AR 303_Site Planning and Landscape Architecture

LECTURE NOTES (Arch. Eduardo F Bober, Jr.)

Development Types Location Parameters and Other Standards

A. RESIDENTIAL
Housing in the Philippines
Characterized or categorized by:

Market and Cost of the Housing Unit

Development Standards

Road Networks

Density

Subdivision Categories
• Target Market
o Low Cost or Socialized Housing, 66 to 100 lots/hectare
o Economic Housing, 26 to 65 lots/hectare
o Open Market Housing, 20 lots and below/hectare
• Development Standards + Location (PD 957)
o Model A: allocated in all cities and municipalities regardless of class
o Model B: peri-urban and “urbanizable” areas, 2nd class municipalities
o Model C: rural areas 3rd class municipalities and below
• Road Network (PD 957)
o Simple Subdivision: characterized by partitioned lots with no road network
o Complex Subdivision: land wherein a street, passageway or open space as delineated on
the plan

Density: Types of measurement (DeChiara and Koppelman)

• Neighborhood Density
 Measures entire neighborhood, taking all land uses
 Provision of community facilities and open spaces to population
• Residential or dwelling density
 Measures residential area to insure adequate open space, light, air, etc.
• Neighborhood Density
 HLURB guidelines:

Low density: < 20 dwelling units/hectare

Medium density: 21-65 du/hectare

High density:>65 du/hectare
 National Building Code (character of occupancy)
• Neighborhood Density (character of occupancy)
 Nat’l Building Code: Group A – Residential Buildings
Division A-1
(residential building/structure for exclusive use of single family occupants)
 Residential R-1
Low density residential use, low-rise single-attached building/structure, e.g. subdivision houses or
residential community houses
Division A-2
(residential building for the exclusive use of non-leasing occupants not exceeding 10 persons)
Residential R-2
Medium density residential use, low-rise single-attached building structure, e.g. semi-exclusive
subdivision/structures or semi-exclusive residential community structures
Two General Types of R-2
o Basic R-2 – single-attached or duplex building/structure of from one storey up to
three storeys in height
o Maximum R-2 – low-rise multi-level building/structure of from three up to five
storeys in height
• Neighborhood Density (character of occupancy)
 Nat’l Building Code: Group B – Residential (Buildings/Structures, Hotels and Apartments)
Density B-1
Residential R-3
High density residential use, low-rise or medium-rise building/structure, e.g. low-rise or medium-
rise condominium buildings
Two General Types of R-3
o Basic R-3 – rowhouse building/structure of from one storey up to three storeys in
height
o Maximum R-3 – medium-rise multi-level building/structureof from six up to twelve
storeys in height
Residential R-4
Medium to high density residential use, low-rise townhouse building/structure, specifically referring
to the building/structure on an individual lot (townhouse) and generally referring to the series or
rows of R-4 buildings/structures within a subdivided property.
Residential R-5
Very high density residential use or occupancy, e.g. medium-rise or high-rise condominium building
• Residential or dwelling density via
 Building/site coverage aka NBC or PD 1096

Ratio between buildable and open space
 Building bulk

Ratios: floor area ratio/plot ratio
Development Patterns
• Conventional Subdivision
 Created by division of land into several parcels
 Normally single family dwelling
 Street patterns are generally regular
• Cluster Subdivision
 Subdivided into bigger lots, with larger allocation for common/community spaces
 Tend to cluster or concentrate in selected areas
• Planned Unit Development
 Similar to cluster subdivision, but normally have various uses
 Incorporates regulations and permitting process
• Master Planned Communities
 Bigger in scale than PUD, although not always
 Normally undertaken by single developers
 With complete facilities and amenities
 Provides wider range of uses

Housing Types (different considerations)

