini, 10 Rhomboideus, 31–48
Linea alba, 61–63, 65–72, 75–78, 88, 98–100 Ribs
Longissimus capitis, 9 1st rib, 26, 31–36
Longus capitis, 9–13 2nd rib, 32–39
Longus capitis and longus colli, 14–20 3rd rib, 36–46
4th rib, 47–50
5th rib, 37–51, 58, 59
M 6th rib, 40–53, 58–64
Mandible, 7–18, 20–23 7th rib, 42–53, 58–66
Masseter, 8–16 8th rib, 45–53, 58–66
Mastoid air cells, 7, 8 9th rib, 47–53, 58–67
Mastoid process, 8, 9 10th rib, 50–53, 58–69
Mastoid process of temporal bone, 7 11th rib, 53, 60–69
Maxilla, 11–13 12th rib, 63–68
Maxillary sinus, 8–13 Right common carotid artery, 31, 33, 34
Medial plate of pterygoid process, 11 Right external iliac artery, 77, 78, 87–93, 98, 99
Medial pterygoid muscle, 11–14 Right external iliac vein, 78, 87–93, 98, 99
Middle nasal concha, 9 Right hepatic vein, 52, 53, 59, 60
Right internal jugular vein, 31, 32
Right kidney, 64–72
N Right lobe of liver, 51–53, 59–69
Nasal bone, 8–12 Right ovary, 88
Nasal cavity, 10, 13, 14 Right subclavian artery, 31, 33, 34
Nasal septum, 8–15 Right ventricle, 44–51, 58, 59
Index 115

S Thoracic aorta, 39–53, 58–62

Sacrum, 87–89 Thoracic duct, 32, 33, 48, 51–53, 59–62
Semispinalis capitis, 7–19 Thyroid gland
Serratus anterior, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39–53, 58–60 left lobe, 31
Sigmoid colon, 73–78, 87, 88, 98 right lobe, 32
Sigmoid sinus, 7 Tongue, 13–16
Soft palate, 12, 13 Trachea, 6, 24–26, 31–39
Sphenoidal sinus, 7 Transverse colon, 61–73
Spinal cord, 11–15, 21 Transversus abdominis, 67–78, 87–90, 98
Spine of scapula, 26, 31–36 Trapezius, 4, 5, 7–26, 31–35,
Splenius capitis, 7–19 37–52, 58, 59
Squamous part of occipital bone, 7
Sternocleidomastoid, 4, 5, 9–26
Sternocleidomastoid, sternal head, 26, 31–35 U
Styloid process, 9–11 Uvula, 12–14
Subclavian artery, 25, 26, 31–37
Subclavius, 26, 31, 32
Subscapularis, 26, 31–43 V
Superior and middle pharyngeal constrictor, 14 Vertebral artery and vein, 31, 32
Superior mesenteric artery, 64–66, 68, 69 Vomer, 8, 9
Superior mesenteric vein, 66, 68, 69
Superior pharyngeal constrictor, 12, 13
Supraglottic region, 6 W
Supraspinatus, 24–26, 31–35 Wing of ilium, 87

T Z
Temporalis, 7–10 Zygomatic arch, 8–10
Tensor veli palatini, 8–11 Zygomatic bone, 7, 8, 10–12
Terminal ileum, 75–78, 87 Zygomatic process of temporal bone, 7