Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.) Facial expressions: as clues to others’ high consensus: many other servers flirt
emotions (anger, fear, happiness, with the customer.
sadness, disgust)
2.) Gazes and stares: eye contact high consistency: this server also flirts
3.) Body language: gestures, posture, and with this customer at other times.
movements. high distinctiveness: this server does
4.) Touching not flirt with other customer.
5.) Scent
low consensus: no other servers flirts
with the customer.
Attribution – the process through which we
seek to identify the causes of others’ behavior high consistency: this server also flirts
and so gain knowledge of their stable traits & with the customer at other times.
disposition.
low distinctiveness: this server also
Theory of Correspondent-inference: flirts with other customers.
“what you do becomes who you are”
(behavior is attributed to internal
States that others’ behavior reflects their causes)
stable traits; that they possess specific traits
or dispositions they carry with them is SOURCES OF ERROR IN ATTRIBUTION
stable over time. 1.) Correspondence bias - the
tendency to explain others’ action
Causal Attribution Theory
as stemming from dispositions,
States that behavior stems from either even in the presence of clear
internal/external causes focusing on situational causes.
information relating to: consensus, 2.) Self-serving bias - the tendency to
consistency, and distinctiveness. attribute positive outcomes to
internal causes, but negative
- Consensus: refers to the extent to outcomes to external causes.
which actions by one person are 3.) Actor-observer effect – the
also shown by others. tendency to attribute our own
- Consistency: refers to the extent to behavior mainly to situational
which the person in question reacts causes but others’ behavior to
to the stimulus/event in the same internal causes.
way on other occasions across time.
- Distinctiveness: the extent to which
Impression formation – the process
an individual responds in the same
through which we form impressions of
manner to different stimuli/events
others.
Implicit Personality Theories exposure to stimuli that are below
individuals’ threshold of conscious
Belief about what traits/characteristics tend to awareness.
go together, which can be viewed as a specific - Mere exposure – by having seen
kind of schema. It suggests that when before, but not necessarily
individuals possess some traits, they are likely remembering having done so,
to possess others too. (such expectations are attitudes towards an object is
strongly shaped by the cultures in which we formed.
live) - Illusion of truth effect – the mere
repetition of information creates a
Impression management (self-
sense of familiarity and more
presentation) – efforts to make a good
positive attitudes.
impression on others.