No. of dwelling units per building, e.g. single/multi-family

Size of building, by dimension or number of storeys

Generic names, e.g. townhouses, rowhouses

Physical relationship of structures, e.g. single family detached, attached

Controls

Crucial in guiding and regulating growth

3 categories:
 Legal, e.g. laws, codes, ordinances
 Qualities of life, e.g. standards
 Aesthetics and functional goals

Development Controls (National Building Code)

• Building classification, single use
• Mixed uses and occupancy
• Allowable floor area
• Height limit
• Light and ventilation
• Site occupancy, thru measurement and percentage
• Utility requirement, e.g. sanitation, water, drainage
• Noise
BP 220: Standards for Economic and Socialized Housing Projects
• Site Criteria
 Availability of basic needs
 Zoning conformity
 Physical suitability
 Accessibility
• Planning
 Area, present and future requirements
 Site preservation, e.g. slope, site assets, ground cover
 Easements, e.g. water bodies, fault lines, ROW for road and utilities, etc.
 Circulation
• Design parameters
 Land allocation, i.e. saleable and non-sealable
 Areas for open spaces, i.e. parks and playgrounds, community facilities
 Circulation system, i.e. safety, conform to topography, minimize area for roads
 Road hierarchy, size, etc.
• Lot requirements
 Lot planning
 Lot size, area, frontages
 Length of blocks
 Setbacks and easements

Site Planning/Analysis
• Neighborhood or region
 Natural, e.g. geology, landform, hydrology, soil, vegetation, climate
 Man-made, e.g. land use and density, community facilities, transportation
• Project site
 Aesthetics, including landscape treatment
 Orientation, e.g. solar, wind, view and vista
 Road layout, pedestrian and vehicular circulation
 Utilities
 Accessibility
 Open spaces and community facilities
 Natural amenities
 Neighborhood compatibility
 Safety and security
• Solar orientation and impacts
• Wind impact
• Building orientation (Orientation, bldg. + open spaces)
• Views
• Street/Road Layout
B. OFFICES
Office Types
• Types according to location
 downtown
 central business district
 uptown
 shopping centers
 office parks
 special nodes, e.g. economic zones
• Types according to scale
 free standing

self-contained

single or multiple tenants

location and context of use and interaction within adjoining space is important

siting – with or without street presence
 office park and central business districts

organized and coordinated manner

several free standing structures in one area

have additional standards and guidelines

usually developed by a third party

usually with shared infrastructure
 garden office

low-rise building, multiple tenants

near residential areas

providing many professional services

single access to building usually
 townhouse office

low-rise office

compartmentalized vertically with individual access to own unit

near residential
• Types according to services
 professional and major institutions, e.g. banking
 general – commercial office
 medical offices – near hospitals, health centers
 quasi-industrial – within industrial parks
 pure industrial
• Types according to other considerations
 image
 building access
 convenience
  amenities
 servicing and logistics
 loading and unloading
• Types according to height of building
 low-rise
 medium rise
 high rise
• Types according to service/business concerns
 corporate
 manufacturing
 service
 small/entrepreneurial
 developer

Site Selection Parameters

Zoning
o legal use of the site
o restrictions on density and layout
o contiguous land uses
o likelihood of obtaining variances

Physical Features
o size
o soil types
o topography
o hydrology (flood plains, subsurface water)

Utilities
o sewage
o water
o telecommunication lines (fiber optic lines, computer lines, cable TV, telephone)
o gas
o oil
o electricity

Transportation
o transportation linkages and access
o traffic patterns and level
o availability of public transportation
o access to airport, mass transit

Parking
o spaces required by zoning and market
o surface parking versus parking deck or garage
Location
o proximity to other offices/employment centers
o proximity to amenities (hotels, restaurants, recreation)
o proximity to customers/users
o market perception of location
Environmental Impact
o adverse effect on air, water, and noise levels
o amount and type of waste generated
o city/area compliance with government standards for air and water quality
o other areas of concern including historic districts, parks, open space, trees, etc.
o existing environmental hazards
Local attitudes
o defensive (antidevelopment forces, if any)
o neutral (social cost, benefits to locality, is the project in the public interest?)
o offensive (local attitudes towards growth)
Land
o cost of land and development cost
o lease versus purchase
o view or scenic amenity
Demand
o population growth (trends and projection)
o income distribution x probable change
o employment growth (trends and projection)
Supply
o existing and planned supply
o competitive environment
o amenities offered by competitors

