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Hydrothermal fluids:
• Sources and types of hydrothermal fluids
an introduc@on
(types, composi@on, transport, and precipita@on) • Sources of constituant
• Fluid transport
CONSTITUANTS
FLUID (S, LIGANDS, TRANSPORT PRECIPITATION
METALS)
FOC
US
Connate ?
Magma?c Metamorphic
This chapter:
50
Salinity(wt % NaCl equivalent
"Secondary" (metals)
40 magma?c fluid
ng
30 Basinal ixi
m
brines ric
teo
e
c -m
20 a?
m
ag
M "Primary"
Metamorphic fluids magma?c
10
fluid
Secondary magma?c fluid
Fluids in the
porphyry system
unr.edu/homepage/arehart/Courses/471-671/ Lecture_09._Isotopes_handout.pdf
Hedenquist &
Richards, 1998
Fluid inclusions
Red beds, one of the few oxidizing lithologies
When minerals crystallize from a melt or fluid phase, small
amounts of these phases may be preserved in melt or fluid
inclusions. These inclusions are very important informa@on
sources concerning:
- Forma@on temperature and salinity (microscope with
hea@ng and cooling stage)
- Composi@on (LA-ICP-MS)
Figures. Ulrich, T., Günther, D, Heinrich, C.A. (1999) Nature, v. 399, p. 676-679.
Bodnar (kluweronline)
Topics
• Sources of constituents
• Fluid transport
• Fluid transport
Fluid transport -1
A. Thermal anomalies of magmatic origin : 80% of crustal fluid flow Fluid transport -2
B. Thermal anomalies caused by crustal thinning
C. Gravitational movement ■ Most transport takes place above the brittle/
D. Others: "buoyancy"= ascension by density differences ductile transition (because of permeability). This
(controlled by salinity or temperature), sediment
compression
explains that most ore deposits have formed ant
depths less then 8-10 km.
■ Primary permeability
■ Secondary permeability (fractures, dissolution)
■ Hydraulic breccias (when Pf >Pl)
■ The paramount importance of focusing fluids:
most deposits occur along fractures!
Mo
Au
Cu Au
Mo
Zn-Pb
Ag
Zn-Pb
Mo
Au
Cu
Au
Mo Cu
Fontboté, Kouzmanov. Chiaradia, Pokrovski, 2017, Elements Kouzmanov and Pokrovski, 2012
0.5 kbars
High sulfidation (acidic and oxidizing conditions).....
2 kbars
2 kbars
Mixing with
low pH fluids