OCCUPANCY

&
PHOTO
SENSORS
 OCCUPANCY SENSORS

SWITCHING DEVICE

PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF PEOPLE

IN THE SENSOR’S FIELD OF VIEW

MOTION DETECTOR + POWER SUPPLY

UNIT + RELAY
OPERATION
 Controller Functions

SENSITIVITY OF SENSOR TO MOTION

TIME DELAY

LUX CONTROL
SENSOR SENSES MOTION

GIVES ELECTRONIC SIGNALS TO CONTROL UNIT

CONTROLLER DECIDES ABOUT OCCUPANCY STATUS

CONTROLLER ENERGISES / DE-ENERGISES RELAY

RELAY CONTACTS OPERATE LUMINAIRE

 TYPES OF SENSORS

ULTRASONIC

PASSIVE INFRA RED (PIR)

DUAL (ULTRASONIC + PIR)

ACOUSTIC
 PASSIVE INFRA RED (PIR)
React to the infrared heat energy
emitted by people

Employ a Pyro-electric transducer

to detect infrared radiation which
converts the IR energy into a
voltage signal

They are called Passive devices

as they only detect radiation,
they do not emit it
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A many faceted lens surrounds the transducer and focuses

heat energy onto the detector.
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The lens views the area with a multitude of narrow and discrete beams or cones (does not
view the area in a continuous fashion)
 The detection pattern of PIR sensors is
fan shaped, forming "fingers" of detection.
Each finger is a cone of heat detection
"seen" by a segment of the detector's
faceted lens.
There are gaps of coverage between
adjacent fingers which widen with distance.
Since the sensor is most sensitive to
motion that moves from one sensing cone
to another, its sensitivity decreases with
distance as the gaps between sensing cones
widen
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 DETECTION PATTERN
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They are strictly line-of-sight devices

They cannot "see" around corners and a

person will not be detected if there is an
obstruction, such as a partition, between
the person and the detector
 PIR
PIR sensors are less susceptible to false
ONs than ultrasonic sensors.
In addition they are better in
applications where it's desirable to
detect occupancy in only a portion of a
space.
PIR detectors can be effective in spaces
with ceilings up to 20 ft or more
Sensor coverage diagram

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 ULTRASONIC
A quartz crystal emits ultrasonic waves
throughout the space
The unit then senses the frequency of the
reflected waves
If there is motion, the reflected wave's
frequency will shift slightly
This change in the ultrasonic waves frequency
is detected as motion in the space
A person, or any object in the room, reflects
waves emitted by the occupancy sensor.
As a person moves in the space, the
frequency of the waves reflected off the
person changes. The occupancy sensor
detects this change in frequency and reacts
by switching on the lamps.
 ULTRASONIC
Operate at frequencies higher than the
normal human ear can detect to avoid
possible incompatibility with other devices
(such as hearing aids)

Most modern ultrasonic sensors operate at

frequencies 32 kHz or higher
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 ULTRASONIC
The ultrasonic sound waves cover the
entire area in a continuous fashion.There are
no blind spots or gaps in the coverage
pattern. They can also detect movement
behind some barriers. For this reason,
ultrasonic sensors may be more effective
in detecting occupancy than PIR-based
detectors
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 ULTRASONIC

Ultrasonic sensors are more sensitive to false ONs

than PIR detectors. A false ON occurs when an
occupancy detector switches on lighting when the
space is not occupied. False ONs are caused by
motion in adjacent spaces, by air turbulence near
air diffusers and open windows, and by hanging
objects in the space. Most ultrasonic sensors work
best in spaces with ceilings below 14 ft but there
are some that can detect a moving person from a
height of 30 ft or more.
 Special Features of
Occupancy Sensors
Manual ON mode
Automatic mode
Auxiliary contacts
Annunciators and warning signals
Fail ON function
Masking labels
 Manual ON Mode
While most occupancy sensors are capable of
switching lights on as well as off, it's often
desirable to deactivate the automatic ON
feature so that the lights switch on only if the
occupant chooses it. This mode is also called
manual ON/auto OFF.
Most modern sensors allow the occupant to
turn lights off manually whether they remain in
the space or not
 Automatic Mode

Automatic mode turns lights on upon

occupancy and off upon vacancy.
 Auxiliary Contacts

An extra switch or set of contacts so

that more than one load can be
controlled by a single occupancy sensor.
An extra set of contacts can be used to
switch an HVAC load, an exhaust fan,
or provide a contact closure to a
building management system.
 Annunciators and Warning Signals

Detection status using an LED built into the

sensor

Alarm shortly before extinguishing the lights.

{This reminds an occupant to move or wave
an arm to prevent the lights from being
switched off }
 Annunciators and Warning Signals

This is useful for situations when the

occupant may remain unusually still for a
period of time, or for applications where the
sensor's sensitivity has been calibrated to
respond only to stronger movements.

This feature is particularly important for

sensors that are operated in the manual
ON/automatic OFF mode if no grace period is
included.
 Fail ON Function

Sensors with this feature keep the lights on if

the sensor fails.
 Masking Labels

PIR occupancy sensors often have masking

labels that allow the installer to fine-tune the
coverage range of the sensors in
applications where extraneous motion
causes a sensor to false trigger ON.
Due to its coverage area and location, the occupancy sensor
shown here detects motion outside the room and turns the lights
on each time a person passes by.
 Masking Labels
For example, if an open door leads to a hallway
within the sensor's line of sight, a masking label
could be used to deaden the sensor's response in
the direction of the doorway.
A preferable method is to accomplish this
electronically by reducing the sensitivity,
automatically, when a room is vacated so that
motion in the hallway will not be detected.
When a person steps across the threshold, the
lights are turned on and the sensitivity is
automatically increased to its original setting.
PHOTOSENSOR
The photo-sensor automatically measures the
light level within or entering the controlled
building space.

The photo-sensor generates an electric signal

based on a sampling of the light in the space.
The particular geometry of the photocell and its
housing determines the sensitivity of the cell to
light from different directions.
 Controller

The control unit translates the photo-sensor

signal into a command to the dimming or
switching control unit. The design of its control
algorithm, dead bands and delays determine
its responsiveness to varying lighting
conditions.
 Photo-sensor Types
Photodiode Type:
produces a voltage that is directly
proportional to the detected light

Photoconductive Type:
produces a voltage that is inversely
proportional to the detected light in a
roughly exponential relationship
 Photoconductive Type:
Photoconductive sensors are less
expensive than photodiodes, they are
very non-linear in response and
therefore much less accurate .

Because of their limitations,

photoconductive sensors are used
primarily in controlling nighttime outdoor
lighting and indoor switching applications
that do not require precise light level
control
 Photodiode
Photodiode Type:
controls should be used in
switching and dimming applications where
more precise light level control is important.
 Lighting When You Need

Presence Detected Insufficient Presence detected sufficient Absence Detected Lights Off
Daylight Lights ON Daylight Light Regulated
THANK YOU