C. GOVERNMENT OFFICES
• Location
 Comfortable and convenient – direct interaction with clients
 Near center of business preferably
 Maximum uses of transit system, e.g. PUV, PUJ
• Space requirements
 With ample space for people gathering
 With vehicular access, required parking slots
 Preferably with common or central location for various services
 Capable of expanding
• Layout/design – HLURB and other national/local laws, codes, guidelines, ordinances, etc.
• Concentrated or separated as required by industry type
• With common areas: streets, parking perimeter walls, etc.
• Ample circulation: roads, parking spaces, loading and unloading areas, entrances and exits
 • Address site alteration or preservation because of slope vegetation, cut and fill, etc.
• With utility services

D. RETAIL AND COMMERCIAL CENTERS

Commercial/Retail Areas

Existed in form or another for over 1,000 years

Early examples included squares like agora (Greek), forum (Roman), piazza (Medieval)

Modern US shopping centers had its beginnings in the 1900s

Categories/classifications
• Building Layout
 Free standing
 Strip center
 Mall
• Location
 Central Business District
 Downtown
 Sub-urban
 Office parks
 Arterial roads
 Malls
• Height
 Single level or low rise
 Medium rise
 High rise
• Ownership
 Own
 Lease
 Lease-to-own
 Others
• Role/function
 Neighborhood shopping center – serves a very small trade area
 Community shopping center – expanded trade area, normally with anchor tenants, small
department stores
 Regional shopping center – expanded degree of tenant mix, with several full-line major
department or anchor stores
 Specialty/fashion centers – merchandise is usually of high quality and relatively high prices
• Other types
 Themed and/or with entertainment/festival
 “Category killer”
  Power centers
 Outlet center
 Discount center
 Auto plaza
• Typology
 Isolated site

Monopolistic

Operational
 Unplanned cluster

Central/secondary Business District

Neighborhood business district
 Planned cluster

Regional, super-regional center

Neighborhood and community center

Specialty center

Developers
• Proactive
 Project-driven – proponents have in mind: type/size of investment, property
 Tenant-driven – developer works with tenant, in alliance or tandem with other
tenants/groups
 Land-driver – utilizes land to its advantage
• Reactive
 Reacts to other’s proposal, e.g. when project or land is presented to developer

US Shopping Center History

• 1910s:
 First district business district to be laid out specifically to accommodate parking
• 1920s:
 Built away from downtown
 Constructed as a business district for a large scale residential development
 Unified architecture and paved/lighted parking
 Operated as a single unit
 Small strip center built on outskirt of large city
 Typical design – straight line of stores, with space for parking
 Anchored by supermarket and drugstore, supplemented by convenience shops
• 1930-40s:
 Many experts consider first planned shopping center
 Although with unified image and single operator, different because it occupied dite snd
stores faced onwards, away from street
 Setup large freestanding stores, away from city centers
  Night time shopping
• 1950s:
 First center to have central air-conditioning
 First fully enclosed mall with 2 level design
 Air-conditioned with central heating (also considered first modern regional mall)
• 1960s:
 Specialty center
• 1970s:
 Festival marketplaces, with food and retail specialty items
 First vertical mall, with other mixed uses incorporated
• 1980s:
 Super-regional centers became popular
 Factory outlets – tenanted by manufacturers selling their own goods at tenanted prices
 Entertainment centers
• 1990s:
 Entertainment incorporated in malls
• 2000s:
 Lifestyle centers – cater to retail needs and lifestyle pursuits of consumers (upscale
tenants)

Local Context
• Small neighborhood store: sari-sari
• Market place and variations
 Palengke: set up by government or private sectors
 Talipapa: set up by ambulant vendors
 Tiangge: retail stalls
• Commercial Areas/Centers
 Individual/free standing stores
 Cluster shopping areas/districts
• Mall
 Tambayan ng bayan, instead of the traditional plaza or park

Regulatory Framework (selected listing)

• HLURB Regulation
• National Building Code (PD 1096)
• Sanitation Code (PD 856)
• Accessibility Code (BP 344)
• Fire Code (PD 1185)
• Ecological Solid Waste Act (RA 9003)
• Specialty laws; implementing rules and regulations; local ordinances
E. EDUCATIONAL/INSTITUTIONAL
Why Plan for Schools?

Lifelong learning is important

Schools are used as community centers too, i.e. cultural and recreational

Good design makes a difference in quality of learning

School Mapping – process of planning location, distribution, size and spacing of school; sometimes
known as school location planning

Factors used in School Mapping

• Environmental/ecological
• Demographic
 Population size
 Growth of population and community
 Density
• Economic
 income of community
 target community affordability
• Educational
 number of hours per session, e.g. class hours/weeks, term in a year
 size of pupils per class
• Political
 manner of creating school
 possibility of expansion and annexation
 type of facility, e.g. national, local school
• Manpower
 teacher/student ratio
 availability of teacher and staff

School Site Selection Criteria

• Site Characteristics
 Shape
 Size (requirements of current as well as future expansion; should cover both building and
play area)
 Slope and topography
 Utilization (present and old)
 Aesthetic value
 Ecological, e.g. soil, geology, etc.
• Environment – present and future
  Character of nearby community
 Free from business distraction
 Free from noise, dust, traffic, i.e. quit
 Far from railroads, land fields, docks, highways
 Protection from possible air routes
 Future prospects of surrounding areas
• Integration of community planning
 Acceptability in community
 Non-interference with community programs
 Value in/of extensive use
• Adjacent land use
 Non-interference with other community plan
 Compatible
• Accessibility
 Public access
 Mode (private/public/service), e.g. car, bus, etc.
 Safety of approaches, e.g. hazardous crossing, traffic areas, etc.
 Near centers of population, especially to lower grades
 Parking
 Pedestrian
• Utility services
 Proximity to utility services
 Adequacy of services
• Security
 Passive security (facility design, etc.)
 Active security (equipment, guards, etc.)
• Costs
 Land
 Site preparation
 Utility connection
 Improvements
• Thermal comfort – goals: cool, pleasant, satisfying
 orientation of building to minimize heat and maximize wind intact
 use of overhangs for shade from sun and rain
 narrow bldg. allows breeze to flow through while limiting ventilation obstruction
 adequate fenestrations to allow maximum wind flow
 use of trees as shades, screen and provide cooling effect
• Visual comfort
 good lighting
 less or minimal distraction from outside
  provide shading to avoid glare
• Acoustical comfort
 noise can be controlled from within/outside
 location – quiet area
 appropriateness of spaces – compatible with uses that are quiet
 grouping of bldgs., e.g. quiet aka admin offices, noisy aka playfields, etc.
• Safety
 far from hazards like traffic, flood, etc.
 secured from intruders, vandals
 clean and not accident prone
 with provision/control of chemicals and gases (science labs)
 good circulation area – less interference in pedestrian and vehicular movements
• Zoning
 visual – best spot to project good school appearance
 physical – size, shape, terrain, etc.
 functional – groups of bldg. with similar uses
F. INDUSTRIAL
Character/Attributes

Fall under one of the 4 major policy areas of land use planning (production)

A major provider of non-agricultural employment

Potential polluter

Small scale industries usually within commercial and residential areas

Normally zoned in specific areas due to infrastructure and utility services requirements to facilitate
the growth of industries and minimize impacts on the environment

Types of Industrial Estates/Areas (Traditional)

• Industrial Estate (IE) – refers to a tract of land subdivided and developed according to a
comprehensive plan, under a unified and continuous management, with provisions for basic
infrastructure and utilities with or without pre-built standard factory buildings and common service
facilities, for the use of a community of industries.
• Mini-industrial estate, e.g. cottage industries
• Special Economic Zone (Ecozone) – refers to areas under the administration of the Philippine
Economic Zone Authority, created pursuant to R.A. 7916 (1994), with potential to be developed, or
already developed, into agro-industrial, industrial, tourist/recreational, commercial, banking,
investment, and financial centers, and which have been designated for development in accordance
with EISPC procedures
• Export Processing Zone – type of industrial estate. It is a customs-controlled manufacturing
enclave where industries are allowed to import raw materials and export finished goods without
 duty and tax charges and import restrictions. The rationale is to encourage the processing of
imported raw materials for re-export while freeing the importer/exporter of the bureaucratic
procedure and red tape normally associated with such operations. EPZs are designed mainly to
attract foreign investments although local entrepreneurs may also establish enterprises in this area.
• Industrial Subdivision, with/without unified management
• Industrial Development Area (IDA) – refers to an area, such as an eco-zone, Regional Agro-
industrial Growth Center (RGC), or industrial estate, that contains several facilities or a cluster of
enterprises co-located in a designated area which may have significant impact on the environment.

Types of Industrial Estates/Areas (New)

• Use other than manufacturing

 Research and Development Center
 Information Technology Zone or Bldg
 Warehousing Center
 Distribution Center
 Specialized, e.g. dental
• Hybrid
 Office – showroom
 Office – manufacturing
• Location (general)
 Central Business District, e.g. IT industries
 In-fill
 Zoned areas
 Sub-urban
 Industrial Estate/Park
• Location sensitive
 Climate
 Transport and logistics
 Resource/raw material extradition human resources
• Building Layout
 Free standing – custom built
 Factory-type – ready to occupy/move in
 Adoptive use or re-use
• Ownership
 Own
 Lease
 Lease-to-own
 Others
• Size, Nature, Pollutive-hazardous, etc.
 Light
  Medium
 Heavy

Regulatory Framework (selected listing)

NEDA and DENR Guidelines

DTI/BOI and PEZA Regulations

HLURB Regulation

National Building Code (PD 1096)

Sanitation Code (PD 856)

Fire Code (PD 1185)

Specialty laws; implementing rules regulations; local ordinances, e.g. Ecological Solid Waste Act
(RA 9003)

Clean Air Act

General Factors Affecting Site Location

Source of Laborers

Resource Availability

Proximity to market

Transportation and Logistics requirements

Infrastructure and utilities

Business atmosphere and financial consideration/support

Industrial Estates should maintain safe distance from residential areas

General Location Factors (NEDA)

In 1983, the National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) came up with the National
Program for Industrial Estate Development (NPIED) which aimed at accelerating industrial
development and growth in areas outside of Metro Manila through the establishment of Regular
Industrial Estates (RIEs).

Location Factors for Industrial Estates:
1. Supply of Production Factors
2. Access to Markets
3. Linkages
1. Supply of Production Factors
• Raw materials for manufacturing industries are divided into the following:
 Agro-based materials, which include rice, corn, fruits, vegetables, and other commercial crops,
as well as livestock and poultry
 Timber-based materials
 Marine-based materials
 Mineral-based materials
• Input of finished or semi-processed products
 • Labor
• Management
• Infrastructure and Utilities
• Financial and Institutional Services
• Peace and Order
2. Access to Markets
• Proximity to markets is mainly a question of the size of the immediate market and of relative
transport and communication cost
• Market conditions are also influenced by the accessibility to other major markets
3. Linkages
• Downstream or Backward Linkages – the possible effects on industrial development of any new
supply
• Upstream or Forward Linkages – the effects of demand
• Investment Linkages – the increased demand for investment good like buildings or machinery,
resulting from any increase in industry activity

General Location Factors (NHA)

Industrial areas developed by the NHA were built as component of their resettlement projects.

Its purposes is to provide employment for resettled families

General Location Factors (PEZA)

Section 5 of R.A. 7916 or the Special Economic Zone Act of 1995 identifies areas in the
Philippines as sites for ECOZONES.

“In addition to the ECOZONES identified in Section 5 of this Act, other areas may be established as
ECOZONES in a proclamation to be issued by the President of the Philippines subject to the evaluation
and recommendation of the PEZA, based on a detailed feasibility study which must conform to the following
criteria:

a. The proposed area must identified as a regional growth center in the Medium-Term Philippine
Development Plan or by the Regional Development Council;
b. The existence of required infrastructure in the proposed ECOZONE, such as roads, railways,
telephones, ports, airports, etc., and the suitability and capacity of the proposed site to absorb such
improvements;
c. The availability of water source and electricity power supply for use of the ECOZONE;
d. The extent of vacant lands available for industrial and commercial development and future
expansion of the ECOZONE as well as of lands adjacent to the ECOZONE available for
development of residential areas for the ECOZONE workers;
 e. The availability of skilled, semi-skilled and non-skilled trainable labor force in and around the
ECOZONE; the area must have a significant incremental advantage over the existing economic
zones and its potential profitability can be established;
f. The area must be strategically located; and the area must be situated where contracts can easily
be established to curtail smuggling activities.
• Other areas which do not meet the foregoing criteria may be established as ECOZONES:
provided, that the said are shall be developed only through local government and/or private sector
initiative under any of the schemes allowed in Republic Act 6957 (the BOT law), and without any
financial exposure on the part of the national government: provided, further, that the area can be
easily secured to curtail smuggling activities: provided, finally, that after five (5) years the area
must have attained a sustainable degree of development, the indicators of which shall be
formulated by the PEZA.”

Site Planning Guidelines (HLURB)

Industries are classified as follows:

• Light Industry – an operating establishment having an employment size of not more than 15
• Medium Industry – an operating establishment having an employment size of not over 500
• Heavy Industry – an operating establishment having an employment size of more than 500
• Service Oriented Industry (neither light nor manufacturing) – these are quasi-commercial-industrial
undertakings at small scale

Zoning

In terms of Industrial Area Zoning, the hazards and pollution potential are used as the basis in
classifying Industrial Zones.

The Industries under each industry classification arelisted in Sections12 &14 of the Model
Zoning Ordinance, Volume X of the HLURB Guidelines for the Formulation/Revision of a
Comprehensive Land Use Plan.
Industrial Zone Industry Classification
Light Intensity Industrial Area (I-1) • Non-pollutive/Non-hazardous
• Pollutive/Hazardous
Medium Intensity Industrial Area (I-2) • Pollutive/Non-hazardous
• Non-pollutive/Hazardous
• Highly Pollutive/Extremely Hazardous
• Highly Pollutive/Hazardous
Heavy Intensity Industrial Area (I-3) • Highly Pollutive/Non-hazardous
• Pollutive/Extremely Hazardous
• Non-pollutive/Extremely Hazardous
Land Area

Based on population and nature of industrial activity, the parameters in determining the land area
for industrial areas are as follows:

Industry Area Standard

Light Industry 0.80 hectare per 1000 population
Medium Industry 2.50 hectares per 1000 population

Heavy Industry 4.00 hectares per 1000 population

Accessibility

In terms of accessibility, the prescribed distances from the other land use areas are:
LAND USE INDUSTRY DISTANCE
Heavy Industry 1 to 2 km
Residential Area Medium Industry 0.5 km
Light Industry 100 m
Heavy Industry 2 to 4 km
Commercial Area Medium Industry 2 to 4 km
Light Industry 0.5 km
Heavy Industry 2 to 5 km
Institutional Area Medium Industry 2 to 5 km
Light Industry 1 to 2 km

Lot Sizes

There is really no concrete rule with regards to determining the optimum lot size for factories. In the
United States, most factory lot sizes range from 2000 sq. m. to 25,000 sq.m.

The United Nations recommends that the smallest industrial lot should have a frontage of 40 m.
and a depth of 65 m.

Room for expansion twice the original floor space should be provided.

Site Planning for Industrial Parks

Prescribed minimum standards:

1. Minimum land to building ratio – 4:1
2. Minimum building setback – 15 m
3. Minimum side lot setback – 15 m
4. 30 to 60 m buffer strip is required and must be maintained.
5. Plot area coverage and floor area ratio
 Industries Area of Plot (sq. m.) Maximum Coverage
Light Industry 200-2000 50%
Medium Industry 2000-4000 40%
Heavy Industry Above 4000 35%

6. Land requirement for pre-planned industrial park:

Minimum – 130 hectares

Ideal – 250 hectares

7. Requirement for industrial land reserve

- Reserve land for minimum of 50 years future growth.

Site Allocation for Industrial Estate

The recommended area allocation are as follows:

Industrial Area – 65%
Roads – 25%
Parks and Open Space – 10%
Facilities

Facilities for industrial estates shall include but not be limited to the following:
o Parks and Open Spaces
o Standard Factory Buildings
o Fire Station
o Warehouses
o Administration Building consisting of the following:
 Bank
 Communication Office
 Canteen
 Clinic
 Training Area
 Conference Room
 Administrator’s Office
 Accounting Office
 Architecture and Engineering Office

1. The site must be readily available for immediate implementation, i.e. it must have sufficient and
suitable land (pref. government land), power, water, and sewage systems.
2. The site preferably must have an existing nucleus of industry.
3. The site must be along the coast for the construction of port and harbor facilities or serviced by
railways, arterial road, or airport to efficiently link the estate to markets and materials.
4. The site must be near growth centers to insure faster development.
 5. The site must conform to or harmonize with the development plan of the community or be able to
“fit in” in the long run.
6. The site must be located in peaceful areas where normal industrial activities cannot be hampered.
7. The site must be in areas such that consideration can be given an ecological balance.

Environmental Considerations

Chapter 2 of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) System Handbook identifies projects
and undertakings considered as Environmentally Critical Projects (ECPs), as defined under
Section 3.0 (h) of DENR A.O. 96-37 (ECPs are projects under Category A of DAO 2003-30).

A. Heavy Industries
1. Non-Ferrous Metal Industries
2. Iron and Steel Mills
3. Petroleum and Petrochemical Industries
4. Smelting Plants
B. Resource Extractive Industries
1. Major Mining and Quarrying
2. Forestry Projects involving Major Wood Processing Projects such as sawmills, wood
manufacturing plants (e.g. plywood, wallboard, etc.), and paper and pulp mills.

Solid Waste Management

In relation to planning for Industrial Areas/Estates, the following prohibited acts under R.A. 9003 or
the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 should be considered:
o Section 48, Paragraph 13 – Transport and dumping in bulk of collected domestic,
industrial, commercial, and institutional wastes in areas other than centers of facilities
prescribed under this Act.
o Section 48, Paragraph 15 – The construction of any establishment within two hundred
(200) meters from open dumps or controlled dumps or sanitary landfills.

Example: QC Development of Industries from 1970-1990

REFERENCES:

o DeChiara, Joseph and Crosbie, Michael J. Time-Saver Standards for Building Types, 4th ed.,
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001.
o Engelhardt, Nickolaus I. Complete Guide for Planning New Schools, Parker Publishing Co., Inc.
NJ: Englewood Cliffs, 1970.
o Republic Act No. 7916 or Special Economic Zone Act of 1995
o Republic Act No. 9003 or Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000